oral lichen planus presentation
TRANSCRIPT
Lichen planus (LP) is derived from the Greek leichen meaning tree moss and the Latin planusmeaning flat
Lichens are primitive plants composed of symbiotic algae and fungi
Planus in Latin for flat.
Term suggests flat fungal condition
Current evidence indicates –Immunologicalymediated mucocutaneous disorder.
Text book of oral medicine and radiology –ongole first edition
Erasmus Wilson first described LP in 1869, as a chronic disease affecting the skin, scalp, nails, and mucosa, with possible rare malignant degeneration.And is thought to affect 0.5 to 1% of the worlds population. Francois Henri Hallopeau reported the first oral lichen planus (OLP)–relatedcarcinoma in 1910.Thibierge first described the oral lesions symmetrically in 1893
Text book of oral medicine and radiology –ongole first edition
WICKHAM 1895 described the characteristic appearance of whitish striae and punctuations that develop atop the flat surfaced papules
Text book of oral medicine and radiology –ongole first edition
cont.....
Definition Oral lichen planus (OLP) is defined as a common
chronic immunological mucocutaneous disorder that varies in appearnce from keratotic to erythematous and ulcerative
Lichen planus is relatively common disorder of the stratified squamous epithelia
Wilson 1896
Duske and frick,1982: skully and El-kom1985
Eisen D 2005 defined oral lichen planus as a relatively common chronic inflammatory disorder affecting the statified squamousepithelia
Lichen planus (LP) is a common disorder in which auto-cytotoxic T lymphocytes trigger apoptosis of epithelial cells leading to chronicinflammation. Oral LP (OLP) can be a source of severe morbidity and has a small potential to be malignant.
Crispian Scully 2007
Text book of oral medicine and radiology –ongole first edition
Inspite of extensive research ,exact etiology is still unknown
The most accepted and current data suggests that OLP is a T cell mediated inflammatory disease (Regezi et al., 1978) (Gilhar et al., 1989), (Porter et al., 1997) (Sugerman et al., 2002) in which there is a production of cytokines which leads to apoptosis
Auto cytotoxic CD8 and Tcells trigger apoptosis of oral epithelial cells.(eversole 1997 porter et al 1997
Abnormal recognition and expression of basal keratinocytesof epithelium as foreign antigens by langerhans cells
Text book of oral medicine and radiology –ongole first edition
Other possible theories include the genetic background ,where the weak association between HLA antigen and lichen planus was found by POWELL et al 1986 and roston 1994
Vincent et al 1990 ,soto araya et al 2004 reported the strong association of psychological factors like higher level of anxiety, greater depression and psychic disorders in patients with erosive lichen planus.
Text book of oral medicine and radiology –ongole first edition
PREDISPOSING FACTORS
GENETIC BACKGROUND
AUTO IMMUNITY –ASSOCIATED WITH OTHER AUTO IMMUNE DISEASE
IMMUNODEFICIENCY
DRUGS
DENTAL MATERIALS
STRESS
HABITS
pathogenesis of oral lichen planus j oral pathol med 2010 19;729_734
1•ANTIGEN SPECIFIC CELL MEDIATED MECHANISM
2•NON SPECIFIC MECHANISM
3•AUTOIMMUNE RESPONSE
4•HUMORAL IMMUNITY
PATHOGENESIS OF OLP
The various mechanisms hypothesized to be involved in the immunopathogenesis are:
1•THE EPITHELIAL BASEMENT MEMBRANE
2•MATRIX METALLOPROTENINASES
3
•CHEMOKINES
4•MAST CELLS
NON SPECIFIC MECHANISMS
pathogenesis of oral lichen planus j oral pathol med 2010 19;729_734
Sugerman PB, Savage NW. Oral lichen planus: causes,diagnosis and management. Aust Dent J. 2002 ;47:290-7
EPIDEMIOLOGY
•Very common- 1% of population •In Indians 1.5%(average) •3.7% mixed oral habits •0.3% non users of tobacco •Risk more among who smoke and chew tobacco
RACE
Oral lichen planus affects all racial groups.SEXThe female-to-male ratio for oral lichen planus is 1.4:1
Text book of oral medicine-burkete‟s 11th edition
Oral lichen planus is invariably a disease that affects regions of the oral cavity bilaterally.
Oral lesions usually involve the posterior buccal mucosa, or less commonly the tongue and although any site can be involved palatal and sublingual lesions are not common
AGE- middle aged or elderly people
MEAN AGE OF ONSET- 5 th decade of life
rarely in young adults and children
Lichen planus commonly affects 1-2% of the general population ,prevalance rate being 0.5to 2.2%
40% lesions occur on both oral and cutaneoussurfaces, 35% occur on cutaneous surfaces alone,and25% occur on oral mucosa alone
Text book of oral medicine-burkete‟s 11th edition
Cutaneous lesions of lichen planus (LP) are self-limiting and cause itching.
Appears as purple, pruritic ,polygonal, flat topped –flexor surfaces
Fine lace like network of white lines
(whikam s striae)
Text book of oral medicine-burkete‟s 11th edition
Louis frederic wickhamdescribed the presence of fine white or grey lines or dots seen on the top of the pruritic rash on the skin in lichen planus .
These striae are popularly referred to as
“WICKHAMS STRIAE or HONITON LACE”
Text book of oral medicine and radiology –ongole first edition
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
SKIN LESIONS
•Purple, pruritic and polygonal papules •May be discrete or gradually coalesce into plaques each covered by fine glistering scale •Bilaterally symmetrical •Increase in size if subjected to any irritation •Usually self limiting unlike the oral lesions lasting only one year or less
Text book of oral medicine-burkete‟s 11th edition
•Initially red > purple or violaceous hue > a dirty brownish color •Periods of regression and recurrence •“ Koebner’s phenomenon”- skin lesions extend along the areas of injury or irritation (ISOMORPHIC RESPONSE)•Most often on wrist, forearms, knees, thighs and trunk •Face remains uninvolved
TYPES OF CUTANEOUS LICHEN PLANUS
HYPERTROPHIC PLAQUES
VESICULAR LICHEN PLANUS
LICHEN PLANUS PEMPHIGOIDES
LICHEN PLANUS OF NAILS
LICHEN PLANOPILARIS
ACTINIC KERATOSIS (ON ARM)
ULCERATIVE LICHEN PLANUS
OVERLAP SYNDROME
TYPES OF ORAL LICHEN PLANUS:
The lichen planus can manifest in various clinical forms ANDREASENS 1968 have described the clinical types.They may be appearing as:
RETICULAR
PAPULES
PLAQUE LIKE
ATROPHIC
EROSIVE
BULLOUS
Text book of oral medicine and radiology –ongole first edition
Most common and most readily recognized form
Mostly on posterior buccal mucosa.
May not be seen on tongue ,less commonly in gingiva &lips
They are usually bilaterally seen.
Characteristic pattern of interlacing white lines (whikam s striae)
The striae often displays a peripheral erythematous zone ,which reflects the subepithelial inflammation
• Lines are wavy and parallel
• Reticular olp can sometimes be observed at the vermillion border
92%
Text book of oral medicine-burkete‟s 11th edition
The papular type of olp is usually present in the initial phase of the disease.
It is clinically characterized by small white dots,which in most occasions intermingle with the reticular form.
Sometimes the papular elements merge with striae as part of the natural course.
SIZE 0.5MM
11%
Text book of oral medicine-burkete‟s 11th edition
Plaque type olp shows a homogenous well demarcated white plaque often, but not always surrounded by striae.
Plaque type lesions may clinically be very similar to homogenous leukoplakia
Common in tobacco users
Single / multi focal
36%
Text book of oral medicine-burkete‟s 11th edition
It is characterized by a homogenous red area.
smooth, poorly defined erythematus areas with or without peripheral striae
Usually associated with Desquamative gingivitis
ATROPHIC TYPE
Text book of oral medicine-burkete‟s 11th edition
44%
Pain and burning sensation
Keratotic changes combined with mucosal erythema
Erythematous OLP requires a histopathologicexamination in order to arrive at a correct
When this type of lp is present in the buccalmucosa or in the palate striae are frequently seen in the periphery
ATROPHIC TYPE
Text book of oral medicine-burkete‟s 11th edition
More significant for the patient because the lesions are usually symptomatic.
Atrophic areas with central ulceration of varying degree
Periphery of the atrophic regions is usually bordered by fine ,white radiating striae
Atrophy and ulceration are –gingival mucosa
• Pain, burning sensation, bleeding, desquamative gingivitis
• Pseudo membrane covered ulcerations with keratosis and erythema
Text book of oral medicine-burkete‟s 11th edition
9%
BULLOUS TYPE Vesciculobullous presentation combined with reticular or erosive pattern
Rare form characterized by large vesicles or bullae (4mm to 2cm)
Lesions usually develop within an erythematus base, rupture immediately leaving painful ulcers
Usually have peripheral radiating striae and seen on posterior part of buccal mucosa
1%
Text book of oral medicine-burkete‟s 11th edition
Severe form with extensive degeneration and separation of epithelium from connective tissue
Faint white zone resembling radiating striae seen at the junction with normal epithelium
Commonly on buccal mucosa and vestibule
More dysplasia and malignant
transformation
Text book of oral medicine-burkete‟s 11th edition
They are the most disabling form of oral lichen planus
Clinically ,the fibrin coated ulcers are surrounded by an erythematous zone frequently displaying radiating white striae.
This appearance may reflect a gradient of the intensity of sub epithelial inflammation that is most prominent at the centre of the lesion.
Text book of oral medicine-burkete‟s 11th edition
Buccal mucosa 80%
Tongue 65%
Lips 20%
Gingiva,floor
of mouth& palate 10%
Text book of oral medicine-burkete‟s 11th edition
Histopathology FIRST DESCRIBED BY DUBRENILL 1906
later revised by Shklar in 1972◦Hyper orthokeratinisation or hyper parakeratinisation
◦Thickening of granular layer
◦Acanthosis of spinous layer
◦Intercellular oedema in spinous layer
◦“ Saw-tooth” rete pegs
◦Liquefaction necrosis of basal layer- Max Joseph spaces
◦Civatte ( hyaline or cytoid) bodies
◦Juxta epithelial band of inflammatory cells
◦An eosinophilic band may be seen just beneath the basement membrane and represent fibrin covering lamina propria
Text book of oral medicine-burkete‟s 11th edition
HISTOLOGICAL PICTURES
Oral Lichen PlanusPallavi Parashar, BDS, DDS
Oral Lichen PlanusPallavi Parashar, BDS, DDS
World Health Organization diagnostic criteria(1978) of oral lichen planus (OLP)
CLINICAL CRITERIA
Presence of white papule, reticular, annular, plaque-type lesions,gray-white lines radiating from the papules
Presence of a lace-like network of slightly raised gray-whitelines (reticular pattern)
Presence of atrophic lesions with or without erosion, may also Bullae
Correlation between clinical and histopathologic diagnoses oforal lichen planus based on modified WHO diagnosticcriteria -Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2009;107:796-800)
HISTOPATHOLOGIC CRITERIA
Presence of thickened ortho or parakeratinized layer in sites with normally keratinized, and if site normally non keratinized this layer may be very thin
Presence of Civatte bodies in basal layer, epithelium and superficial part of the connective tissue
Presence of a well-defined band like zone of cellular infiltration that is confined to the superficial part of the connective tissue,consisting mainly of lymphocytes
Signs of „liquefaction degeneration‟ in the basal cell layer
Correlation between clinical and histopathologic diagnoses oforal lichen planus based on modified WHO diagnosticcriteria -Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2009;107:796-800)
Modified World Health Organization diagnosticcriteria of OLP and OLL
CLINICAL CRITERIA
Presence of bilateral, more or less symmetrical lesions
Presence of a lacelike network of slightly raised gray-white lines(reticular pattern)
Erosive, atrophic, bullous and plaque-type lesions are accepted only as a subtype in the presence of reticular lesion else where in the oral mucosa
In all other lesions that resemble OLP but do not complete the aforemented criteria, the term “clinically compatible with”should be used
HISOPATHOLOGIC CRITERIA
Presence of a well-defined bandlike zone of cellular infiltrationthat is confined to the superficial part of the connective tissue,consisting mainly of lymphocytes
Signs of liquefaction degeneration in the basal cell layer
Absence of epithelial dysplasia
When the histopathologic features are less obvious, the term“histopathologically compatible with” should be used
FINAL DIAGNOSIS FOR OLP OR OLL
To achieve a final diagnosis, clinical as well as histopathologiccriteria should be included
OLP A diagnosis of OLP requires fulfillment of both clinical and histopathologic criteria
The term OLL will be used under the followingconditions:
1- Clinically typical of OLP but histopathologically only compatible with OLP
2- Histopathologically typical of OLP but clinically only compatible with OLP
3- Clinically compatible with OLP and histopathologically compatible with OLP
CD8+ T cells are activated in OLP andCD8+ T cells co-localize with apoptotic keratinocytes
in OLP lesions. CD8+ cytotoxic T cells are known to trigger apoptosis of virally infected cells.
Herpes simplexvirus (HSV: human herpesviruses types 1 and 2) causes an acute gingivostomatitis, herpes labialis (cold sores)and recurrent intra-oral herpes.
Oral lichen planus: Causes, diagnosis and managementAustralian Dental Journal 2002;47:(4):290-297
Varicella-zoster virus
(VZV) human herpes virus 3causes chicken pox with oral ulceration in children and shingles with pain and oral ulceration in adults.
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
Human herpes virus 4 causes glandular fever (infectious mononucleosis) with associated sore throat and petechiae on the soft palate
Oral lichen planus: Causes, diagnosis and managementAustralian Dental Journal 2002;47:(4):290-297
Cytomegalovirus (CMV:
Human herpes virus is associated with aphthous-type oral
ulceration
Human papillomavirus (HPV) 6 and 11
It cause oral warts (squamous papilloma) and condyloma
accuminatum whereas HPV 16 and 18 are associated with
some oral squamous cell carcinomas
The coxsackie RNA viruses may also infect the oral
mucosa. Coxsackie A4 causes herpangina, coxsackieA10
causes acute lympho reticular pharyngitis and coxsackie A16
causes hand, foot and mouth disease
Lichen planus is often associated with immune mediated diseases like
Alopecia areata
Dermatomyositis
Lichen sclerosis et atrophicus
Morphea
Myasthenia gravis
Ulcerative colitis
Primary biliary sclerosis
Text book of oral medicine and radiology –ongole first edition
GRINSPAN SYNDROME is the association of OLP with diabetes and hypertension.
GRAHAM LITTLE SYNDROME and VULVO-VAGINO- GINGIVAL SYNDROME are other syndromes associated with ORAL LICHEN PLANUS, in which there is mucosal involvement of gingival and genital
region, usually of erosive type.
Text book of oral medicine and radiology –ongole first edition
OLP is considered a pre-malignant condition
The reported transformation rates vary from 0 .5 to 2%. Over a period of 5 years
1.Increased risk of oral squamous cell carcinoma 2.Frequency of transformation is low, between 0.3% an3% 3.Erosive and atrophic forms commonly undergo transformation
Holmpstrup et al 1998
COMPLICATIONS
Oral lichen planus and its treatment may predispose people to oral C albicans super infection
Patients with oral lichen planus may have a slightly increased risk of oral cancer,
Oral SCC in patients with oral lichen planusis a feared complication an controversial issue.
Oral Lichen PlanusJ:ournal of Dental Sciences & Research 2:1: Pages 62-87
Clinical aspect Histopathological features
3 essential features1. Hyperortho or para keratosis2. Saw tooth rete pegs3. Basal cell liquefaction degeneration
Additional features1. T lymphocyte infilterate2. Civatte or colloid bodies3. Artificial tearing b/t epithelium and
connective tissue.
Oral Lichen Planus is a diagnosis
that demands careful correlation of
the clinical setting with the results
of routine biopsy examination.
Lichenoid reaction
Oral leukoplakia
Frictional keratosis
Discoid Lupus Erythematosus
Chronic Ulcerative Stomatitis
Erythema multiformae
Pemphigus Vulgaris
Benign Mucous Membrane PemphigoidDD for Oral Maxillofacial Lesions-Wood&Goaz
1. LEUKOPLAKIA
known irritant factor
Clinical appearance
Histopathology
2. LICHENOID LESION Clinical appearance contact
with restoration Unilateral Histopathology Lesion resolve after
withdrawal of agent.
3.LUPUS ERYHTEMATOSUS
Well demarcatedcutaneous lesions with round or oval erythematous plaques with scales and follicular plugging
Histopathology Direct
immunofluorescence Butterfly like rashes
over the cheeks and nose known as malarrash.
4.PEMPHIGUS VULGARIS
Nikolsky sign positive in pemphigus vulgaris
Patient gives the recurrence history of bullae and vesicle formation
5.BENIGN MUCOUS MEMBRANE PEMPHIGOID
Eye involvementMucosal blistering, ulceration, subsequent scaringDesquamative gingivitis is the most common manifestation and may be the only manifestation of the disease appearing bright red
It is typically clinically characterized by a white lesion without any red elements
The lesion is observed in areas of the oral mucosa subjected to increased friction, or trauma caused by ,for example food intake.
Lesion is non symptomatic
7.ERYTHEMA MULTIFORMAE
Bullae and vesicle formationAppear as a target or iris lesion More severe form of erythema multiformae is STEVEN JOHNSON SYNDROMECourse of lesion is acute
8.CHRONIC ULCERATIVE STOMATITIS
Painful, exacerbating and remitting oral erosions, and ulcerations
Biopsy of the lesion should be done to confirm the diagnosis
Erosive lichen planus may be examined histopathologically to assess for dysplastic features
Hypertrophic form of lichen planus resembles homogenous leukoplakia
In order to differentiate this condition from leukoplakia the lesion can be biopsied.
Text book of oral medicine and radiology –ongole first edition
DIAGNOSTIC TESTS
Direct immunofluorescence is useful in distinguishing OLP from other lesions, especially vesiculobullous lesions such as PV BMMP and linear immunoglobulin A (IgA) bullousdermatitis
Direct immunofluoresence demonstates a shaggy band of fibrinogen in the basement membrane zone is 90 to 100 % cases Specimens for immunofluoresence should be stored in MICHEL”S BOUINS SOLUTION or normal saline and then sent to histopathology
Indirect immunofluorescence studies are not useful in the clinical diagnosis of OLP. Serum test is negative
Text book of oral medicine and radiology –ongole first edition
Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)staining of biopsy specimens and candidal cultures or smears may be performed.
Other TestsSkin patch testing may be helpful in identifying a contact allergy in some patients with oral lichen planus.
Oral Lichen PlanusJ:ournal of Dental Sciences & Research 2:1: Pages 62-87
Oral lichen planus is a chronic inflammatory disease.
The lesions of cutaneous lichen planus typically resolve within1-2 years, whereas the lesions of oral lichen planus are long lasting and persist for 20 years
Resolution of the white striations, plaques, or papules is rare.
Current immunosuppressiv etherapies usually control oral mucosal erythema, ulceration,andsymptoms in patients with oral lichen planus with minimal adverse effects.
Oral Lichen PlanusJ:ournal of Dental Sciences & Research 2:1: Pages 62-87
Advise patients that oral lichen planus lesions may persist for many years with periods of exacerbation and quiescence
In the context of appropriate medical care, the prognosis for most patients with oral lichen planus is excellent.
Oral Lichen PlanusJ:ournal of Dental Sciences & Research 2:1: Pages 62-87
PATIENT EDUCATION IN ORAL LICHEN PLANUS
The importance of patient education in OLP hasbeen reported.
The chronicity of oral lichen planus and the expectedperiods of exacerbation and quiescence
The aims of treatment,specifically the elimination of mucosal erythema, ulceration,pain, and sensitivity
The possibility that several treatments may need to betried
The potentially increased risk of oral cancer
The possibility of reducing the risk of oral cancer .Oral Lichen PlanusJ:ournal of Dental Sciences & Research 2:1: Pages 62-87
Lichen planus like eruptions were first reported in military personnel in World War II who had been prescribed anti-malarial drugs.
Since that time, a wide variety of drugs have been associated with precipitating lichen planus – like eruptions and this phenomenon has been termed lichenoid drug reaction.
Lichenoid lesions may be unilateral, asymmetric and occur in uncommon sites and tend to be erosive.
Histological examination may show a more diffuse lymphocytic infiltrate and more colloid bodies than in classic LP
ORAL LICHENOID REACTION (OLR):
Lichenoid reaction is a term used for lesions that resemble OLP clinically and histologically, but have an identifiable aetiology.
Precipitants include chronic graft verses host disease (cGVHD), some dental materials and a range of drugs
They may be a manifestation of disease like lupus erythematosus.
Oral mucosal disease;British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 46 (2008) 15–21
Lichenoid reaction to the amalgam restoration on the buccalaspect of the molar tooth. This is an isolated response without thesymmetrical distribution seen in typical OLP.
Oral lichen planus: Causes, diagnosis and managementAustralian Dental Journal 2002;47:(4):290-297
treatment
General consideration
Achieve specific goal
Eliminate atrophic and ulcerated lesions
Allevate symptoms
Avoid mechanical trauma and irritation
Absolutely there is no treatmentfor OLP
If no symptoms – no active treatment is needed except reassurance ,reviewed regularly.
Corticosteroids
Retinoid
Grisofulvin
Cyclosporin
More useful in management of OLP
Topical corticosteriods
Systemic steroids are contraindicated or the patient refuses intralesional injections
Safer , long-term use needs follow up
Causes adrenal suppression
Secondary candidiasis
These have great value when there is acute exacerbation of symptoms
Used in combinations with topical steroids
Adverse effects-GI upset, polyurea , insomnia
Retinoids First used for the treatment of
asymptomatic reticulated lichenplanus
Tretinoin is the available Vit A 0.1% (applied locally).
RETINOIDS
TOPICAL – 0.1% vit A
Rapid elimination but with relapse
0.1% isotretenoin gel
Tretenoin ointment – burning sensation and irritation
Systemic --- Etretinate 25 -75 mg/day relapse after discontinuatuon
CYCLOSPORIN Immunosuppressant
reduces lymphokines Reduces the proliferation
and function of T-lymphocytes
Renal dysfunction
GRISEOFULVIN In treatment of erosive Lp
when steroid is contraindicated or
When lesion is resistant to steroids.
Its appropriate to use topical with intralesional preparations
Causes atrophy of tissues and secondary candidiasis
DRUG THERAPYOptimal dose, duration and true
efficacy remain variable.
Corticosteroids Topical 0.1% triamcinolone acetonide Potent preparation --- 0.1%
fluocinolone acetonide--- 0.05%
fluocinonideOrobase Elixir form --- dexamethasome
---- triamcinolone---- clobetasol
SYSTEMIC STEROIDS
Reserved for recalcitrant LP
Daily dose of prednisone 40-80mg for initial 5-7 days – gradually withdrawal over 2-4 weeks
Alternate day administration.
TACROLIMUS
Immunosuppressive –inhibit T cell activation
Tacrolimus ointment 0.1% -- penetrate oral mucosa
Local irritation
Relapse common
Potential carcinogen
CYCLOSPORIN
Suppress T cell cytokine production
Solution of 100mg/ml --- bad taste,
burningsensation , high cost
Alternative for initial control
MISCELLANEOUS
1. ANTIFUNGAL
Topical clotrimazole
2. ANTIBIOTIC
2% auromycin mouth wash
Tetracycline mouth wash
Surgery
Surgical excision, cryotherapy, CO2 laser, andND:YAG laser have all been used in the treatment of OLP. In general, surgery is reserved to removehigh-risk dysplastic areas.
management of oral lichen planus Arch Iranian Med 2005; 8 (4): 252 –256
Laser
The 308 nm excimer laser has been used as apossible and additional method in the treatment
of OLP.
Treatments are painless and well tolerated.
Clinical improvement has been achieved in mostpatients. Excimer 308 nm lasers could be aneffective choice in treating symptomatic OLP
management of oral lichen planus Arch Iranian Med 2005; 8 (4): 252 –256
PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY
In this method, clinician uses ultraviolet A(UVA) with wavelengths ranging from the 320 –400 nm, after the injection of psoralen.
The use of PUVA therapy in OLP waits further evaluation in large controlled trails. In two studies ,UVA was applied to lesions, 2 hours after theinjection of psoralen.
After 2 months, most of thelesions had been notably improved and the remission times ranged from 2 to 17 months
One potential draw back of PUVA therapy isthe risk of the squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) development in a condition with premalignant potential,
management of oral lichen planus Arch Iranian Med 2005; 8 (4): 252 –256
CONCLUSION
OLP is a chronic condition that is immune mediated and is characterized by episodic exacerbations and remissions.
It is known to be a T cell–mediated condition withpredominantly cytotoxic CD8 T cells.
A definite diagnosis of OLP is based ona combination of clinical and histologic findings.The cause of OLP remains elusive,and therefore the treatment goals are directed at alleviating related signs and symptoms
Topical steroids are the first line of treatment of symptomatic OLP
Regular and long-term follow-up of patients with OLP is recommended to evaluate for changes in the lesion and to screen for malignancies.
Text Book of Oral Medicine-Burkete‟s 11th Edition
Text Book of Oral Pathology-Shafer-4th Edition
Text book of oral & maxillofacial pathology –Neville 3rd Edition
TEXT BOOK OF ORAL MEDICINE AND RADIOLOGY-ONGOLE
CAWSONS ORAL PATHOLOGY AND ORAL MEDICINE
TEXT BOOK OF ORAL PATHOLOGY .REGEZZI
SUGERMAN PB, SAVAGE NW. ORAL LICHEN PLANUS: CAUSES,DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT. AUST DENT J. 2002 ;47:290-7
ORAL LICHEN PLANUS –REVIEW MOLLAOGLU .N BOMFS 2000
ORAL LICHEN PLANUS –REVIEW PETER JUNGELL 1990 JOPM
PATHOGENESIS OF ORAL LICHEN PLANUS J ORAL PATHOL MED 2010 VOL 39 729-734
CORRELATION BETWEEN CLINICAL AND HISTOPATHOLOGIC DIAGNOSES OFORAL LICHEN PLANUS BASED ON MODIFIED WHO DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA -ORAL SURG ORAL MED ORAL PATHOL ORAL RADIOL ENDOD 2009;107:796-800)
ORAL LICHEN PLANUS: CAUSES, DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENTAUSTRALIAN DENTAL JOURNAL 2002;47:(4):290-297
ORAL MUCOSAL DISEASE;BRITISH JOURNAL OF ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY 46 (2008) 15–21
ORAL LICHEN PLANUS: CLINICAL FEATURES, ETIOLOGY, TREATMENT AND MANAGEMENT; A REVIEW OF LITERATURE JODDD, VOL. 4, NO. 1 WINTER 2010
LICHEN PLANUS IS A DISEASE THAT IS NOT “CURED” IN THE USUAL SENSE OF THE WORD BUT MERELY “CONTROLLED”
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