No Idea, what to do?

Thinking?

•Get some one’s help, •See your Supervisor,

• Review Literature to find out others opinion/work.

Oh! got an idea from literature

Deductive and Inductive Deductive and Inductive Thinking.Thinking.

OROR

Deductive and Inductive Deductive and Inductive ResearchResearch

Deductive Thinking/Research:Deductive Thinking/Research:Moving from general (broader generalization) to Moving from general (broader generalization) to

specific observation.specific observation.

Informally Known as Informally Known as "top-down"top-down" approach. " approach.

Example:Example:

Theory ►Theory ► Hypothesis ►Hypothesis ►

Model ►Model ►

Application ►Application ►

Confirmation.Confirmation.

Inductive Thinking/Research:Inductive Thinking/Research:

Moving from specific observations to broader Moving from specific observations to broader generalizations and theories. generalizations and theories.

Informally, called as Informally, called as "bottom up""bottom up" approach. approach.

Example:Example:

Observation►Observation►

Hypothesis►Hypothesis►

Model►Model►

Confirmation►Confirmation►

Theory.Theory.

Theoretical/Conceptual Framework

Theoretical Framework

Elements of Theorylements of Theory

1.1. ConceptsConcepts

2.2. VariablesVariables

3.3. StatementStatement

4.4. FormatFormat Modeling Schemes

1. Concepts1. Concepts

It is It is a generalized idea or a mental symbol about an object, attribute, occurrence etc.

Concepts are the blocks from which Concepts are the blocks from which theories aretheories are

built.built.

The concepts of each of the following The concepts of each of the following are different, depending up on the are different, depending up on the context in which it is being used context in which it is being used and who is going to use and where?and who is going to use and where?

‘‘POWER’POWER’

‘‘CHAIR’CHAIR’

‘‘MARKET’MARKET’

‘‘INDUSTRY’INDUSTRY’

Concepts of a manConcepts of a man

2. Variable/s2. Variable/sWhen we move from conceptual to the empirical When we move from conceptual to the empirical level in research, concepts are converted into level in research, concepts are converted into VARIABLESVARIABLES by mapping them into a set of value. by mapping them into a set of value.

It is a It is a measurable characteristic, factor, measurable characteristic, factor, element of an individual, event or a system etc.element of an individual, event or a system etc.

Example:Example: Research related to the Job Turnover Research related to the Job Turnover Variables of Variables of “Job Turnover”“Job Turnover” will be: will be:

Pay,Pay, Job satisfaction, Job satisfaction, labor marketlabor market, number of , number of organizations, organizations, working environmentworking environment, Facilities at , Facilities at work, work, recognitionrecognition etc etc

Type of Variables.Type of Variables.aa. Independent, . Independent, bb. Dependent . Dependent

Example:Example:If some one works on If some one works on JOB JOB SATISFACTION SATISFACTION to find out if employees to find out if employees are satisfied with their jobs?are satisfied with their jobs? Job satisfaction is Job satisfaction is dependent dependent may be on: may be on: Job Freedom, Salary, Future chances, Job Freedom, Salary, Future chances, Facilities available etc. Facilities available etc.

Job Freedom, Salary, Future career, Job Freedom, Salary, Future career, Facilities etc are Facilities etc are independent variablesindependent variables..

3. Statement3. Statement

It is a Connection among It is a Connection among concepts which constitute a concepts which constitute a theory.theory.

Model:Model: It is a pattern, form, It is a pattern, form, template, set of rules, structure or template, set of rules, structure or workings of an object, system, or workings of an object, system, or concept etc.concept etc.

4. Format

It is a pattern, form, template, set of It is a pattern, form, template, set of rules, structure or workings of an object, rules, structure or workings of an object, system, or concept etc.system, or concept etc.

Model can be:Model can be:

a. Economic Model, like a. Economic Model, like Privatization Model / Privatization Model / Liberalization ModelLiberalization Model

b. Marketing Model: [Porters Model etc]b. Marketing Model: [Porters Model etc]b. Mathematical Model: b. Mathematical Model: C. Other soial Sciences related Models etc. C. Other soial Sciences related Models etc.

4.b: Model

Theory is generalization (not necessarily by all) Theory is generalization (not necessarily by all) arrived after verification.arrived after verification.

It is a sound and set hypothesis, It is a sound and set hypothesis, empirically verified over a period of time and empirically verified over a period of time and supported by considerable evidences supported by considerable evidences (not necessarily by all and everywhere). (not necessarily by all and everywhere).

In Science, a theory is a mathematical or logical In Science, a theory is a mathematical or logical explanation, or a testable model.explanation, or a testable model.

Theory

Why people marry?

Why people visit shrines?How media affect us?

Why people commit crime?

Why Girls are shy? Why men

are lazyTheory

Other example of Theory:Other example of Theory:

Noise adversely affects the mental puzzle Noise adversely affects the mental puzzle solving. solving.

Liberalization is the solution of Economy.Liberalization is the solution of Economy.

Women are Shy.Women are Shy.

Men are lazy.Men are lazy.

Conceptual/Theoretical Conceptual/Theoretical Framework.Framework.

Conceptual/Theoretical Conceptual/Theoretical Framework.Framework.

It is collection of interrelated (to the It is collection of interrelated (to the topic) ideas/concepts/theories but topic) ideas/concepts/theories but not necessarily so well worked-out.not necessarily so well worked-out.

A Theoretical Framework guides A Theoretical Framework guides your research, determining what your research, determining what things you will measure, and what things you will measure, and what statistical relationships you will look statistical relationships you will look for.for.

Why Conceptual/Theoretical Why Conceptual/Theoretical framework?framework?

No matter how little you know about the topic, and No matter how little you know about the topic, and how unbiased you are, it is impossible for human how unbiased you are, it is impossible for human being not to have pre-conceived notions.being not to have pre-conceived notions.

Some people fundamentally believe that:Some people fundamentally believe that: People are basically lazy and untrustworthy.People are basically lazy and untrustworthy. Visiting Shrines is wastage of time. Visiting Shrines is wastage of time.

If they conduct research on these issues, they If they conduct research on these issues, they have some pre-conceived notions in their mind, have some pre-conceived notions in their mind, hence they can not remain neutral.hence they can not remain neutral.

In this sense, you are always being guided by a In this sense, you are always being guided by a theoretical Framework.theoretical Framework.

CF/TF helps us to understand and use the ideas of CF/TF helps us to understand and use the ideas of others who have done similar work.others who have done similar work.

TF components:TF components:

A. Inventory of variables.A. Inventory of variables.

B. Specifying the directions of relationships.B. Specifying the directions of relationships.

C. Explanation of these relationship.C. Explanation of these relationship.

D. Make an Inventory of proposition/ D. Make an Inventory of proposition/ plan/scheme plan/scheme

E. Arrange these propositions in sequential E. Arrange these propositions in sequential order.order.

Examples ofExamples of Theoretical Framework Theoretical Framework componentscomponents : :Example:Example: Research TopicResearch Topic::Joint Families in Pakistan during the Modern Era.Joint Families in Pakistan during the Modern Era.

Research Question:Research Question: Trend of joint families and causes of decline in Trend of joint families and causes of decline in their their size in Pakistan?size in Pakistan?

Hypothesis:Hypothesis: In Pakistan, mainly in Cities, Joint Families decline In Pakistan, mainly in Cities, Joint Families decline in in size.size.

TF in the light of TF components of the TF in the light of TF components of the above RQ.above RQ.

1.1. Make an inventory of variablesMake an inventory of variables:: Identify the factors relevant to the RQ.Identify the factors relevant to the RQ. These factors can be named as concepts:These factors can be named as concepts: a. Education level of couplea. Education level of couple b. Age of marriageb. Age of marriage c. Exposure to mediac. Exposure to media d. Health Servicesd. Health Services e. Awareness/Practice of Family Planninge. Awareness/Practice of Family Planning f. Aspiration about the education of childrenf. Aspiration about the education of children g. etcg. etc

2. Specify the direction of relationships2. Specify the direction of relationships Higher the education , higher the age of marriageHigher the education , higher the age of marriage Higher the education of women, greater their Higher the education of women, greater their

chances of being career women.chances of being career women. Higher the education, more the rationalism.Higher the education, more the rationalism. Higher the education, more selective the Higher the education, more selective the

exposure to media.exposure to media. Higher the education, more accessibility of health Higher the education, more accessibility of health

services.services. Higher the education of parents, higher the Higher the education of parents, higher the

aspiration about their children education.aspiration about their children education. Higher the education of couples, higher their Higher the education of couples, higher their

mobility orientationmobility orientation

3. Explanation of these variables’ 3. Explanation of these variables’ relationshipsrelationships

For getting higher education, youngsters have For getting higher education, youngsters have to spend about 16 years of their life in to spend about 16 years of their life in education institutions. education institutions. Let us say they complete their education at the Let us say they complete their education at the age of 22 years. After completing they spend 2-age of 22 years. After completing they spend 2-3 years for establishing themselves. 3 years for establishing themselves. During this period, they continue differing their During this period, they continue differing their marriage. By the time they decide about their marriage. By the time they decide about their marriage, they are about 25 years. marriage, they are about 25 years. Compare this age of marriage with the 16 years Compare this age of marriage with the 16 years age of marriage. Obviously with this higher age age of marriage. Obviously with this higher age of marriage, there is a reduction in the of marriage, there is a reduction in the reproductive period of women. Similarly, we reproductive period of women. Similarly, we can develop logic in support of other proposed can develop logic in support of other proposed relationships relationships

4. Make an inventory of proposition and 4. Make an inventory of proposition and arrange arrange them into statement.them into statement.

When people get more education, they marry When people get more education, they marry late. late. If they marry late, there are chances of If they marry late, there are chances of reduction in the reproductive systemreduction in the reproductive systemWhen they are educated, they give birth to When they are educated, they give birth to lesser children etc. In that case we can say that lesser children etc. In that case we can say that the size of family declines is affected by the size of family declines is affected by education.education.

Theory:Theory:1.1. Educated people have small size of family. Educated people have small size of family.

2.2. Educated people with fewer children have Educated people with fewer children have happy life. happy life.