2. well engineering, rig equipment

7/30/2019 2. Well Engineering, Rig Equipment

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MSc.

Oil and Gas EnterpriseManagement

Well Engineering Module


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Day 1: Well Engineering

Introduction:

Gordon Botterill Well Engineering (Drilling, Completion and Well

Service Engineering)

Course Deliverables Appreciation and knowledge of subjects.

Knowledge of interfaces with other technical disciplines.

Some technical/engineering calculations. Appreciation of new enabling technology.

Well design options.


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Well Engineering Course Outline

Drilling process, rigtypes and rigequipment

Well design & wellplanning

Drilling fluids & mudconditioning equipment

Drillpipe & drillstring

design Drilling Bits

Directional Drilling

Casing design

Cementing

Hole problems & stuckpipe

Evaluation

Well control & BOPs

Completions

Complex wells

Risk management

Enabling technologies


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Drilling Rig Major Equipment

Engines/ transmissions

Derrick and substructure Hoisting machinery

Rotating machinery

Pipe handling

equipment

Mud system

Rig instrumentation

Well control equipment


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Main Functions

1 - Hoisting

Derrick: supports the weight of

the drill or casing string and

allows vertical movement ofthe suspended string.

Substructure: supports the

derrick and rig floor

equipment.

Drawworks: hoisting machine

consisting of a revolving drum

around which a heavy steel

cable, the drilling line, is

reeled.

Hook and Travelling Block:

used to suspend the drillstring.


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Main Functions

2 - Rotating

Swivel: permits drill string to be

rotated while providing a pressure-

tight connection for the circulationof mud.

Kelly: 12m length of hollow, usually

hexagonal steel pipe used to

transmit rotary movement of therotary table to the drillstring.

Rotary table: transmits rotary

speed and torque to the kelly.

The kelly drive system has been

largely replaced by top drive

systems on modern rigs.


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Main Functions

3 - Circulating


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Main Functions

4 - Controlling the Well Effective control of subsurface

pressures is essential for safety.

Blowout preventers: a series ofpowerful sealing elements designed

to shut in the well in the event of a

well kick.

Choke manifold: manual and

remote operated choke valves are

used to maintain back pressure on

the well when removing kick fluidsfrom the well bore.

Mud gas separator: used to remove

gas from the mud downstream of

the choke manifold before the mudre-enters the circulating system.
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Rig Power and Transmission

Mechanical Drive Electrical Drive

Prime Movers - Diesel Engines

AC GeneratorDC Generator

Silicon Cell

Rectifier

DC Motor AC MotorDC Motor

AC Generator

Drive

Controller


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Diesel Engine and AC Generator Set

Estimated Fuel Consumption


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Mechanical Compound Drive


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DC DC Direct Drive System


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Variable Speed AC Drive System

Drive

ControllerRegulated

Power Output

Drive

Motor

Driven

Machine

OperatorControls

Speed andTorque Feedback

AC

Power

RemotePanel


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Mast Type Derrick

Boldon 91

Equipped with a mast type derrick.


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Drilling Rig Derricks

Mast

The mast type derrick is

usually preferred on land rigs

as it is easy to erect and

dismantle for rig transportation.

Mast type derricks are alsocommon on MODUs, since

they can easily be lowered

during long sea voyages or

when the rig has to pass undera bridge.

Standard Derrick

The API standard derrick is a

derivative of the Pennsylvania

wooden derrick first used in the

latter part of the 19th Century.

A standard derrick has apyramid shape with four

equally spaced legs at the

base tapering up to the water

board at the top. Rigidity and strength is

provided by a latticework of

struts, ties and beams.


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Raising the Mast of a Land Rig


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Hoisting Equipment


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Hoisting System

Derrick Gross Nominal Capacity = Ldk = Lh + Lt + Lf.cos + Ldl.cos

For small angles of and , the cosine of these angles can be ignored.

Deadline Anchor

Maximum Hook Load (Lh)

Travelling Block (Lt)

Crown Block

Deadline Tension (Ldl)

Fastline Tension (Lf)

Load on Derrick (Ldk)

Drawworks


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Calculating Drilling Line Tension

Friction in the hoisting system effects the tension in the drilling lines.

To calculate deadline tension, divide the hook load by the appropriatedeadline friction coefficient.

To calculate fastline tension, multiply deadline tension by the appropriatefastline friction coefficient.

Number of

Lines Strung

Deadline

Friction

Coefficient

Fastline Friction

Coefficient

8 8.920 1.243

10 11.392 1.293

12 13.954 1.345


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Plan View of Typical Hoisting System


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Drawworks

Eddy current brake


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Crown-O-Matic Safety Device

Procedure for Set and

Test

1. Raise a stand of drill pipeuntil the lower pin is about 6

above the floor.

2. Position toggle valve two

wraps away from leadingedge of drill line on drum.

Tighten.

3. Slowly raise blocks to trip

toggle valve.

4. Air pressure is relieved from

clutch and the air cylinder

actuates the brake lever.

5. Keep clear of the brake lever

during the test.

Drilling Line Construction


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Drilling Line Construction

1. Drilling lines are made from colddrawn carbon steel wire of variousgrades. The wires are usuallycircular in cross section.

2. Three grades are commonly used fordrilling and workover rigs:a. Improved plough steel (IPS)

b. Extra improved plough steel (XIPS) with15 % more tensile strength than IPS

c. Extra extra improved plough steel(XXIPS) with 10% more tensile strengththan XIPS

3. Wire ropes for drilling lines consist ofa central core, around which anumber of strands are laid in helicalform. The strands themselves aremade up of a number of wires in oneor more layers.

Wi R L


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Wire Rope Lay The lay of a wire rope describes how the strands and wires are laid

against each other during construction. Strands

Right lay means the strands pass from left to right across the rope.

Left lay means the opposite, left to right.

Wires

Regular lay means the wires have the opposite lay to the strandsthemselves.

Lang lay means the wires are laid in the same direction as the strands.

Lay Abbreviations:

RRL = right regular lay RLL = right lang lay LRL = left regular lay LLL = left lang lay

AL1-1 = alternating lay of strands, 1 lang and 1 regular AL2-1 = alternating lay of strands, 2 lang and 1 regular

Critical Wear Points


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Critical Wear Points1. Some parts of the drilling line get more wear

and stress than others.

a. In hoisting operations, the blocks are

stopped in the same raised or lowered

position.

b. The live end of the drilling line alwayswinds and unwinds along the winch drum

in the same repeated pattern.

2. Repetition gives rise to critical wear points,

which are the:

a. Pick up points with the block in the raisedposition

b. Pick up points with the block in the

lowered position

c. Cross over points at the flanges of thewinch drum.

3. To reduce fatigue, the drilling line must

be slipped and cut at regular intervals to

reposition critical wear points.

R t T bl


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Rotary Table

Cross SectionChain Drive Rotary


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Kelly Drive System

Hexagonal Kelly

Square Kelly

Swivel


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Swivel

The swivel suspends the drill string and allows fluid to be

pumped into the drill string whether stationary or rotating.

The swivel hangs directly from the travelling block hook.

Top Drive Systems


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Top Drive Systems A TOP DRIVE incorporates a

circulating swivel and allows thestring to be rotated when RIH (run

in hole) or POOH (pulled out of

hole).

Top drives drill with stands of drill

pipe (3 joints), whereas a kelly drive

drills in single joints.

The top drive unit runs up and

down guide rails fixed to the derrick

to resist the reactive torque created

by rotating the drill string.

Static and dynamic loads on the top

drive have to be taken into account

when designing the rig derrick and

substructure.

T D i U it


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Top Drive Unit

Drill Pipe Make-Up Methods


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An Iron Roughneck

This runs on rails on the rig floor and

is used to spin up the drill pipe tools

joints and then apply the required

make-up torque.

Traditional

Drill Pipe Make-Up MethodsModern

Making up the kelly to drill pipe during a

connection.

Two of my regular crew lost pieces of fingers

during their time on the rig - so I can trulythank God that I have all 10 fingers and each

part of them.Retired roughneck.

P i d A ti M ti C ti


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Passive and Active Motion Compensation

Passive motion compensators are load based systemsthat attempt to isolate the drill string from rig heave and

maintain a constant weight on bit.

Response times to changing loads is slowed by friction. As a result, weight on bit (WOB) varies within a small but

perceptible range.

Active compensators, however, are positioned basedsystems.

They employ accelerometers and microprocessors to

continuously calculate the position of the drill string withrespect to a fixed reference point, usually the seabed.

Electronic signals are passed to the compensator to keep

the drill string, with pre-load bias, stationary w.r.t. theseabed.

Drilling Motion Compensators


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Drilling Motion Compensators

Shaffer 600 Klb Passive MotionCompensators.

National Oilwells Active Heave Drilling Drawworks

Drill String Motion Compensator


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Drill String Motion Compensator

A drill string motion compensator permits drilling to continue when

the drilling vessel heaves up and down in response to wave motion.Suspended weights of up to 600,000 lb can be actively compensated.

Principle of Operation


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Principle of Operation

Active Heave Drilling Drawworks


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Active Heave Drilling Drawworks

Accelerometers continuously measure rig elevation w.r.t. the sea bed.

Drawworks drum speed and direction is varied, as an over-print to that

required for normal operations, to counteract vessel motion.

AC motors are employed to drive the drawworks as they respond quickly

and precisely to instructions from the microprocessor.

Apart from better heave compensation, additional advantages of AHD

include increased variable deck load and less impact on vessel stability

then derrick mounted systems.

However, the track record of AHDs has yet to be established.

Courtesy of National Oilwell

Duplex Mud Pumps


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Duplex Mud Pumps

The pump has 2 cylinders, each containing a piston in a liner sleeve.

There are two intake valves and two discharge valves, one at each end

of both cylinders

The valves act in pairs. Intake of mud from one side coincides with

discharge from the other.

This happens on both forward and reverse strokes, hence the pumps

are said to be double acting.

Triplex Mud Pumps


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Triplex Mud Pumps

Triplex plunger pumps have replaced duplex pumps on modern rigs.

Triplex pumps are much lighter and smaller than duplex pumps of the same

horse power and output and are less likely to have valve and packing problems.

A half piston and liner is fitted to triplex pumps to get over the packing wear

problems inherent in duplex pumps.

The pump has 3 cylinders, each delivering on the forward stroke only. They are

therefore single acting.

Fluid delivery takes place from each cylinder at each 120 degrees of crank

shaft rotation.

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