Norwegian University of Science and Technology

Capability Statement

Energy for Development

2005

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Norwegian University of Science and Technology Energy for Development Capability Statement 1. Energy for Developing Countries: The Challenge 4

2. Capability at NTNU 5

2.1. History, Profile and Strategy 5

2.2. Organization Map and Functions 6

2.2.1. Strategic Research Area; Energy and Environment 6

2.2.2. Strategic Research Area; Globalization Programme 8

2.2.3. Relevant Interdisciplinary Programmes 8

2.2.4. Local Partnerships 9

2.3. Research Activities and Education 9

2.3.1. Energy Systems 11

2.3.2. Hydropower 13

2.3.3. Bioenergy 16

2.3.4. Solar Energy 17

2.3.5. Wind Energy 18

2.3.6. Energy and Society 18

2.4. Faculties, Staff and Facilities 19

3. Collaborating Universities and Institutions 24

Appendix A Results and Publications 26

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Background The Capability Statement Energy for Development aims to present an overview of the various activities, projects and capabilities at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), which are related to renewable energy in developing countries. The report emphasises NTNU, and the information is primarily gathered from staff members. The presented projects and contacts at SINTEF and the International Centre for Hydropower do not give a complete overview of relevant activities etc., as it presents only projects which are in directly collaboration with NTNU. There may also be several other relevant projects at NTNU which are not included in this Capability Statement. Hence, information, comments and recommendations to this draft are very welcome. The Capability Statement Energy for Development is initiated by the Programme for Development Cooperation at NTNU. Åse Lekang Sørensen (Research Assistant, Department of Energy and Process Engineering) and Knut Stenberg (Co-ordinator, Programme for Development Cooperation) have been responsible for compiling the statement. However, the statement was only made possible by the invaluable advice and ssistance given by staff members at NTNU.

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1. Energy for Developing Countries: The Challenge Energy is an underlying driver of economic growth and social development. Yet human consumption of energy in the form of fossil fuels, primarily in developed countries, is altering the Earth's climate and contributing to increased vulnerability of the world's poorest people. While evidence suggests a need for both demand reduction and alternative energy sources in the North, there is also a parallel need to increase energy supplies in the South—and to do this in a way which promotes sustainable development. Two years have passed since the World Summit on Sustainable Development formulated a Plan of Action. This plan identified the need to “take joint action and improve efforts to work together at all levels to improve access to reliable and affordable energy services for sustainable development sufficient to facilitate the achievements of the millennium development goals, including the goal of halving the proportion of people in poverty by 2015”1. The energy supply necessary to achieve this goal, as well as the implications for world energy consumption, represent enormous challenges. The prospects for energy consumption and carbon emissions related to a substantial increase in wealth, given the existing energy consumption pattern, are alarming. • Energy intensity (the ratio of energy use to Gross Domestic Product (GDP)) often depends on a

country’s stage of development. While the world average GDP per energy unit in the year 2000 was 0.25 USD per kWh, increasing with 1 per cent annually, it was half of that in low income countries.

• The carbon emissions from energy production depend on the source of energy. It has been going down with newer and renewable energy carriers being exploited, from 75 tons per kWyr a hundred years ago to 55 tons today. In Africa, where the commercial supply is dominated by coal (78 tons/kWyr) and oil (60 tons/kWyr), the carbon intensity is still close to world average 100 years ago2.

Various developing countries have developed energy strategies addressing the needs of their country. To succeed with the strategies, cost effective, efficient and sustainable energy services must be available. Decentralization of renewable energy services may be a promising solution, as decentralization has the ability to facilitate technology transfer, increase equity in the distribution and consumption of resources, and increase participation of local communities in the supply of energy services.

1 Johannesburg Summit (2002). The World Summit on Sustainable Development. United Nations. Johannesburg, South Africa 2 M.I. Hoffert et. al., Nature, 1998, 395, pp.881-4, “Energy Implications of Future Atmospheric Stabilization of CO2 Content”

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2. Capability at NTNU

2.1. History, Profile and Strategy The new university in Trondheim, NTNU, which has come into existence due to the fully fledged merger in 1995 of the Norwegian Institute of Technology, NTH, and the University of Trondheim, UNIT, has identified six areas for its strategic focus. One of these areas is Energy and Petroleum - Resources and Environment. Given Norway’s abundant hydro-electric resources, NTH had since its inauguration in 1910 been the national strong hold for research and education in technologies for production and distribution of electric power – from hydrology, dams, water tunnels, turbines, generators, high voltages switches and transformers to end user applications. Combustion technology has also become a more important area, not least since the 1970s with the discoveries and exploitation of the vast gas resources off the Norwegian shore. Increased focus on energy efficiency has coincided with these developments. Newer technologies for heat pumps and heat exchangers have become an expanding area for research and education. Simultaneously exploitation of new renewable energy sources has attracted increased interest amongst technologists and scientists. Wind energy has been an area of research at both NTNU and SINTEF for more than 20 years. In recent years, Norway’s deposits of Silicon Oxide, SiO2, have lead to a new focus on photo voltaic solar cells and solar systems. Energy has always been an area which has engaged a multitude of disciplines. At NTNU architects and construction engineers have undertaken the task of developing energy efficient buildings and combining heat saving design with integrated energy producing components from renewable resources as sun and geo thermal sources. Social scientists have also contributed to this area, by studying new technologies from a demand side point of view; what obstacles are there for new and efficient technologies, as heat exchangers, before they are fully accepted by customers. As a part of NTNU’s internationalisation strategy, and for NTNU to be internationally competitive, an active role in an international and varied educational system is important. This includes countries in the developing part of the world.

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2.2. Organization map and Functions

SINTEF Energy Research

SINTEF Technology and Society

Electric Power Technology Energy Processes Energy Systems

Architecture and Building Technology

Gemini CentresMaterials and EnergyEnergy Supply and Air Conditioning Tech.Electric Power and Energy Systems

Strategic Areas

Relevant Interdisciplinary Programmes

Energy and Petroleum - Resources and Environment

Globalization Production systems in a globalised world

Study ProgrammesEnergy and the Environment

Other relevant study programmes:Product development and ProductionChemistry and BiotechnologyCivil and Environmental EngineeringMaterials TechnologyGeology and Petroleum EngineeringMarine Technology Humanities and Social Sciences

The Industrial Ecology Programme

The Natural Resource Program

Programme for Development Cooperation

Environmental and social responsibility

Centre for Renewable Energy, NTNU-SINTEF

GroupsEnergy System AnalysisEnergy and SocietyTRANSES

The Gas Technology Center, NTNU-SINTEF

Figure: The map shows some of the centres, groups and programmes relevant for renewable energy in developing countries 2.2.1. Strategic Research Area; Energy and Environment Through the strategic area “Energy and Petroleum - Resources and Environment” NTNU seeks to strengthen the knowledge base for sustainable production and consumption of energy. The overall goal of this research and education is to participate in the global innovation process and bring forward new knowledge, technology and economic solutions that may be useful to society, and make it possible to meet future energy demands with substantially less harmful emissions.

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The activities cover technology from the source to the end user. More than 30 research groups at 20 departments at NTNU and SINTEF are involved, working in teams in order to solve complicated problems within selected areas. Centre for Renewable Energy, NTNU – SINTEF (SFFE) To support the central strategy and improve the availability and marketability of renewable energy sources, NTNU have initiated the establishment of a new Centre for Renewable Energy. This centre was opened in June 2004 with the aim of contributing to the establishment of NTNU and SINTEF as leading actors in the development of renewable energy technology, through superior education and research. A Board of Directors, comprising also members from key industries in the sub sector, had their first meeting in February 2005. Professor Johan E. Hustad of Department of Energy and Process Engineering is the leader of SFFE. The combined effort is comprised of; primary solar energy, small-scale hydropower, wind energy strategic programme, bio-energy, energy from the ocean, ambient heat, hydrogen technology for energy storage, energy system integration and societal issues. The Gas Technology Center, NTNU – SINTEF (GTS) The Gas Technology Center is the largest center for gas technology research and education in Norway. As natural gas is cleaner than oil and coal, gas research enables us to create a more environmentally friendly planet. The Center aims at building knowledge and technology which contribute to an efficient and environmentally friendly utilization of natural gas. The competence within the Gas Technology Center covers the entire value chain from extraction to end-user Group; Energy system analysis Energy system analysis is a central research activity within the field of energy research and the activities are located at various faculties within NTNU. The introduction of competitive electricity and gas markets offers a significant challenge to the transition to a sustainable and flexible energy infrastructure. With the advent of competition and increased uncertainty, the traditional long-term planning activities of governments and monopoly utilities have been severely diluted, causing potential gridlock and under-investment in energy infrastructures, with significant economic and social consequences. The Energy System Analysis group wants to find solutions to these problems. One of the group’s research programmes, Sustainable Energy Distribution Systems (SEDS), is a combined effort by NTNU and SINTEF Energy Research. The main objective of this programme is to develop a scientifically based framework for the planning of mixed energy distribution systems, including methods and models for optimal integration of different energy sources and carriers within the existing electric power system infrastructure. The programme primarily focuses on Northern Europe, but knowledge and experience from the programme is also valid for systems in the developing world. Group; Energy and Society The research group “Energy and Society” aims to contribute knowledge which is useful to the creation of a more sustainable energy regime in Norway and at an international level. To achieve this, the group analyses social and cultural dimensions of energy use in residential and non-residential buildings and in political and economical conditions of more sustainable energy production. The research group collaborates with researchers on energy technologies from technical and non-technical disciplines. An example of relevant projects is “Development of export-oriented new and renewable energy industries in Norway and China – Actor strategies and framework conditions”. This project aims to analyse how Norwegian and Chinese new renewable energy industrial actors view the domestic conditions influencing their chances of developing through international technology co-operation. Furthermore, it will examine the

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strategies these actors employ to change these conditions. Finally, suggestions will be forwarded for improvements to the current operative framework for new renewable energy technology co-operation in order to better support the needs of new renewable energy actors. Group; Alternatives for the Transition to Sustainable Energy Services (TRANSES) NTNU and SINTEF have - in co-operation with Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Chalmers University of Technology - established a Joint Research Program on Alternatives for the Transition to Sustainable Energy Services (TRANSES) in Northern Europe. The TRANSES program will create an international arena for dissemination of results, dialogue and exchange of ideas in order to gain a swifter transition to sustainable energy services. Study Programme; Energy and the Environment The study programme Energy and the Environment is describes in Chapter 2.3, Research Activities and Education. 2.2.2. Strategic Research Area; Globalization Programme Another strategic research area for NTNU is The Globalization Programme. The Programme is based on NTNU’s long-standing tradition of globalization research and combines academic excellence, interdisciplinarity and social relevance. Group; Production Systems in a Globalised World The overriding goal for Production Systems in a Globalised World is to develop knowledge that will contribute to the understanding of how individual nations and the actors in the production of goods and services can find roles and positions that are sustainable and competitive in the interaction with other countries and actors. This research will be generally useful for problems that arise in the cooperation between industrialised and developing countries in the field. The group has four main themes, of which “Environmental and social responsibility” is one. 2.2.3. Relevant Interdisciplinary Programmes Programme for Development Cooperation The main aim of Programme for Development Cooperation is to promote cooperation between NTNU and partners in developing countries on research and research based education. In addition to challenges related to cultural, social, economical, ecological, technological and political change in third world countries, the objective is to help build lasting capabilities for research and research education in the South. Programme for Development Cooperation will, in close collaboration with the academic milieus at NTNU, work to strengthen interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary research on development issues by bringing students and academic staff with a common interest in the field together, across traditional disciplinary dividers. Industrial Ecology Programme (IndEcol) IndEcol is a university programme in the area of Industrial Ecology. Industrial ecology is a dynamic, systems-based framework that enables management of human activity on a sustainable basis by minimizing energy and materials usage, ensuring acceptable quality of life for people, minimizing ecological impacts of human activity to levels natural systems can sustain, and maintaining economic viability of systems for industry, trade and commerce. The activities at IndEcol have a strong attention to interdisciplinary research and teaching, bridging technology and social sciences. IndEcol is currently carrying out research on the environmental effects of the globalization of energy intensive industry. The working hypothesis is that the relocation of energy-intensive industry to developing

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countries, justified by financial efficiency, will in fact have an adverse effect on the environment and the use of natural resources. The focus is on how localisation of industry is significant for global pollution. The Natural Resource Program The study program for natural resource management at NTNU is a multidisciplinary education and research programme, which was initiated in 2002. The program aims at educating and training well qualified persons as actors within institutions and companies, who are capable of handling multidisciplinary challenges. Sustainable development is critical for economical development in many developing countries. It is therefore important to gain knowledge about resources available today, using existing technologies, as well as how these resources can be used in a sustainable manner. NTNU has a solid foundation in natural sciences, interwoven with broadly based expertise in the humanities and social sciences. This offers a unique opportunity to work in a multidisciplinary environment with current natural resource challenges, both national and international. 2.2.4. Local Partnerships SINTEF SINTEF is the largest independent research organisation in Scandinavia, with 1700 employees. The SINTEF Group develop solutions based on research and development in technology, natural sciences, medicine and social sciences. SINTEF is a main partner institution for NTNU, sharing laboratories, offices and personnel. Most strategic research areas at NTNU heavily involve SINTEF. The collaboration between NTNU and SINTEF entered a new phase in 2003, with the establishment of five Gemini Centres. The Gemini concept is a model for cooperation between parallel research groups that has the objective of coordinating their strategic efforts, thus raising the level of quality and creating larger, more robust research groups. The vision of the Gemini Centres is that their milieu should be international leaders in all respects, from teaching, through basic and applied research, to commercialisation. There are now ten Gemini Centres established, including Materials and energy, Energy supply and air conditioning technology, and Electric Power and Energy Systems. The research department SINTEF Energy Research develops solutions related to power generation and conversion, transmission and distribution and the final use of electricity and other types of energy carriers. The work of the department ranges from the indoor environment and energy consumption in buildings to gas technology, combustion, bioenergy and food technology. International Centre for Hydropower (ICH) The International Centre for Hydropower is an international association that promotes the development and utilization of hydropower as an environmentally benign source of energy throughout the world. The purpose of ICH is to raise the standards of competence of industry personnel, promote the industry and work for a sustainable development with hydropower as a clean and renewable source of energy. ICH offices are located at the campus of NTNU and surrounded by SINTEF departments. There is close co-operation between ICH and NTNU, and professors from NTNU are involved in teaching in courses offered by ICH.

2.3 Research Activities and Education NTNU is a university with a focus on technology and the natural sciences, as well as a solid standing in the humanities and the social sciences. As the second-largest university in Norway it has 53 departments, seven faculties, and 3300 employees. About half of these employees are in research positions, and students and scientists are involved in around 2000 research projects at any given time. Each year about 2250 professional, master-level or PhD degrees are awarded, and a third of these are to female students. There are 20 000 registered students at NTNU and the university offers more than 2000 taught subjects.

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While this Capability Statement may not present all the excising projects relevant to renewable energy in developing countries, it does aim to give an insight in some relevant ongoing activities at NTNU. Some of the involved departments and groups can be found in the map below.

Economic efficiency, environmental sustainability and social equity are all main dimensions of sustainable development. Only by working interdisciplinary a better understanding of the synergies and trade-offs among these three dimensions may be achieved. In this chapter research activities and education relevant to renewable energy in developing countries are therefore presented in themes and not divided by faculties. There also exists several other Master Programmes at NTNU regarding either energy or developing countries, and there may also be other Master Programmes in relation to energy use in developing countries. Some of the presented research activities are supported by Norwegian Council for Higher Education’s Programme for Development Research and Education (NUFU). The NUFU-programme promotes mutually beneficial cooperation between academic institutions in the South and in Norway. An agreement between the Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (NORAD) and the Norwegian Council for Higher Education (UHR) provides funding for the NUFU programme. For more information, see http://siu.no/nufu.

Faculties Departments Research Groups

Faculty of Architecture and Fine Art Architectural Design, History and Technology Architectural Design, Form and Colour

Power Systems group Faculty of Information Technology, Mathematics and Electrical Engineering Electrical Power Engineering Energy Conversion group Electrical Installations group Energy and Environment engineering

Faculty of Engineering Science and Technology Energy and Process Engineering The Thermal Energy Group Civil and Transport Engineering Geology and Mineral Resources Engineering Marine Technology Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering Faculty of Arts Interdisciplinary Cultural Studies Research group for gender studies Energy, Transportation and the Environment

Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology Materials Technology Physics Group of Energy and Environmental Physics

Faculty of Social Sciences and Technology Management Geography Sociology and Political Science Industrial Economics and Technology Management Social Anthropology African Studies

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For programmes located at NTNU, the NORAD-fellowship programme and the Quota programme are relevant financial support programmes for candidates from developing countries. At present NTNU offers the following courses under NORAD-fellowship programme; M.Sc. course in Hydropower Development; M.Sc. courses in Petroleum Engineering/Petroleum Geoscience; M.Sc. course in Marine Technology; M.Phil. course in Social Change; and Diploma course in Urban Ecological Planning. In the Quota programme NTNU has the largest institutional quota in Norway with 175 seats (155 for developing countries and 20 for Central and Eastern Europe).

2.3.1 Energy Systems

Developing countries suffer from an underdeveloped energy infrastructure, which commonly means expensive and/or unreliable energy service, and often high environmental and health costs. It is therefore necessary to look at the complete energy system, not only the separate energy sources and technologies. NTNU and SINTEF have valuable experience within energy systems, including energy transport and network connections. Master's Program in Energy and the Environment Faculty of Engineering Science and Technology Energy and the Environment is an interdisciplinary study established in 1998. The program gives complete five-year education curriculum for modern energy engineers with a broad and integrated energy and environmental profile. The program is built up to cover important energy related problems with considerable impact to the environment. The key issues are effective and environmentally friendly obtaining, exploration and conversion of energy resources, as well as distribution, transportation and end-use of energy in different sectors. Other important ingredients are energy planning, both locally and globally, bearing in mind the prerequisites that we cover all our real requirements. The two first years consist of method courses and fundamental energy engineering courses. Beginning with the third year, one can specialize in one of four lines of study: Energy Use and Energy Planning, Electrical Energy Systems, Heat and Energy Processes and Industrial Ecology. Specialization: Energy, Environment and Development Faculty of Engineering Science and Technology (SIO-10 Energi, miljø og utvikling) In the specialization ‘Energy, Environment and Development’ students are working with a project relevant to sustainable energy systems in developing countries. The project form the specialization, together with two of the following courses; “Bioenergy in developing countries”, “Solar Energy Systems”, “Energy Systems Analysis for Developing Countries” and “Energy, development and technology cooperation”. A diploma may follow this project, preferably at a foreign university or as fieldwork in a developing country. Possible diplomas might be; Energy, environment and development in developing countries; Solar Power in Africa; Stand-Alone Power Supplies; Electrification, Bioenergy and Waste management in Uganda; Analysis of Clean Development Mechanisms; or Sand Erosion in Hydraulic Machinery. There are possibilities for a co-operation with Norwegian companies working with energy projects in developing countries. Course: Energy, development and technology cooperation The topic gives an introduction to technology cooperation between North and South with focus on energy, existing frameworks, potentials and barriers. Discussed themes include; Introduction and status of climate negotiations; Flexible mechanisms of the Kyoto Protocol, focusing on the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM); Economical and political framework for projects within energy technology cooperation; and Funds for new renewable energy technologies.

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Master Degree Program: Sustainable Energy and Environment in Serbia and Montenegro Faculty of Engineering Science and Technology The overall objective for this long term collaboration project is to give a contribution to development of a sustainable and environmentally friendly energy system, which will improve quality of life for the people and support growth of the new democracy in Serbia and Montenegro. The particular aim for the project is to develop and establish a new post-graduate programme (Master Degree) for the field of “Sustainable Energy and Environment” at the University of Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro. The work will take benefits from Norwegian experience gained through similar educational program that have been established at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology and also introduced at several universities in East European Countries. The Master Degree Programme gives a two-year curriculum for modern energy engineers with a broad and integrated energy and environmental profile. The programme is built up to cover important energy related issues with considerable impact to the environment. The key subjects are effective and environmental friendly obtaining, exploration and conversion of energy resources, likewise distribution, transportation and end-use of energy in different sectors, covering both buildings and industry. The funding for the project is obtained by grants from Norwegian authorities, trough The Cooperation Programme with South Eastern Europe - Research and Higher Education. Master Degree Program: Master of Engineering in Electrical Power Engineering Faculty of Information Technology, Mathematics and Electrical Engineering The Department of Electrical Power Engineering is among the international leaders for teaching and research within its field. Strong-point areas include energy technology, energy consumption and energy planning. Examples on research activities are distributed energy resources in Nepal and stand-alone PV systems. The Master of Engineering in the Electrical Power Engineering program is an international program designed for improving the professional competence of electrical engineers in Nepal, South-East Asia, and Africa in the electrical power engineering field. This program is currently a 3-semester masters program. The program is run by Kathmandu University (KU) in cooperation with NTNU, under Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (NORAD) fellowship program. Gradually the course will be completely transferred to Kathmandu University, after transfer of knowledge and expertise from NTNU to KU in some areas of electrical power engineering. Master Degree Program: MSc Programme in Industrial Ecology The Industrial Ecology Programme (IndEcol) offers a new international MSc Programme in Industrial Ecology from fall term 2005. The master programme will be both interdisciplinary and international, accepting students with different educational backgrounds from Norway as well as the rest of the world. Students at NTNU's Master’s in Industrial Ecology program specialize in one of three program directions;

• Quantitative Environmental Analysis in Industrial Ecology • Industrial Ecology and Design, Innovation and Production • Policy, Leadership and Implementation of Industrial Ecology

Course: Energy Carriers and Energy Systems in Developing Countries Faculty of Engineering Science and Technology, Department of Energy and Process Engineering The Department of Energy and Process Engineering is currently planning a course within renewable energy systems in developing countries. The course preparation is financed by NTNU. The aim of the course is to provide students with an understanding of the energy situation in developing countries. The subjects will be lectured at Makerere University in Uganda and students from both Makerere

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and NTNU will attend the programme. The programme contains: An overview of the current world-wide energy situation, with emphasis on the energy situation in Africa and Uganda; Development theories and energy issues related to development; Gender perspectives on energy development; Local, regional and global energy and environmental problems; Summary of traditional and modern energy-systems in household and industry with emphasis on bioenergy, solar energy and small scale hydro power. In the course of fieldwork and project work students will be introduced to various energy systems. Course: Energy Systems Analysis for Developing Countries (SIO40AS/TEP21 Energisystemanalyse og utvikling) Faculty of Engineering Science and Technology, Department of Energy and Process Engineering The course aims to give students an understanding of energy issues and associated environmental problems in developing countries. The course goes through specific issues, such as household energy use and its relation to poverty and resource scarcity, the health impacts of biomass and coal combustion, responses to fuel wood scarcity, the introduction and governance of commercial energy systems. Course: Energy management (TEP4150 Energiforvaltning og – teknologi) Faculty of Engineering Science and Technology The course aims to give an introduction to basic problems according energy use and management, both seen from a technical and society view. The course contains; Characterizing of energy recourses, transformation and use; Energy situation in the world: energy use, distribution and development trends; Different energy systems and their structure; Norway’s role in the European and global energy system; What is sustainable energy systems? Prognoses, scenarios and planning; Energy and economical analysis; Energy in developing countries; Energy and ethics. Course: Sustainability - case Xi´an – Sustainable and Energy Efficient Buildings Faculty of Engineering Science and Technology, Dept. of Energy and Process Engineering The course is arranged and taught by professors from NTNU and Xi´an University of Architecture and Technology (XUAT), and is mainly focusing on energy issues. A special focus will be placed on electricity saving technologies, as the generation of electricity involves very important environmental impacts. Subjects covered will be: energy analysis of buildings, economic analysis of energy conservation measures, technology potentials for improving the building fabric and its technical service systems, exploitation of renewable energy (solar heating, solar cooling, day lighting, solar electricity, natural ventilation). Project: Sure Build The project Sure Build, Sustainable Redevelopment of Buildings in Poland, includes the partners Dept. of Architectural Design, Form and Colour Studies, dept. of Architectural Design, History and Technology and Warsaw University of Technology (WUT), Poland. Main project goals are; Promoting the idea of sustainable development in lights of ratification of the Kyoto protocol; and Recognition of the countries’ markets for future economical cooperation in the building sector. Sub goals include implementation and demonstration of sustainable energy technologies and proposal of new building integrated energy saving.

2.3.2 Hydropower

NTNU and SINTEF have invaluable experience within both large scale and small scale hydropower research and development. Different faculties and departments (such as Dept. of Geology and Mineral Resources Engineering, Dept. of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, Dept. of Energy and Process Engineering and Dept. of Civil and Transport Engineering) are working within various international research areas, and there exists numerous ongoing and completed research activities, such as PhD-projects and MSc-theses, and also other kind of cooperation with developing countries. Some of the involved countries are Bhutan, Nepal, Vietnam, Tanzania, Ethiopia, Uganda, China, Colombia, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Laos, and Iran.

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MSc in Hydropower Development (12 NORAD Fellows, 6-7 Quota Programme students) Faculty of Engineering Science and Technology, Department of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering Professor in charge: Haakon Støle Dr.ing. Course Co-ordinator: Hilbjørg Sandvik The main objective of the programme is to offer continuing education for future project managers in hydropower development and planners in the hydropower sector. The focus is on the needs experienced by the hydropower authorities and agencies in developing countries. A wide range of engineering, economic and environmental subjects is covered, with both fundamental and applied subjects included, with emphasis on the latter. The lecturers are university staff and professional engineers with significant international experience. The programme is consistent in referring to international practice and experience, not only the Norwegian experience in hydropower planning and development. Hydropower Laboratory in Nepal (Hydro Lab Pvt Ltd) Faculty of Engineering Science and Technology; Contact Person: Haakon Støle An independent hydro laboratory with permanent facilities was established in Nepal in 1999, through the support of the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) and the International Centre for Hydropower (ICH) in Trondheim, Norway. The objective of the hydro lab is to assist in the achievement of national development goals by providing an effective base for research and development, training and consulting services in the field of water resources development in Nepal. The application of hydraulic model studies in water engineering has become very well known in Nepal and the need for such studies is fully recognised. Hydro Lab Pvt. Ltd. is the only research organization providing specialized hydraulic model studies with in water resources engineering in Nepal. Hydropower Laboratory II Faculty of Engineering Science and Technology, Contact Person: Torbjørn Nielsen There is also an active co-operation between staff in the Waterpower Laboratory at NTNU, Dept. of Energy and Process Engineering, and the staff in Kathmandu University, Nepal. In addition to the aforementioned laboratory there are therefore made plans for a new Waterpower Laboratory at Kathmandu University. This laboratory would make it possible to carry out scientific experiments on turbines. Research at the hydropower laboratory at NTNU is mainly connected to student projects for Master and PhD degrees, and there are several research projects within micro, mini and small turbines, which also may be relevant for rural stand alone systems. There are ongoing research projects within sand erosion in turbines and pumps, which is a problem in many developing countries. MSc in Marine Technology (7-10 Quota Programme students, 10 international students- other finances) Faculty of Engineering Science and Technology There are 4 specialisations under this programme; Marine Structures, Marine System Engineering, Marine Control Systems and Nautical Science. New configurations for utilizing renewable energy from wind, waves, tides or thermal energy are included in the programme, and some of the on-going research topics are: Maritime electrical plants for power generation and distribution; Energy management for optimal control and power allocation; Combined power plants (such as diesel, gas turbines, fuel cells). Postgraduate program for Water Management at University of Dar es Salaam (NUFU) Coordinator: Aanund Killingtveit, Faculty of Engineering Science and Technology The project aims to continue and improve the ongoing MSc program in Water Management at University of Dar es Salaam (UDSM), with a program focusing on Hydropower. One part of this project is to connect the program to the regional Nile Initiative Network, where Tanzania and UDSM will be given responsibility for training and research about Hydropower development. NUFU provides funding to the programme.

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Post Graduate Research Collaboration at IOE, Tribhuvan University and NTNU (NUFU) Coordinator: Tore Haavaldsen, Faculty of Engineering Science and Technology The NUFU funded project has established three Masters’ programs: Urban Planning, Structural Engineering and Environmental Engineering. There are also a PhD program, with research and coursework as main components. The PhD subjects have developmental relevance for Nepal, and are related to critical issues within structural (construction) and environmental engineering, urban planning, water resources and renewable energy engineering, power system and information and communication engineering. Within the fields of water resources infiltration systems for Himalayan rivers and flow analysis of rivers are being studied. This will give both important information for hydro power plant development (at micro and large plants) and flood control in Nepal. Both renewable energy dept. and power systems engineering dept. deals with micro hydropower stations, one is addressing the turbine and the other generator. Well functioning and affordable micro hydro electric plants are important for decentralized rural development in Nepal. International Centre for Hydropower (ICH) The ICH offers Hydropower courses every year, aimed at middle management personnel from power companies, ministries and public agencies. The principal sponsor of the course is the Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (NORAD). The courses are described below. ICH also develops customized courses and training programmes for individuals and groups of professionals, and arranges study visits for hydropower delegations to Norway. Hydropower Development and Management The objective of the course is to provide the participants with an updated knowledge of the fundamentals of hydropower resources development and management in the setting of Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) as well as part of mixed energy systems. By focusing on both theoretical and practical issues, the participants will be able to contribute more effectively in the management of the energy resources in their own organisation/country. Hydropower and the Environment This course will introduce participants to procedures that should be followed in order to comply with today's requirements for good environmental planning. The international financing of hydropower projects depends on this, and the well being of millions of people rely on it. Participants will learn how Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA) are typically organised and carried out, and they will be better prepared to analyze the results and identify proper mitigating measures. The focus is on proactive planning in order to ensure the sustainable utilisation of natural resources. Hydropower Financing and Project Economy The course will provide participants with insight into a variety of financing models and issues needed to present hydropower projects that will attract private as well as public investments. Participants will be introduced to concepts necessary in the assessment of the economic viability of hydropower projects, with emphasis on the challenge of a liberalized energy sector. The Process of Social Impact Assessment (Distance learning) The course will introduce the participants to procedures that should be followed in order to comply with today’s requirements for a sound social impact assessment process. The objectives of the course are to improve the knowledge of the different stages of the process, including strategic priorities and national guidelines, and to provide tools for planning hydropower and other water-related projects in the best possible way on a national, regional and local level.

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2.3.3 Bioenergy

The Department of Energy and Process Engineering and SINTEF Energy Research are both involved in several research activities regarding bioenergy. The education and research comprises the total energy chain, and environmental challenges are an important part of this work. The Thermal Energy Group at Department of Energy and Process Engineering includes both teaching and scientific research within thermal processes for energy conversion. The approach for the research is both theoretical and experimental, and laboratory-work is important for the activity. The group works mainly with combustion, thermal turbo machinery, thermal power cycles including CO2-capture, high-temperature fuel cells and value-chains and life cycle analysis (LCA). SINTEF Energy Research performs studies of resource availability, extents and utilization for biomass and waste fuels. Most of their activity in the field of bioenergy is focused on thermochemical processes for the energy production from solid fuels, primary biomass and waste. Research fields include; Combustion of solid fuels, such as biofuels, waste and coal; Gasification of biomass; Pyrolysis of biomass; Characterization of solid fuels; Developing solid fuel technology; and Energy production systems fuelled by biomass or waste. Particularly relevant for developing countries is SINTEF’s recognized competence within development of small fireplaces, which includes cooperation with both Norwegian and International manufacturers. Specialization: Thermal Energy (TEP4720 Termisk energi, fordypningsemne) Master's Program in Energy and the Environment, Faculty of Engineering Science and Technology The specialization consists normally of one main project work (15student points) and two themes (3.75 student points). National and global energy conversion and use is emphasized, as well as reduction of pollution. The specialization includes; combustion techniques, heat and mass transportation, emissions from combustion, thermal flow machinery, thermal power production, energy in developing countries (including solar energy systems), cleaning methods, industrial security, lifecycle analysis and value chain reflections. Some of the recommended themes are; Bioenergy systems (Johan E. Hustad), Energy systems and development (Edgar Hertwich) and Solar energy systems (Johan E. Hustad). Course: Bioenergy Systems (TEP20 Bioenergisystemer) Faculty of Engineering Science and Technology, Instructor: Professor Johan E Hustad The theme gives an introduction to aspects related to bioenergy in developing countries, including fuel characterizing, combustion course, combustion equipments and operation- and environmental- aspects. The course is mainly for 5th year students within the Master's Program in Energy and the Environment. PhD Research Cooperation between Faculty of Technology at Makerere University and NTNU (NUFU) Coordinator: Tore Haavaldsen, Faculty of Engineering Science and Technology The development objective of this NUFU funded project is that the Faculty of Technology, through close collaboration with NTNU and other institutions during the years of 2002 - 2006, develops its capacity to lead and perform research in all prioritized research areas at international PhD level. Similarly, the development objective for the NTNU, is through the above cooperation to strengthen its capacity to lead and perform and research at PhD level in areas of international importance and relevance.

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Ten sub-projects at PhD level are planned, included “Development of Appropriate Refinery Technology for Bio-Diesel in Uganda”. Cooperation: Bioenergy in Uganda Faculty of Engineering Science and Technology, Contact Person: Johan Hustad The Department of Energy and Process Engineering has developed a co-operation with Makerere University in Uganda, regarding renewable energy technologies for developing countries. Most of the previous studies have involved suitable bioenergy technologies (including waste biomass for energy), but includes also electrification of rural areas and status / potential for other renewable energy utilization in developing countries, with emphasis on Uganda.

2.3.4 Solar Energy

SINTEF Materials and Chemistry and NTNU cooperate in the development of solar energy competence. Existing research activities relevant to the use of solar energy in developing countries includes focused solar systems, solar energy in buildings and solar cells. Focused Solar Systems The Wind and Solar Energy group at the Department of Physics, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, is working within solar energy, with emphasis on focused solar systems, in close collaboration with University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa (previously University of Durban-Westville and the University of Natal).

The Research Group aims to develop an effective solar energy system to be used for the household, and there are both students and PhD students working with this. Currently two concentrating solar energy systems with energy storage are being developed. “Renewable Energy Resources and their Development” and “Solar Energy in Mozambique, General Studies and Development of Concentrating Systems” (NUFU) Main partner institutions; Eduardo Mondlane University (EMU), Department of Physics, Mozambique; University of KwaZulu-Natal, Department of Physics, South Africa; Mozambique National Institute for Meteorology. Coordinator: Jørgen Løvseth, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology. The projects objective is research in the field of solar energy, and support of education in this field at University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, and Eduardo Mondlane University, Mozambique. Support of MSc and PhD students and development of an educational program in renewable energy are important parts of the programmes, funded by NUFU. In Mozambique a multi-purpose concentrating solar energy system, suitable for use in villages outside the public electricity grid is in development. The system will provide energy for food preparation, for refrigeration and for water heating, both for the household, business and institutional sectors. It may also provide sterilisation services for health institutions. The concentrating techniques may also make photovoltaic electricity cheaper. In KwaZulu-Natal a concentrating solar energy system with energy storage is being developed. The system will provide high temperature heat for food preparation and for water heating and pasteurisation. Freezing, refrigeration and cooling services may be obtained by absorption processes. Initially, the system is intended for households, health institutions and industry in areas outside the public electricity grid. A platform for solar radiation measurements and a laboratory for environmental physics and renewable energy systems are established at University of KwaZulu-Natal. The installations are used for research and development, for student projects, and for public information. Automatic instrumentation to measure solar radiation is being developed, and the characteristics of solar radiation in KwaZulu-Natal are measured and modelled.

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A laboratory for environmental physics and renewable energy systems is also being established at EMU to serve research and systems development, students' projects and public information. Mapping and modelling of solar and wind energy resources in Mozambique are part of the programme. Implementation of the Norwegian SOLIS-programme for teaching solar energy in secondary schools has started. Solar Energy in Buildings The Department of Arch. Design, History and Technology, Faculty of Architecture and Fine Art, studies energy conservation and the use of solar energy in buildings and the integration of solar energy systems in architecture. This includes SEARCH (Southern & Eastern Africa Research Cooperation for Habitat), a regional research and post-graduate training initiative as a network based association between 6 university schools of architecture in Africa and 2 in Norway. The Department of Town and Regional Planning offers a Master of Science Programme in Urban Ecological Planning. This Master also includes energy use in buildings as well as urban ecological planning in developing countries, planning and construction in developing countries, and gender and social change. Solar Cells The Department of Materials Technology, Faculty of Natural Science and Technology, have research activities concerning producing solar cells. They also plan a BEST course (Board of European Students of Technology) within practical use and maintenance of Solar Cell Systems. The course is open for students from developing countries studying at NTNU, and will most likely be introduced summer 2005. The Department of Architectural Design, History and Technology, Faculty of Architecture and Fine Art, has in cooperation with SINTEF developed a façade system integrating solar cells in glass, A 400 m2 prototype has been constructed on an existing NTNU campus building. Course: Solar Energy Systems (SIO40AT/TEP22 Solenergisystemer) Instructors: Johan E. Hustad and Jørgen Løvseth, Faculty of Engineering Science and Technology The course gives an introduction to solar energy systems for developing countries, and is mainly for 5th year students within the Master's Program in Energy and the Environment. Sun, as an energy source, is discussed, followed by the suns effect on the heat balance in buildings, various concentrating solar energy systems, conversion of solar heat to coldness and electricity, and various solar cells and their use in developing countries.

2.3.5 Wind Energy

Wind Energy is studied at several faculties and departments in NTNU. One large project is the SINTEF/IFE/NTNU program ‘Wind Energy Strategic Program’ (2003 – 2007), where involved faculties are Faculty of Engineering Science and Technology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology (Dept. of Physics), Faculty of Information Technology, Mathematics and Electrical Engineering, (Department of Electrical Power Engineering), Faculty of Arts (Department of Interdisciplinary Studies of Culture) and Faculty of Architecture and Fine Art (Department of Town and Regional Planning). The aim of the project is to support the development through a strengthening of the Norwegian wind energy competence. The work is organized in four tasks, including potentially 7 PhD studies of which 5 will be funded through this programme. International cooperation is part of the programme.

2.3.6 Energy and Society

Energy policies have mainly been focused on the energy supply side - increasing supplies of electricity and liquid fuels - with little attention paid to the energy demand characteristics of rural communities and women in particular.

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Worldwide, more than two billion people lack access to sustainable and modern energy services, using traditional solid fuels for cooking and heating. Without access to basic energy services for lighting, cooking, heating, pumping, transportation, communication and other productive purposes, people - most often women - are forced to spend the majority of their time and physical energy on subsistence activities. Lack of energy services is directly correlated with the major elements of poverty, including inadequate healthcare, low education levels and limited employment opportunities. Courses at NTNU relevant to Energy and Society includes;

Introduction to Fieldwork in Developing Countries - (GEOG1515 Metoder for feltarbeid i utviklingsland). Faculty of Social Sciences and Technology

The course aims to give an introduction to methods within social science, which may be useful for practical fieldwork in developing countries. The course is adjusted students with a technical background, who wish to carry out fieldwork in developing countries as a part of their Diploma / Master Thesis. The course gives an introduction to research design and chose of methods, as well as ethical and practical relations attached to fieldwork in a non-European society. This is followed by an introduction to quantitative and qualitative methods and techniques. The course also introduces "Participatory Rural Appraisals" (PRA) and techniques related to this.

Development and social change in the South (Department of Geography) - Development research is particularly concerned with theoretical and methodological approaches to

problems linked to processes of change. It raises questions on how development can be understood, what the conditions for development are and how development initiatives can create better living conditions for the poor. MPhil in Social Change is a programme especially designed for students who want to work with development in the South. The programme was originally designed for students from developing countries, but since 2002 open also for Norwegian students who want to work with development issues. In the MPhil Thesis students are encouraged to focus on problems and issues relevant for their home countries, and previously issues have included gender perspective on appropriate energy options for women empowerment and solid waste management. There are also several other projects regarding gender and development, in co-operation with scientists in Norway, India, Thailand and Ghana (Contact person is Ragnhild Lund).

The African Studies (Faculty of Social Sciences and Technology Management) - The Programme of African Studies is a multi disciplinary programme which includes subjects

from several departments: Geography, History, Music, Art and Media Studies, Linguistics, Social Medicine and Social Anthropology. The Bachelor programme intends to give the students a wide but thorough knowledge of the African continent south of the Sahara. A Master in African Studies is planned from spring 2005.

Experts in Team (EiT) - “Experts in Team” (EiT) is an interdisciplinary project work in semester 8, organized in ‘villages’

of 25 to 30 students. A village is divided into groups of 5 students each. Students come from different study backgrounds and faculties, and the groups select their subject within the overall subject area of the village. Previously, the most relevant villages for energy in developing countries has been “Sustainable energy technologies for developing countries” (Arne Nysveen, 2004), followed by “New Renewable Energy – Possibilities and Barriers” (Kai Nielsen, 2005), “Local Energy Supply” (Ole Gunnar Dahlhaug, 2004) and “Renewable Energy Sources and Sustainable Energy Technology” (Lars Norum, 2001).

2.4 Faculties, Staff and Facilities Below a brief description of involved faculties and staff may be found. Relevant homepages and contact persons are listed for more information. The listed employees are either involved with activities regarding renewable energy in developing countries, or have interests within this field; however the level of involvement differs for the employees. All existing work regarding renewable energy in developing

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countries might not be registered in this capability statement, and there may be several relevant employees at NTNU not registered in this Chapter. Faculty of Architecture and Fine Art Homepage: http://www.ab.ntnu.no The faculty has five multidisciplinary core areas in architectural research, where one of these is “Resources and the Environment”. Within “Resources and the Environment” main topics are city structure and infrastructure, energy, climate and daylight relations. This topic has a natural science foundation, and sustainable development is a topic-problem with an increasing importance. Staff, Faculty of Architecture and Fine Art Øyvind Aschehoug oyvind.aschehoug@ark.ntnu.no Architectural Design, History and Technology Professor Responsible Lecturer, case Xi´an, 2002. Energy conservation, utilization of solar energy and other renewables, daylighting. Anne Grete Hestnes Annegrete.hestnes@ark.ntnu.no Architectural Design and Management Professor Dean, Energy in buildings Barbara Matusiak barbara.matusiak@ark.ntnu.no Architectural Design, Form and Colour Studies Assoc. Professor Project coordinator, Sure-Build. Sustainable lighting design. Sven Erik Svendsen svenerik.svendsen@ark.ntnu.no Architectural Design and Management Professor Contact person, SEARCH Faculty of Engineering Science and Technology Homepage: www.ivt.ntnu.no The faculty covers a broad range of engineering disciplines: construction and materials engineering, hydro-power technology, road and transport engineering, geotechnical engineering, mineral resources, drilling technology, petroleum production, reservoir engineering, product design, energy and the environment, sustainable industrial production and consumption. Staff, Faculty of Engineering Science and Technology Arne M. Bredesen arne.m.bredesen@ntnu.no Energy and Process Engineering Professor Director of strategic area “Energy and Petroleum - Resources and Environment” Knut Alfredsen knut.alfredsen@bygg.ntnu.no Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering Assoc. Professor Hydropower development. Hermod Brekke hermod.brekke@ntnu.no Energy and Process Engineering Professor Hydropower development. Small Turbine Partner. Einar Broch einar.broch@geo.ntnu.no Geology and Mineral Resources Engineering Professor Hydropower development. Investigations and design advices internationally. Member of Panel of Experts, World Bank projects. Amund Bruland amund.bruland@ntnu.no Civil and Transport Engineering Professor Hydropower development, tunnel design and excavation Ole Gunnar Dahlhaug ole.g.dahlhaug@ntnu.no Energy and Process Engineering Assoc. Professor Hydropower development. 2003/04: Kathmandu University, supervising Master students and lecturing three hydropower subjects. Ivar Ståle Ertesvåg ivar.s.ertesvag@ntnu.no Energy and Process Engineering Professor Lecturer, “Energy management” (course) Tore Haavaldsen tore.haavaldsen@ntnu.no Civil and Transport Engineering Professor Building material production/design, regulations, development programme planning. NUFU/NORAD: Uganda and Nepal.

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Edgar Hertwich edgar.hertwich@ntnu.no Energy and Process Engineering Professor Programme leader, Programme of Industrial Ecology. Lecturer, “Energy systems and development” (course) Johan Hustad johan.e.hustad@ntnu.no Energy and Process Engineering Professor Bioenergy. Lecturer, “Bioenergy systems” and “Solar energy systems” (courses) Lars Jenssen lars.jenssen@ivt.ntnu.no Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering Senior Researcher Hydropower development Ånund Killingtveit aanund.killingtveit@bygg.ntnu.no Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering Professor Hydropower development. Coordinator, Postgraduate program for Water Management at University of Dar es Salaam (NUFU) Torbjørn Nielsen torbjorn.nielsen@ntnu.no Energy and Process Engineering Professor Hydropower development. Cooperation with Kathmandu. Contact, Hydropower Laboratory II Bjørn Nilsen bjorn.nilsen@geo.ntnu.no Geology and Mineral Resources Engineering Professor Hydropower development. Vojislav Novakovic vojislav.novakovic@ntnu.no Energy and Process Engineering Professor Contact, Sustainable Energy and Environment in Serbia and Montenegro (Master). Responsible Lecturer, case Xi´an, 2004 Haakon Støle haakon.stole@bygg.ntnu.no Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering Professor Professor in charge, MSc in Hydropower Development. Contact, Hydropower Laboratory in Nepal. Åse Lekang Sørensen ase.lekang.sorensen@ntnu.no Energy and Process Engineering Research Assistant Contact, “Energy Carriers and Energy Systems in Developing Countries” (course) Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology Homepage: www.nt.ntnu.no The faculty conducts research that ranges from materials technology and chemical engineering in close contact with industry, to basic research in both chemistry and biology. Central disciplines include energy technology, environmental disciplines, thermodynamics and materials technology. Staff, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology Berit Kjeldstad bBerit.kjeldstad@phys.ntnu.no Department of Physics Professor Coordinator MSc programme in Physics. Environmental Physics, Solar and Wind Energy. Otto Lohne otto.lohne@material.ntnu.no Department of Materials Technology Professor Contact, BEST course within practical use and maintenance of solar cells Jørgen Løvseth jorgen.lovseth@phys.ntnu.no Department of Physics Assoc. Professor Solar and Wind Energy. NUFU-Responsible: Focused solar systems and renewable energy resources, South Africa and Mozambique Reidar Tunold reidar.tunold@material.ntnu.no Department of Materials Technology Professor Contact, Centre for Renewable Energy (SFFE) Turid Worren turid.worren@phys.ntnu.no Department of Physics Assoc. Professor Solar cells Faculty of Information Technology, Mathematics and Electrical Engineering Homepage: www.ime.ntnu.no The Faculty of Information Technology, Mathematics and Electrical Engineering covers the following departments: Department of Computer and Information Science; Department of Electrical Power

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Engineering; Department of Electronics and Telecommunications; Department of Mathematical Sciences; Department of Engineering Cybernetics; Department of Telematics. Staff, Faculty of Information Technology, Mathematics and Electrical Engineering Olav Fosso olav.fosso@elkraft.ntnu.no Department of Electrical Power Engineering. Professor Power Production Scheduling, Electrical Network Analysis, Analytical Methods and Techniques, Optimization Arne T. Holen arne.holen@elkraft.ntnu.no Department of Electrical Power Engineering. Professor Professor In-Charge, Master of Engineering in Electrical Power Engineering, Kathmandu, Nepal. Lars E Norum lars.norum@elkraft.ntnu.no Department of Electrical Power Engineering. Professor Electrical Engineering. Renewable Energy Sources. Energy Conversion and Control in Photovoltaic systems. Arne Nysveen arne.nysveen@elkraft.ntnu.no Department of Electrical Power Engineering. Professor Responsible Lecturer, Experts in Team: Sustainable energy technologies for developing countries. Tore Undeland tore.undeland@elkraft.ntnu.no Department of Electrical Power Engineering. Professor Management, The Wind Power project. Stand-Alone Power Supplies. Faculty of Social Sciences and Technology Management Homepage: www.svt.ntnu.no The faculty conducts research in all the principal social sciences. Disciplines include child research, development research, economics, education, enterprise development research, geography, industrial economics, political science, psychology, social anthropology, social work, sociology, sport sciences and technology management. The Faculty of Social Sciences and Technology Management covers the following departments: Department of Geography; Sport Sciences Programme; Department of Economics; Department of Sociology and Political Science; Department of Industrial Economics and Technology Management; Department of Education; Programme for Teacher Education; Department of Social Work and Health Science; Department of Psychology; Department of Social Anthropology; Norwegian Centre for Child Research (NOSEB). Staff, Faculty of Social Sciences and Technology Management Bjørn B. Erring bjorn.erring@svt.ntnu.no Department of Social Anthropology Professor Contact for the African Studies. Social/Cultural Complexity, Urbanization, Anthropology and Architecture/Physical Planning. Ragnhild Lund ragnhild.lund@svt.ntnu.no Department of Geography Professor Development theory and methods, gender and development, local planning and empowerment, solid waste management. Knut Stenberg knut.stenberg@svt.ntnu.no Programme for Development Cooperation Director Programme Co-ordinator Faculty of Arts Homepage: www.hf.ntnu.no Some of the research fields for Faculty of Arts are: Cultural Studies, History, Swahili, Interdisciplinary Cultural Studies, Archaeology and African Studies. The Faculty of Arts covers the following departments: Music; Language and Communication Studies; Modern Foreign Languages; History and Classical Studies; Philosophy; Art and Media Studies; Scandinavian Studies and Comparative Literature; Archaeology and Religious Studies; Interdisciplinary Cultural Studies.

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Staff, Faculty of Arts Knut H. Sørensen knut.sorensen@hf.ntnu.no Interdisciplinary Cultural Studies Professor Manager for research group: Energy and Society. Margrethe Aune margrethe.aune@hf.ntnu.no Interdisciplinary Cultural Studies Assoc.Professor Energy and Society Jørund Buen jorund.buen@hf.ntnu.no Interdisciplinary Cultural Studies PhD student Group: Energy and Society. New renewable energy technology policy. Clean development mechanism. Administration, Office of International Relations Homepage: www.ntnu.no/intersek Ragnhild E. Brakstad ragnhild.brakstad@adm.ntnu.no Office of International Relations Senior Executive Officer Quota Programme Coordinator. Collaboration with institutions in developing countries. Guri Eggan guri.eggan@adm.ntnu.no Office of International Relations Higher Executive Officer Coordinator, NUFU programme. NUFU R&D collaboration Bjørn Uno Kolstad bjorn.kolstad@adm.ntnu.no Office of International Relations Head of Section NORDPLUS Coordinator, Latin America Management Rita Kumar rita.kumar@adm.ntnu.no Office of International Relations Higher Executive Officer NORAD Programme coordinator. Admission of NORAD fellows from developing countries to International Masters Programmes Berit Sterten berit.sterten@adm.ntnu.no Office of International Relations Executive Officer General office assistance and support. Practical arrangements for International Masters programme students Staff, SINTEF Homepage: www.sintef.no Einar Jordanger einar.jordanger@sintef.no SINTEF Energy Research Researcher Contact person, Sustainable Energy Distribution Systems John O. Giæver Tande john.tande@sintef.no SINTEF Energy Research Researcher Contact person, Wind Energy Strategic Program Staff, International Centre for Hydropower Homepage: www.ntnu.no/ich Tore S. Jørgensen tore.s.jorgensen@ich.ntnu.no International Centre for Hydropower Director Organizing international hydropower activities, such as courses, workshops and conferences. Line Fjellvær line.fjellvar@ich.ntnu.no International Centre for Hydropower Director of Studies International Centre for Hydropower.

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Facilities Laboratories NTNU has more than 50 laboratories. These include:

o Hydropower lab o Combustion and laser diagnostics lab o Fuel characterisation and gas diagnostic lab o Energy process engineering lab o 16kW photovoltaic (PV) plant o Wind tunnel lab

NTNU Library (UBiT) • 10 libraries, a section for development and coordination and a common administration • 75 000 shelf metres of books and journals • 360 000 photographs, 30 000 maps, 27 000 music scores etc. • 20 000 electronic books, 6000 electronic journals and access to 1200 international databases of references • 160 staff • Budget: NOK 115 million

3 Collaborating universities and institutions Cooperation with international universities and institutions relevant to renewable energy in developing countries includes;

o China, Tsinghua University, Dept. of Hydraulic Engineering, Beijing (www.tsinghua.edu.cn/eng) o Mozambique, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane (www.uem.mz) o Nepal, Kathmandu University (www.ku.edu.np)

Tribhuvan University (www.tribhuvan-university.edu.np) o Poland, Warsaw University of Technology (http://www.pw.edu.pl/english) o South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal (www.unp.ac.za) o Tanzania, Univ. of Dar es Salaam (www.udsm.ac.tz) o Uganda, Makerere University (www.makerere.ac.ug) o USA, University of California, Berkeley (www.berkeley.edu)

Below a list may be found with most of the international universities/institutions which NTNU currently collaborates with. The universities included are those with which NTNU has a formal written agreement on the university and/or the faculty level. In addition, NTNU has many informal agreements that are not included in this list.

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Africa Asia Central and

Eastern Europe European Union, Switzerland, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, US, South America

Ethiopia Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa

Ghana University of Ghana, Legon University of Science and Technology, Kumasi University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast

Kenya University of Nairobi (Architecture, SEARCH), Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (Architecture, SEARCH)

Mozambique Univ. Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo (Physics, Solar Energy)

South Africa University of Cape Town (Architecture, SEARCH) KwaZulu-Natal University (Physics, Solar Energy) University of Stellenbosch

Tanzania Univ. of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam

Uganda Makerere University, Kampala

Zimbabwe University of Zimbabwe, Harare

China (informal and formal agreements) China Univ. of Mining and Tech., Beijing Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology Fudan University, Shanghai Beijing Inst. of Petro-Chemical Tech. Shanghai College of Petro-Chemical Tech., (Chemical Engineering) Shanghai Jiao Tong University (Marine Technology) Shanghai University of TechnologyXi'an University of Architecture and Technology (Architecture) Nanjing Univ. of Science and Tech., Jiangsu

India (informal and formal agreements) Indian Institutes of Technology Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi (Architecture, Urban Planning) Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore

Indonesia Institut Technology Bandung

Japan Kyoto University (Engineering) The University of Tokyo Tokyo Institute of Technology Waseda University Tottori University

Malaysia Inst. of Tech. Petronas, Kuala Lumpur Technological Univ. of Malaysia (Marine Technology)

Nepal Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu Kathmandu University

Papua New Guinea University of Papua New Guinea

Singapore Nanyang Technological University National University of Singapore

Vietnam Fisheries University, Nha Trang

Bulgaria New Bulgarian Univ., Sofia

Czech Republic Prague Institute of Chem. Tech.

Hungary Technical University of Budapest

Makedonia Institute of Earthquake Eng., Skopje

Romania University"Politehnica" Bucarest

Informal agreements:

Czech Republic Chech Technical University

Estonia Tallin Technical University

Latvia Riga Technical University

Lithuania Kaunas University of Technology

Russia St. Petersburg State Tech. Univ. Bauman Moscow State Tech. Univ.

Collaboration with several institutions in Nordic countries through Nordic agreements.

Collaboration with numerous institutions in EU-countries through EU’s educational and research programmes (Socrates, Leonardo da VInci programmes)

Switzerland ETH, Zürich

Australia Bond University University of Wollongon The University of Newcastle University of Western Australia. La Trobe University

Canada Queens University, Kingston Augustana University College University of Western Ontario University of Alberta

New Zealand University of Auckland

USA Harvard University/ Massachusetts MIT (Marine Technology) University of California, Berkeley Institute of Technology (Health Sciences and Technology)Louisiana State University Univ. of Minnesota, Twin Cities Univ. of Michigan (Marine Technology) University of New Orleans Univ. of Texas, Austin Ohio University, Athens The Pennsylvania State University SUNY, Albany Univ. of Washington, Seattle (Eng.) Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison (Eng.)Inst. of Paper Sc. & Tech., Atlanta Iowa State University Georgia Tech (Mech. Eng.)

Brazil Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul Federal University of Rio De Janeiro (Marine Technology)

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Appendix A Results and Publications There are numerous relevant results and publications from NTNU. Below some of the relevant PhD Thesis, Master Thesis, Semester Thesis / Project work and articles are mentioned. This is not a complete list, and also other relevant results and publications exist. Energy Systems

PhD Thesis: Interconnection of Distributed Energy Resources (DER) and Micro Grids With Particular Application to Nepal Power System 2003 (start) Brijesh Adhikary

Dept. of Electrical Power Engineering Supervisor:

Arne T. Holen From Kathmandu University, Nepal

Master Thesis: Rural Electrification in Uganda – Powering the Masindi district 2004 Britt-Mari Langåsen

Dept. of Energy and Process Engineering. Master Program: Energy and Environment

Supervisor: Edgar Hertwich

Fieldwork: Makerere University

Master Thesis: Electrification in Uganda 2003 Benedicte Langseth

Dept. of Energy and Process Engineering. Master Program: Energy and Environment

Supervisor: Edgar Hertwich

Fieldwork: Makerere University

Master Thesis: A study of energy utilization in Uganda including case studies for industrial use and rural areas 2003 Heidi Skjæret Pedersen,

Merete Bing-Jacobsen Dept. of Energy and Process Engineering. Master Program: Energy and Environment

Supervisor: Otto K. Sønju

Fieldwork: Makerere University

Master Thesis: Status of Renewable Energy Utilization in Uganda 2003 Kristin Melander Vie

Dept. of Energy and Process Engineering. Master Program: Energy and Environment

Supervisor: Johan E. Hustad

Fieldwork: Makerere University

Semester Thesis: Energiforvaltning i u-land (Energy Management in developing countries) 2003 Solveig Ulseth,

Karen Nybakke Dept. of Energy and Process Engineering. Supervisor:

Ivar S. Ertesvåg Course: ”Energy management”

Hydro Power

Book series: Hydropower Development, Norwegian perspective on Hydropower Development 2003 Dept. of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering has released a new series of seventeen up-to-date volumes on hydropower

development. The book series is supported by Norad and NVE and will be used when solving questions concerning Hydropower in the developing world. Titles of the volumes in the series are; Hydropower Development in Norway; Coordinating Hydropower and Thermal Power; Environmental Effects; Landscape Design in Hydropower Planning; Planning and Implementation of Hydropower Development; Economic and Financial Analysis of Hydropower Projects; Hydrology; Hydraulic Design; Rock Engineering; Rockfill Dams; Concrete in Hydropower Structures; Mechanical Equipment; Electrical Equipment; Underground Power House; Construction Management; Transmission and Distribution; Maintenance Management.

PhD Thesis: The feasibility of TBM-excavation in Himalayan mixed-face conditions 1999 (start) Devajyoti Barthakur Dept. of Geology and Mineral Resources

Engineering Supervisor: Bjørn Nilsen

From India

3 PhD Theses: Sediment handling in rivers and dams Ongoing Kiflom Belete,

Meg Bishwakarma, Durga Sangroula

Department of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering

Supervisor: Haakon Støle

Ethiopia Nepal Nepal

PhD Thesis: Dam Safety Analysis using Physically Based Models for Dams in Tanzania 2004 (start) Johnson Malisa

Water Resources Engineering, University of Dar es Salaam Dept. of Hydraulic and Env.Eng. NTNU

Supervisors: Felix Mtalo Leif Lia Ånund Killingtveit

Tanzania (NUFU-Project)

PhD Thesis: Reservoir Sedimentation and Erosion processes in the Pangani River Basin, Upstream of Nyumba ya Mungu Reservoir 2004 (start) Preksedis Marco

Ndomba

Water Resources Engineering, University of Dar es Salaam Dept. of Hydraulic and Env.Eng. NTNU

Supervisors: Felix Mtalo Haakon Støle Ånund Killingtveit

Tanzania (NUFU-Project)

PhD Thesis: Analysis of stability problems connected to tunneling in the Himalayas 1999 (start) Krishna Kanta Panthi Dept. of Geology and Mineral Resources

Engineering Supervisor: Bjørn Nilsen

From Nepal

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PhD Thesis: Probabilistic approach for rock slope stability analysis for Himalayan cinditions 1999-2002 Shubh Pathak

Dept. of Geology and Mineral Resources Engineering

Supervisor: Bjørn Nilsen

From Tribhuvan University in Kathmandu, Nepal

PhD Thesis: A hydrological study concerning the southern slopes of Mt Kilimanjaro, Tanzania 1998-2003 Paul Christen Røhr

Dept. of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering

Supervisor: Ånund Killingtveit

Tanzania

PhD Thesis: Design for underground construction for Malamchi diversion scheme, Nepal 2002 (start) Gyanendra Lal Shrestha Dept. of Geology and Mineral Resources

Engineering Supervisor: Einar Broch

From Nepal

PhD Thesis: Sand Erosion in Hydraulic Machinery 2004 (105) Bhola Thapa

Dept. of Energy and Process Engineering Supervisor:

Hermod Brekke From Kathmandu University, Nepal

PhD Thesis: A study of the possibilities and limitations for planning and construction of underground hydropower projects in tropical areas 2002 (start) Nghia Quoc Trinh

Dept. of Geology and Mineral Resources Engineering

Supervisor: Einar Broch

Vietnam

Master Thesis: Diagenesis and sedimentolgy of Upper tertiary deltaic deposits of parts of the Bengal Basin, Bangladesh 2004 Md Abdus Samad Azad

Dep. of Geology and Mineral Recourses Development

Supervisor: M.B. E. Mørk

Bangladesh

Master Thesis: Physically Based Distributed Hydrological Modelling of Koga Catchment, Ethiopia 2004 Mulugeta Breded

Zelelew Dept. of Hydraulic and Environmental Eng., M.Sc. in Hydropower Development

Supervisor Knut Alfredsen

Ethiopia

Master Thesis: New Headworks for Khudi Hydropower Plant – Feasibility Study Level 2004 Rita Chitrakar Dept. of Hydraulic and Environmental Eng.,

M.Sc. in Hydropower Development Supervisor Haakon Støle

Nepal

Master Thesis: Runoff Forecasting and Operation Planning for Bui Hydropower Project in Black Volta, Ghana 2004 Osei Fosu Dept. of Hydraulic and Environmental Eng.,

M.Sc. in Hydropower Development Supervisor Knut Alfredsen

Ghana

Master Thesis: Inflow forecasting and reservoir operation for Koka Reservoir, Ethiopia 2004 Haregewoin Heile

Chernet Dept. of Hydraulic and Environmental Eng., M.Sc. in Hydropower Development

Supervisor Ånund Killingtveit

Ethiopia

Master Thesis: Hydropower and Water Resources Management in Pangani River Basin, Tanzania 2004 Praxeda Paul Kalugendo

Dept. of Hydraulic and Environmental Eng., M.Sc. in Hydropower Development

Supervisor: Ånund Killingtveit

Tanzania

Master Thesis: Sediment Handling at Salal Hydropower Plant based on Laboratory Tests of Hydraulic Slucing 2004 Prabat Kumar

Dept. of Hydraulic and Environmental Eng., M.Sc. in Hydropower Development

Supervisor: Haakon Støle

India

Master Thesis: Engineering Geological Assessment for the Dam Site for the Quang Tri Multipurpose Project in Vietnam 2004 Quang Huy Le Dept. of Hydraulic and Environmental Eng.,

M.Sc. in Hydropower Development Supervisor: E. Broch

Vietnam

Master Thesis: Review of Feasibility Study of Drikhong Hydropower Project inn Lhasa Khichu River in Tibet 2004 Tseyang Lhamo Dept. of Energy and Process Engineering,

M.Sc. in Hydropower Development Supervisor: Torbjørn Nielsen

Tibet

Master Thesis: Design of a small hudro turbine Hari Neophane

Dept. of Energy and Process Engineering, Waterpower Laboratory

Supervisor: O.G. Dahlhaug

Student from Kathmandu University, Nepal

Master Thesis: Central African Rift System, Origin of Development and Hydrocarbon Potential 2004 Quang Huy Ngo

Dep. of Geology and Mineral Recourses Development

Supervisor: R. Sinding-Larsen

Master Thesis: Hydrological Studies for the Upper Tamakoshi Hydropower Project in Nepal 2004 Kiran Paudel

Dept. of Hydraulic and Environmental Eng., M.Sc. in Hydropower Development

Supervisor: Knut Alfredsen

Nepal

Master Thesis: Karcham Wangtoo Hydro Electric Project (1000 MW). Optimisation and Construction Planning of the waterways 2004 Vishal Srivastava

Dept. of Civil and Transport Engineering M.Sc. in Hydropower Development

Supervisor: Amund Bruland

India

Master Thesis: Inflow forecasting and reservoir operation for Lake Tana, Ethiopia 2004 Solomon Tassew

Erkyihun Dept. of Hydraulic and Environmental Eng., M.Sc. in Hydropower Development

Supervisor Knut Alfredsen

Ethiopia

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Master Thesis: Physical Modelling of Headworks. A Design Tool for Small Hydro 2004 Surendra Bahadur

Thapa Dept. of Hydraulic and Environmental Eng., M.Sc. in Hydropower Development

Supervisor: Haakon Støle

Nepal

Master Thesis: The Study of the Tunnel and Underground Powerhouse for Huoi Quang Hydropower Project in Lao Cai, Vietnam 2004 My Nguyen Tra

Dept. of Hydraulic and Environmental Eng., M.Sc. in Hydropower Development

Supervisor: E. Broch

Vietnam

Project work: The Waterpower Laboratory, A study on Lab set up, History & Operation Modes 2004 Raju Shrestha

Dept. of Energy and Process Engineering, Waterpower Laboratory

Supervisor: O.G. Dahlhaug

Student from Kathmandu University, Nepal

More Master of Science Thesis in MSc in Hydropower Development is described on the homepage to The Norwegian Centre for International Cooperation in Higher Educations (http://siu.no/noradrap.nsf/PublicThesisByCourse)

More information regarding relevant Master Thesis in Dept. of Geology and Mineral Resources may be found on www.geo.ntnu.no/igb

Sediments of Nepalese Rivers with respect to sand erosion in hydraulic turbines 2004 Oct 18-21

Ole Gunnar Dahlhaug Dept. of Energy and Process Engineering Ninth Int. Symposium on River Sedimentation, Yichang, Hubei Province, China

Sand erosion in a Francis turbine. A case study from Jhimruk power plant,Nepal 2004 29/6 – 2/7

Ole Gunnar Dahlhaug Dept. of Energy and Process Engineering 22nd IAHR Symposium on Hydraulic Machinery and Systems, Stockholm, Sweden

Runoff forecasting (HBV and Muskingum) for Hydropower Generation. Kafue (flood plain) River, Itezhi-tezhi dam – Kafue Gorge dam, Zambia 2003 Hamududu, B. and

Killingtveit, Å Dept. of Hydraulic and Environmental Eng Hydro Africa 2003. International Conference on

Hydropower.Arusha, Tanzania 17-19 November 2003.

Groundwater and springs at the foot of Mt Kilimanjaro – Investigations of recharge mechanisms and water balance 2004 Ånund Killingtveit Dept. of Hydraulic and Environmental Eng Det 13.seminar om hydrogeologi og

miljøgeokjemi NGU, Trondheim, Norway, 4.-5. Februar 2004

Integrated water Management in the Pangani River – Use of Hydrological Models for Analysis of the Hydropower System and its Interaction with other Users 2003 Mtalo, F. and

Killingtveit, Å Dept. of Hydraulic and Environmental Eng Hydro Africa 2003. International Conference on

Hydropower. Arusha, Tanzania 17-19 November 2003.

Competition between agriculture and hydropower – Impacts of Meteorological, Land and Water Use Changes on the Southern Hillside of Mt Kilimanjaro 2003 Røhr, P.C. and

Killingtveit, Å., Dept. of Hydraulic and Environmental Eng Hydro Africa 2003. International Conference on

Hydropower. Arusha, Tanzania 17-19 November 2003.

Rainfall distribution on the slopes of Mt Kilimanjaro 2003 Røhr, P.C. and

Killingtveit, Å. Dept. of Hydraulic and Environmental Eng Hydrological Sciences Journal, Vol 48 (1) pp. 65-

78 Bio Energy

Master thesis: Opportunities for utilizing waste biomass for energy in Uganda 2004 Lars Petter Bingh

Dept. of Energy and Process Engineering. Industrial Ecology Programme

Supervisor: Edgar Hertwich

Fieldwork: Makerere University

Master thesis: The potential for clean biomass in Uganda 2003 Tonje Skoglund

Henriksen Dept. of Energy and Process Engineering. Master Program: Energy and Environment

Supervisor: Johan E. Hustad

Fieldwork: Makerere University

Solar Energy

PhD Thesis: Measurements and Models of Solar Radiance Ongoing Meena D. Dhavraj

Dept. of physics Group of Energy & Environmental Physics

Supervisor: Jørgen Løvseth

From Univ. of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

PhD Thesis: Modelling, Simulation and Digital Control of Photovoltaic Power Supply 1998 (start) Frederick Ishengoma

Dept. of Electrical Power Engineering Supervisor:

Lars E. Norum From University of Dar es Salaam,Tanzania

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PhD Thesis: Passive Cooling for Dwellings in a Warm Humid Tropical Climate 1995 Chandani Ratnaweera

Dept. of Architectural Design and Management

Supervisor: Anne Grete Hestnes

Sri Lanka

Master Thesis: Renewable energy system for Ghana and the potential for concentrating solar electricity generation William Dorgbadzi

Dept. of physics Group of Energy & Environmental Physics

Supervisor: Jørgen Løvseth

Master Thesis: Concentrating solar energy system for heat production, and its potential in Nepal Ujjwal Man Joshi Dept. of physics

Group of Energy & Environmental Physics Supervisor: Jørgen Løvseth

From Kathmandu University, Nepal

Master Thesis: Concentrating Solar Energy System for High Temperature Heat Production, and its Potential in Ethiopia Zinaye Tefera Melaku

Dept. of physics Group of Energy & Environmental Physics

Supervisor: Jørgen Løvseth

Project work: A discussion of Solar Home Systems in Developing Countries, Including a Course Scope for SHS 2003 Thorhildur

Kristjansdottir

Dept. of Energy and Process Engineering. Supervisor: Edgar Hertwich and Lars Norum

Course: Energy, Environment, Development

SURE-BUILD Polish/Norwegian cooperation for sustainable redevelopment of buildings in Poland 2004 Inger Andresen, Øyvind Aschehoug, Barbara Matusiak, Alexander Panek,

Piotr Pracki, Dagny Rynska, Jerzy Sowa Paper presented at the conference: Sustainable Building 2004, 27-29 October, Warsaw, 2004

Small, multi-purpose concentrating solar energy system 2000 J. Løvseth

Dept. of physics Proceedings of the 10th SolarPACES International Symposium "Solar Thermal 2000", Sydney, Australia, pp. 149-155

Wind Energy

Cut-in Notes Wind Energy in Nepal 2000 Brijesh Adhikary and

Peter Freere Dept. of Electrical Power Engineering Wind Engineering: Vol.24 No.5 2000: 361-377.

Wind farm modelling for network analysis – Simulation and validation 2004 Magni Þ. Pálsson, Trond Toftevaag, Kjetil Uhlen, Ian Norheim, Leif

Warland, John O.G. Tande Paper presented at EWEC’04, 22-25 November 2004, London, UK

Dynamic models of wind farms for power system studies – status by IEA Wind R&D Annex 21 2004 John Olav G Tande, Eduard Muljadi, Ola Carlson, Jan Pierik, Ana

Estanqueiro, Poul Sørensen, Mark O’Malley, Alan Mullane, Olimpo Anaya-Lara, Bettina Lemstrom

Paper presented at EWEC’04, 22-25 November 2004, London, UK

Comparison of turbulence models for wind evaluation in complex terrain 2003 Undheim, O Conference proceedings European Wind Energy

Conference. Madrid June 2003 Energy and Society

PhD Thesis: Degradation or development? Cultural and socioeconomic dimensions of forest fragmentation and environmental management in upland Madagascar 1998 (start) Jørgen Klein

Dept. of Geography Cooperation with Universities of Antananarivo,

Madagascar

MPhil Thesis: Fuel wood crisis around Mabira Forest Reserve in Uganda. Is there a way out? 2004 Sanyu Kibuka

Dept. of Geography M.Phil. course in Social Change

Supervisor: Ragnhild Lund

From Makerere University, Uganda

MPhil Thesis: Investigation of the role of urban agriculture in solid waste management: a case of Kinondoni minicipalicy of Dar Es Salaam City 2001 Mkwela Hawa

Dept. of Geography M.Phil. course in Social Change

Supervisor: Ragnhild Lund

Tanzania

MPhil Thesis: Solid waste management: A Case Study in Kalabagan of Dhaka City about the Introduction of GIS in Solid Waste Management 2004 Anwar Syed Mahmood

Dept. of Geography M.Phil. course in Social Change

Supervisor: Ragnhild Lund

Bangladesh

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MPhil Thesis: A Gender Perspective on Appropriate Energy Options for Women Empowerment: A case study on fuelwood use in two villages in Western Kenya 2004 Webi Phanice Sela

Dept. of Geography M.Phil. course in Social Change

Supervisor: Ragnhild Lund

Kenya

Developing export-oriented new and renewable energy industries in Norway and China: the role of actor strategies and framework conditions 2002 Jørund Buen Presented at 1st International Conference on Sustainable Energy Technologies, Porto, 12-14 June.

In Oliveira, Armando, Clito Afonso and Saffa Riffat (eds.), 1st International Conference on Sustainable Energy Technologies - Book of Proceedings, FEUP, University of Porto, Portugal: FEUP/University of Nottingham, pp. REN7-REN16

The Clean Development Mechanism and the Markets for New Technologies: The Case of China 2001 Buen, Jørund, and

Kristian Tangen In Williams, David, Bob Durie, Patrick McMullan, Colin Paulson and Andrea Smith (eds.) (2001), "Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies", Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies (GHGT-5), 13-16 August 2000, Cairns, Australia: CSIRO Publishing, pp. 1086-1091.

Can the Clean Development Mechanism stimulate green innovation in developing countries? The case of China 2000 Buen, Jørund Paper to the 2nd POSTI Meeting in collaboration with the ESST Annual Scientific Conference,

Strasbourg, France, 26-28 May 2000, URL: http://www.esst.uio.no/posti/workshops/buen.html. Also presented at pre-workshop Centre for Technology, Innovation and Culture, University of Oslo, 26 April 2000.

Water, Peasants and Hydropower Development – The Political Economy of Water in Pangani river basin Tanzania 2001 Haakon Lein Dept. of Geography

Conference: Water in Africa, South Asia and the Middle East