nurul alia eryana binti mohd zamri
TRANSCRIPT
DATA CONFIDENTIALITY FOR CAR-TO-CAR
COMMUNICATIONS IN NS2
NURUL ALIA ERYANA BINTI MOHD ZAMRI
BACHELOR OF COMPUTER SCIENCE (COMPUTER
NETWORK SECURITY) WITH HONOURS
UNIVERSITI SULTAN ZAINAL ABIDIN
2021
DATA CONFIDENTIALITY FOR CAR-TO-CAR
COMMUNICATIONS IN NS2
NURUL ALIA ERYANA BINTI MOHD ZAMRI
BACHELOR OF COMPUTER SCIENCE (COMPUTER
NETWORK SECURITY) WITH HONOURS
Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin
2021
i
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this report is based on my original work except for quotations and
citations, which have been duly acknowledged. I also declare that it has not been
previously or concurrently submitted for any other degree at Universiti Sultan Zainal
Abidin or other institutions. I understand that cheating and plagiarism constitute a
breach of university regulations and will be dealt with accordingly.
_____________________________________
Name : Nurul Alia Eryana binti Mohd Zamri
Date : ............................................................
ii
CONFIRMATION
This is to confirm that:
This project report entitled Data Confidentiality for Car-to-Car Communications in NS2
by Nurul Alia Eryana binti Mohd Zamri with matric number BTBL18050522 has been
satisfactory and conducted under my supervision.
________________________________
Name: Mr. Ahmad Faisal Amri Bin Abidin @ Bharun
Date: ........................................................
iii
DEDICATION
Praise to Allah, the Most Gracious and the Most Merciful. Alhamdulillah, for
blessing me and giving me the strength and opportunity to complete this final year
project entitled Data Confidentiality for Car-to-Car Communications in NS2.
Firstly, my greatest appreciation to my family for always giving me advices and
for being supportive throughout this project. Next, I would like to take this opportunity
to express my appreciation and gratitude to my supervisor, Mr. Ahmad Faisal Amri bin
Abidin @ Bharun for the encouragement, guidance, comments, and motivation.
Without his continuous support, I will not be able to complete the whole project. Thank
you.
To Faculty of Informatics and Computing, and all lecturers in this faculty, I would
like to thank everyone for the opportunity and motivation that they gave towards us in
order to complete the project even though we are in the pandemic COVID-19.
Last but not least, I would like to take this chance to thank my best friends who
always been there when I was at my lowest. All the kind and supportive words and
helping hands during the completion of this project, I can’t express enough gratitude
how thankful I am. For that, I am grateful for having you guys.
iv
ABSTRACT
The rapid advancement and growing an interest towards wireless communications have
been very much developed in the last decade. These technologies have given humans a
lot of convenience and changing many aspects to our lifestyles. An application area
which is expected to give a great benefit towards us is the car-to-car communications.
We also known this as Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks (VANETs) which enables
information or data to be exchange among vehicles. VANETs is one of the subgroups
of Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks (MANETs) in which that vehicles or road-side units
(RSUs) nodes act both as end points and routers. It was believed that VANETs have a
wide range of applications such as prevention of collisions, road safety, blind crossing,
real time traffic condition monitoring, etc. However, such network may have
experienced some difficulty that need to be resolved first before they get implemented
in practice and people would use it comfortably. Most of the problems associated with
the security and privacy of VANETs. Hence, this project is to propose data
confidentiality for car-to-car communications in Network Simulator 2 (NS2) and also
using cryptography algorithm to encrypt the data send securely between vehicles.
v
ABSTRAK
Kemajuan yang semakin pesat dan timbulnya minat terhadap komunikasi tanpa wayar
telah berkembang dengan banyak sejak dekad yang lalu. Teknologi ini telah
memberikan manusia banyak kemudahan dan mengubah banyak aspek dalam
kehidupan seharian kita. Satu kawasan aplikasi yang dijangka dapat memberikan
faedah kepada kita adalah komunikasi kereta ke kereta. Kita juga mengenali ia sebagai
“Vehicular Ad Hoc Network“ (VANETs) dimana ia membolehkan informasi atau data
dapat bertukar antara kenderaan. VANETs merupakan salah satu daripada kumpulan
rangkaian mudah alih iaitu MANET dimana kenderaan ataupun nod “road-side units”
(RSUs) yang bertindak sebagai titik akhir dan penghala. Ianya dipercayai bahawa
VANETs mempunyai pelbagai aplikasi yang luas seperti percenggahan perlanggaran,
keselamatan jalan, lintasan buta, pemantauan keadaan trafik secara masa nyata dan
lain lain. Walaubagaimanapun, rangkaian sebegini mungkin mengalami beberapa
masalah yang perlu diselesaikan terlebih dahulu sebelum ia dapat dilaksanakan secara
praktik dan orang dapat menggunakannya dengan selesa. Kebanyakan masalah-
masalah ini berkaitan dengan keselamatan dan privasi VANETs. Oleh itu, projek ini
adalah untuk mencadangkan kerahsiaan data antara kereta menggunakan “Network
Simulator 2” (NS2) dan juga menggunakan algoritma kriptographi untuk mengekripsi
data yang dihantar antara kenderaan dengan selamat.
vi
CONTENTS
DECLARATION ........................................................................................................... i
CONFIRMATION ....................................................................................................... ii
DEDICATION ............................................................................................................. iii
ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................. iv
ABSTRAK .................................................................................................................... v
CONTENTS ................................................................................................................. vi
LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................... ix
LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................... x
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................... xi
CHAPTER 1 ................................................................................................................. 1
INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 1
1.1 Project Background ......................................................................................... 1
1.2 Problem Statements ......................................................................................... 2
1.3 Objectives ........................................................................................................ 2
1.4 Scopes .............................................................................................................. 3
1.5 Limitation of Work .......................................................................................... 3
1.6 Expected result ................................................................................................ 4
1.7 Summary ......................................................................................................... 5
CHAPTER 2 ................................................................................................................. 6
LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................................... 6
vii
2.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 6
2.2 Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) ........................................................ 7
2.2.1 Characteristics of VANETs ..................................................................... 8
2.2.2 Communication in VANETs .................................................................... 9
2.3 Data Confidentiality ...................................................................................... 12
2.4 Symmetric Key Encryption ........................................................................... 13
2.4.1 RC5 Encryption Algorithm .................................................................... 14
2.5 Network Simulator 2 (NS2) .......................................................................... 14
2.6 Existing projects and researches ................................................................... 15
2.6.1 An Efficient Data Transmission in VANET Using Clustering Method 16
2.6.2 Design and Simulation of Network Using NS2 ..................................... 16
2.6.3 Performance Analysis of RC5, Blowfish and DES Block Cipher
Algorithms ............................................................................................................ 17
2.7 Literature Review – Comparison of Network Simulators ............................. 18
2.8 Literature Review – Existing Projects and Researches ................................. 19
2.9 Summary ....................................................................................................... 20
CHAPTER 3 ............................................................................................................... 21
METHODOLOGY .................................................................................................... 21
3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 21
3.2 Framework ......................................................................................................... 21
3.3 Algorithm ........................................................................................................... 23
3.4 Flowchart ............................................................................................................ 26
viii
3.5 Proof of Concept ................................................................................................ 28
3.6 Software and hardware requirement .................................................................. 29
3.7 Summary ............................................................................................................ 31
REFERENCES ........................................................................................................... 32
ix
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE TITLE PAGE
1.1 Key size and block size for different algorithms 4
2.1 Communication in VANETs 11
2.2 Comparison of network simulators 18
2.3 Existing research and projects 19
3.1 Encryption and decryption of Rc5 encryption algorithm 25
3.2 List of hardware used 29
3.3 List of software used 30
x
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE TITLE PAGE
1.1 Graph of generic scalability of different algorithms 4
2.1 Communication in VANETs 9
2.2 Communication in VANETs 10
2.3 Process of symmetric key encryption 13
2.4 RC5 encryption algorithm 14
2.5 Architecture of NS2 15
3.1 Framework of data confidentiality for car-to-car
communications in VANETs
22
3.2 Flowchart of RC5 encryption algorithm 24
3.3 Flowchart of data confidentiality for car-to-car
communications in NS2
27
3.4 Installation of NS2 28
3.5 Installation of NAM and run it 28
3.6 Input the sample of Tcl script
29
xi
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
VANETs Vehicular ad hoc networks
MANETs Mobile ad hoc networks
NS2 Network Simulation Version 2
RC5 Rivest Cipher 5
OBU On board unit
RSU Road side unit
V2V Vehicle-to-vehicle
V2I Vehicle-to-infrastructure
I2I Infrastructure-to-infrastructure
ITS Information transport systems
TA Trusted authority
TCP Transmission Control Protocol
OTcl Object Tool command language
NAM Network Animator
1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Project Background
From the last decade, mobile telecommunications have gaining a significant
attention from both industry and research communities by providing anytime and
anywhere communication between different devices. They allow communication just
on the go between devices that made people lives easier. Valuable information such as
personal messages can be send swiftly with the help of internet nowadays.
Correspondingly, the concept of collaboration between information technology and
communication has easily supported the idea of communication between mobile
equipment (Tomar, Prateek, & Sastry, 2016). Among these technologies, vehicular ad
hoc networks (VANETs) have become very popular and being an eye-opening towards
many people who seek the safety among vehicles. VANETs were created by applying
the principles of a mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) thus explained why it was
considered as a subgroup of MANETs. The similarity between these two networks is
that the nodes are self-organized and they can handle the information on their own
without a server.
2
VANETs is an application where it mainly focused on the road and made their
journey safe and comfortable to meet the requirements of the users. It provides
communication between among vehicles to vehicles and vehicles to road side units
within the short range of 100 to 300 meters (Pallavi & Neha, 2016). In VANETs, every
node communicates by sharing data of traffic jam or other information. Data
interchanged over VANETs always be a vital role in traffic safety where important
information should be truthful and accurate. Other than that, drivers’ privacy should be
protected in order for unauthorized person would not interfere for every information
that the driver would be giving or the location of the car itself (Maria de Fuentes,
Gonzalez-Tablas, & Ribagorda, 2010). Security of these messages must be well secured
to avoid any problems in the future.
1.2 Problem Statements
Problem statement of this project are:
a) No authorization towards sensitive data in the car-to-car communication
environment.
b) Since these communications are in an open medium with wireless network, they
normally can be exposed with several attacks such as eavesdropping, traffic
analysis and brute force attacks.
1.3 Objectives
There are three main objectives to develop this project include:
a) To study the NS2 simulator as to create a network model to simulate the vehicles’
mobility
b) To secure car-to-car communications in VANETs by applying RC5 algorithm
encryption in NS2
3
c) To test a secure communication model of vehicles in NS2
1.4 Scopes
This propose study involves two parties which are user and network models.
a) Scope of user
The owner of the driver or passenger of the vehicle
b) Network models
- Processes running on computing platforms capable of wireless communication
- Mounted on vehicles and road-side units
Other than that
a) To configure a NS2 network model to simulate the car mobility model
b) To simulate the car movements so that the cars can communicate in NS2
environment
c) The Rivest Cipher 5 (RC5) algorithm encryption will be used to be suited in the
car-to-car communications and will integrate the RC5 algorithm encryption in
the car mobility model
1.5 Limitation of Work
There are some limitations in this project which are:
a) Connection
This simulation dependent to Internet connection to be monitor in real-time
mode only
b) Security
Unauthorized towards sensitive data that its hard to maintain the security of
message content
4
c) Multi-hop data delivery
Due to frequent disconnection and high mobility in the car-to-car
communications
d) Only limited to text-based data transmission
The transmission message between vehicles would only be in text-based way
1.6 Expected result
Based on (Verma & Singh, 2012) study, they decided that RC5 symmetric algorithm is
faster and simpler than Blowfish and DES block cipher algorithms.
Table 1.1: Key size and block size for different algorithms
Algorithm Key size (bits) Block size (bits)
RC5 0-2040 64
DES 64 64
Blowfish 448 64
5
1.7 Summary
This chapter describes a few topics included in the introduction of the project
such as the background of the project, the problem statement, objective for this project,
scope, and the limitation of work. This it helps to organize better documentation of the
project.
• Smaller the memory usage
greater will be efficiency
• The encryption performance
must be high to be better
Figure 1.1: Graph of generic scalability of different algorithm
0
2
4
6
8
10
RC5 DES Blowfish
Generic Scalability of Different Algorithm
Cipher Encryption Performance
Memory Usage
6
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
To come up with all elements in VANETs, a sufficient amount of research and
reviewing on the published articles was conducted to gather all the information needed.
The gather information was used to get a better understanding of the used and applied
technologies in this project. The literature review survey books, academic papers, and
all other sources related to a specified subject, field or study, or theory. The information
from these previous studies and researches will offers a definition, overview, and
critical assessment of these works and can be used as references and as inspiration in
developing the proposed simulation. At the end of this chapter will have summary and
the main points from each article regarding VANETs, data confidentiality, NS2, and
RC5 encryption algorithm.
7
2.2 Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)
For the past few years, vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) have become very
popular and gaining a significant attention from both industry and research
communities. VANETs were created by applying the principles of a mobile ad hoc
networks (MANETs) thus explained why it was considered as a subgroup of MANETs.
According to (Skiles & Mahgoub, 2016), VANET is a wireless ad hoc network
that provides on-board unit (OBU) and roadside-unit (RSU) connectivity between
vehicles. The aims of VANETs are to provide mobile users with ubiquitous connectivity
while on the road, and to provide the Intelligent Transport System (ITS) with efficient
vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communications. It was used to design a safe and sound
infrastructure for moving vehicles on the road in order for drivers to feel the
convenience and secure journey. To achieve the road safety, vehicles serve as sensors
and warn each other about abnormal and potentially risky situations such as collisions,
traffic jams and glazes (P, T, & G, 2014). VANETs may varies in size, vehicle speed,
geographical location and intermittent communication with unreliable conditions.
VANETs contain OBU and RSU that are deployed along the highways and
roadsides, which provide communication between vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V)
communication and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communication. Other than that,
VANETs also consist of trusted authority (TA) that authenticates and manages the keys
for all those users of the VANETS environments. According to (Afzal & Kumar, 2019),
with the help of OBU, vehicles can interact with other moving vehicles by constructing
MANETs that allow wireless interaction in an exclusively distributed way and can
interact with RSU with the help of infrastructures.
8
2.2.1 Characteristics of VANETs
The characteristics of VANETs are basically a mixture of wireless medium
characteristics (Tomar, Prateek, & Sastry, 2016)
a) High mobility – The nodes are usually moving at a very high speed. It will make
it harder to predict a node’s position as well as to make a protection towards the
privacy of the node.
b) Rapid changing network topology – The speed and direction of vehicles have
constantly changing that may result in high dynamic topology
c) Unlimited power and storage – The nodes in VANETs are supposed to be capable
of providing an infinite amount of power as well as storage capacity. Therefore,
without the basis for power consumption or storage waste, the nodes are free to
exchange data.
d) No constraint on battery power and storage – The nodes in VANETs have a better
quality on the battery power and storage compared to sensor networks.
e) Wireless communication – Nodes are connected and exchange their information
through wireless.
f) Frequent exchange of information – The ad hoc nature of VANETs motivate the
nodes to collect data from the other vehicles and side units of the lane. Therefore,
the exchange of information between nodes is frequent.
g) Large scale network – The network in vehicular ad-hoc networks is scalable
where a large number of new nodes can be added.
9
2.2.2 Communication in VANETs
Various type of communication techniques is used in VANETs:
Figure 2.1: Communication in VANETs
Vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication: It refers to a wireless network where
automobiles which are vehicles such as cars or buses send messages to each other with
information about whatever they are doing. Speed, position of the vehicles, direction of
travel, braking and loss of stability will include in the data. It shows a great promise in
help prevent accidents, alleviate traffic congestion and enhance the environment. No
road side unit is required and vehicles can communicate directly with each other.
(Pallavi & Neha, 2016)
Advantages of V2V communication (Tanuja, Sushma, Bharathi, & Arun, 2015):
a) Enables short and medium range communication
b) No roadside infrastructure is needed
c) Lower cost
d) It facilitates the delivery of short message
Communication
in VANETs
V2V
V2I
I2I
10
Disadvantages of V2V communication (Tanuja, Sushma, Bharathi, & Arun, 2015):
a) Frequent partitioning of topologies due to high mobility
b) Long range contact issues
c) Using traditional protocols are difficult
d) Problems in broadcasting messages in heavy traffic
Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) communication: In V2I, vehicles are able to
communicate with the fixed roadside unit. The RSU is located at the corner of the road
within the specified range and slows higher data rates. RSU is connected to the Internet,
which offer numerous entertainment facilities. (Pallavi & Neha, 2016). They mainly use
for information and data collection. (Cunha, Azzedine, Leandro, Aline, & Antonio,
2014)
A single hop V2V communication can be occurred when one vehicle communicates
with another vehicle directly if there is a direct wireless connection accessible between
them. If there is no direct connection between them, a dedicated routing protocol is used
to forward data from a vehicle to another before it reaches the destination location,
providing a multi hop V2V communication. More information transmitted between the
vehicle and RSU is secure since the RSU gives each and every user connected through
it with a unique key.
V2I system should contain these parts:
a) Vehicle On-Board Unit or Equipment (OBU/OBE)
b) Road Side Unit or Equipment (RSU/RSE)
c) Safe communication channel
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Infrastructure-to-Infrastructure (I2I) communication: Or also known as Hybrid
communication, it combines V2V and V2I. A vehicle may either communicate with the
roadside infrastructure in a single hop or multi-hop fashion, also depending on the
distance whether it can reach the roadside unit directly or not. It makes long distance
connection to the Internet or to far-away cars.
Table 1.1: Communication in VANETs
Communications in VANETs Descriptions
Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V)
Communication
It refers to a wireless network where vehicles
such as cars and buses send messages to each
other with information.
Vehicle-to-Infrastructure
(V2I) Communication
Vehicles are able to communicate with the fixed
roadside unit (RSU). The RSU is connected to the
Internet, which offer numerous entertainment
facilities.
Infrastructure-to-
Infrastructure (I2I)
Communication
A vehicle may either communicate with the RSU
in a single hop or multi-hop fashion, also
depending on the distance whether it can reach
the RSU directly or not.
Figure 2.2: Communication in VANETs
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2.3 Data Confidentiality
Confidentiality in VANETs is needed in V2V communication. Data
confidentiality ensures that private or confidential information is not made available to
unauthorized people or disclosed to them. Safety in VANETs is of special concern
because human lives may be constantly at stake. They need their personal information
to be more secure and protected against unintentional, unlawful, or unauthorized access,
disclosure, or theft. Based on (Jun & Sheikh, 2019), confidentiality ensures that the
designated user has access to the data while unauthorized person will not be able to get
the data until the confidential data were received by the designated user.
Continuing from (Jun & Sheikh, 2019), confidentiality assurances can be
encrypted by using certificates and by exchanging public keys for all messages and only
designated vehicles will get the access. Confidentiality is guaranteed through the
cryptographic solutions. In this section is the list of common threats on confidentiality:
a) Eavesdropping attack: Eavesdropping is very common in VANETs that the
objective of this attack is to get the confidential data from the protected information.
Therefore, confidential information such as user identification and location of data that
can be used to track vehicles can be revealed to non-registered users.
b) Traffic analysis attack: Traffic analysis attacks are based on what the attacker
hears in the network. The attacker simply listens to the network communication to
perform traffic analysis to determine the location of key nodes the routing structure and
even the application behavior patterns. Then the attacker will analyze all the information
and try to launch attacks.
c) Man-in-the-Middle attack: This attack takes place to closely inspect and modify
the messages in the V2V communications. The intruder may get the whole V2V
13
communication access and power, but the communication entities assume they can
communicate directly with each other in private.
2.4 Symmetric Key Encryption
In symmetric key encryption, which also known as secret key or single key
encryption, is a type of encryption that only one key is used to both encrypt and decrypt
electronic information. The private key should be kept confidential because it is used to
encrypt and decrypt files and only those that have that private key can read the encrypted
document. The data is converted to a form that nobody can understood who does not
hold that secret key to decrypt it. Once the recipient has the key that has the messages,
the algorithm will reverse its action so that the message is return to the original form
and can be understand by the recipient.
Figure 2.3: Process of symmetric key encryption (Nampally, Sharma, & Balaji, Traditional
Data Encryption Methods for VANET, 2017)
Advantages of symmetric key encryption:
a) They have short key size
b) Fast: Symmetric key encryption is much faster than asymmetric key encryption
c) They are simple: Since the symmetric key encryption only have one key that
needed to encrypt and decrypt information.
14
2.4.1 RC5 Encryption Algorithm
Following (Mohammed, 2013) study, Rivest Cipher 5 (RC5) encryption
algorithm is a symmetric key block encryption algorithm designed by Ron Rivest in
1995. It converts plain text data blocks of 16, 32, and 64 bits into cipher text blocks of
the same length. It is notable for being simple and easy to implement, fast which implies
that RC5 is word-oriented and consume less memory so that it may be easily
implemented on smart cards or other devices with restricted memory.
Figure 2.4: RC5 Encryption Algorithm (Mohammed, 2013)
According to (Verma & Singh, 2012), there are three modules in RC5 which are
key-expansion, encryption and decryption units. The algorithm for key expansion is
used to generate the round sub keys that both encryption and decryption algorithms will
be used. RC5 has different encryption and decryption algorithm. It uses integer addition
modulo 2w in encryption but in decryption it uses integer subtraction module 2w.
2.5 Network Simulator 2 (NS2)
Network Simulator 2, also known as NS2, is an open-source event-driven
simulator designed specifically for research in computer communication networks. NS2
provides simulation for routing and multicast protocols for both wired and wireless
networks. It can run on different platforms that are UNIX (or Linux), Windows and
MAC systems. It provides support for simulation of Transmission Control Protocol
15
(TCP) and it is one of the core protocols of the Internet protocol suite. It has many
benefits that make it a valuable tool, such as has advantages of large number of available
models and supports deterministic or probabilistic packet loss in queues attached to
network nodes (Nampally & Sharma, Simulators for VANET, 2017). The most recent
version of NS2 is NS-2.35.
NS2 is implemented using both the Object Tool command language (OTcl) and
C++ languages. C++ is a compiled programming language that is used to implement the
detail protocol while OTcl is used to create and control the simulation environment
itself. By combining both languages, they can exploit TLC/C++ interface, called as
TclCL to allow interaction between them. Tools such as NAM (Network AniMator) and
XGraph are used when corporates with NS2.
Figure 1.5: Architecture of NS2 (Subramaniam, 2009)
2.6 Existing projects and researches
In this part, the previously researches to the proposed project was studies and
will be discussed. For every mentioned paper, some explanations along with its
advantages will be discussed in order to provide some familiarities and understanding
regarding these previous studies.
16
2.6.1 An Efficient Data Transmission in VANET Using Clustering Method
This paper by (Suganthi, 2017) proposed technique utilizes the clustering
method to conquer Sybil attack which prompts to a protected communication network
on detection of Sybil nodes. In VANETs, clustering is used on order to split the network
into groups of mobile vehicles and boost routing, data collection and clustering. Two
different approaches: 1. stating clustering which is based on V2I communications in
which RSU act as static cluster heads. The vehicles are related to RSUs thus in order to
have communication and connectivity with the Internet in real time. Sometimes,
because of the great distance between the RSUs, the RSUs are not always linked to
vehicles with high mobility. 2. Dynamic clustering which is based on V2V
communications. The heads cluster were chosen from cluster members. The idea of
static cluster heads is altered by this method. As the dynamic clusters are in motion on
the road, the vehicles either join or leave the clusters according to their speed to the
identified cluster heads. The proposed technique has improved the network’s overall
performance and the reliability which results in improved throughput and less delay.
The clusters that were created also was stable.
2.6.2 Design and Simulation of Network Using NS2
In this paper, (Mohammed, 2013) presented a study of how to design and
simulate of network using NS2 by using a cryptography algorithm as to security
information. The author also defines the configuration for the simple network and uses
the NS2 simulator to build a corresponding model by using NS2 simulator,
demonstrates the selected characteristics of the specified network configuration using
the simulation model, and displays the data transfer scenario between nodes. NS2 were
used in this research paper by implementing the RC5 encryption algorithm to cipher
17
package data transmission that transfer between 35 nodes with AODV routing protocol.
At the end of this research, the author concluded that NS2.28 were used in the research
as tool to design a network of the simulation. RC5 incorporates rotations that indicates
to strengthen the algorithm and to secure a package transfer of information between
nodes and communications. The author also highlighted for a future work to combine
of two types of cryptographic algorithm to be more secure transmission.
2.6.3 Performance Analysis of RC5, Blowfish and DES Block Cipher Algorithms
In this paper, performance analysis of RC5, Blowfish and DES block cipher
algorithms have been done on the basis of execution time and resource utilization. For
assessing resource usage, both CPU utilization and memory utilization are taken into
account. The parameterized algorithm of these three algorithms encrypts two w-bits at
a time. RC5, Blowfish and DES block cipher algorithms in this research were compared
in C# in Visual Studio 2009. The authors (Verma & Singh, 2012) concluded that RC5
block cipher is faster and simpler than Blowfish and DES block cipher algorithms where
high encryption rates are needed, RC5 was beneficial.
18
2.7 Literature Review – Comparison of Network Simulators
Table 2.2: Comparison of Network Simulators
Simulator License Environment Simulation
Language
Advantages Limitations
NS2 Open
source
- provides substantial
support for simulation of
TCP, routing, and
multicast protocols over
wired and wireless
networks
- C++ used to
implement the
detailed protocol
- OTcl used to
create and control
the simulation
environment itself
- has advantages of large
number of available models
- supports deterministic or
probabilistic packet loss in
queues attached to network
nodes
- can be hard to use
and need advanced
skills needed to
perform the
simulations
Simulation of
Urban
MObility
(SUMO)
Open
source
- microscopic road traffic
simulation package
- can manage large
environments
- TraCI is available
in different
programming
languages: C++,
Java, Python, and
MATLAB
- no limitations in road
network size and vehicle
number
- can combine with
openstreetmap.org, can
simulate traffic in different
locations of the globe
- its generated
traces cannot be
directly used by the
available network
simulators since
SUMO is a pure
traffic generator
Traffic and
Network
Simulation
Environment
(TraNS)
Open
source
- It is an integration of
traffic simulator (SUMO)
with network simulator
(NS2) to generate realistic
simulation of VANETs
- Java
- C++
- TraNS can support
visualization using Google
Earth
Mobility
model
generator for
vehicular
networks
(MOVE)
Open
source
- it is implemented in Java
and runs on the top of
micro traffic simulator
SUMO
- Java - provides a GUI that allows
the user to quickly generate
realistic simulation
scenarios
- didn’t have a
continuous
development in
software
19
2.8 Literature Review – Existing Projects and Researches
Table 2.3: Existing projects and researches
Author/Year Title Descriptions Approach(es) Advantages
(Suganthi, 2017) An Efficient Data
Transmission in
VANET Using
Clustering Method
- the proposed technique
utilizes the clustering
method to conquer Sybil
attack which prompts to a
protected communication
network on detection of
Sybil nodes
- static clustering which
is based on V2I
communication in which
the RSU act as static
cluster heads
- dynamic clustering
which is based on V2V
communication
- overall performance
and efficiency of
network has an
increasing throughput
- less delay
- the clusters are stable
(Mohammed, 2013) Design and
Simulation of
Network Using NS2
- presenting how to use
network simulator NS2
simulation for designing
networks and using
cryptography algorithm as
to security information
- NS2 as simulation tool
that use C++ language
and OTcl as its scripting
language
- Cryptography algorithm
to send data securely
between two nodes
- RC5 incorporates
rotations that indicates
to strengthen the
algorithm
(Verma & Singh, 2012) Performance Analysis
of RC5, Blowfish and
DES Block Cipher
Algorithms
- performance analysis of
RC5, Blowfish and DES
block cipher algorithm
which have been done on
the basis of execution
time and resource
utilization
- symmetric encryption:
RC5, Blowfish and DES
block cipher algorithm
- The authors decided
that RC5 is faster and
simpler than Blowfish
and DES block cipher
algorithm
20
2.9 Summary
This chapter provides an overview anything related to this project; data
confidentiality, car-to-car communications, and NS2. Literature review helps in
determining whether the technology has been studied before or not. It also helps
determining the idea and technology that will be used in this project to develop a better
project compared to the previous one. The algorithm that being used will be a help in
generate a better of project research in the future. A literature review is done to ensure no
identical research is done.
21
CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
This chapter will introduce and discuss the methodology that has been used to
develop this project. Methodology is a systematic way to solve the research problem by
applying technique, algorithm and method. Research on this topic is done to understand in
depth on the technique and algorithm used during implementation. By using the
methodology, it can ensure an exact process and increases the probability of achieving the
desired final objective. This project will be focused more to obtain the objectives of the
project.
3.2 Framework
This part will be discussed and focused more on simulation of the framework.
Simulation is an approximate imitation of a process or device running over time that reflects
its operation. Thus, in this project, the NS2 simulator will be used as to create a network
model to simulate the vehicles’ mobility.
22
Figure 3.1: Framework of data confidentiality for car-to-car communications in NS2
This figure shows the framework of this project. Firstly, the NS2 and NAM were
installed in Ubuntu 16.04 where it was found that Ubuntu 16.04 is the most compatible
version for NS2. Next, create a network model to simulate the vehicle's mobility in the
NS2. The simulation will be tested and evaluate whether user is satisfied enough with the
network model. After that, need to apply the RC5 encryption algorithm in the VANETs
environment and then only we will like need to see how the vehicles move and
communicate between each other. Must also make sure whether the transmission between
vehicles and vehicles are secure and the data confidentiality too. Thus, if everything is
secure and confidentiality is guaranteed enough, a result and discussion can be done. If not,
need to look back at the algorithm to make an improvement in the network model. The
simulation can be done again until the confidentiality data is secure in this VANETs
environment.
23
3.3 Algorithm
This chapter will discuss about the algorithm that will be used to carry out of the
project. It will also explain thoroughly about the algorithm and the reason why it was
chosen. The algorithm that will be apply in the VANETs environment is RC5 encryption
algorithm. It is a symmetric key block encryption algorithm designed by Ron Rivest in
1995. It converts plain text data blocks of 16, 32, and 64 bits into cipher text blocks of the
same length.
Keywords:
w = word size (two word blocks, 16, 32, 64 bits)
r = number of rounds (0-255)
b = number of bytes in secret key (0-255)
K = b-byte secret key: K[0], K[1]
e.g.: RC5 – w/r/b
RC5 – 32/16/10 = 32-bit words, 16 rounds, 10 byte expanded key table of 2(16+1) = 34
24
Figure 3.2: Flowchart of RC5 encryption algorithm
Step 1: XOR C & D of each round to produce E
Step 2: Circular left shift E by D bits
Step 3: E added to next sub key
Step 4: XOR D & F to produce G
Step 5: Circular left shift G by F bits
Step 6: G is added to next sub key
Step 7: increment I by 1
I = i+1
If i<r
Call F as C again
Call H as D again
Go back to step 1
Else
Stop
End if
25
Table 3.1: Encryption and decryption of RC5 encryption algorithm
ENCRYPTION A = A + S[0]
B = B + S[1]
For i=1 to r do
{
A = ((A XOR B) <<< B) + S[2i]
B = ((B XOR A) <<< A) + S[2i+1]
}
next i
Input: Plain text stored in two w-bit
input registers A and B. r denotes the
no of rounds and 2r+2 w-bit round
keys S[0,1, …, 2r+1]
Output: Cipher text will be store in
A and B
DECRYPTION For i=r down to I do
{
A = ((B-S[2i+1) >>>A) XOR A
B = ((A-S[2i) >>>B) XOR B
}
next I
B = B-S[I]
A = A-S[0]
Input: Cipher text stored in two w-
bit input registers A and B. r denotes
the no of rounds and 2r+2 w-bit
round keys S[0, 1, ..., 2r + 1]
Output: Plain text will be store in A
and B
26
3.4 Flowchart
Flowchart is a type of diagram that represents a workflow or process. In this part,
flowchart can also be defined as a diagrammatic representation of an algorithm, a step-by-
step approach in data confidentiality for car-to-car communications in NS2.
Figure shows the flowchart for data confidentiality for car to car communications
in NS2. This simulation involved user and the NS2 server itself. In this project, NS2 and
NAM were installed in Ubuntu Linux operating system before the start of simulation. After
the installation was completed, TCl script will be upload to be read and simulate in the
NS2. The TCl script that was uploaded is edited according to the requirement of the
network to be tested. Secondly, apply the RC5 encryption algorithm in the TCl script too
so that it can be tested whether the algorithm is success or not. Next, the TCl script will be
executed and network was scanned in NS2. A trace file will be executed automatically
saved as the output after being simulated in the NS2. The NAM will present a visual
simulation of traffic in the network. After that, the trace file produced was analyse in an
analyser such as Perl. Then, the analysed result was output to be studied and a graph was
plotted from the result that would appear at XGraph if we input the command needed.
Lastly, the evaluation of the result from simulation will be done and the user will decide if
he is satisfied with the current network model. If the user is satisfied, then the whole system
is success. If not, the work will be repeat by input another TCl script with the encryption
algorithm that much secure for the improvement of data confidentiality in the VANETs
until the user is satisfied.
27
Figure 3.3: Flowchart of data confidentiality for car-to-car communications in NS2
28
3.5 Proof of Concept
Figure 3.4: Installation of NS2
Figure 3.5: Installation of NAM and run it
29
Figure 3.6: Input the sample of Tcl script
3.6 Software and hardware requirement
Hardware and software are two important things that we need to have to ensure the
successful of this project. The system cannot be developed if these software and hardware
is not available as they got their own role and function. The details on hardware and
software are a shown in Table 3.2 and Table 3.3.
Table 3.2: List of hardware used
Hardware Description
Laptop Model: HP Laptop 14s-cf0xxx
Processor: Intel Core i5-8250U CPU @ 1.60GHz 1.80
GHz
RAM: 8.00 GB
OS: Windows 10, Kali Linux, Ubuntu in VM VirtualBox
30
Table 3.3: List of software used
Software Description
Ubuntu Mainly used operating system and act as server
Oracle VM VirtualBox A virtualization tool to run Ubuntu
Kali Linux A Debian-based Linux distribution to run Oracle VM
VirtualBox
NS2 Simulation used to simulate network tested that worked
on Ubuntu
NAM An animation tool which is employed to view the
network simulation trace data. It supports topology
layout, level packet animation, and various data
inspection tools.
XGraph Plot graph for better understanding and pattern
observation in performance analysis
Google Chrome Browser to run the system and do research related
studies about project
Microsoft Office 2016
• Microsoft Word 2016
• Microsoft PowerPoint
2016
Tools that are used for documentation of the project,
creating report, presentation slide, and creating
diagrams
31
3.7 Summary
In this chapter, the flow of the project is being shown in the framework and detailed
view of how the whole system works has been displayed. Then, it briefly explained how
the RC5 encryption algorithm works and will be implemented in the VANETs
environments later. The requirements of software and hardware for the development of the
system are generally described.
32
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