These slides do not represent any standard, nor regulation, and create no new or otherwise legal obligations. Their intent is to serve only as an advisory guide, where all informational contained in content is intended to assist employers and employees in providing a safe, healthful and environmentally complaint workplace through effective prevention programs adapted to the needs of each place of employment tools, equipment, practices and procedures used.
Health Acts will exist in each specific operating region, location and/or environment and will require employers and employees to comply with hazard-specific safety and health standards. In addition, employers must provide their employees with a workplace free from recognized hazards likely to cause equipment failure malfunction, injury, serious loss or physical harm. Employers can also often be cited for violating statutory rules and regulations if there is a recognized hazard that they then do not take steps to prevent or abate the hazard. However, failure to implement such guidelines is not, in itself, a violation.
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Presentation Notes
Oil and Gas Industry Disclaimer:�Although the document was developed from recognized and credible sources, it is not to be construed as an industry consensus standard as indicated in the following disclaimer. "Nothing contained herein shall be construed to establish an industry-accepted standard of drilling or energy servicing safe operating procedures. No suggested method, practice, precaution or program set forth in this guide should be relied upon to establish a legal standard of conduct or a legal duty, the violation of which would constitute culpability of any degree in any legal proceeding. Information and/or data provided is for informational assistance only and should not be utilized or considered as a comprehensive safety and health program or accepted industry standard."
These slides present an introduction to the key aspects of both onshore and offshore drilling operations guidelines, tools and equipment systems.
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Presentation Notes
Oil wells are being drilled in almost every country of the world. These wells are either exploration wells or development wells. Exploration programs generally include the drilling of an actual well as the final step to confirm the findings of geologists and geophysicists. New reservoirs must be discovered to replace those being depleted; known reservoirs must be produced to · meet mounting consumer demands. Drilling programs are designed for the maximum hydrocarbons recovery which is economically feasible
Kingdom Drilling Services LtdJune 2009
Drilling rigs and operations
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Presentation Notes
Major oil reserves have been discovered on nearly every continent, including the continental shelves, gulfs, bays, and marshlands. Each discovery brings new drilling problems and the development of new solutions: e.g. in the arctic and jungle locations without roads-transportation of drilling equipment and supplies; in the Gulf of Mexicothreat of hurricanes; on the North Slope of Alaska-the melting of permafrost and loss of support for the wellhead, casing, and surface equipment; in the Cook Inletice flows and swift tidal currents; and in the Bass Straits and the North Sea-waves and storms.
Kingdom Drilling Services LtdJune 2009
The Oil companies
Oil companies are the principal users of drilling services.
In most foreign fields a major oil company initiates the sequence of events which leads to the drilling of an oil or gas well.
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Presentation Notes
International Oil companies (IOC’s) and in more recent decades National oil companies (NOC’s) are the principal users of drilling services. In most foreign fields a major oil company initiates the sequence of events which leads to the drilling of an oil or gas well. Within a little more than a century the oil industry has grown from a small number of business men in Pennsylvania to the millions who now participate in oil exploration, drilling, processing, and marketing. Scientific discoveries and technological developments stimulated by the needs of the petroleum industry furnish a livelihood for thousands of other workers. Every citizen of a civilized country is a petroleum consumer. These are the ones for whom the well is drilled, but it is the operating company that awards the drilling contract. The responsibility for both discovery and production has largely been entrusted to the large oil corporations whose financial organization gives them the investment capacity which the task requires.
Kingdom Drilling Services LtdJune 2009
The drilling contractors
The majority of drilling operational work is implemented by the drilling contractors and supporting 3rd party companies e.g. mud and cement services.
Contract performance requires financial strength and stability on the part of the drilling organization
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Presentation Notes
The majority of drilling operations is done by drilling contractors. Contract performance requires financial strength and stability on the part of the drilling organization. If the drilling contractor is to bid for drilling jobs, he must have the capability to send men and machinery great distances with equipment that will function effectively under unusual conditions. Sometimes this capability has been achieved through partnerships, mergers, and often through incorporation. Operating companies have found it profitable to utilize the men, equipment, and the technical skills and experience of drilling contractors. Drilling contractors must be competitive in prices and services to stay in the business. The drilling contractor bids for the job of making a hole for the operating company. If he is awarded the contract, it will be because his is the best bid. It may not be the lowest bid since past performance and proven capacity are also factors to be considered. The contract for making a hole goes to the drilling contractor; but there are other contracts which the operating company awards directly to service and supply companies. These related operations will be described later. It will be seen that in addition to fulltime employees of the drilling and operating companies up to a hundred service and supply company employees will at one time or another work at the well site.
Kingdom Drilling Services LtdJune 2009
Drilling Locations
Oil wells are being drilled today in almost every country and environment of the world
Presenter
Presentation Notes
Oil wells are being drilled today in almost every country and environment of the world. These wells are either exploration wells or development wells. Exploration programs generally include the drilling of an actual well as the final step to confirm the findings of geologists and geophysicists. New reservoirs must be discovered to replace those being depleted; known reservoirs must be produced to · meet mounting consumer demands. Drilling programs are designed for the maximum hydrocarbons recovery which is economically feasible. Major oil reserves have been discovered on nearly every continent, including the continental shelves, gulfs, bays, and marshlands. Each discovery brings new drilling problems and the development of new solutions: in arctic and jungle locations without roads-transportation of drilling equipment and supplies; in the Gulf of Mexico threat of hurricanes; on the North Slope of Alaska-the melting of permafrost and loss of support for the wellhead, casing, and surface equipment; in the Cook Inlet ice flows and swift tidal currents; and in the Bass Straits and the North Sea-waves and storms. As these regions change from exploration to exploitation, the emphasis changes from drilling to production. Field development wells take full advantage of information from exploration or "wildcat" wells, and costs are reduced as drilling problems are solved.
Kingdom Drilling Services LtdJune 2009
Drilling environments
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Presentation Notes
Jungle locations highlight the advantages of rig designs which provide for breakdown into sizes and shapes that can be moved by helicopter. Currents and ice flows have led to experiments in design and construction to meet offshore platform needs in the Cook Inlet of Alaska. Man-made islands with drilling equipment concealed in decorative towers provide numerous well sites almost within the shadows of downtown buildings. Offshore wells have to be directionally drilled to reach the large oil field acreage that exists e.g. from platfrorm as illustrated or from subsea infrastructure place on the seabed.
Kingdom Drilling Services LtdJune 2009
Where do we elect to drill from - to?
It is the operating company that decides where a well is to be drilled.
Decisions are based upon1. The probabilities of finding commercial
hydrocarbons in a specific location as indicated by the subsurface team i.e. geologists & geophysicists,
2. The company, body or regulator that holds the licences, leases or agreements granting drilling & production rights, and
3. The availability and capability to funds a specific well or project.
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Presentation Notes
The first of these utilizes a wide range of scientific research, methods and inventions to locate possible oil bearing locations. Exploration data are reviewed. and evaluated. For the second consideration, licenses, lease terms and agreements are thoroughly examined by legal experts for clear title and rights-of-way for access, and exact boundaries and locations are established or confirmed by surveyors. In the third instance, corporate financing, loans, and private risk capital sources are employed for the necessary funds to pay for drilling a well.
Kingdom Drilling Services LtdJune 2009
Typical oilfield traps
There are two main types (but not limited to) oil field traps as illustrated,
They are termed
Stratigraphic and
Structural traps
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Presentation Notes
Oil and gas are found where irregularities exist in subsurface strata. Movement of the earth's crust during geologic eras has caused faults, folds, and domes to form. E.g. Along fault lines a break in formation layers accompanied by vertical movement of one or both sides of the fault may result in traps which can collect migrating formation fluids. Up-folding of stratified rock can produce anticlines or ridges. Troughs of folded rock are called synclines. Stratigraphic traps capable of being reservoirs sometimes form where lithological changes have decreased the porosity and permeability of certain strata. Porosity of a rock formation indicates the percent of void space that may contain a fluid; permeability is a measure of the degree of ease with which fluid can move through a formation. Historically, surface geologists have identified faults, anticlines, and domes by outcrops of rocks and layers at the surface and thus have found many oil fields. Domes, particularly salt domes, often give some evidence in terms of elevation above the surrounding land. Aerial surveys reveal evidence of outcrops in remote and inaccessible regions by changes in the vegetation and other indications. Photographs from orbiting satellites have been used for this purpose. Geophysics and subsurface geology have advanced to a point of considerable reliability in locating and identifying unconformities, i.e. deviations from the conventional pattern of sedimentation and strati-formation. Electric log correlations over long distances have proven the existence of structural traps for oil.
Kingdom Drilling Services LtdJune 2009
Geology & Geophysics
Seismic surveying Principles of a gravity meter survey
Geological correlation by means of electric logs.
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Presentation Notes
Seismographic surveys yield useful information in terms of the time required for shock waves to travel through the rock formations. A gravity meter measures the gravitational pull of buried rock masses and gives facts about the depth and nature of the hidden formations. Similarly, a magnetometer measures the strength and direction of magnetic force; recorded variations in magnetic force also relate to the depth and nature of rock layers not visible from the surface. From these surveys and their analyses the oil operating company will select the drilling site; but many famous oil fields were discovered at locations chosen by hunches or through sheer luck. After a wildcat well has become a "discovery“ well, other wells are drilled to locate the boundaries of the field and to facilitate planning the best pattern of wells to drain the reservoir. Whether the well is to be a wildcat or a field development well, it will be staked and its exact location determined by surveyors, relative to land boundary lines and other geographic "fixes" tied into the geophysical surveys. Aerial photographs, viewed through a 3-D lens, provide valuable information about regions where oil may exist. In the illustration a geologist looks for rock outcrops to study first-hand in the field. Principles of seismic surveying. An explosion at shot point numbers creates shock waves which are reflected by subsurface formations to seismometers and are recorded in the truck.
Kingdom Drilling Services LtdJune 2009
Seismic surveying
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Presentation Notes
Illustrations description. Constructed especially for marine geophysical surveys. This vessel makes use of continuous recording ship-borne gravity meter and magnetometer in addition to seismic recordings. Thumper in action shows 6000-pound steel slab surrounded by safety chains to warn personnel. Failing nine feet to strike earth and create shock waves. Weight-dropping aids the oil search as an effective economical substitute for dynamite in seismic operations. Using modern precision surveying instruments. Skilled engineer makes survey to stake a well location. Staked location for a well.
Kingdom Drilling Services LtdJune 2009
Offshore Geology / Seismic principles
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Presentation Notes
Illustrations description. The cross sectional map on the left illustrate the range of water depth, the length, size and complexity of deepwater field when viewed in the context of development where limited infrastructure and facilities exist. Particularly on the seabed. The illustrations on the right present how surveying is conducted offshore using seismic vessels, streamers, sondes and underwater receivers etc. With advances in 3d and 4d seismic techniques geophysicists can now more readily analysis potential hydrocarbon reservoir in offshore deep and ultra deep water depth. With improved success hence why the industry is now capable of exploring in such frontiers.
Kingdom Drilling Services LtdJune 2009
Steps to drilling a well
Acquire, assess data
Justify wells
Well life cycle
Drill well
Complete well
Produce and maintain well through life cycle
Abandon well
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Presentation Notes
Drilling, completions, workovers an interventions all cost money, e.g. a deepwater wells spread rate is often more than $1,000,000per day. Offshore and subsea wells can also be far more complex and expensive. Specific rigs, tools equipment and new technologies often being needed to do this work!
Kingdom Drilling Services LtdJune 2009
Well design
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Presentation Notes
The graphs and illustrations illustrate the basic and key fundamentals to well design and well operations challenges faced. Essentially engineers and offshore drillers need to assure that wells are constructed, designed and executed to remain always at safe working limits. i.e. Between the yellow ‘kick’ and orange well bore ‘fracture and/or loss circulation’ regimes. The more complex the pore and fracture pressure ranges become and the more variant these are (this may be regional, or environment dependent, and can thus be very diverse in nature), the more complex and challenging wellbore, design, implementation, maintenance and well life management can become.
Kingdom Drilling Services LtdJune 2009
An offshore well?
Type of well?
Drilling environment
Wellbore design
Drilling Tools & equipment needed?
Mud chemicals volumes
Cementing, fluids, storage?
Other 3rd party operations to be conducted?
People logistics?
Drilling Contingencies?
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Presentation Notes
To illustrate the variance and extent of difference that can exist in offshore wells some key aspects have been highlighted that would need to be considered in any wells implementation programs. Type of well? E.g. Exploration, appraisal development? Drilling environment: e.g. West Africa, SE Asia, North Atlantic Wellbore design, Wellbore Volumes, how many casing strings? Casing capacities, weights? Deck space, handling running issues? Drilling Tools & equipment needed? E.g. Mud chemicals volumes, Cementing, fluids, storage? Other 3rd party operations to be conducted? E.g. Coring, well testing? Where will all the equipment go? Deck plan design? Logistics, people management? Contingencies?
Kingdom Drilling Services LtdJune 2009
Rig types
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Presentation Notes
Rotary drilling rigs are essentially either marine offshore based on land onshore based and can then be subdivided accordingly to suit the conditions, locations and environments that exist. The pictures on this slide illustrate a ‘Heli-rig’ where a giant helicopter used for moving a rig and supplies on the North Slope is seen here with a section of the mast. It appears that the helicopter is serving as a hoist for rig up. For these specific wells, all rig and equipment items are especially designed for shipment by air and can thus be moved by air freight carrier. Peak-load capacity of 3900 lb. packages for conventional helicopter lifts was a factor in the design of all rig components.
Kingdom Drilling Services LtdJune 2009
A heavy duty land drilling rig
How was the location prepared for all the heavy equipment and heavy traffic?
How was the equipment moved here and
How are operations set up?
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Presentation Notes
An aerial view of a large land rig engaged in drilling a well-hopefully to produce gas or oil raises a lot of questions to those unfamiliar with Oil field drilling operations. How was the location prepared for all the heavy equipment and heavy traffic? How was the equipment moved here and how was it set up? What are all those pieces of equipment supposed to do? What is the crew doing right now? Visitors remaining in the well area for more than a very short time will quickly conclude that vehicles and personnel come and go to ask further questions such as: Where does this operation fit into the whole picture? Is he working for the operating company or for the drilling contractor? Answers to some of these questions are therefore presented in the brief description of illustrations, diagrams, photographs and introduction to Oil well drilling operations which follow.
Kingdom Drilling Services LtdJune 2009
Land rigs
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Presentation Notes
Typical components for a more modern day heavy duty land rig and modular rig are illustrated in this slide.
Kingdom Drilling Services LtdJune 2009
Land rig systems
1. SCR house & top drive 2. SCR house generator3. Engine/Generator set
4. Fuel tank5. Mud pumps6. Water tank
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Presentation Notes
Item one to three provide the power systems needed to drive the drilling tools and equipment. Accessories such as fuel, mud and water systems are obviously also needed to support the drilling operations and daily activities required.
Illustration of key drilling derrick and rig floor tools, equipment and equipment systems.
Kingdom Drilling Services LtdJune 2009
Derrick components
1. Crown block2. Monkey board3. Derrick mast4. Travelling block and
equipment5. Top drive unit6. Drill floor
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Presentation Notes
Illustration of key derrick components and system items.
Kingdom Drilling Services LtdJune 2009
Other drilling rig landscape features
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Presentation Notes
Items 2-6 as per previous slide. 7. Drill floor. 8. Flowline (mud returns from well to mud tanks and solids control handling processing equipment ) 9. Poor boy degasser (used for degassing mud when/as needed) 10. Shale shakers and solids control equipment ( used for removing drilled solids from mud) i.e. before mud returns to active mud tanks systems. 11. Active and reserve mud tanks systems. 12. Mud waste pits and/or water storage pits. 13. Company persons offices and accommodation. 14. Drilling contractors offices and accommodation. 15. Third party services offices and accommodation.
Kingdom Drilling Services LtdJune 2009
Inland barge
Used in swamps, bays, inland water, shallow offshore.
Floated and towed to location
On location these rigs are submerged
Well is drilled
Personnel and supplies are brought in by boat.
Presenter
Presentation Notes
Since a minimum of dismantling is necessary in moving a drill barge, rigging up is a small task. After the drill barge is submerged and on bottom, spud piles are driven into the bottom to keep the barge from moving off location. Where the bottom is very soft, cluster-pile guides to hold the barge on location may be needed. When moving time comes for an inland barge, the spuds or piles which hold the barge in place are removed and water ballast is pumped from flotation tanks.
Kingdom Drilling Services LtdJune 2009
Platform & tendered drilling rigs
Platform rig
Tendered rig
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Presentation Notes
A platform-tender combination involves less construction and rig-up time because the components on the tender are already in place and can be put in operation at once, as soon as anchors are deployed and the tender pulled up to the platform. Time will be needed to connect the platform components just as for a self-contained platform rig.
Kingdom Drilling Services LtdJune 2009
Platform Rig
Operations similar to land
Except self contained
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Presentation Notes
Self contained Limited storage space Crew lives on location Cementing operations simpler
Rigging up on a self-contained fixed platform is essentially an assembly job. If the rig is in small pieces, assembly will be slow, tedious and expensive; if large packages are provided, the rig may be placed on the platform quickly with a few lifts and rapidly assembled. A conventional derrick is usually employed. Rig-up in this case will be slow because of the need for a rig-builder crew to erect the derrick and time may vary from a few days to a week or more.
Kingdom Drilling Services LtdJune 2009
Offshore Floating rigs
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Presentation Notes
A submersible jack up offshore rig will float while being moved from location to location but will jack down its leg and sits on the seabed bottom with a firm foundation and the rig can be made ready to drill in a few hours. A semisubmersible will first be towed to a location by an anchor handling vessel, then on arrival ballast down, run and connect all its 8, 10 or 12 anchors to the sea-bed. Cross tension the anchors to assure the vessel is holding on location then commence running the drilling spud assembly. In favourable weather conditions a rig can be made ready to drill and spud within 24-30hrs after arriving on location. Drill ships require minimum rigging up time than other offshore platforms because all the machinery is in place and permanently assembled to make an operating entity. A 6-12hrs hours is usually required to deploy the transponder if dynamically positioned or run anchors, pick up and install the riser pipe through which drilling will be conducted. A conductor pipe must be driven into place before drilling can commence using a submersible or jack-up type rig; this generally requires 6-12 hours depending on water depth and kind of bottom.
Kingdom Drilling Services LtdJune 2009
Jackup rigs
Used for both wildcat and development
Shallow water up to 350-500’ WD
Derrick may be fixed or cantilevered
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Presentation Notes
Jack-up rigs require several hours after reaching the well location to raise the hull above wave action and level the rig.
Kingdom Drilling Services LtdJune 2009
Jackup rigs
1. Cantilevered drilling structure.
2. Texas deck3. Conductor pipe
connections4. Conductor pipe5. Wellhead or mud line
suspension system located at the seabed.
Presenter
Presentation Notes
Some jack up features are: Independent legs or mat supported Some are self propelled to location, but most moved by tugs On location survey boat surveys location
Kingdom Drilling Services LtdJune 2009
Jackup rigs
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Presentation Notes
Jack up rigs features: Legs jacked down to sea floor Hull picked up above water Rig “pre-loaded” Seawater pumped out Jacked up to working “air gap”
Kingdom Drilling Services LtdJune 2009
Floating rigs systems
Subsea BOP
RISER JOINTSKill, choke and/or riser boost lines
Slip joint outer barrelUpper ball ‘flex’ joint
Slip joint inner barrel
Riser tensioners
Lower ball ‘flex’ jointMud line
Marine riser = drilling riser, allows returns to surface, well control, communications link
Subsea BOP
RISER JOINTSKill, choke and/or riser boost lines
Slip joint outer barrelUpper ball ‘flex’ joint
Slip joint inner barrel
Riser tensioners
Lower ball ‘flex’ jointMud line
Marine riser = drilling riser, allows returns to surface, well control, communications link
Subsea BOP
RISER JOINTSKill, choke and/or riser boost lines
Slip joint outer barrelUpper ball ‘flex’ joint
Slip joint inner barrel
Riser tensioners
Lower ball ‘flex’ jointMud line
Marine riser = drilling riser, allows returns to surface, well control, communications link
Presenter
Presentation Notes
Semi-submersible and Drillships and classified as Mobile offshore drilling units ‘MODU’s’. The wellhead of these wells are now placed on the sea bed and thus termed subsea wellhead systems. However as meteorological and metocean effects will cause the rigs to move, equipment from the wellhead to the rig have to be designed to cater and accommodate rig movement and are thus deemed floating rig systems. E.g. Riser tensioners, compensation systems, flexible ball joints etc. etc. The blow out preventers are also termed subsea blow out preventers as illustrated are connected to the wellhead above the seabed.
Kingdom Drilling Services LtdJune 2009
Floating rigs systems
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Presentation Notes
Floating rigs systems, marine risers and key components of these equipment systems are further illustrated.
Kingdom Drilling Services LtdJune 2009
Heave compensation principle
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Heave & compensation principles
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Presentation Notes
Illustration of how a heave compensations system will maintain the bit on the bottom of the well as the wave period ‘troughs and crests’. This causing the vessel to heave up and down yet the bit as it is being compensated will remain on bottom.
Kingdom Drilling Services LtdJune 2009
Heave Compensation
Required to
Maintains constant weight on the bit when drilling, running tools & equipment
- when the vessel heaves?
Maintain constant tension on the marine riser
- when the vessel heaves?
Presenter
Presentation Notes
As wave effects will cause floating vessels to heave i.e. move up and down. Riser tensioners system and a slip-joint assure that the subsea BOP’s and marine riser do not move and remain in tension. Similarly as illustrated when drilling with a bit on the bottom of the well. As vessel heaves up or down this is compensated by a heave compensation system as illustrated to allow more efficient and effective drilling to result.
Kingdom Drilling Services LtdJune 2009
Drillships
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Presentation Notes
A drillship can also be anchored but in deeper water, dynamic positioning systems are exclusively used to allow the vessel to remain at the desired position both to manage drilling and/or marine riser requirements as/when required.
Introduction to Oilfield drilling terms and definitions
Kingdom Drilling Services LtdJune 2009
Land Rig terms and definitions
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Presentation Notes
Derricks and masts are rated in various ways in terms of vertical load they can carry and the wind loading they can stand from the side. Derrick capacity figures may vary from 250,000 to 1,500,000 pounds. Most derricks and masts can withstand a wind load of 100 to 130 mph with the racks full of pipe.
Kingdom Drilling Services LtdJune 2009
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Presentation Notes
Basic rig components
Kingdom Drilling Services LtdJune 2009
Typical Drilling Instrumentation
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Presentation Notes
To assure a safe efficient and effective drilling process. The drilling operations processes are contionuously monitored, measured determined and evaluated as operations progress. Typical rig instrumentation to achieve this is illustrated in this slide.
RSS: Rotary steerable systemMWD: Measurement while drillingLWD: Logging while drillingPWD: Pressure while drillingSWD: Seismic while drilling
Kingdom Drilling Services LtdJune 2009
Offshore definitions continued
Flexible joint
Upper annular preventer (UA)
Lowere Marine RiserPackage(LMRP) Connector
Lower annular preventer (LA)
Blind shear ram (BS)
Upper Pipe RAM (UPR)
Middle pipe ram (MPR)
Lower pipe ram (LPR)
Wellhead connector
Lower Chokevalves
Kilkl valves
Upper chokevalves
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Presentation Notes
Subsea blow out preventer ‘SBOP’ key terms and definitions are illustrated. In deeper water systems and extra pipe ram and both a shear and blind ram are provide to provide added redundancy to systems as deemed required.
Kingdom Drilling Services LtdJune 2009
BOP Operating systems
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Presentation Notes
Conventional subsea BOP operating system used in water depth up to 2,000ft is illustrated on the left hand diagram. The right hand system illustrates a deepwater operating system designed for deep and ultra deep water depths as required to meet and comply with regulatory i.e. API RP53 well control equipment requirements.
Kingdom Drilling Services LtdJune 2009
‘LMRP’ riser system
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Presentation Notes
In the event that either a planned or emergency disconnect was required on a subsea system. A subsea BOP lower marine riser package ‘i.e. LMRP’ system as illustrated can therefore be safely disconnected and then reconnected to the subsea BOP and wellhead systems. This is commonly required in environments where heave conditions would exceed the working limits of the equipment and where a disconnect is required until weather conditions returns to acceptable operating limits.
