OXY-FUEL COMBUSTION, CARBON CAPTURE AND STORAGE – AN INTRODUCTION

By

Dr. Sivaji Seepana

BHEL Trichy

EUROPEAN UNION & TREC-STEP & BHEL

Training Programme on Climate Change,

Clean Coal and Carbon Capture (3CC)

OUTLINE OF THE TALK

Why to Reduce CO2 Emissions? - Introduction

Source of Anthropogenic CO2 Emissions

CO2 Abatement Options

Post Combustion CO2 Capture

Oxy-fuel Combustion

CO2 Storage Options

EnergyDemand

80 % from Fossil fuel

sources

Globaltemperat

ure

GLOBAL ENERGY SCENARIO

3

53 % 53 % 2-6oC

According to International Energy Outlook (2011) Energy demands may rise by 2035 as

ENERGY FROM FOSSIL FUELS

IEA Key Energy Statistics (2011)

In 1973 energy

production from fossil

fuel is 87%, the same

in 2009 is 81%.

World is more

dependent on fossil

fuels

ENERGY FROM FOSSIL FUELS

IEA Key Energy Statistics (2011)

Recent

developments forcing

to look for alternative

resource

What are alternative

resources?M

toe

SOURCE OF CO2 EMISSIONS

IEA Key Energy Statistics (2011)

Mt

of

CO

2

ALTERNATIVE ENERGY RESOURCES

Renewable energy

resources Solar power

Wind

Biofuels

Hydropower

Geothermal

Tidal power

Nuclear power

ALTERNATIVE ENERGY RESOURCES

COST OF POWER – DIFFERENT SOURCES

http://nuclearfissionary.com

LACK OF IMMEDIATE SOLUTION

None of the renewable resource are as successful

as thermal power plants

Another two decades research is needed to

implement on large scaleWhat is solution

??

Road ahead

??

CONTINUE WITH EXISTING SYSTEMS?

If the emissions

continue at the same

rate serious

consequences have

to be faced

Can we alter existing

systems for lower

CO2 emissions

WAYS TO REDUCE CO2

Possible options for CO2 reduction

• Removal of CO2 from atmosphere

• Capturing CO2 at the source of emission

• Developing high efficiency combustion technologies

Converting all “Carbon” into CO2 before being fed to

combustor

Concentrating on alternative technologies which doesn’t emit CO2 or other pollutants

REMOVAL OF CO2 FROM ATMOSPHERE

Mahmoudkhani & Keith , IJGGC (2009)

Using NaOH

15t-CO2/year/m2

Not cost effective

Sodium titanate cycle

Na2CO3 crystals

Oxycombustion for CO2

recovery

For 1Mt-CO2 capture 5

km length 10 m height slab needed

REMOVAL OF CO2 FROM ATMOSPHERE

The concept of ocean

fertilization

Phytoplankton

It needs Iron quantity

for its growth

11 trials conducted in

the subarctic North

Pasific

Estimated iron 2 to

2000 μmol/mol of C

CO2 REMOVAL OPTIONS FROM COMBUSTION SYSTEMS

Pre-combustion capture

Converting all “Carbon” into CO2 before being fed to

combustor

Post combustion capture

Using absorption or adsorption process

Oxy-fuel combustion & Chemical looping Combustion

• Conducting combustion process in presence of O2+CO2

rather than O2+N2.

PRE-COMBUSTION CAPTURE OF CO2

Gasification

Gasification

POST COMBUSTION CO2 CAPTURE

Absorption

Amine solution, carbonate solution, aqueous ammonia, sodium hydroxide

Membrane

Metal oxides, Cao, Na2O, solid amines

Adsorption

Chemical adsorption

Metal oxides, Cao, Na2O, solid amines

Physical adsorption

Activated carbon, natural zeolite, zeolite-13x

POST COMBUSTION CO2 CAPTURE

Existing combustion

process is intact

Additional arrangements

have to be made

extracting energy from

flue gas

WHAT IS OXY-FUEL COMBUSTION?

Combustion process changes significantly

Conventional combustion reaction

Oxy-fuel combustion reaction

CoalO2 + 3.76 N2

CO2+H

2O+N2

Coal O2

CO2+H

2O

OXY-FUEL COMBUSTION TECHNOLOGY

With Pure O2

Fuel fires faster reaction rate higher

High temperature flames due to absence of inerts

not recommended for materials of construction

Flue gas can recycled to the

combustion chamber to

maintain similar flame

temperature as air

APPEARANCE OF FLAMES

air–LPG oxy-LPG (30%) oxy-LPG (34%)

The brightness of air - LPG flames and oxy-LPG flames (34% O2) looks similar than oxy-LPG (30% O2)

OXY-FUEL COMBUSTION RETROFITTING

Retrofit oxy-fuel plant

Conventional power plant

S. Seepana, S. Jayanti, Fuel (2009)ASU

FGR

CC

AIR AND OXY-FIRED POWER PLANTS

OXY-FUEL COMBUSTION - O2 SEPARATION

Oxygen will be

separated from air

Pressure swing

Adsorption (PSA)

Cryogenic distillation

Membrane separation

It is an expensive

process

www.redmn.com

CRYOGENIC AIR SEPARATION

Air is pressurized

Through expansion air is

cooled

Send into fractional

distillation column

Pure O2 and N2 will be

separated

Argon is removed at the

end

O2 SEPARATION – OXYGEN TRANSFER MEMBRANE

Praxair

ADDITIONAL SYSTEMS FOR RETROFIT

Air Separation unit –

Pre combust

or arrangem

ent

Flue gas

recirculation

system

CO2 compression unit

CO2 transport

ation system

for storage

COMPARISON OF ELECTRICITY COST W/ CARBON CAPTURE

DOE/NETL-DEC. 2010

ADVANTAGES OF OXY-FUEL COMBUSTION

NOx production can be reduced

Volume of the flue gas reduces Plant size can be

reduced

Facilitates complete and easy CO2 capture

Energy penalty is lesser than post combustion CO2

capture

Easy retrofitting to the existing systems such as

furnace, boilers, kiln, etc.

CHALLENGES IN OXY-FUEL COMBUSTION

Will the flame be stable in CO2 environment instead

of N2 environment?

What is recycle ration of flue gas?

Decrease in NOx level?

Does SO2 emissions decrease?

Will the same boiler design work for oxy-fuel?

How to reduce ASU cost?

CCS PLANTS ACROSS GLOBE

S.No

Project Name and Country Description

1 Schwarze Pumpe, Vattenfall, Germany

30 MWth coal fired plant

2 CIUDEN - Spain's city of energy

20 MWth coal fired plant and CFBC

3 Doosan, UK 40 MWth coal based plant, Burner developed

4 COMPOSTILLA, Endesa,Spain 30 MW oxy-fuel CFB5 Porte Tella, ENEL Post-Combustion in 660

MWe plant, 40% slip stream used for CO2

sequestration6 Total, Lacq, Italy7 Callide Oxyfuel Project -

Australia30 MWe coal fired plant

8 Jupitor Oxygen, USA 15 MWth power plant

WHAT TO DO WITH SEPARATED CO2?

CO2 must not emit into atmosphere

Making

Chemicals

Enhanced Oil recove

ry

Permanent

Storage

DIRECT UTILIZATION OF CO2

As an additive in beverages

As a fire extinguisher

Can be used as solvent

In water treatment and as a fumigant

Moulding and soldering agent

CO2 FOR ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY (EOR)

Usually N2 or other inert gases are used for

EOR

Now CO2 can be used

It enhances

Recovery oil from

Oil wells by 5 to 15%

CO2 FOR ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY (EOR)

EnCana Weyburn

project is injecting

>2.2 Mt-CO2

If plant locates near

to oil wells, it is a

beneficial

CO2 has to be

transported

CARBON DIOXIDE PHASE DIAGRAM

oCarbon dioxide must be stored above its critical point for permanent storage

CO2 STORAGE OPTIONS

Geological storage

Ocean storage

Mineral storage

Terrestrial ecosystems

o CO2 will be compressed to liquid form to store permanently

GEOLOGICAL STORAGE

Seals and cap rocks

Combination of porous structure and hard rock allows to

store CO2

www.co2geonet.com

GEOLOGICAL STORAGE

Saline aquifers

permeable rocks that

are saturated with salt

water, called brine. 

Liquefied CO2 may be

injected into a saline

aquifer

It may dissolve or react

with minerals and get

trapped (IEA, 2008). 

Image: Alligator film / BUG / StatoilHydro

CO2 STORAGE RESEARCH WORK ACROSS GLOBE

S.No Description of Project Project Name

Location

1 In situ R&D Laboratory for Geological Storage of CO2

CO2SINK Ketzin, Germany

2 Network of Excellence on Geological Sequestration of CO2

CO2GEONET UK

3 Monitoring and Verification of CO2 Storage and ECBM in Poland

MOVECBM Poland, Europe and China

4 CO2 Geological Storage: Research into Monitoring and Verification Technology

CO2REMOVE Sleipner, In Salah (Algeria) and the proposed injection projects of Snohvit (Norway) and Ketzin (Germany).

5 Assessing European Capacity for Geological Storage of Carbon Dioxide

EU GEOCAPACITY

Inventory and mapping of major CO2 emission

point sources in 13 European countries

6 CO2 Capture and Storage Networking Extension to New Member States

CO2NET-EAST

knowledge transfer, dissemination and public awareness creation,

CO2 INJECTION & MONITORING

Impact of CO2 injection

will be monitored

3D/4D seismic imaging methods

Soil chemistry

CO2 spreading

CO2 MONITORING

Seismic images from the Sleipner injection project (IPCC 2005)

DEEP OCEAN STORAGE

CO2 will be compressed to above its critical point i.e.

110 bar, 30 oC

It will be stored in deep oceans below 1 km

www.global-greenhouse-warming.com

WORLD CO2 STORAGE FACILITY

All over the world, CO2 storage capacity is estimated to be

between 2000 and 10000 Giga Tons

IPCC special report, 2001

CO2 STORAGE OPTIONS & CAPACITIES

Storage facility Billion tonnes

o Depleted oil & gas reservoirs 105

o Unminable coal seams 103 to 105

o Deep saline aquifers 105 to 106

o Deep ocean storage 106

o Terrestrial biospheres 103 to 105

o Utilization per year 102

MINERAL STORAGE

Ca and Mg oxide will be used in mineralizing the

CO2 to carbonate and store forever

Sodium carbonate will be used to store as bi-

carbonate

TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS

Photosynthesis

Calvin cycle

Agricultural carbon

storage

Manipulating processes

of soil, changing land

use, etc

www.hartnell.edu

BIOLOGICAL CAPTURE

Consumption of CO2 by Algae, Tetraselmis suecica

Micro-algae based consumption of CO2

CO2 Uptake by Algae in Hawaii to Produce Spirulina

PHOTOBIOREACTOR DEMONSTRATION UNIT

GREENHOUSE GAS REMOVAL CHALLANGE

IPCC

Virgin Earth Challenge of worth $25 million on commercially viable atmospheric anthropogenic greenhouse gas removal

http://www.virgin.com/subsites/virginearth/

This was created by Sir Richard Branson during 2007

BHEL ACTIVITY - OXY-FUEL COMBUSTION

Currently BHEL is having collaborative project with EU and TREC-STEP towards developing oxy-fuel technology for high ash Indian colas

BHEL is planning for 400 kWth oxy-fuel demonstration plant at Coal Research department

Towards developing carbon neutral technology bio-mass co-firing with coal also planned

OXY-FUEL TEST SET-UP AT BHEL

SUMMARY

CO2 capture and storage is one of the best option available to reduce the

pollutant emissions

Oxy-fuel combustion is one of the best options available for CO2

capturing

Oxy-fuel combustion technology is easy to retrofit and readily

implementable

Huge reserves of CO2 available for geological, ocean storage

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

54

European Union

55

Any Queries

Contact at

sivaji@bheltry.co.in