nervous system process and diseases

7/30/2019 Nervous System Process and Diseases

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TheProcess


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NERVOUS SYSTEM


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Schematic diagram showing divisionsof the nervous system


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Information Process


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Sensory Division


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Motor division


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Nervous SystemDiseases


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Wilson Disease(Hepatolenticular Degeneration )

Wilson disease is a rare autosomalrecessive inherited disorder of copper metabolism. The condition is

characterized by excessivedeposition of copper in the liver,brain, and other tissues. The majorphysiologic aberration is excessiveabsorption of copper from the smallintestine and decreased excretion of copper by the liver


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Symptoms

Kayser-Fleischer rings (a rusty browndiscoloration at the rims of thecorneas)


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Symptoms of the disease include apeculiar type of tremor in the upper

extremities, slowness of movement andchanges in temperament. Persons maybecome exceptionally argumentative,overly emotional or may experience adecrease in mental capabilities.


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Treatment With clinical progression, acute liver failure, or

worsening hepatic function, the patient must beevaluated at a center with expertise in Wilson

disease and the capability to perform livertransplantation.

Orthotopic liver transplantation is curativetreatment for Wilson disease.

Dietary Medication


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Huntington Disease This is an autosomally-inherited,

dominant disorder in which thepatient begins to exhibit symptoms

in the third to fourth decades.HD usually progresses over a 10 to25 year period. As the diseaseprogresses it leads to dementia andusually death from incurrentinfection. There is a high incidenceof suicide among patients with HD.


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Causes HD results from

genetically programmeddegeneration of nervecells, called neurons, in

certain areas of thebrain .


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Symptoms Early symptoms of HD may

include uncontrolled movements,clumsiness or balance problems.Later, HD can take away theability to walk, talk or swallow.


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Movement and Huntington's Disease Uncontrolled movement, or tics, maydevelop in the fingers, feet, face, ortrunk. This is the beginning stageof chorea involuntary, rapid,ceaseless movement. Chorea canbecome more intense when the personis anxious or disturbed. Over time

other symptoms, such as the following,emerge


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Cognitive Function and Huntington'sDisease

Over time judgment, memory, and othercognitive functions begin to deteriorateinto dementia. As Huntington's

disease progresses, the ability toconcentrate becomes more difficult. Theperson may have difficulty driving,

keeping track of things, making decisions,answering questions, and may lose theability to recognize familiar objects.


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Psychiatric Symptoms of Huntington's Disease

Early psychiatric symptoms of

Huntington's disease are subtle,varied, and easily overlooked ormisinterpreted. Depression is the

most common psychiatric symptomof Huntington's and often developsearly in the course of the disease.


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Treatment

There is no cure.Medicines can helpmanage some of thesymptoms, but cannot

slow down or stop thedisease .


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Locked-In Syndrome is a condition in which a patient is

aware and awake but cannotmove or communicate verballydue to complete paralysis of nearly all voluntary muscles in thebody except for the eyes. Total

locked-in syndrome is a version of locked-in syndrome where theeyes are paralyzed as well


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Symptoms

Paralysis of extremities Paralysis of lower cranial

nerves Paralysis of voluntary

muscles Inability to speak


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CAUSES: Possible causes of locked-in

syndrome include: Traumatic brain injury Medication overdose Damage to nerve cells,

particularly destruction of the myelin sheath, caused by

disease (e.g. central pontinemyelinolysis secondary to rapidcorrection of hyponatremia)

A stroke or brain hemorrhage,usually of the basilar artery


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Treatment

There is neither a standardtreatment for locked-insyndrome, nor is there a cure.

Stimulation of muscle reflexeswith electrodes (NMES) has beenknown to help patients regain

some muscle function. Othercourses of treatment areoften symptomatic.


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Assistive computer interfacetechnologies, such as Dasher in

combination with eye tracking, may beused to help patients communicate.


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Multiple Sclerosis


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Multiple Sclerosis

A chronic disease of the nervoussystem that can affect young andmiddle-aged adults.The course of this illness usuallyinvolves recurrent relapsesfollowed by remissions, but somepatients experience a chronicprogressive course.


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Symptoms

Muscle symptoms: Loss of balance Muscle spasms Numbness or abnormal sensation in

any area Problems moving arms or legs Problems walking Problems with coordination and

making small movements Tremor in one or more arms or legs

Weakness in one or more arms or legs


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Causes The myelin sheaths surrounding nerves in the brain

and spinal cord are damaged, which affects thefunction of the nerves involved.The underlying cause of the nerve damage remainsunknown.


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Treatments The first groups of medications (disease

modifying therapies) are drugs that impactthe underlying disease. These drugs are alsocalled immunomodulatory therapies.

Second, there are medications (steroids) thathelp to decrease the severity and duration of MS relapses. Steroids are powerfulmedications with a variety of side effects if taken long term and so they are used overthe short term to improve relapse symptomsand speed healing.


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Broca Aphasia

Aphasia is defined by WebstersDictionary as a "loss or impairment of the power to use or comprehendwords usually resulting from braindamage."

In most people the Broca's area is inthe lower part of the left frontallobe. It is one of the main languageareas in the cerebral cortex because itcontrols the motor aspects of speech. Persons with a Broca aphasiacan usually understand what wordsmean, but have trouble performingthe motor or output aspects of

speech.


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Causes

The most common cause of expressiveaphasia is stroke. In most cases,expressive aphasia is caused by a

stroke in Broca's area or thesurrounding vicinity.


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Symptoms

Symptoms of aphasia include: Difficulty speaking or forming a sentence Difficulty understanding written or spoken

language Speak in short or incomplete sentences Speak in sentences that don't make sense Speak unrecognizable words Not comprehend other people's

conversation Interpret figurative language literally

Write sentences that don't make sense


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Treatment

Currently, there is no standardtreatment for expressive aphasia. Mostaphasia therapy is individualized basedon a patient's condition and needs asassessed by a speech therapist. Themajority of patients go through a periodof spontaneous recovery following brain

injury in which they regain a great dealof language function.

nervous system process and diseases

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