oekoiv vorlesung1 carboncycle.ppt …...the carbon cycle - reservoirs reservoirs in 1015 g at...
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The Carbon CycleThe Carbon CycleMarine PerspectivesMarine Perspectives 1
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Dynamic interactions of geochemical cycles
Oceanography (study of the oceans), and Chemical Oceanography( h i t f th b d th(chemistry of the oceans based on the distribution and dynamics of elements, isotopes, atoms and molecules) are fundamentally interdisciplinaryfundamentally interdisciplinarysciences that deal with dynamic interactions between atmosphere, lithosphere and hydrospherelithosphere and hydrosphere
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The broadest we can get: Global warming
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Spektrale Energieflußdichten für solare und terrestrische Strahlung
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Die nicht absorbierende Atmosphärep
Bilanz der reinen (N O Ar) Atmosphäre:Bilanz der reinen (N2, O2, Ar) Atmosphäre:• Etwa 6% atmosphärische Rückstreuung, etwa 10%
Reflexion an Oberfläche Land und OzeanMittl Ei t hl 288 W/ 2Mittlere Einstrahlung 288 W/m2
Schwarzkörperstrahlung gegeben durchSchwarzkörperstrahlung gegeben durch Stefan-Bolzmann-Gesetz: R = σ Ta
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σ= Stefan Bolzmann Konstante (5.67 x 10-8 J m-2 K-4 s-1)Ta = abs. Temperatur
Ta (288W/m^2) = - 6°C
Real : Tav = + 15°C5
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Das solare SpektrumDas solare Spektrum
EinflußEinfluß derder AtmosphäreAtmosphäreauf dieauf dieauf die auf die EinstrahlungsbilanzEinstrahlungsbilanz, , mitmitWolkenalbedoWolkenalbedo, , WasserdampfWasserdampf COCO etc:etc:WasserdampfWasserdampf, CO, CO2 2 etc:etc:
EinfallendeEinfallende StrahlungStrahlung 342 342 W/W/ 22 tt 70%70% d hd hW/mW/m22 , etwaetwa 70% 70% durchdurchdie die AtmosphäreAtmosphäre und am und am BodenBoden absorbiertabsorbiert, i.e. 240 , i.e. 240 W/mW/m22
=> => --18 18 °°CC
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ÜberblickÜberblick
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Absorption im IR-Bereich
Absorption im IR-BereichBereichBereich
Breite Absorption durch Wasserdampf im IR-Bereich,zusätzliche Absorptionsbanden von CO2 Ozon, Methan und N2O
FCKW absorbieren stark genau in den „optischen Fenstern“ der At häAtmosphäre
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ÜberblickÜberblick
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History of the science of the greenhouse History of the science of the greenhouse y geffect
y geffect
1827 J B ti t F i i th ff t f IR• 1827: Jean Baptiste Fourier recognizes the effect of IR absorbing gases and points out the similarity to a greenhouseg
• 1860: John Tyndall measures IR absorption of CO2 and water vapor, he suggests that the cause of the ice ages might be a decrease in atmospheric COmight be a decrease in atmospheric CO2
• 1896: Svante Arrhenius calculates the effect of rising greenhouse gas concentrations on temperature; estimates 5-6 °C increase for a CO2 doubling
• 1940: G.S. Callendar does a first calculation on temperature increase due to the burning of fossil fuelstemperature increase due to the burning of fossil fuels
• 1957: Roger Revelle and Hans Suess;” .. In the build-up of carbon dioxide in the ocean, human beings are carrying out a large-scale geophysical experiment”.
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)2
(ppm
m. C
O2
Atm
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The Carbon CycleThe Carbon CycleTransfer of carbon between chemical reservoirsLiving things (biosphere)Transfer of carbon between chemical reservoirsLiving things (biosphere)Sediments (geosphere)
Organic matter/kerogenSediments (geosphere)
Organic matter/kerogeng gOil, Gas, Clathrates
Carbonate/LimestoneC CO
g gOil, Gas, Clathrates
Carbonate/LimestoneC COCaCO3
Oceans (hydrosphere)HCO ⁻
CaCO3
Oceans (hydrosphere)HCO ⁻HCO3⁻
Atmosphere (atmosphere)CO
HCO3⁻Atmosphere (atmosphere)
COCO2CO213
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Looking at carbon cyclesLooking at carbon cyclesLooking at carbon cyclesLooking at carbon cycles
• Atmospheric increase from pre-industrial 280 ppm in 1800 to 380 ppm todayThi i l 50 60 % f th t ti b d• This is only 50-60 % of the expectation based on release figures from fossil fuel burning and cement production (244 +/- 20 x 1015 g from 1800 to 1994)production (244 +/- 20 x 10 g from 1800 to 1994)
• About 116 +/- 19 x 1015 g taken up by the ocean from 1850 to 1994 (Sabine et al., 2004)( )
• So what is the role of the ocean and how does its b t k?carbon system work?
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The fast exchanging carbon reservoirs
7502000
After Siegenthaler andand Sarmiento, 1993.
Entire deep ocean: 39.500 17
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Getting conceptual: a box model viewGetting conceptual: a box model view
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The Carbon Cycle - ReservoirsThe Carbon Cycle - Reservoirs
Reservoirs in 1015 gAt h 760
Reservoirs in 1015 gAt h 760Atmosphere 760Ocean 38,400 (as DIC)Land biota 600
Atmosphere 760Ocean 38,400 (as DIC)Land biota 600Land biota 600Marine biota 3Soil organic matter 1 600
Land biota 600Marine biota 3Soil organic matter 1 600Soil organic matter 1,600
Sedimentary rocks 78,000,000
Soil organic matter 1,600
Sedimentary rocks 78,000,000Sedimentary rocks 78,000,000Fossil fuels 5,000Gas hydrate deposits 3,000
Sedimentary rocks 78,000,000Fossil fuels 5,000Gas hydrate deposits 3,000 y p ,y p ,
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The Geological Carbon CycleThe Geological Carbon CycleThe Geological Carbon CycleThe Geological Carbon CycleCycling of carbon between rocks andCycling of carbon between rocks andCycling of carbon between rocks and minerals, seawater, and the atmosphere.Cycling of carbon between rocks and minerals, seawater, and the atmosphere.
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The Geological Carbon CycleThe Geological Carbon Cycle
0 22 0.20.4
0.120.22
Fluxes in 1015 gC/yrg y21
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Chemical WeatheringChemical Weathering
Dissolution of carbonateDissolution of carbonateCO2 + H2O <=> H2CO3 <=> H+ + HCO3¯CaCO3 + H+ + HCO3¯ <=> Ca2+ + 2HCO3¯CO2 + H2O <=> H2CO3 <=> H+ + HCO3¯CaCO3 + H+ + HCO3¯ <=> Ca2+ + 2HCO3¯CaCO3 H HCO3 Ca 2HCO3CaCO3 H HCO3 Ca 2HCO3
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Carbon Cycle - FeedbacksCarbon Cycle - Feedbacks
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Long-term TrendsLong-term Trends
Atmospheric CO2 controlled by rates of th i l t t t i li /
Atmospheric CO2 controlled by rates of th i l t t t i li /weathering, plate tectonic cycling/
seafloor spreadingweathering, plate tectonic cycling/ seafloor spreadingWeathering rate based on total land area => mountain building!Weathering rate based on total land area => mountain building!gUltimately, the geochemical carbon cycle regulates the long term
gUltimately, the geochemical carbon cycle regulates the long termcycle regulates the long term atmospheric concentration of CO2
cycle regulates the long term atmospheric concentration of CO2
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Long term TrendsLong term TrendsLong-term TrendsLong-term Trends
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So Back to the millenium timescaleSo Back to the millenium timescaleSo … Back to the millenium timescaleSo … Back to the millenium timescale
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Controls on the carbonate systemControls on the carbonate systemControls on the carbonate systemControls on the carbonate systemThe shortest description of the carbonate system EVER:The shortest description of the carbonate system EVER:
CO2gas + H2O = H2CO3 = H+ + HCO3-
Attention : pCO2(T) ~ pCO2(To) x (1+ 0.0423 (T-To))
HCO - = H+ + CO 2-
CO2gas + H2O = H2CO3 = H+ + HCO3-
Attention : pCO2(T) ~ pCO2(To) x (1+ 0.0423 (T-To))
HCO - = H+ + CO 2-HCO3 = H + CO3pH-dependent carbonate speciation
CO2 + H2O = C(H2O) + O2
HCO3 = H + CO3pH-dependent carbonate speciation
CO2 + H2O = C(H2O) + O2CO2 + H2O C(H2O) + O2Organic matter formation and decomposition
Ca2+ + 2 HCO3- = CaCO3 + CO2aq
CO2 + H2O C(H2O) + O2Organic matter formation and decomposition
Ca2+ + 2 HCO3- = CaCO3 + CO2aq3 3 2aq
Carbonate formation
Carbonate – formation means more acid and depletion of CO32-
3 3 2aqCarbonate formation
Carbonate – formation means more acid and depletion of CO32-p 3
Organic matter formation means less acid and increase of CO32-
Remineralization of organic matter means more acid and depletion of CO32-
p 3Organic matter formation means less acid and increase of CO3
2-
Remineralization of organic matter means more acid and depletion of CO32-
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Air-Sea ExchangeAir-Sea ExchangeAir Sea ExchangeAir Sea Exchange
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decreasingdecreasing
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i0ºC
63 mmol/kg CO2(aq)
24ºC29 mmol/kg CO2(aq)
warming
At equilibrium with At 24°C, should only be qatmosphere 29 mmol/kg CO2(aq)
Supersaturated by 34 mmol/kgSupersaturated by 34 mmol/kg
W i i th l th t h ff t d thi tWarming is the only process that has affected this water mass.For a closed system, warming alone will lead to supersaturation.Cooling will have the opposite effect.Cooling will have the opposite effect.
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Gas ExchangeGas Exchange
Flux outFluxes are equal at equilibrium.
At disequilibrium, net transport occurs to alleviate the imbalance.
Flux in
Processes that cause imbalance:prod ction/cons mption of a gas in aterproduction/consumption of a gas in water,production/consumption of a gas in atmosphere,temperature changes…temperature changes…
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Gas Exchange Fick’s 1st Law of DiffusionGas Exchange Fick s 1st Law of Diffusion
F = -D(dC/dz)
F = flux (mass/area time)D = molec. diffusion coeff. (area/time)dC/dz = con’c gradientdC/dz = con c gradient
dC/dz = (Cg - Cl)/z
Stagnant Boundary Layer Model
F (D/ )(C C )F = -(D/z)(Cg-Cl)
F = flux (mass/area time)D = molec. diffusion coeff. (area/time)z = thickness of filmCl = con’c of gas in mixed layerCg = con’c of gas in water at top of filmKH*pair =
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Di l d tit t (C N P Si ) t d i t
biogeochemical cycles
Dissolved constituents (C, N, P, Si …) are converted into particulate constituents along the way.
Coccolithophorids
Photosynthesis (forward) Respiration (reverse)
Satellite Image - ReflectanceCoccolithophorids
OHCOCaCOHCOCa
OOCHHCO
22332
2222
2
0
++↔+
+↔+−+
Photosynthesis (forward) – Respiration (reverse)
OHCOCaCOHCOCa 22332 ++↔+
Precipitation (forward) – Dissolution (reverse) 33
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Ocean circulationOcean circulationOcean circulationOcean circulation
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Through the ‘particle conspiracy’ horizontal and vertical
biogeochemical cycles
Through the particle conspiracy , horizontal and vertical segregation of dissolved chemicals occurs.(see http://www.agu.org/eos_elec/97025e-table.gif)
Surface OceanSurface Ocean
Deep Ocean
The Great Particle ‘Conspiracy’
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The outcome of the conveyer beltThe outcome of the conveyer belt
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Carbonate saturationCarbonate saturationCarbonate saturationCarbonate saturationUnit for the saturation state ofUnit for the saturation state ofsaturation state of seawater vor calcitesaturation state of seawater vor calcite
With:With:With:With:
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Ocean circulation
Ocean circulationcirculationcirculation
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The biological and the physical pump The biological and the physical pump
Chisholm ( 2000) Nature, 407: 685-68742
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Processes conceptualized in the context of biogeochemical cyclesbiogeochemical cycles
Connectivity of air – sea – land through tectonics, erosion/weathering, sedimentation
Burial of these two materials in sediments has different effects on the partial pressure of CO2 in the atmosphere! Why? 43
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ASE fluxesASE fluxes
Global annual mean CO2-fluxes as a result of an integratedGlobal annual mean CO2 fluxes as a result of an integratedcompilation (from Takahashi et al., DSR II, 2002).
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)2
(ppm
m. C
O2
Atm
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Die anthropogene Störung des Kohlenstoffkreislaufs
Atmosphere590800 (590) 1.7
1.9550
12060
590
74 74
610800 (590)
91.9 90
1.75.4
550(610)
6060
345
74 74
900
(74) (74)
1 500 918 (900)3
1134
101
1.560 900
90
1.500(1.560)
3000-4000
918 (900)
91.8
TerrestrischeBiosphäre
101
37 10037 200 (37 100)
FossilFuels
(90)
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BiosphäreOzean37.10037.200 (37.100)
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600 800Die anthropogene Störung des Kohlenstoffkreislaufs
ATMOSPHERE39000
6002070
80039140
TR
IAL
ER
E „Physical Pump“?
ER
RE
ST
IOS
PH
E
„Biological Pump“
T B
OC47 OCEAN
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σθ = 26 surface is near the surfacenear the surface, shallower in the Atlantic WHY
σθ = 27.3 is approximately at 900approximately at 900 m water depth (intermediate water masses)
Fig. 4. Maps of anthropogenic CO2 on the (A) 26 0 and (B) 27 3 potential density surfaces BoldFig. 4. Maps of anthropogenic CO2 on the (A) 26.0 and (B) 27.3 potential density surfaces. Boldlines at the edge of the colored region indicate areas where the density surface outcrops. Thehighest values are generally observed closest to the outcrop and decrease toward the equator. (Sabine et al., 2004)
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CARBOOCEAN CARBOOCEAN –– Marine inventory of anthropogenic COMarine inventory of anthropogenic CO22
Invasion of anthropogenic CO2 into the oceans (source:Sabine et al., Science, 2004) 50
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Fig. 1. Column inventory of anthropogenic CO2 in the ocean (mol / m2). High inventories are associated with deep water formation in the North Atlantic and intermediate and modeare associated with deep water formation in the North Atlantic and intermediate and mode water formation between 30° and 50°S. Total inventory of shaded regions is 106 +/-17 Pg C (from Sabine et al, 2004). 51
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FeedbacksFeedbackspCO2 - Tsurface - CO2 solubility f(T)pCO2 - Tsurface - Ocean circulationpCO2 - Tsurface - CO2 solubility f(T)pCO2 - Tsurface - Ocean circulation2 surfacepCO2 => weathering (slow)Some more sophisticated controls …
2 surfacepCO2 => weathering (slow)Some more sophisticated controls …Some more sophisticated controls …Some more sophisticated controls …
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Advanced studies: Effect of changing atmospheric pCO2 on the rain rate
Advanced studies: Effect of changing atmospheric pCO2 on the rain rateatmospheric pCO2 on the rain rate
Riebesell et al., Nature 407, 364-367, 2000atmospheric pCO2 on the rain rate
Riebesell et al., Nature 407, 364-367, 2000
• Atmospheric (and thus surface ocean) pCO2 is expected toAtmospheric (and thus surface ocean) pCO2 is expected to increase by a factor of 3 with respect to preindustrial levels by the end of the 21th century
• Rising pCO2-levels in the surface ocean are already known to affect coral reef calcification (actually T rather than pCO )affect coral reef calcification (actually, T rather than pCO2).
• Ocean carbonate system however more controlled by calcifying phytoplankton (80% of calcification, most dominant coccolithophores)
• Test of effect by exposing widespread coccolithophores to various pCO2 levels and observe impact on calcification
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Advanced studies: Effect of changing atmospheric pCO2 on the rain rate
Advanced studies: Effect of changing atmospheric pCO2 on the rain rateatmospheric pCO2 on the rain rate
Riebesell et al., Nature 407, 364-367, 2000atmospheric pCO2 on the rain rate
Riebesell et al., Nature 407, 364-367, 2000
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The Carbon CycleThe Carbon CycleMarine PerspectivesMarine Perspectives 55