Fundamentals of Petroleum ExplorationGE3244What is petroleum exploration?

Its the science of understanding the formation, exploration and extraction of oil & gas.

Its the upstream side of the petroleum industry

The downstream side is the transport, refining and marketing of petroleum products

Fundamentals of Petroleum ExplorationIntroductionOverview of Petroleum ExplorationOrigin of Gas, Oil

Lesson plan

Fundamentals of Petroleum Exploration: introductionLecturer: Dr Grahame Oliver geogo@nus.edu.sg. Office AS2-04-17Lecturer: Dr Sandeep Kundu geosnk@nus.ed.sg. Office AS3-03-11(Dr Kundu will give the 1st lecture, Dr Oliver the rest)

Dr Olivers CV: BSc Sheffield, PhD Otago, Post-docs Univ Cambridge & Dublin Ireland, Taught at Univ of Otago, Univ St Andrews, Univ London Ontario Canada,Curtin Univ Perth Australia.

Research work in New Zealand, UK, Ireland, Norway, Italy, Canada, Poland, Brazil, Agentina, Namibia, Zimbabwe, Malaysia, Singapore, Switzerland, Spain, Italy, USA, Nepal, India, Australia, Thailand

Present research interests include the geodynamic evolution of the Himalaya, Myanmar river capture. Nuclear Power in metropolitan areas.Geothermal and groundwater concepts for Singapore. Geology of Singapore

I support Arsenal FC

Fundamentals of Petroleum ExplorationGE3244Description: The existence of commercial deposits of oil and gas depends on geological conditions. These include the presence of a source rock, a reservoir rock and a geological structure to migrate trap and concentrate hydrocarbons.

This module focuses on the sedimentary cycle and its significance for understanding the subsurface environments in which hydrocarbon resources accumulate. The module provides a useful introduction to geological information used by the upstream petroleum industry.

Fundamentals of Petroleum ExplorationGE3244Learning Outcomes: This module provides student with a glimpse of this world of geoscience in action. This will provide students with an appreciation of the kind of skills and activities employed in the upstream petroleum industry, an increasing important sector in Singapore.

The lectures and seminars will focus on introducing topics including sedimentology, carbonate systems and reservoir structure. This is supported through practical exercises in geological map interpretation and seismic survey. Its the science of exploring for and extracting oil and gas.

60% Continual Assessment2 individual assessments (10 + 10%)1 group presentation/report (10 + 20%)Mid-semester test Week 7 (10%)

40% End of Semester Examination Lectures and Lab/Tutorials are compulsory

Saturday Excursion in Week 6 (Sept 20th) is not compulsory BUT you are strongly advised to attend as this will greatly add to your knowledge and experience and help you in the lab/tuts and examThe Saturday afternoon excursion is a 2 hour examination of the petroleum system in outcrops on Sentosa.This will be run in groups of ~30: details to be announced

Each Lecture and Lab Power Pt summary will normally be posted on the IVLE by the Monday before each lecture. Each lecture will be recorded for Webcast and made available soon after.

Week 1: Introduction-Origin of petroleum (Dr Sandeep Kundu) Week 2: Migration, traps, seals and reservoirs (Dr Grahame Oliver for Weeks 2 till 12) Week 3: More traps. Exploration, drilling, logging. Lab/Tut : Seismic interpretation*. Week 4: Wireline logging, stratigraphy and sedimentology. Week 5:Sandstones and shales. Lab/tut Sedimentary Rocks* Week 6: Limestones. Allocation of Group Presentations/Individual Reports. Optional excursion to Sentosa, afternoon of 20th Sept. RECESS WEEK Week 7: Sedimentary basins. Mid-semester test 1st Oct during lecture. Lab/tut: Preparation for Group Presentations. Week 8: Reservoir appraisal. Week 9: Petroleum production. Lab/Tut: Group Presentations to Class.* Week 10: No lecture: Deepavali Public Holiday. Week 11: Oil and Gas in SE Asia. Lab/Tut: Map Interpretation* Week 12:The future for petroleum. Week 13: SEAPEX Oil Barrel Prize: Final preparation of Individual Reports*. Hand in Individual Reports by the end of Week 13. *assessed Lects in LT 10, 18.00 till 19.35 hrs. Labs in AS2-0204 Earth Lab, odd WeeksGE3244 Syllabus and timetable for 2014 (See IVLE)

Minor in Petroleum Exploration

Minor in Petroleum Exploration The Minor in Petroleum Exploration would appeal to students who are interested in the upstream petroleum industry. Singapore is the world class hub for the petroleum industry in Southeast Asia. Starting in 2008, the Southeast Asian Exploration Society (SEAPEX) funded a Visiting Senior Fellow to teach the geosciences in NUS. According to a survey in Nature(13th May 2011, Earth Works, (473):243-244), there will be 13,000 unfilled petroleum geosciences jobs in the USA by 2030.

Minor in Petroleum ExplorationBy 2018 there will be a 28% increase in geosciences jobs compared to 2008, 35 % if retirements are included. These trends will undoubtedly be followed in Southeast Asia. Salaries for recent graduate petroleum geoscientists are among the highest (American Association of Petroleum Geologists,ExplorerApril, 2012).

Minor in Petroleum ExplorationTherefore, NUS has introduced a new Minor in Petroleum Exploration (with funding from SEAPEX and the Singapore Economic Development Board). A student who wishes to graduate with a Minor in Petroleum Exploration will take their normal 1st year foundation modules. In the 2nd, 3rd or 4th year they will elect to take modules such as GE3244 Fundamentals of Petroleum Geoscience, GE2230 Energy Futures, GE3243 Sediments and Sedimentary Basins, GE3243 Applied Petroleum Exploration

SO SIGN UP NOW!!

Give completed form to Dr Oliver next week SEAPEX

Download the application form from the IVLE GE3244 workspace siteSEAPEX Oil Barrel Prize (SGD 2,000)

Our style of lecturing:Two- way Socratic method: learn through questions and answers: students are allowed to question their lecturers and have the freedom to think rightly of wrongly without inhibitions.

lots and lots of PPtslots of new concepts too much to write downCOME PREPARED!!! Bring your laptops.Or print out the PPt summary the day before.Annotate it during the lecture. Listen again to the Webcast.Use the internet to expand on your notes. Look up highlighted terms.Ask questions in the Lab or Email them. Please dont come to my office without an appointment.

TextbooksWicander, R and Monroe, E. 2009. Essentials of Physical Geology. 5th edition.This is a good introduction to geology but has very little on petroleum.

Hyne, N.J. 2002. Nontechnical guide to petroleum geology, exploration, drilling and production. 2nd edition. A suitable introduction. .

Selley, R. 1998. Elements of petroleum geology. 2nd edition. A suitable introductionrather out of date.

Fraser, J. et al. 1997. Petroleum Geology of Southeast Asia. Read the chapter on Lake basins

Best textbook is the references given to topics in Wikipedia!

academic.cengage/com/earthsci Essentials of Physical Geology5th Edition

Reed Wicander James S. MonroeAvailable from the Bookstore,under the Central Library $48.5See also lecture Power Point Presentations for XD3103on the IVLE (Integrated Virtual Learning Environment)ISBN-13:978-0495-55507-0What text book?

When did it all start?Overview of Petroleum Geoscience

Edwin Drake's discovery in Titusville (pop 125) Pennsylvania in 1859. Drake used a steam engine to drive a punching tool to 21 m below the surface where he struck oil.

When did it all start? 3000 B.C. oil seeps near Bagdad(!)1854: George Bissell engaged Prof Silliman (Yale) to report on the potential of Pennsylvanian oil as an illuminant to compete with candle wax ete..Rapid development followed in other parts of the USA, Canada, Mexico, and then Venezuela 1878, Romania in 1860, Iran 1908, Iraq 1923, Bahrain 1932, Saudi Arabia and Kuwait in 1938. 16 US cents a gallon!

The USA led in production until the 1960s, when the Middle East out-produced other areas.

In 1961 the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) was established.

To the ArcticSince OPEC's price rises in 1973 new technologies were introduced to pump oil from offshore and from the Arctic (the Alaska pipeline)

Where is it all happening now?Off-shoreAs shallow-water oil reserves dwindle, multinational companies have been developing deep-water oilfields at the edge of the continental shelf. Shell has developed Mars, a 500-million-barrel oilfield, in 900 m of water, off-shore Gulf of Mexico.

There is now the technology to drill wells in 3,000 m depth of water and in the Arctic

Next Shale gas, oil sands, oil shale, ultra-deep water

The modern World cant function without oil and gasThe standard barrel of crude oil is 42USgallons = 34.972Imperialgallons or 158.987L. This measurement originated in the early Pennsylvania oil fields, and permitted both British and American merchants to refer to the same unit, based onthe old English wine measure, the tierce. 1 m3 = 6.29 barrels

How big is a barrel of oil? Whats in it?

http://www.energyquest.ca.gov/story/chapter08.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brent_Spot_monthly.svgBrent Oil Price history

5 yr1 yrBrent Oil Crude prices Aug 12th2014: $104.84http://oil-price.net/dashboard.php?lang=en

In 2006, average production cost to bring a barrel of oil to the surface ranged from $4 per barrel (excluding taxes) in Africa, $6.83 in USA, $8.30 in Canada.

Finding costs (to explore for and develop oil fields) vary by region. Averaged over 2004, 2005 and 2006, finding costs ranged from about $5.26/barrel in the Middle East to $63.71/barrel for deep U.S. offshore. Now after BP G of M??

In 2008, Mid E said to be producing at $US13.50 a barrel. Peak selling at $US147!!!

Costs in 2014? Everyone is happy at ~$80 a barrel, very happy at $100!

How long will it last?

Estimated reserves: 800 billions of barrels, World consumption: 76 millions per

day), Earth has oil for about 10,000 days, i.e. about 27 years, assuming

that consumption does not increase... If consumption increases an average

5% a year, then we have oil for about 15 years. Now that is challenging!!!But the US Geological Survey estimates the amount of oil that is still to be

found at about 3 trillions, three times the oil reserves known today (it is not

clear if "all" that oil can be pumped to the surface and therefore used). The real

issue is when will production be insufficient to cover demand? That largely depends on demand, not on reserves. Effects of Shale Gas and

Oil Sands and Sustainables (Wind-Solar-Geothermal) + nuclear?www.scaruffi.com/politics/oil.html

IndonesiaMalaysiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_reservesHave we peaked already?Database as of 2003

http://omrpublic.iea.org/World supply = World demand92.592.0

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f2/PU200611_Fig1.pngProduction has kept up with demand

Crude oil varies greatly in appearance depending on its composition. It is usuallyblack or dark brown (although it may be yellowish or greenish).

Crude oil may also be found in semi-solid form mixed with sand, as in the Athabasca Oil or tar sands in Canada, where it may be referred to as crude bitumen.What does it look like?

Where does all the oil and gas come from?The Petroleum System: Source , burial, oil kitchen, migration, carrier, reservoir, seal, trap

Sources of SE Asian Oil & GasHow old is the oil and gas?

What is oil composed of?

Where to drill for oil and gas? Three structural traps

Note: layers of water, oil, gas trapped in strata = a stratigraphic trapHow do we find oil and gas? Geophysics: seismic survey3D Seismics: plan view vs cross section2D Seismics: structural trapsAnticlinal trapFault trap

What kind of drilling techniques do we use?Singapore is worldleader in jack-up rigs

How do we get the oil and gas out?Directional drillingVertical drillingHorizontal drilling

How is the oil and gas brought ashore? Upstream petroleum

USGSWhere do we go and look for oil and gas?

USGSOil and gas fields near Singapore

Gas fields supply 80% of Singaporesenergy requirementsWhere has oil and gas been produced from before?

Oli and gas fields offshore Malaysia

Old lakes and riversTo find oil and gas we need to understand why, where, when it formed in a source rock.

We need to understand the palaeogeography

Old lakes = source rocksOld beaches, river deltas = reservoir rocks palaeogeography

Limestonereefs = sourceand reservoir.palaeogeography

Need to know the geological history of an oil potential region

Need to know the Plate Tectonic History

India collided with the central Eurasia Plate starting at 50 MaThe Australian Plate collided with SE Eurasia Plate at 15 Ma

Need to know the Plate Tectonic HistoryAll the young rocks in this region have beensqueezed and def-ormedoil and gashas migrated and becometrapped in reservoirs.

Origin of oil, gas and tar sands

The Petroleum System:source, burial, kitchen, migration,carrier, reservoir, trap

ExplorationIdentifying the rocks

Identify the structures

Appraisal

Production

drillingThis is upstream side of the oil and gas industrySummary so far: Petroleum Geoscience

Take a 5 minute break?

Origin of petroleum:oil, gas and tarWhat is petroleum?

Petroleum (L. petroleum < Gr. lit. "rock oil" was first

used in the treatise De re Metallica published in 1556 by the

German mineralogist Georgius Agricola: a naturally occurring,

flammable liquid found in rock formations in the Earth consisting of

a complex mixture of hydrocarbons of various molecular weights,

plus other organic compounds.

What is Natural Gas?

Is made from paraffin-like hydrocarbon molecules

Methane CH4 70 - 98% = pipeline house gas

Ethane C2H6 1 10%

Propane C3H8 trace to 5% = LPG

Butane C4H10 trace to 2%Inerts = CO2, N, He

He from radioactive decay of K40 in graniteH2S rotten eggs = sour gasVery corosivelines are single bonds, black spheres are carbon, white spheres are hydrogen.

Non-asssociated natural gas (nearly pure methane) is not in contact with oil in the sub-surface.

Associated natural gas occurs in contact with crude oil and gas in the subsurface both in the free gas cap and solution gas

CondensateIn some gas reservoirs at high temp, shorter-chain liquid hydrocarbons (5 - 7 C atoms) occur as a gas. When this gas is produced at the surface, the T decreases and the liquid hydrocarbons condense out of the gas. The liquid is nearly pure gasoline: gets mixed with high-octane refinery gasoline.

Wet gas is natural gas that contains condensate.

Dry gas does not.

Types of natural gas

Occurrence of Natural Gas

Because of the high pressure inunderground reservoirs, gas is dissolved in crude oil. The formational, dissolved or solution gas/oil ratio is the amount of gas dissolved in theoil in the reservoir under surface conditions.

As P incr with depth, the gas dissolved in oil increases. When crude oil is lifted, the P is relieved and the solution gas bubbles out giving theproducing gas-oil ratio of a well (GOR).

As the gas bubbles out, the oil volume shrinks

Gas bubbles outOilshrinks

Composition of Petroleum

The proportion of hydrocarbons in the mixture is highly variable and ranges from as much as 97% by weight in the lighter oils to as little as 50% in the heavier oils and bitumens

The hydrocarbons in crude oil are mostly alkanes, cycloalkanes and various aromatic hydrocarbons while the other organic compounds contain nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, and trace amounts of metals such as iron, nickel, copper and vanadium.

The exact molecular composition varies widely from formation to formation but the proportion of chemical elements vary over fairly narrow limits as follows:

Carbon 83-87% Hydrogen 10-14% Nitrogen 0.1-2% Oxygen 0.1-1.5% Sulfur 0.5-6% Metals

The amount of various molecules in an oil sample can be determined in laboratory. The molecules are typically extracted in a solvent, then separated in a gas chromatograph, and determined with a suitable detector, such as a flame ionization detector or a mass spectrometer.

Gas-liquid chromatography Chemical analysis of crude oil

Petroleum is a mixture of a very large number of different hydrocarbons; the most commonly found molecules are alkanes (linear or branched), cycloalkanes, aromatic hydrocarbons, or more complicated chemicals like asphaltenes. Each petroleum variety has a unique mix of molecules which define its physical and chemical properties, like color and viscosity.

The alkanes, also known as paraffins, are saturated hydrocarbons with straight or branched chains which contain only carbon and hydrogen and have the general formula CnH2n+2 They generally have from 5 to 40 carbon atoms per molecule.Octane, a hydrocarbon found in petroleum, lines are single bonds, black spheres are carbon, white spheres are hydrogen. High octane fuelHydrocarbonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crude_oil

The alkanes from pentane (C5H12) to octane (C8H18) are refined into gasoline (petrol), the ones from nonane (C9H20) to hexadecane (C16H34) into diesel fuel and kerosene (primary component of many types of jet fuel), and the ones from hexadecane upwards into fuel oil and lubricating oil. At the heavier end of the range, paraffin wax is an alkane with approximately 25 carbon atoms, while asphalt has 35 and up, although these are usually cracked by modern refineries into more valuable products. Any shorter hydrocarbons are considered natural gas or natural gas liquids.

The cycloalkanes, also known as napthenes, are saturated hydrocarbons whichhave one or more carbon rings to which hydrogen atoms are attached according to the formula CnH2n. Cycloalkanes have similar properties to alkanes but have higher boiling points.HexadecaneAlkanes and Cycloalkaneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crude_oil

The aromatic hydrocarbons are unsaturated hydrocarbons which have one or more planar six-carbon rings called benzene rings, to which hydrogen atoms are attached with the formula CnHn. They tend to burn with a sooty flame, and many have a sweet aroma.

Aromaticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crude_oilNote S, O, N atoms

These different molecules are separated by fractional distillation at an oil refinery to produce gasoline, jet fuel, kerosene, and other hydrocarbons.

Combustion:2,2,4-trimethylpentane (isooctane), widely used in gasoline, has a chemical formula of C8H18 and it reacts with oxygen exothermically:

2C8H18 + 25O2 = 18H20 + 16CO2 + 10.86MJisooctanean isomer of octaneFractional distillation/refining/combustion

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crude_oil

Composition of petroleum oil by elementElementPercent rangeCarbon83 to 87%Hydrogen10 to 14%Nitrogen0.1 to 2%Oxygen0.1 to 1.5%Sulfur0.5 to 6%Metalsless than 1000 ppm

Composition by weightHydrocarbonAverageRangeParaffins (Alkanes)30%15 to 60%Naphthenes(Cycloalkanes)49%30 to 60%Aromatics15%3 to 30%Asphaltics6%remainder

API gravityCrude oils are compared and described by their density.

API is the most common used density scale.

API stands for the American Petroleum Institute, Washington.

API = [(141.5 / specific gravity at 60oF) 131.5]

So fresh water has an API of 10o. Common crudes vary between sg 0.90 (heavy) and 0.80 (light oil) g/ml. If its API gravity is greater than 10, it is lighter and floats on water; if less than 10, it is heavier and sinks.

The API of crude oils varies from 5 to 55. Av crudes are 25 to 35.

Light oils are 35 45, very fluid, transparent, gasoline-rich, the most valuable.

Heavy oils are below 25, very viscous, dark coloured, much asphalt, less valuablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/API_gravity

Light cutsHeavy cutsWhat happens in a refinery?Downstream oil industrywikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_refineryo.uk/earth/oilrefinery.htmFractional distillationSingapore is the 3rd biggest petrochemical producer in the worldAfter Texas/Lou and Amsterdam/Rotterdam

Crackingwikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_refineryo.uk/earth/oilrefinery.htm

Cracking, uses heat and pressure to "crack" heavy HC molecules into lighter molecules

Fluid catalytic cracking, or "cat cracking," is the basic gasoline-making process. Using intense heat (about 500 degrees centigrade), low pressure and a powdered catal-yst, the cat cracker can convert most heavy fractions into smaller gasoline molecules.

Hydrocracking applies the same principles using catalysts at slightly lower temperatures, much greater pressure and hydrogen to obtain chemical reactions. Cokers, use heat and moderate pressure to turn residuum into lighter products and a hard, coal-like substance that is used as an industrial fuel.

Alkylation, essentially is cracking in reverse: makes gasoline components by combin-ing some of the gaseous byproducts of cracking.

70 years ago each 42 gall barrel of crude yielded 11 gallons of petrol, now ~ 25 galCracking, cokers, alkylationwikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_refineryo.uk/earth/oilrefinery.htm

Source of Oil & Gas

Formation of petroleum occurs by hydrocarbon pyrolysis, i.e. by reactions at highT and P. Oil forms from zooplankton and algae, which settle to a sea or lake bottomin large quantities under anoxic conditions. The remains of terrestrial plants (humous) tends to form, coal, oil and gas).

Crude oil and natural gas is the product of compression (P) and heating (T) of ancient organic materials (i.e. humin and kerogen) over geological time.

Over geological time the organic matter mixes with mud, and is buried under heavy layers of sediment resulting in high levels of heat (T) and pressure (P), a process known as diagenesis.

This causes the organic matter to chemically change, first into a waxy material known as kerogen which is found in oil shales and then with more heat into liquid oil and gaseous hydrocarbons in a process known as catagenesis. Need a source rock

When the source rock is buried with

the accumulating sediment, and an

adequate temperature is reached,

the organic materials in the source

rock form solid kerogen.

With more burial and heating above

~70oC the kerogen starts to cook.

This transformation changes the solid

kerogen into expanded liquid hydro-

carbons + natural gas that migrate,

becoming an oil and gas reservoir.

organicskerogenThe petroleum system needs an oil and gas kitchenO I L

W INDOWGASWINDOW400oC

The oil/gas kitchen: thermal maturation

Forms at rates according to the Arrhenius Equation:

K = A e-Ea/RT

where K = rate, A = constant, Ea = activation constant R = gas constant, T = temperature

Oil generation is exponentially dependant on T and linearly dependant on time.

Pressure cooker analogy: at low T (~80 100oC) little oil produced. But turn up to med T (~150oC) then the kerogen starts to cook and gives off oil + and methane gas

At ~175oC long chain hydrocarbons (oil) start to thermally degrade or crack. There is an optimum range of T and time to which kerogen should be cooked. Some kerogens will cook nicely at

As kerogen is a mixture of organic material, formed after the initial rotting of organic material, it cannot be given a chemical formula.

Its chemical composition can vary distinctively from sample to sample.

Kerogen from the Green River Formation oil shale deposit from North America contains elements in the proportions C 215: H 330: O 12: N 5: S 1.

Kerogen is insoluble in normal organic solvents because of the huge molecular weight of its component compounds.The soluble portion is known as bitumen (found in Tar/Oil Sands)What is kerogen?Kerogen (and petroleum) can only occur where there is no oxygen gas (O2) presentOtherwise the hydrocarbons are oxidised by bacteria to CO2 and H2O

Type I LacustrineMostly alkanesType II Shallow marineMostly cycloalkanesType III Terrestrial plantMostly aromaticsCartoons of Kerogen TypesDuring thermal maturation, these high-molecular weight compounds in kerogen breakdown to shorter chained, lower molecular weight compounds in petroleum.Crude oil is further broken down to petrol and diesel in refineries (e.g. cracking ete.)

Van Krevelin diagram is used to classify kerogen types

A Van Krevelin diagram is one example of classifying kerogens, where they tend to form groups when the ratios of hydrogen to carbon and oxygen to carbon are compared

Origin of kerogen

Type I = algal, found in lakes: oil prone

Type II = marine limestones and shales: oil and gas prone

Type III = land plants = coal + gasand oil + gas prone

Type IV = charcoal

Summary of kerogen typesIV

ConclusionsOil, gas are essential to the Worlds futurePetroleum oil and gas forms from the thermal maturation of buried kerogen. Formed in the oil (70200 oC) and gas (>200 400 oC) windowsNatural gas is mostly methane, associated with crude oilPetroleum oil - mixture of alkanes, cycloalkanes, aromatic hydrocarbons Crude oil is refined by fractional distillation and crackingKerogen comes as Type I = algal, lacustrine clays, Type II = algal, marine carbonates and clays, Type III = land plants (coal), Type IV = charcoal

To be a petroleum geoscientist you need to study geography, geology, chemistry, physics,botany, zoology, maths, engineering, everything!!

The End

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