OBSERVATIONS BASED ON

LAGHUP;~NINT~YA

The avowed aim of A.R. in writing LP was to pre-

pare an elementary grammar in Sanskrit itself, on the ba-

sis of Panini's unmatched aphonisms, simplifying his prin-

ciples and interpreting them in accordance with modern

tendencies so as to form an introduction to PZinini. When

one views LP as a work calculated to achieve this aim,

certain characteristic features of the work are sure to

arrest one's attention. It can also be seen that in LP. A.R

has introduced certain innovations of his own and has made

a singular attempt to explain the grammar of Pa~ in i from

the modern linguistic point of view. An attempt to give

certain observations on these points, is made in this chap-

ter.

Characteristic features of ~ a ~ h u ~ ~ ? i < ~ a

The characteristic features of LP, are dealt with here

under the headings (i) Abridged recast of Ast. . . (ii) Con-

densed Kzrika-s (ie Sangraha Sloka-s)

(iii) Citation of verses and (iv) Interpretative vision of the

autt?or

6 5

(I) Abridged recast of A?tadhysyi.

A$. of Pinini is a unique treatise on Sanskrit gram-

mar in as much as no similar work has been produced to

compete with its excellence and perfection of execution.

Numerous are the efforts on the part of scholars, to throw

light on the various aspects of this superb work. They can

be characterised under two methods known as the

As$dhyiyi Method (known as ?&!mv m m ) and the

Prakiya Method (known as the m). Prakriya

method is one which is wholly different from the method

adopted by PZqini in his Ast. .. In Ast, . . ~ a ? i n i followed the

techniques of composing the general (Utsarga) sitra-s fol-

lowed by exceptions ( m ; : ~ them, along with the many

other techniques adopted therein. He, accordingly,

grouped together sitras having common function. Thus

we find in Ast., sutra-s causing particular elision (IGpa),

augmentation (Agama), replacement (2\dGia) etc. grasped

together without cearing fortheir respective application on

various occasions.

In the Prakriya method, the setting of the ~ i n i n i a n

sutra-s is reshuffled in accordance with grammatical top-

ics. Stress is made on collecting together sutra-s origi-

nally placed in different chapters, if they are so needed in 66

the cbntext, for the formation of a particular word. For

example, the second section of the first chapter of Ast., . . deals mainly with the sijtra-s which bring h, and excep-

tions thereto. Its third chapter deals with krt suffixes while

the laddhita suffixes are grasped together in the forth and

fifth chapters. On the other hand, if a Prakriya work has

to form a word, say m, it brings together the necessary

sutra-s from the first sevenths and eighth chapter.

In brief whereas the Ast. . . method adoptsthe method

of describing together general and exceptional grammatl-

cal rules, the prakriya method lays emphasis on word

formation in accordance with the grammatical topics like

Sandhi, karaka, krdanta etc. On technical grounds this is

the decisive point where the Ast. . . method and the Prakriya

method stand on separate footing.

The Ast -. method is followed in works like ~ { i k a ,

NyZsa and Padamazjari and hence are known as works

under ~as'ika Prasthana.

The Prakriya method is regarded to begin with the

Rupivatsra of ~harmaGrti, when for the first time the or-

der of Ast . . was altered. The Prakriya works of the ~S?iriian

school are RipavatGra of ~harmakkti, Rupam%la of

~ imakaraswath~, . Prakriyakaumudi of Rzmachandra,

6 7

Prakriyasarvasa of Melpathur Narayanabhattathiri,

Vaiyakarapa Siddh3ntaKaumudi of Bhattoji fikSita, the

three works viz Madhyasiddhiintakaumudl,

LeghusiddhGntakaumudi and ~~rasiddhiintakaun~udi of

varadarsja ~iksita.

Now, we have to turn our attention to LP. and tty to

specify the Prasth3na to which it belongs. A.R in his in-

troduction, viz Bhirnika, to LP says that he has followed

neitherthe ~Ssikaprasth~na, northe Prakriya Prasthana,

but has taken a method which comprises the two methods

whereby the characteristic features of both the methods

are discernible in his work. Hence according to A.R, LP s

neither a mere recast of Ast . . nor one to be grouped under

~aiika~rasthana. lnspite of this assertion of A.R, LP can

be regarded as a work belonging to the category of Prakriya

works. It can more aptly be characterised as an abridged

recast of Ast., on the following grounds:-

Throughout his work, LP, A.R has strictly followed

the order of the sutra-s of Ast3. The si~tra-s of As! are

recast in it in accordance with the author's direction, so

as to suit the context, though in certain cases like,

satvaprakarana,natvaprakarana . . and idvyavastha, the or-

der of sitra-s is maintained without any change. Again

6%

all the sitra-s of Ast . . are not taken here for explanations.

Of the nearly 4000 rules of AS!, only 1959 sutra-s are

taken here for exposition4. There factors when taken into

consideration, characterise LP as an abridged recast of

Ast.

(11) Condensed Karika-s

A noteworthy and illustrious characteristic features

of L P is the condensed karika-s (Sangraha Sloka-s oc-

curring interspersed in L.P. Verses are easy to commit to

memory than dry prose passages or sutra wordings. These

sarnigraha- karika-s enable the student to memorize them

easily and be benefitted, by their contents whenever and

wherever necessary. Here the observations of N.V.Krishna

Warier is noteworthy. He says that these verses are just

like the floppy disks of the ~omputer.~Altogether we get 16

sets samgraha Karika-s in LP. Each of there sets have

their own purpose to serve in the context where they are

given. The significance of there karika-s are now dealt

with.

1. The operations of Tripadi:-

The second, third and fourth sections (Pada-s) of

the eighth chapter of Ast, . . are together by designated as

Tripadi or Asiddha kanda, which is null and void in the

viewpoint of the rest part (viz first seven chapters along

with the first pada of the eighth chapter) of Ast., -. known as

Sapzdasaptsdhyayi. This technical device taught by the

rule Purvatrasiddham (8-2-1) is applicable to each and

every siitra of ~r ipadi also. Hence the order of the siitras

in Tripadi is of great importance. The former rule in Tripsdi

gets the former chance to operate in an instance even

where a latter rule has got an equal chance to operate.=

To lighten the effort on the part of the learner to

remember the order of sitras in Tripadi, A.R. gives the

following karika-s

-mid, TMS, 3 X, m ~ , I

d - ~ , * , d r ~ , v F m w , ~ . I1

~ ~ , m m ~ , - ; i f ~ u ~ f l . I

~ , ~ - r i r n , d - m ! ? h . r r r r ~ 6 , q i . -. m. Tfa-Wkn. I

- ~ Y r F m d m , r i r ~ . - ~ f l . ~ 1 1 3 1 1

- -8w,m, I

?-,m,*8,&, I 1 8 1 1

e F g & ~ , f r i k , ~ ~ I

$ - a f & m q . q 1 1 4 1 1

These ktika-s enlist the operations taught in Tripadi,

strictly following the order in which they occur in Tripadi.

They are quite helpful to the student in the process of

formation (Prakriya) just as a ready reckenor or calcula-

tor helps are in mathematical calculations.

2. The changes of consonants

A.R. points out that he has dwelt on numerous rules

in the subsection titled Halsandhiprakarana. In order to

carry them easily in memory, the important changes of

consonants, dealt by him, are enlisted in the following

eight verses.

~ * s + r ~ , m 3 , ~ ~

~ ~ ~ J , ~ ~ V C , I1 9 1 1

* q = i I q , ~ ~ ~ l

; ; r f t r$3W*,mfi=57%*, I 1 7 1 1

a f P d d , * ' i t ~ d m d m , I

$ F F F & * , m 113 1 1

M ? w m + r , b m = f ~ [ a w I

- ~ ~ ~ * 118 1 1

3 t f ? ~ ~ , + ' r M ~ ~ I

m m *=i?rwmi,vffMlfiw~R I I ti 1 1

mmmm*aR I

~ ~ ~ h . ~ ~ v $ ? r I t @ 1 1

r n & W d * I

&?Jm- I I L 1 1 8

One may doubt, the propriety of giving the samgmha-

iloka-s when A R has already dealt with them in detail.

Hence A.R, justifies the introduction of these s'lekas, on

the basis of Simhaval6kita. (It is held that the lion after

taking a few steps forward, makes a pause and takes a

majestic view back~ard)~

3. Enlistment of Sarvadistems

The rule of ~ a ? i n i , m ~ T P T & (1-1-28) gives

the designation 'SawanSman' to the stems comprehended

In the gana headed by 'Sarva'. LP. gives a set of three

karika-s pointing out only the stems in common usage and

coming under ~awadiga?a.

F r n 3 m - W ~

mm,(-) 1 1 9 1 1

-1

F!(y~ciim,-m:?QbRaT) 117 1 1

?mhf&cM*(&*) m f S i t 4 P a d G T F j 8 r I 1 3 1110

Through these stanzas, the student is readily in-

formed of the stems along with the operations which they

entertain on the ground of being included in sarv5diga?a.

Similarly the operations which some of there enjoy, on

being classified as *. m$? and zmf2 are also given

here. Hence the student is simultaneously informed of

both the operations known as wmid and wvhmd

4. Samj6a-s coming under ekasamj%idhikara

The rule w Ta?&m (1-4-1) orders that

among the samjfia-s taught by PZnini from rule 1-4-1 upto

the rule m whrd (2-2-38) only one samjiia need

apply in an instance. Hence in the case of other samjn'a-

s taught elsewhere in AS!., more than one samjfia can very

well apply In one and the same instance. After clearly

explaining the idea of this rule, A.,R gives a set of three

verses, listing the samjna-s coming under

ekasamjgSdhik8ra.

.rRR-Fq*e?iim;rjmq I

J m m i T i m P t ~ ~ 1 a T v 3 q I1 9 1 1

31-&d*m, I

-T3hmmiT I ? 1 1

Jsrrfrf3VRmm-\l

7 i m w Y ? f * ? ~ ? ~ i i s l ~ I 1 3 1 I l1

The information furnished by these stanzas is very

helpful to the student in dealing with process of formation.

5. Operations enjourned by the stem desig-

nated as ;Tff

Aiming at the case of the student in studying the

declensional forms, A.R. gives the following verse

*~m,h,,- @*- ?%m\ I

~~*~~~ 1 1 ' ~

In this verse, A.R enumerates the operations which a stern

designated as d can enjoy and also specifies the suf-

fixes which bring about the same.

6. Six ksraka-s

~ ~ , ~ , m m q I

d, m m ~lry*~gSPql'! I 1 l3

In this verse A.R. lists the six kgraka-s in the order

in which they are dealt with in Ast. . . Since there

karakasarnjnca-s come under the ekasamjKadhikara referred

to just previously, this verse is quite helpful to the student

not only because it gives the six kzraka-s, but also be-

cause that their sequence is also understood from it.

7. i tmanepada and Parasmaipada termina-

tions.

M FTrq 9 . t r ; j r l ~ i s l ~ l STrR I

~ ~ ~ - ~ ~ m f @ i f @ 1 1 1 4

This verse gives the Atmanepacia and Parasmaipada ter-

minations formed in the verbal forms.

8. Vikarana suffixes

While dealing with the conjugational forms of roots,

A.R gives the following verse,

?csakMI ~ e & ~ ~ l ~ ~ . : . r m q ~

m~ Tdd2.7 wl;*.ir& vihr?r ff I

w-~**-R;n

-*@WT-* I1 l5

This verse concisely gives the various %F?JI suf-

fixes which the roots obtain in accordance with the ten

lakara-s and the sense of Kart!-, karrnan and bhava de-

noted by these lakara-s

7 6

9. The substitutes of Parasrnaipada ter-

minations

~ \ S 1 w - m p I

?JwdiR*m- ' 6

This verse enumerates in consultancy with the

Prathamapurusa, Madhyamapurugand Uttamapurusa, the

substitutes that replace the parasrnaipada terminations in

the fkq lakaras viz i;rr, f&T, and

10. The specific fonjugational endings in the lakara

smraip,~zTrtm=vradyd~

u i 2 7 r ? m s ~ ~ r n * ? q Tiwwlil: I1

& 373 ??T w %e4lwql(4 I

xQ~irlTFhmilw11 l7

This verse can easily gives the conjugational endings of a

root in regard to lakara-s -and -.

(11) Suffixes characterised as

The rule +mff.rrgrn~rftn, (1-2-4) states that a

Sarvadhatuka suffix, if devoid of the anubandha q can be

designated as f%?! (i.e. possessed of the anubandha 3; )

Thus it can be seen that the designations m, and %.are

contrary to each other, since a suffix can bring forth to

the root the increment of y or $3- whereas a suffix fta negates the same to the root. In the process of formation

of words, the characteristic feature b of a suffix has

manifold purposes to serve. In the following verse corn-

posed in the Vasanthatilaka metre, A.R enumerates the

suffixes that are characterized as m.. @-FTfFbmmf+*mrif

* r n m F i ~ r n .

.-v*m f?EFmrn\,rn*RR?m I 1 l8

12. Roots known as or dnqifgT

Certain roots are known as sopadeia or nopadeda

in the sense that originally itself, they contain the initial

letters q or 7 . Though during the process of formation,

the initial qor;rof such roots, get substituted by Y or by

the free of the rules & T w (6-1-64) and nir T (6-1 -

65), they ?or ;r can regain their m or m under spe-

cific conditions. But the initial ?and 7 of roots other than

* or m, never gets the substitution of m or w

So, to a student of grammar, it is necessary to distinguish

dhatu to be m?d?l or *. Though the mprz can help

him in this direction, A.R.states that is not a valid

authority for the same, since errors and interpotations have

erept into it. Hence, he gives the following verses which

summarise the roots known as :'or '$Pr&l

m w < ~ w ~ a t r ~ I

e - m - m F i - m - & - 3 i 1 9 6 1 f 4 ~ I I

=+%m-.-I

-{- *- T1T2T - ;m7- ;TZ-wF-T-F I 1 l9

13. Specification of the augment , to the suffix

m :-

The rules pyj-y-y-q-5-q-@i m(7-2-13)

wd%?~ h, (7-2-61 ) m$&m (7-2-62) and xdl VRGFw

(7-2-63) deal with the augment that is added to the

suffix in the laksra f;;r+. A.R. gives the gist of these

rules in the following lines:-

RR * ~-y-y-~-q-5-q-Fmwm I

* ? l m + r a * ~ I I - * mf2R m lZO

14. % caused by the suffix f k , occurring in

the aoristtense : -

Panini's rules RR -@i m, (7-2-1 )&I WE

(7-2-7) clc;aU6d~l<4lU: (7-2-3) %?. (7-2-4) ii;rs?r -

m -=~FJ-%-. (7-2-5)aai6diZriu>: (7-2-7) deal with

the $2 operating on the when prefixed with ftrJ along with parasmaipada terminations. With his magic

touch, A.R is able to bring within the scope of the following

tour lines, a summary of these rules.

rn ~~-a l? l . l * I

*g- 1 1

$FF?Q T ~dl<citilicl: I

Giy!mm.$m FwrdR-3 tl =I I 12'

15. Meaning conveyed by the seven Vibhakti-s . -

At the outset of & m ' ~ ~ d m. A.R gives the fol-

lowing samgraha sloka which clearly indicates the ideas

conveyed by the seven Vibhakti-s beginning with RFn

~ ~ ~ z m r ~ ~ , ~ g . r

~ ? d T ? l M @ h l * I

- S " M - R ? T m W , mFmfG5I93JpT.

m -, ?mJ m w 1 lZ2

'This verse is very interesting and useful to the student

since it deals with an important grammatical aspect with

no touch of the intricacies caused by the clumpsy con-

structions in sitra-s

16. Varieties of meaning denoted by the suffix m

While dealing with the ? i k c i in l3wmv3A.R. gives

the following verse which concisely summaraises the vari-

eties of meaning denoted by the suffixa

~~~~.~~ gf?gmm~r W* a m. I l Z 3

(Ill) Citation of verses: -

An interesting feature characterising L.P, is the ci-

tation of verses, now and them, to show the authority for

his statements, to elucidate grammatical points and to give

examples forthe rules under discussion.

(a) Quotations from works like vakyapadiya :-

In order to explain or supplement the idea of the

context, A.R quotes verses from the works of Bharthuhari,

~hattojidiksita,~elpathur . . etc. The following verse from the

Tmm3w!0f Bharthruhari is quoted by A.R while dealing

with the two fold classification of f%n into 7m4T@m and

m q r n - r n w m h M ~

j r r f . x a ~ m W m W 7 d 1 1 ~ ~

While dealing with the & in a sentence, he quotes the

verse

?w%mi rd&R iS -TSm I

~ r n d m f i : m ; ~ ~

While dealing with suffixes denoting the sourse of

A.R quotes the verse

*-*& g R F!jTr

VdFlUTia4mi@E@rn. I l Z 6

At the outset of mlwmPr, A.R points out that on the basis

of the nature of the components of a compound, samasas

can be classified in a sixfold manner and quotes the fol-

lowing verse

~ 3 j m , ~ , m , E n ~ 2 7 f % l R T 1

~~~~~~ 1lZ7

These two verses are quotations taken from the work yvq

a small collection of verses composed by Bhattoji Diksita

(Verse No. 1 & 27 of F> ) However, A.R refers to the

verse - - -as the words of Bharthruhari. He

has quoted verses from the d?fxm+kq of Melpathur

Narayana Bhattathiri, . . in four contextsZ8.These quotations

show the willingness of the authorto follow authority, while

establishing a scientific theory.

(b) Verses cited to elaborate grammatical points

In order to elaborate grammatical points, A.R has

cited a number of verses handed down from the teachers

to the taught in the tradition of ~ i i n i n h school of gram-

mar. No study on LP can be complete without paying

heed to these verses.

In the beginning of LP, AR feels it necessary to equip the

fresh student of grammar, with the concept of sutra and

preliminary details like &a, m, and m of the

science of grammar. This purpose is served by the cita-

tions of the following two verses.

.%EwTTdul me*\ I

3TF8Pwm~~p~Rit~11 29

'w? q ~ ~ a - k m& y[J-

a h i-wurqq m + I I 30 Of these two verses, the former explains as to what

IS a v a n d the latter very clearly conveys the function of

&, m, ah and m w i t h apt smiles taken from daily

life.

While dealing with the rule 7 q ? (4-1-10)

which denies the femine suffix fts to bases headed by

~<q he cites the following verse to inform the students, of

the bases comprehended by the expression RWR

3 m l~~.rs~i%~:r4 .mi " $&TI TW

~ R T I ~r;tf:i &r;r .T?KA~GZT 3 '

While dealing with the desiderative forms (WTIW)

in the section titled f i ? m m of d?f%mvr~, ,A.R states

that the suffix 3~;r added to roots, in the sense of desire,

cannot be added to roots, once again to an already ?n-i~

root. As the authority, he citesthe following verse which

also gives details about the function of %)$RWI

*m~-*

~ R U $ + Y ~ ~ T T V F M 1 1 ~ ~

in ttie same context, while de,iling with the ZTZT~W,

A.R c:~tec; the follow~riy vci?rse wi-iich rnentlorl the opera-

ilorls that cannot bi> seen i r~ thr ;eformat~ons.

w-rn ?rcn.pr.~j=I f'ri*; ;.n q+ iT I

. ~ ~ c g ~ i 4q q&~iiR 7 4 7 I 1 33

In order to point out the significance of the work in

the r u l e . ~ m f ? s~ (5-2-94) the following verse.

.which reveals the different shades of meaning denoted by

the suffix is cited.

l < ~ ~ ' t ~ I

. i i e ' ~ M ;qm 1 I ""

(c,~ Verses cited to exhibit examples

Occasionally, A.R relieves the student from the mo-

notony and drynessfelt unavoidably in the study of a work

on grammar, by citing, poetic verses which exhibit the ex-

arrlples for rules.

In order to point out the additional forms like a, a. q, and

sy: of the stem and forms like v, 4, ?"I, and T

of the stem in the cases of f&h~, qzCf and vd?

respectively, A.R cites the following verse

* m q * d r n d w I

~ ' ~ ~ F ~ F ~ ' T Q ~ * ~ I I " ~

~ ~ i a i i t & l ~ * R ? : - ; R 3 I

* ~ f $ F J 7 h i r r n < + P i l % ~ ~ ~

While dealing with the rule of PSnini. ..........

(7-378) he gives the illustrations by citing verbs like%&,

RuPd etc. In addition, he gives the following verse of his

own, exhibiting examples for these rules:-

~ R a R , ~ ~ m ~ ~ ~

m m ~ , f a w R * . I

~ ~ P a a ; a , ~ ~ , ~ F F - q , f m

m Tmm m a ?ir, * m-I At the out set of KWWT, A.R gives a verse of his own to

point out the conditions when a root taken both or either of

the <~?FTR and ~ t e r m i n a t i o n s . With his superb

skill of poetic compositions, he has interwoven in these

lines, examples which satisfy the conditions pointed out by

him

r n ~ m n ~ a ~

s ~ i r ~ ~ ~ ~ r n ~

aw i i ~ r z r y r ~ ~ , aw a f ? ~ ? .

4 ~ 5 7 * , 4 w d F T R ~ ,

~ ~ . ~ , ~ . ~ J ~ I I 37

While dealing in the rule m mmb (7-4-47) the fol-

rowlng verse is cited by A.R., to exhibit examples forthe

~arrie

~ ~ & F ~ J ~ ~ I

-a m m 1 138

A.R observes that in a sentence the specification of time,

as present past and future is in relation to the main action

conveyed by that sentence and to point out the function of

suffixes based on present part and future tense, quotes

the following verse:-

' m - ~

m ~ ~ ~ ~ 3 9 To polnt outthethreevarieties of and their ex-

amples, A.R. cites the following verse

m4?54-

vim, mJIwi?wq, ?-nf?wR&ll~

In order to give examples forthe rule*+- - (1 -4-

b2) which enjoys the designation mb! to the mhwzd of

the roots mentioned therein, the following lines are cited.

- q m w T q d k i f m \ I

--. I I

r n \&d i@r~ ?7**144'

In the same context he quotes a m o f the verse of Kalidasa

from Kumarasambhava

* ; r & & ~ q & @ & y & 4 3 m 4 2

To cite the examples of lR#rh%ordained by the vartika-

s"- -iiw~iq , t%krq *"the follow-

ing two verses are cited :-

" m ~ , * ~ . ~ ~ , ?rR.t,mm*- I

v3'taQ$K-i-. 3v-F ;3-&.

f+3yq?3, M * TRfH I 1"

" J F H a r r n * m M % p m - . ! I

q~$QJs-st~$?Y?$@f-= 1 1 " ~ ~

The substitute -,replaces the part 4of the stems kekaya

and pralaya the part s of the stem fzr?rg, by the force of

86

the rule of Panini 6km%q7-3-2. AR notes that Keralites

favour this substitute replacing the part 4of the s t e m m

also and cites the following verse, to show the usage of

the word in the sense

d w i a = F i I

~ B z l f a - w - ~ l

~ f h ? = ! ~ ~ W k l @ ~ l 144

The process of formation of the word w, is quite

peculiar in the sense that, though it is derived by the addi-

tion of the suffix m t o the base m. and has got an in-

termediate stage such as m. + =. during the process

of formations, it reaches the final form m. which, actu-

ally, is the reminicent of the suffix portion alone. This

information regarding the processes of formation of the

word q (meaning iii m) is beautifully given

in the following verse cited by A.R. He states that the

author of this verse is not known and refers to him as

slesakavi

Y+?-mR*,&smjrbr.tt

~~~~d I

~ a g f t a ~ ~

aR4RPdMdrn- 1 1 45

This verse, by virtue of the figure of speech known as

87

z%v denotes the process of formation of the word $q

and also describes mi characterised as -sm3;is by

Vedantis. One and the same root can have different de-

clensional forms on the basis of the various Vikarana suf-

fixes they entertain. To illustrate this fact A.R cites the

follow~ng verse which gives the different decelnsional forms

like @, @, fl, y7t'fi?, & mf?~ of one and the same

root y.

m-m. a6mm-I -- q w + r E n T f ? r ~ I1 46

(IV) Interpretative vision of the author

The most important and striking features of the work

wh~ch entitles it to the designation a y f W h is the inter-

pretative vision of the author discernible allthough the work.

The principles of interpretation adopted by A.R is simplic-

ity coupled with traditional authenticity and logical treat-

ment based on modem linguistic and comparative view-

point. His simple and straight forward style of interpreta-

tion, has rendered the work superb in making the subject

matter easily digestible to the student. His style of inter-

pretation is characterised by various aspects like distinc-

88

tlve explanation, narrative style of presenting the subject

matter, lucid and metaphorical representation of ideas and

SO on.

While dealing with grammar he gives distinctive ex-

planation for the terms which are, othelwise, liable to con-

fuse the student. To cite a few among numerous such

instances, let us go through his words to distinguish zrnf

from am, "al3wx ~3 ;nif dr, ?mw WGFRQ-C~ w

w d m , d ? r d r ~ 1 a 4 = i a h a w d v f ~ a

~ w ~ w - ~ ~ ~ ~ , I ~ T J w T ~ J ~ F v I ~ ~

A.R.observesthat the alphabet of Sanskrit lan-

guage prevalent in time of Panini was altered by k n i n i

and formed into a group of fourteen sutra-s. A.R then

continues stating that it is this rearrangement of letters by

Panini, that is known as *xRq3 a name which points to

the heresay that they are revealed to him by God Siva, as

x m since it is significant arrangement of aeT3 as

n- since they are used for coining technical

terms known as m a n d finally as -<mi* since

they are a group of fourteen rules. To a fresh student of

Paninian grammar, such explanations are of no mean

~ignificance~~

A.R. is always alert in making the student aware of

89

the significance of specific utterance of sounds regard to

different regions of India. Hence while dealing with the

place and mode of articulation of sounds, he says:- - mil77 (m)

- i - i ~ ~ c . ~ r ~ t ~ r t t t ~ ~ z f ~ FRZT r r a ~ ~ ; r ? ~ i y ~ ~ r ~FLJFT'~

.................................................... c r z 4 1 m m

*MI 7WFm h ; I < 1 ~ ~ 1 ~ *

U W - v j l C @ G T T q ~ l & - ~ l ~ ~ ~ - l

znl7imk = 7 3 d ? + w & ~ ~ r n ~ 4 9

The student is thus, informed of the difference in utter-

ances of sounds by southerners, northerners and so on.

A.R has got a narrative style of presenting the gram-

matical ideas. Hence when one goes through his book,

one feels that A.R. is conversing to one directly in the

midst of which, contextually sutra-s are cited along with

explanations of the speaker. This narrative style of inter-

pretation has made work more and more readable and

intelligible.

A.R.has got a specific talent in presenting gram-

matical details with similarities and metaphors. The vowels

, , , have the places of articulation known as

q, ?Ad, @, z?n and . Semi vowels and liquids viz

4, 21, 3, a and are also produced by the same place

of articulation though there is difference in the mode of

calculation for there and the four vowels respectively.

Hence there is a similarityfelt when they are uttered. This

appartment similarly is conveyed by him with the smile of

stepbrothers. To qu0teA.R.

5 . 3 , r i . q 3 T T R ~ , 4 , 3 , a . ? * ~ r l ~

~ ~ ~ ~ 5 1 ~ 1 T t c l 5 O

Soalsothefactthattheqm which help in

coining mm?is ignored by being not included among the

sounds comprehended by t h e m is pointed out by him

with the simile of the thread, which helps in making a gar-

land of flowers, is kept in the garland in such away that it is

not exhibited outwardly

While explaining the rules of Pinini, A.R now and

then, gives the summary ofthe come of a group of rules,

dealt with.52 All there aspects of his interpretative vision

go to make the work worthy of its designaion, ?qyf%m.

INNOVATIONS FOUND IN LAGHUPANlNlYA

In his attempt to prepare an elementary grammar

on the footing of Panini's Ast., A.R. has introduced certain . . innovations of his own in LP. He had made use of new

terms whenever he felt that ~anini's nomenclature was de-

ficient or too symbolic and meaningless. He was abo

9 1

competent enough to coin new terms himself and erudite

enough to translate into Sanskrit, the terminology of west-

ern orientalists. Over and above all, A.R has tried to re-

cover the methods of grammatical investigation~ favoured

by the Oriental scholars of the west with the orthodox meth-

ods of Indian grammarians. All these innovative attempts

of A.R are now dealt with

1. The terms bhavanti, paroksa and the like

Ps~ in i uses the terms i;n, qz, f%q etc. to denote

the terms and moods of the action expressed by verbs.

A.R.remarks that these terns are too symbolic and mean-

ingless. He is inclined to accept the terms used by earlier

grammarians.

These terms are T(J?R for aq, for 5, for ;E (m) w m ~ 9 for FJC, afM@M for *, i%ni?rm

for @, and c&hf&m for 53

2. The term ?%f%'Jl for affixes like W, m,, etc, : -

Declesional forms derived from roots in the four

lakira-s viz az, ?m, ak, and and entertain in

between the root and the personal endings, a suffix called

i%'v~. This vikaraqa suffix caries in accordance with the

T I to which a root belongs. Thus srq is the ~FF I f o r

wf2 roo ts ,y fo r M roots and m, T, q, 3. y etc.

are for different m of roots. It may be noted here that

declens~onal forms derived from roots in the lakara-s like

E, -% etc entertain suffixes like w, mq etc in between

the root and the personal endings. Hence they can also

be qu~te correctly designated as i%im. But these suffixes

viz 34, rn. etc, unlike the l%v~ is uniform to all roots in

that particular lakara, irrespective of the gana to which the

root belongs, AR has made an innovation by coining a

new term to denote the suffixes like W, etc

HIS words on this point deserve quotation here

~ & 4 r ~ 1 ~ - a z r r M @ q q *

~ * 3 i i r i ~ l ~ ~ * ~ l

m - w ~ M d ~ l e * ? *

*m I TF&=nRm&M--

mm * wF%h ulq62- I ~ l = m k g -. m w + i w % w ~ a : ~ g m n f Q ~ )

Another innovation is that A.R uses a new term-

for weak personal endings.

3. The term WWlTFii

The action i.e. I h ' f denoted by a root is classified

in a two fold manner as vmfhn and l%s&fr. Of these

the mafdm~ is expressed in a sentence as prominent and

independent by verbs like ~ $ 3 , wf3 etc. which hence

called -. vlwl%'m can also be expressed

In a sentence as independent, but not as prominent (i.e . as adjectival or adverbial) by words (derived from roots)

like Enzr-~i , ETT~~T~TI, E T T ~ ~ etc. which are. called

~n~-sfwf%rn~m. Forms like ET&, etc

(-) are designated by the term - by grammarians. But forms like M, 'm&m, mrfh

etc. which are refered to as participles in English language

are not given any specific term. A.R. attributes the term

m m to these forms in the sense (m. wwmmj

that they are alike -is as much as they'denote wd?Rn.

To quote the words of A.R.

q * - m m . s P a * * g%=IlI--\**rn~~

4. The terms Drdha and sithila

A.R translates the terminology (of linguists) viz. strong

and weak. asD!riha and iithila .

5. The term fl While dealing with the formation of ordinals like

VFRX, m, @tT etc.PZcini ordains the suffixes like

y, etc. in the sense of purana by rules beginning with

W (4-2-48) onwards. Suffixes enjoined in the

sense of are termed as ydbtmu by A.R. However it

is noteworthy that this term m f o r ordinals, used by A.R,

is directly based as Panini himself. In the rules

~ ~ ~ ~ l ~ g , ~ . A a S r f t m p r ~ ( 6 - 3-34) and

(6-3-37) Panini, has referred to them by the expression

6 The term (-*) for cornpara-

tive and superlative degrees

In order to express the sense of comparative and

superlative degrees, PZnini enjoins sufftxes like y, m. m, m- in the sense of & ? l ~ ~ f , as per the rules like

xf?m& a~@@ (53-55). A.R uses the term vfi3vPm to

designate such af&l suffixes. However this term intro-

duced by A.R, is indirectly based on Psnini himself who

uses this word in the said rule.

7. Vedic Grammar

The treatment of Vedic grammar within the scope of

LF! is an innovative attempt of A.R. In many of the recasts

of AS!., like ?imaTi' the section of Ast . . on V6dic Grammar

is left untouched. A.R deserves special applausefor bring-

ing within the purview of the students, a concise and clear

picture of V6dic Grammar.

8. B hiisacaritrarn

The most innovative attempt of A.R. in LP is the fourth

section of the second part of LP. This section is titled as

Bhssacaritra. Here A.R has made a singular attempt to

view the grammar of Sanskrit language from the historical

and liguistic point of view. It is perhaps, in this respect

that A.R stands out unique in the array of Sanskrit gram-

marians.

His observations on the alphabets of Sanskrit lan-

guage is, significant and especially noteworthy, He points

out that the vowels 3, 3 and 5 are primary vowels of

which has got 8lma. 5 - r n and 3-m. It is the

combination of these primary vowelsthat go to make vow-

els like p, *, *, $I and hence called rn ?exactly in the

literal sense of the term. The vowels, and qare actually

the vowelised forms of and by the effort known as

m. In the twice ulterance of each of the single vowels a,

3 , 3 and , they join together and become their length-

ened forms (ie.?%) . But no further change can occur

when each of these are uttered three or more times . That

is why Ph in i enjoins- in the ru lem d (6-1-

96). The pluta vowels are a separate change of each of

these vovels.

With regard to dipthengs T, &, ? and *,they are

by nature lengthened ie* , because as pointed out ear-

lier they are the combination of the primary vovels. Their

components were, first joined, just like the mixing of f?m

and w, but in course of time they were absorbed into a

higher unity and changed to a synthetic and independent

vowels. As a result of their identity as single vowel, they

got their short varieties like a, 63 in Prakit Languages. It

can be more correctly stated that the existence itself of the

short varieties of ;K;E~ ?in Prakrit languages is a proof for

the independant nature of w 3-s. With regard to conso-

nants also, A.R.has put forth new theories not accepted by

traditional grammarians, but favoured by modem linguists.

The consonant q is included among m by Sanskrit

grammarians. Favouring the linguistic view, A.Rpoints

out the peculiarity of the consonant 7 . He considers it,

as a changed form of the fourth letters of each of the five

varga-s . He gives a common term a t o both q and the

fourth letters of the five varga- s. He establishes that

and yare the changed forms of q . The grimm's law re-

garding the change of consonants is concisely expressed

by AR in the following ? m b l

q ? p a a . m - m I

3z~&-Y*rng* I I

This verse is also indicative of the authors skill to translate

into Sanskrit, the observations of modem linguists.

REFERENCES

1. Siryakantha ~ a l i - Bhattaji Diksita, His contribu-

tions to Sanskrit Grammar P. 24

2. N. V. Krishna Warrier, Samskriia Vy3karanattinu

Kerala Paniniyude SambhGvana.'

3. Vide. appendix p.p

4. Vide. appendix p.p

5. op. cit. p.48

6. Vide.Lp.p. 32 & 33

7. Vide.Lp.p. 32 & 33

52. Vide.LP p.p. 20 8 21

53. Vide.LP p.p. 154

54. Vide.LP.p. 209

55. Vide.LP.p. 295

56. Vide L.P. 523