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Regional Conference New Media for ASEAN Development SUKHOTHAI THAMMATHIRAT OPEN UNIVERSITY and other ASEAN Universities

20 23 April 2011: STOU, Nonthaburi Province, Thailand

New Media for New Opportunities in Thailand under The ASEAN Context

Nattanun Siricharoen Lecturer, Huachiew Chalermprakiet University

Background

What is New Media? All media was new media at some point Newspapers/Magazines/ Television/Radio/Internet. The news media refers to the section of the mass media that focuses on

presenting current news to the public1. These include print media (newspapers, magazines); broadcast media (radio stations, television stations, television networks), and increasingly Internet-based media (Web pages, blogs). And in my humble opinion, new media are the variety of

information sources. In Thailand, there are many contents from the many new media which can change the world, the concept of life style, idea, attitude and way of revealing patterns of knowledge,

beliefs, and social behavior etc. The major media in Thailand and almost any country in the world are

Free TV., Cable TV, and Satellite TV. Channels, Pay TV. Network Service or Subscribe Member TV. Channel, Radio Broadcasting, Newspapers, Online media: everything can be connected through

internet. A Communication Shift from a Broadcast Model to a MANY-TO-MANY Model. (Mike McDowell, 2009) According is the difference of time to reach 50 million users:

Radio took 38 Years Television took 13 Years

Internet took 4 Years Facebook took 9 Months

The influence of new media effects the more powerful in persuading audiences mind. The question are, how to take advantage of new media, how to use with any activities which would cause

the total expanded in the most effective actions, the most efficiency-increasing actions. In fact, every

country has the accessibility of tools and equipment to support new media already, including the availability of personnel. New media creates a global social scope that change the ways we work,

play, write, teach, think, and connect. Because this new context operates through evolving arrangements, theories of new media have yet established a rhetorical and theoretical paradigm that

fully articulates this emerging digital life (Byron Hawk, 2011). The world needs to be changed. How could New Media such as the Internet be transformed into something better? How could computers and software be redesigned to release us from work, rather than leading to more work and

establishment? What should the Cell phone of the Future look like? The Library of the Future? What is the future of television, cinema, books, personal digital assistants, medical technologies? What about

the introduction of robots into society? Herbert Marshall McLuhan (2008) was a Canadian educator, philosopher, and scholar a

professor of English literature, a literary critic, a rhetorician, and a communications theorist.

McLuhan's work is viewed as one of the cornerstones of the study of media theory. McLuhan is known for coining the expressions "the medium is the message" and the "global village" and

predicted the World Wide Web almost thirty years before it was invented. McLuhan was a fixture in media discourse from the late 1960s to his death and he has been continued to be an influential and

controversial figure.

Microsoft chairman Bill Gates (2008) looked back on the last decade of technological innovation before introducing the companys new technologies and making his exit. Gates said the last ten years had been the first digital decade which is centered on the computer, the keyboard and the mouse. The second digital decade, he said, would be focused on the people and creating human-

computer interfaces that would be more natural, intuitive and user-centric. He feels that print media

1 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_media

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will have to adapt to survive. As he said "We are seeing the shift where younger people appreciate

the flexibility of the internet to let them select the subjects that they have particular interest in, and to navigate links and see what's hot."

The interactive new media platform for the major media in Thailand can be explained through unique content creation and ratings. Because every media plan begins with target audiences who can

be classified in terms of age, sex, income, education, occupation and other variables. The audiences

can also be classified as children, teenagers, adults, office workers, newly married parents etc.

Figure 1 The interactive of New Media

New Media

holds out a possibility of on-demand access to content anytime, anywhere,

on any digital device, as well as

interactive user feedback, creative participation and community formation

around the media content.

TV.

Radio Print media Internet-based media

Face book Twitter

Social media is media for social interaction. The use of web-based and mobile technologies to turn

communication into interactive dialogue.

You Tube

Receivers can access all kinds of information all over the world, anytime, anywhere.

It is two way communication.

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It can be related to the mutual which are separated from one another not in the era of New

Media. It is the simple way to access information. However, caution must be exercised in the use of all data, especially children and young people who have no discretion in screening good and bad

information. Therefore, based on communication concepts and theories can help in analyzing. It enables

us to understand and can use the new media to be more for better.

Methodology

The Uses and Gratifications Theory gives an individual audience member the power to control messages which they take in and pass over. The audience influences the media, and the media

changes its message to fit the audience. This theory can still be taken into account in this case, because the most people are selected from the exposure as to what they would benefit or comfort of

exposure from various media channels. For example, a person is watching television; they can see a

message on a commercial and can change the channel because they do not want the message. The Agenda-Setting Hypothesis says that the media does not tell people what to think;

instead it tells them what to think about. Media does not try to persuade the audience to think one way or another, it merely presents the most important messages through which the audiences can

chose to accept or deny. For example, news channels often have the same top stories.

The difference between the two communications is The Uses and Gratifications Theory is focused on an individuals connection with a message, while The Agenda Setting-Hypothesis is

focused on the medias influence of what messages are presented to the audiences (Dean J Robinson, 2009); however, effective use of new media can still be of great value.

This paper on the two leading theories of motivation can be used to develop guidelines in this

analysis article. Because New Media must be chosen by the audience and consider the benefits of exposure. Sometimes the audiences have to choose the issues that they need input and feedback to

meet their goals as well. In Thailand, the most influential media to the public are Thai free TV channel 3, 5, 7, Modernine, 11, TPBS. This influence can cause changes in global values and how to

use their current understanding of values, attitudes, and behavior to support a sustainability

transition to audiences. For example, The Mass Communication Organization of Thailand (MCOT) has also carried out

the business with other private companies under joint operating agreements such as Bangkok Entertainment Co., Ltd. operating the television broadcasting for TV Channel 3, and True Visions

Public Company Limited operating the business of membership-based cable TV under the name of True Visions.

Modernine TV Station has developed and changed its program presentations, either form or

content, to be Edutainment programs arousing the audiences to pay more attention to entertaining and content-oriented programs.

Table 1 MCOT Program Presentations2

MCOT in 2009 2011 : broadcasted programs as follows Number Contents Present

1. News Programs 36.62%,

2. Information and Knowledge 21.38%

3. Entertainment 33.39%,

4. Sports 5.68%

5. Program promotions and Public Service 2.92%

MCOT Plc. has carried out the proactive marketing strategies for its television business as follows: Positioning, Program Quality Improvement, Strength of business alliances that were program

producers, Flexible advertising rates, Tie-in, Integrated Marketing Communications (IMC) and seeking for new business opportunities, Formation of CRM system focusing on providing a suitable service for

each customer and regular communications by cutting-edge communication technologies and Brand

strengthening by marketing communication activities for more income earning throughout the year.

2 http://www.mcot.net/cfcustom/cache_page/index.html

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Figure 2 The example of the major media in Thailand: MCOT

The income in form of joint operation revenues were the two main consequences of business

parts: 1. Joint operation with Bangkok Entertainment Company Limited (BEC) running Thai TV

Channel 3, the allotted time for radio programs and radio advertisements at FM 105.5 MHz 2. Joint operation with True Visions Plc. and True Visions Cable Network Plc. for a pay TV

network service.

The Mass

Communication

Organization of

Thailand

(MCOT)

TV Channel 3

True Visions

Modernine TV : Channel 9

Modern radio

MCOT1 (True Vision 98)

Other

private

companies

under joint

operating

agreements

Target groups include people who watching TV , Internet & listening to radio nationwide of all ages.

62 stations nationwide

covering 92.4% of areas

across the country

ASEAN TV

(True Vision 99)

WWW.mcot.net

5

Radio stations of MCOT Plc. have produced and broadcasted a variety of programs containing

a wide range of contents and entertainment under a theme of Knowledge-based Society. These radio programs aim to improve knowledge and the quality of life of general people, and to benefit the

public and local communities, under an image of Modern Radio. It has been broadcasted through 62 stations nationwide: the host broadcasting station was located in Bangkok with 7 FM radio stations

and another 2 AM radio stations with the host broadcasting station in Bangkok and running around

the clock. Another 53 FM radio stations are located in other provinces of Thailand, covering 92.4% of areas across the country where there are 93.8% of populations in those service areas. Apart from

listening to MCOT radio programs via each radio frequency, local and international listeners were able to listen to those radio programs, either live or recoded ones, via the internet at www.mcot.net.The

Central FM and AM Radio Stations of MCOT Plc. had separate presentations as described below: the name of a few,

FM 96.5 MHz: Thinking Radio, presenting all facets of contents including general news, stocks, economics, marketing, business, real estate, management, health, society and family by well-known MCs and each MC achieved specific expertise. The analysis of news in which the

general people were interested at different time was done as well; as a result, in 2009, this radio

station become one of top three favorite radio stations among the same group of targeted listeners.

FM 100.5 MHz: News Network, the best news radio station in Thailand containing a variety of contents by presenting various economic, political, social, sports and technological news and other different knowledge. In 2009, this radio station has been ranked on the

fifth of top hit radio stations among the same group of targeted listeners etc3.

Apart from public radio and commercial radio, the Thai people also have community radio as another option. The community radio frequencies are opened to community participation in terms of

ownership, production, and management. Community radio is meant to serve specific local interest groups, with members participation, for information and opinion exchanges. Legislation is now being formulated to exert some control on community radio, which has proliferated greatly in recent years,

with the splicing of existing radio frequencies by digital technology4. In the example of New Media Network of MCOT will be seen in the coverage area of

publication. It can cover both local and global scales. Actually, the most people in Thailand, easy to use TV and Radio as new media. Items in the list of TV and Radio channel still remains the most

popular in Thailand. The other types of media such as newspapers, magazines, movies, cable TV,

satellite TV, internet, the number of hits that subordinate. But Internet media is hot, particularly among young adolescent girls and boys and among women and men, workers in the company

because it makes social networking easier. In TV, Parents do their best to protect their children from negative influences such as

violence, sex and drugs. Television, however, can expose children to these influences in their homes. The television rating system, which went into effect in the United States in 1997 the Federal

Communications Commission, helps parents keep track of the type of programming their children

watch5. Television content rating systems give viewers an idea of the suitability of a program for children or adults. Many countries have their own television rating system and each country's rating

process may differ due to local priorities. Programs are rated by either the organization that manages the system, the broadcaster or by the content producers themselves.

The Television Classification System has been firstly introduced in the Kingdom of Thailand

on December 1, 2006. The System is a project of the Government Public Relations Department by the Office of National Broadcasting Commission and all six Thai TV stations to set up a procedure of TV

program classification. The ratings used are as follows:

3 http://mcot.listedcompany.com/business.html 4 http://thailand.prd.go.th

5 http://www.ehow.com/facts_5491425_tv-ratings-explained.html

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Figure 3

Logo of rate ages 2-6

Figure 4 Logo of rate ages 2-12

Figure 5

Logo of rate general ages

Figure 6

Logo of rate adults suggestion

Pink smiley face symbol, accordance with the Thai

Ko.kai (Chicken letter).A list for preschool children aged 2 to 6 years. The type of this items will provide the entertainments and contents can be enjoyed, the

challenge level is appropriate for children ages 2-6 .

Symbol Jigsaw blue, followed by the Thai Do.Dag (Children letter) as items suitable for children aged 2 to 12

years, and a general audience, this list will focus on content to children of symbol Jigsaw blue that reflect the

development of The children will need to get this material from adults can also give advice to children in terms of

knowledge from this sign programme.

Symbol a green house, followed by the Thai Thor. Tahan(Soldier letter) . A general list to suit audiences of all ages, these types of items. A list of the

content and entertainment at no harm to children and youth. And the standpoint of good material for all ages.

The symbol of the green house refers to the families. That means anyone can view the list of this category.

Symbol mark is the orange light and wrong, followed by the Thai No.Nu(Rat) letter. Adults should be given a list of instructions to and should be recommended to children that the content did right or wrong, should or should not. Do

not allow children to view this alone. This will be the adult

to introduce the visit, this sign will have two sub-types out to another.

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Figure 7

Logo of rate ages -13

Figure 8

Logo of rate ages -18

Figure 9 Logo of rate adults only

This below figure 10 shows that the Percentage of internet users in Thailand: Usage Patterns. Percentage of Population Online in 2010: 26.3%

Figure 10 Percentage of Population Online in Thailand 2010

26.3% 73.7%

Percentage of Population Online in

Thailand 2010

The text below the number 13 Thai. It showed, Adults should be given a list of instructions for those younger

than 13 years, which focused on that. Make

recommendations to parents who are under 13 years because of the content may not be suitable for people

in this age.

The text below the number 18 Thai. Adults should be

given a list of instructions for those younger than 18 years old, which focused on that. This make

recommendations to the parents under the age of 18 years because of the content may not be suitable for

people in this age.

Red lightening symbol, accordance with the Thai

Choae. Ching letter (Musical instrument). A particular item is not suitable for children and youth,

these items are clearly harmful contents. This is

captured using aggressive violent horrible emotional side effects or inappropriate manner. And may be an

image that is usually about something that children should not imitate. This symbol is to prevent the

imitation of children's transaction. This symbol is used when items are found this way.

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There were 17,486,400 internet users in Thailand (representing 26.3% of the population) in

June 2010 (Internet World Stats, June 2010). Broadcasting and New Media Situation in Thailand (2009) Thai people are experiencing media convergence. The changes in the media landscape, with the increasing popularity of mobile television and Internet, have created challenges for traditional broadcast media. Speaking on behalf of the Director-General of the Government Public Relations

Department (PRD), the Executive Director of the PRD Foreign Office, Mrs. Ladavan Bua-aim,

described broadcasting and the new media scenario in Thailand at the China-ASEAN Forum on Broadcasting, held in Nanning, on 22-24 October 2009. The forum was attended by 73 delegates from the 10 ASEAN countries and China. In her talk on the topic Media Convergence and Television Industry Development: How Television Should Face Competition from New Media, Mrs. Ladavan said that Thailand, with a population of 66 million, has 18.7 million television households. There are six free-to-air television stations, one of which is owned and operated by the Government; one operates

as the nations public broadcaster; one channel operates as a state enterprise; and three channels are owned and operated by private companies.

Pay-TV subscribers in Thailand are found in 3.5 to four million households. The main cable television operator is True Visions, which offers more than 65 international and local channels. In recent years, the country has seen competition from satellite television, such as Asia Satellite (ASTV)

and Suwannabhumi TV, both of which offer political and current affairs content. True Visions pay-TV subscriber base is shifting beyond the Bangkok area; it is estimated that 48 percent of subscribers are now upcountry.

Local cable operators nationwide provide packages, in which some programs are designed and produced to serve local people with their own dialects and preferences. In the meantime, she

said, broadcasters in Thailand need to get themselves ready to embrace convergence by having staff with new blood who are very keen in IT applications, as well as having very creative producers who

are able to design appropriate and effective content for a new generation of viewers. The broadcast

industry should make use of convergence by promoting co-production and exchanges of programs between countries in the region through sharing of content, data, and information. New media should

not be regarded as rivals to traditional broadcasters rather, new media and convergence should make life easier for both media users and content providers6.

A New kind of journalism based on old-fashioned reporting but propelled by public participation and rooted in the inclusive nature of the Web, will continue to thrive as newsmakers

begin to see information as less of a commodity and more of a continuing dialog with their audiences. Of course, those working as journalists online should continue to use the fundamental ethical

principles invoked by their predecessorsbylines, ethics policies, disclosing possible conflicts of interest, and publicly correcting their errors. With a new media ethos that encourages public participation and empowerment, it is the newest generation of reporters will succeed in rekindling the

idea of journalism as public service. (Erin Rosa, 2008) The influences of Thai newspapers can be changed attitude and behavior of Thai people

because its the main information for another media in using, especially in political contents, for example: Using the Cartoon Pictures in Newspaper, as see in figure 11.

6 http://thailand.prd.go.th/view_inside.php?id=4515

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Figure 11 Make the ghost arise From Thailand Newspapers: ThaiRath, March 18, 2011

The cartoon title reads: (It's) the peoples life (they) must be able to choose. Suthep points to the picture of Thaksin and says: Make the ghost arise (this refers to bringing

up old issues to attack Thaksin and blaming things on him as part of the election campaign of the Democrats) The words on the four signs: - If you want to have life quality of the same standard as the period of Thaksin, vote Puea Thai - Always in the peoples heart - Want to have quality of life of the same standard as the period of Abhisit, vote Democrat

- Be good not only for making speeches (referring to Abhisit) The word on the devils robe reads: Ordering crackdown on the people: Posted in Editorial

Cartoons7.

Figure 12 The motto for Bangkok Children

From Photo: 2Bangkok.com

The read letters: Bangkok Children (are) wise children, we love the nation and harmony from uncle Sukhumbhand (M.L. Sukhumbhand Paribatra, Bangkok Governor)

The use of print media; By installing on the public area; To promote a good image of the

politician.

7 http://2bangkok.com/

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Figure 13 Mingkwan is on the wrong stage From Manager: Posted in Editorial Cartoons, March 16, 2011

The big words on the wall: The judge stage (Not sure the exact translation, but this refers to

a stage or arena where fighters fight for their lives. Here it also refers to the recent censure debate.) Mingkwan, dressed as a Li-kae dancer, says: This is an acting drama? The caption reads: Just then the leading actor Ming (referring to Mingkwan Saengsuwan)

knows that he is on the wrong stage. A menacing Chalerm is at the bottom left.

(This refers to the recent censure debate and reflects the opinion of political observers at the time who felt that Mingkwan was outmatched in the debate. However, polls showed the Democrats with only a minor edge over the Peau Thai.)

The Impact of new media on newspapers, under the Political Crisis. Characteristics of new

media in the Thai context, it can be said that new media is associated with information technology or the internet, and is an interactive form of communication. New media has taken an increasingly

important role in communication, challenging the conventional means of news consumption. Along

with growing access to information technology, the number of new media users has increased. (Lerksirisuk, 2011) New media in Thailand has not been well received by conventional media organizations which have raised doubts in terms of media ethics and the accuracy of information presented through new

media. Particularly during the political crisis in Thailand since the coup in 2006, new media has been

accused of being part of the instigation of conflicts by presenting unverified news and information. The 7 characteristics of new media in Thailand:

1. Interactive Interactivity is among the first things mentioned by most interviewees. Users ability, through

the internet, to interact with information they receive. However, this interactivity can be both an advantage and a disadvantage.

2. Not restricted in time and space

The strength of new media lies in the fact that communication is not restricted in time and space.

3. Unspecified Advantage of new media is that those who express their opinions can conceal their identities.

4. Costly access

From the internet can reach a wider audience in other formats such as community radio and printed hard copies.

5. Cannot be blocked The state or service providers can block access to internet content only temporarily, but

internet users can always find other ways to circumvent the blocking to disseminate such content.

6. Unstoppable Communication through the internet, whether it be websites, Facebook, etc., is new and the

powers that be in Thailand cannot catch up with or stop the changes.

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7. Not accepted as media

New media is the right to communication, which has nothing to do with the ethics of conventional media. New media will not completely replace conventional media, but it fills in what is

missing in conventional media, including, for example, feedback from readers and coverage of issues ignored by mainstream media.

New media is a global trend which cannot be stopped. The government and conventional

media have to adjust to a new situation of diverse flows of information; that means they must refrain from monopolizing the truth. Online media is therefore not a space for the voice of the voiceless8.

Next, Using New media Online for Travel planning: The Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT) introduced the "Amazing Thailand" mobile application available for iPhone, BlackBerry. This

emphasizes the success of promoting tourism through online marketing to raise the organization's profile in the digital world, and at the same time revealing its digital marketing strategy in the year

2011.The three highlights of the "Amazing Thailand" mobile application are:

1. Various Contents - There are more than 10,000 pieces of information about tourism in Thailand mainly on the

Destination and Events menus. 2. Location-Based Search

- Searching for the destination on a mobile map by using GPS technology in the smart phone

which tourists can search for nearby tourist attractions and the search results can be displayed on Google map. Moreover there is a 'Search' menu for tourists to search by using a keyword.

3. User Experience - Tourists can share their travel experiences on mobile phones via social networks i.e.

Facebook and Twitter or by e-mail. (PRNewswire - United Business Media, Tuesday, 15 March 2011) The New Media Program is one of only several in the country that address the needs of a

workplace clamoring for people with the knowledge and skills to use new electronic media. (Indiana University, 1999)

Findings

New Media: Information and communication technology shapes our perceptions, distributes

our pictures of the world to one another, and constructs different forms of control over the cultural stories that shape our sense of who we are and our world. (Burnett, Robert and Marshall, David P., 2002)The instant we develop a new technology of communication talking drums, papyrus scrolls, books, telegraph, radios, televisions, computers, mobile phones we at least partially reconstruct the self and its world, creating new opportunities for reflection, perception, and social experience.

8 http://www.boell.de/worldwide/asia/asia-new-media-born-to-be-democracy-11136.html

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Figure 14 The concept of New Media for New Opportunities in Thailand under the ASEAN Context

New Media

for

ASEAN

Development

Brunei

Myanmar

Cambodia

Thailand

Indonesia

Philippines

Singapore

Malaysia

Lao

Vietnam

Win- Win Situation from New Media: Economic, Social, Cultural Traditions that can be exchanged with each other. By acknowledging the creative economy policy, countries will be

able to access another growth opportunity within a globalized world. Each country presents a

unique business culture by creative economy through new media to make their products more valuable.

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Synthesis

ASEAN member countries can take advantage of new media to create opportunities such as:

1. International Trade- Guide to Import Export Business. 2. The Creative Economy, export of culture with each other, such as: drama, folk art, local

music, playing folk drama, sing and dance art etc.

3. The exchange of knowledge, higher education. 4. The exchange of skilled workers.

5. Promote tourism to each other. 6. Promotion of education, Educational exchange, Distance Education.

7.Resources, donation, support information, and social media links for the emergency communication during natural disasters such as earthquake, flooding, tsunami etc.

8. Building Peace in the Region.

Suggestion for executive and policy makers

For the flow of Creative Economy at this time, ASEAN member countries would be:

Working together

Creating channels of trading

Using new media tools

Creating shared peoples values of each country In this case, we should be using the concept of Interdependence Theory that relationship

(such as trade secrets and confidential information) to reliance with respect to any of such goods, human reliance on computer technology and transmission of dependence or investment in the future?

Although, reliance may be possible in a manner that is not equal but the whole world must rely on each other. This theory can be used in the analysis for the future development of trade and economic

relations. International Integration Theory which holds that countries have encouraged groups to

create cooperation in the economy. The process of regional economic integration has 6 steps e.g.

1. Free Trade Area / Agreement: FTA eliminates trade barriers. Therefore, trade tariffs between them. Classified as the ASEAN Free Trade Area: AFTA

2. Custom Union, System Tariffs and outside the country set the same rate or Common Custom Policy

3. Common Market are the opportunity for capital, labor, and freedom of movement within

the group. 4. Economic Union are the social, economic, monetary and fiscal policies together.

5. The placement of the communications system between the countries is the important research portal network to make it quickly and easily. Trade transactions can be made compatible

with the new media system. 6. Using new media to import and export Artistic culture of the members of ASEAN. The

Creative Economy is the product category.

In the New Media era, it is necessary that we all need to use new tools to improve their social development of the country. In addition, it also must use new media to create new opportunities, for

a career, business and social networking in the ASEAN region. Karl Marx (1818-1883), philosopher, political economist, historian" The philosophers have

only interpreted the world, in various ways. The point, however, is to change it."

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Appendix

Table 2 New Media in Thailand 2011

Free TV. Channel Cable TV, Satellite TV. Channels

Pay TV. Network Service or Subscribe Member TV. Channel

Radio Broadcasting Online media, Social media

networking Channel 3 (BEC-Bangkok Entertainment Company, under license from MCOT) codenamed Chhorng Sam Channel 5 (Royal Thai Army Radio and Television Channel 5) codenamed Chhorng Haa Channel 7 (Bangkok Broadcasting & Television Company Limited under license from Royal Thai Army) codenamed Chhorng Chet Channel 9 (Modernine TV : MCOT) codenamed Chhorng kao TV 11 (Television of Thailand) codenamed Chhorng Sipead Thai Public Broadcasting Service.codenamed ThaiPBS

For example: ABtv 1 (Nation Channel) ABtv 2 (Variety Channel) ABtv 3 (Financial Channel) ABtv 4 (Thai Buddhist Channel) Air Force Channel (Royal Thai Air Force) Asia Update AS. TV., AOT TV BBTV Channel 7 Body & Mind Distance Learning TV (10 Channels) Earth One, EDN Edutainment ETV (Educational TV Station) Filmagix Asia ILearn, Joy TV ME TV - Music & Entertainment MV TV, Manager Bizz Channel NewsLine TV Parliament TV Pop Channel Rak Thai TV Smile Movies 1, 2 Sportsline Suwannabhumi TV. Station Spring News T Channel - Freedom of Culture TTV 1 (Nation Channel) TTV 2 (Variety Channel) TTV 3 (Movies Channel) Thai Global Network Thai-Asean News Network (TAN), formerly Thailand Outlook Channel (TOC) Voice TV etc.

For example: True Visions Channels True Academy Fantasia True Shopping Channel True Film Asia, Asian Series True Series, Inside True Spark, Sport 1-5 True Sport Extra 1-2 True X-Zyte, True Hay-Ha True Explore1-3, Movie Hits True Music, TNN 24, G-Square True AF MV, Majung True Sport Club Channel A, C, L,M Channels provided by TrueVisionsAXN Asia Animax Asia, BBC World Cartoon Network, CCTV-4, Chic Channel CNN International, CNBC Asia Discovery Networks , Animal Planet Asia Discovery Channel Asia Discovery Home & Health Asia Discovery Science Asia Discovery Travel & Living Asia Discovery Turbo (Asia) Disney Network , Disney Channel Playhouse Disney, Hallmark Channel Fox Thailand, HBO Network , Family, Hits HBO Signature, Cinemax, MCOT 1-2 Money Channel, MGM Channel Star TV (Satellite TV for Asian Region Thailand) Channel [V] International Channel [V] Thailand, ESPN Asia Fox News Channel , Fox Crime Nat Geo Adventure, National Geographic Channel Nat Geo Wild , Sky News , Star Movies, Star Sports Star World, TA-TV (Thailand's Tourist Channel) TCM Channel, MTV Thailand etc.

Cable FM. Local wire networks, Satellite and the internet, Online Radio: Internet radio etc. For example: AM RADIO 792 - The Way Radio - Bangkok religious- Christian 1107 10kW Kasetsart University Radio 1134 - Radio Army 2 - Bangkok public 1143 - AM1143 - Bangkok FM RADIO 88.0 - International Music 92.5 - Radio Thailand Bangkok 93.5 - EFM 93.5 96.5 - Thinking Radio 97.5 - Seed 97.5 - 99.0 - Sport Radio 99.5 - FM One - news, talk 100.0 - Jor Sor Roy - Bangkok traffic 101.0 - 101 News Channel 101.5 - Curadio - Chulalongkorn University 102.5 - GET 102.5 103.0 - Channel V Radio 105.5 - Eazy FM 105.5 106.5 - Green Wave (environmental) SHORTWAVE RADIO (Swave.) - The Way Radio Bangkok religious-Christian International Radio Networks Thailand Information Service Radio Local Radio Stations Thailand: Local Radio Stations in Bangkok Radio Stations on the Web Thailand: Listing of Radio Stations On The Web Shortwave Broadcasters BBC - Thai Service VOA - Thai Service etc.

everything can be connected through internet: anywhere anytime For example: Online Newspapaers, Facebook, Twitter, Blogs etc.

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Member states of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations: ASEAN

1. State of Brunei 2. Republic of the Union of Myanmar

3. Kingdom of Cambodia 4. Republic of Indonesia

5. Lao People's Democratic Republic

6. Federation of Malaysia 7. Republic of the Philippines

8. Republic of Singapore 9. Kingdom of Thailand

10. Socialist Republic of Vietnam History of ASEAN

ASEAN was preceded by an organization called the Association of Southeast Asia, commonly

called ASA, an alliance consisting of the Philippines, Malaysia and Thailand that was formed in 1961. The bloc itself, however, was established on 8 August 1967, when foreign ministers of five countries Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand met at the Thai Department of Foreign Affairs building in Bangkok and signed the ASEAN Declaration, more commonly known as the

Bangkok Declaration. The five foreign ministers Adam Malik of Indonesia, Narciso Ramos of the Philippines, Abdul Razak of Malaysia, S. Rajaratnam of Singapore, and Thanat Khoman of Thailand are considered as the organization's Founding Fathers.

The motivations for the birth of ASEAN were so that its members governing elite could concentrate on nation building, the common fear of communism, reduced faith in or mistrust of

external powers in the 1960s, as well as a desire for economic development; not to mention Indonesias ambition to become a regional hegemony through regional cooperation and the hope on the part of Malaysia and Singapore to constrain Indonesia and bring it into a more cooperative

framework. Meetings : ASEAN Summit The organization holds meetings, known as the ASEAN Summit,

where heads of government of each member meet to discuss and resolve regional issues, as well as to conduct other meetings with other countries outside of the bloc with the intention of promoting

external relations. The ASEAN Leaders' Formal Summit was first held in Bali, Indonesia in 19769.

Table 3 ASEAN Formal Summits

ASEAN Formal Summits

Date Country Host

1st 2324 February 1976 Indonesia Bali

2nd 45 August 1977 Malaysia Kuala Lumpur

3rd 1415 December 1987 Philippines Manila

4th 2729 January 1992 Singapore Singapore

5th 1415 December 1995 Thailand Bangkok

6th 1516 December 1998 Vietnam Hanoi

7th 56 November 2001 Brunei Bandar Seri Begawan

8th 45 November 2002 Cambodia Phnom Penh

9th 78 October 2003 Indonesia Bali

10th 2930 November 2004 Laos Vientiane

11th 1214 December 2005 Malaysia Kuala Lumpur

12th 1114 January 20071 Philippines2 Cebu

13th 1822 November 2007 Singapore Singapore

14th3 27 February - 1 March Thailand Cha Am, Hua Hin

9 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASEAN

16

2009

1011 April 2009 Pattaya

15th 23 October 2009 Thailand Cha Am, Hua Hin

16th 89 April 2010 Vietnam Hanoi

17th 2831 October 2010 Vietnam Hanoi

18th4 7-8 May 2011 Indonesia Jakarta

1 Postponed from 1014 December 2006 due to Typhoon Utor. 2 hosted the summit because Myanmar backed out due to enormous pressure from US and EU 3 This summit consisted of two parts. The first part was moved from 1217 December 2008 due to the 2008 Thai political crisis. The second part was aborted on April 11 due to protesters entering the summit venue.

4 Indonesia proposed a swap with Brunei as it will play host to APEC (and possibly the G20 meeting) in 2013.

17

References

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Dean J Robinson. (2009). The Difference Between the Uses and Gratifications Theory and

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Lerksirisuk,C. (2011).New Media: Born to Be Democracy February 4, 2011. Bangkok: Prachatai bookclub

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Mike McDowell. (2009). New Media 101. Retrieved from http://www.slideshare.net/KPS3/new-media-101-what-is-it-why-use-it