negara maju berpendapatan tinggi: persediaan dan cabaran
TRANSCRIPT
NEGARA MAJU BERPENDAPATAN TINGGI: PERSEDIAAN DAN CABARAN
Asan Ali Golam Hassan
Program Bina negara Bangsa (PEMBINA). Kementerian Pengajian Tinggi.
Negara Maju Berpendapatan Tinggi: Persediaan Dan Cabaran
Dewan Bunga Raya DPP MAS. UUM. 5 Julai 2011
Transformasi Falsafah Pembangunan Negara – 1 Malaysia
(1) Accelerating maximum growth
(2) Growth with equity +
“building upon the target group”
(3) Growth with equity +
“building upon the best group”
(4) Growth with equity +
“membangun bersama saya”
(5) Growth with equity +
“1Malaysia”
1957-1970(13)
1970-1976(6) 1976-1981
(5) 1981-2003(22)
2003-2009(6)
2009-kini
3
“Among the forms that the good management has taken is the use of regional and urban plans as building blocks for construction
of national economic development plans, from The Third Malaysia Plan onwards. Malaysia may have the most completely
integrated regional and national plans in the world” (Higgins & Savoie 1997. Regional Development Theories and Their
Application. New Brunswick: Transaction Publication , pg. 347).
Economic Planning
a. Long term (10 years)
b. Intermediate (5 years)
c. Budget (yearly)
Physical (Spatial) Planning
a. National
b. State
c. District
44
Peninsular Malaysia: History of Progress Development
“As in most underdevelopment countries, we should not be surprised that the inegalitariansocial and economic stratification from colonial times is preserved and that development moves in the direction of greater inequality “
…. Myrdal, G. 1971. The Challenge of World Poverty, Penguin Books. p.89.
1895 1911 1955 1969
Philosophy of development Planning
Long-term Development
Plan/ National Policy
Years Five year Development Plan
“Building upon the best
location”
(under British colonial)
1786-1950
1951-1955 Draft Development Plan,
Malaya
“Accelerating maximum
growth”
(1950s and 1960s)
1956-1960
1961-1965
1966-1970
First Malaya Plan
Second Malaya Plan
First Malaysia Plan
“Growth with equal
distribution”
(1971 until now)
First Outline Perspective Plan
New Economic Policy
(1971-1990)
1971-1975
1976-1980
1981-1985
1986-1990
Second Malaysia Plan
Third Malaysia Plan
Fourth Malaysia Plan
Fifth Malaysia Plan
Second Outline Perspective Plan
National Development Policy
(1991-2000)
1991-1995
1996-2000
Sixth Malaysia Plan
Seventh Malaysia Plan
Third Outline Perspective Plan
National Vision Policy
(2001-2010)
2001-2005
2006-2010
Eighth Malaysia Plan
Ninth Malaysia Plan
New Economic Model
(2011-2020)2011-2015
2016-2020
10th Malaysia Plan
11th Malaysia Plan
5
6
The Spatial Malaysian Context
1. Geographic Regions
in Peninsular Malaysia
2. Location of States by Level of
Development in Peninsular Malaysia
7
Composite development index comprises 10 indicators;
•GDP per capita, •unemployment rate, •urbanisation rate, •registration of car and motorcycle per 1,000 of population, •poverty rate, •population provided with piped water, •population provided with electricity, •infant mortality rate and •number of doctors per 10,000 of population.
8
Koridor pertumbuhan wilayah
Iskandar Malaysia
Wilayah
Ekonomi
Koridor Utara
Wilayah Ekonomi
Pantai Timur
Koridor Pembangunan
Sabah
Koridor Tenaga
Diperbaharu Sarawak
9
10
1111
Sub-regional cooperation was one of the regional policies at the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) level. Three growth triangles involved Malaysia
•Indonesia-Malaysia-Thailand Growth Triangle (IMT-GT), 1994. Consists of the state of Perlis, Kedah, Pulau Pinang, and Perak in Peninsula Malaysia; Special Territory of Aceh, the Provinces of North Sumatra and West Sumatra in Indonesia; and the provinces of Satun, Narathiwat, Pattani, Yala, and Songkhla in Thailand.
•Indonesia-Malaysia-Singapore Growth Triangle (IMS-GT), 1996. Consists of the states of Johor, Melaka, Negeri Sembilan, and Pahang in Peninsula Malaysia; the Provinces of Riau and West Sumatra in Indonesia; and Singapore.
•Brunei Darulssalam-Indonesia-Malaysia-Philippine East ASEAN Growth Area (BIMP-EAGA), 1995. Consists of the State of Sarawak, Sabah and Federal Territory of Labuan in East Malaysia; Brunei Darussalam; and the provinces of East and West Kalimantan and North Sulawesi in Indonesia; and Mindanao and Palawan in the Philippines.
12
Join
Development
Strategies (JDS)
Malaysia &
Thailand
13
JDS SCOPE OF COOPERATION• Four borders and adjacent states of Malaysia; Kedah, Perlis, Perak & Kelantan
• Five borders and adjacent provinces of Thailand; Satun, Shongkhala, Patani, Yala & Naratiwat
Satun
Shongkhala
Patani
Yala
NaratiwatWang Pracan
Wang Kelian
Ban Buketa
Bukit Bunga
Padang Bezar (Sadao)
Padang Besar
Ban Prakob
Durian Burung
Betong
Pengkalan Hulu
Sg Kolok
Rantau panjang
Takbai
Pengkalan Kubur
Sadao
Bukit Kayu Hitam
NCER Border Town Snapshots
14
Wang Pracah
Wang Kelian
Satun
Padang Besar
Ban Prakob
Durian Burung
Betong
Pengkalan Hulu
Sadao
Bukit Kayu Hitam
• A combination of economic activities: agriculture, manufacturing, trading/commerce, and education
• Second Border Town in Kedah
• Industrial Development, focusing on agriculture based economy
• Main activities: tourism and trading/commerce
• Small border town
• Main economic activities: petty trading
• To be developed as an Industrial Area and Free Zone
15
52.4
20.7
16.5
8.9
6.17.5
5.1 5.73.6
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1970 1985 1990 1995 1997 1999 2002 2004 2007
15.4
10.6
7.0
6.3
4.0
Poverty Rate, (% of households ,1970-2007)
Distribution of Poverty, 2007 (% of households per state)
More develop states
Less develop states
16
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995
Average Monthly Wage per worker (RM) in the More Developed and the Less Developed States
More developed states
Less developed states
• two groups of industries distributed in the regions also creates a lower technological industrial environment in the less developed states; lower labour product ability but also lower wages.
42.7
33
28.4
19.117.7
25.2
30.5
40.7
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
1970 1980 1990 2000
Percentage Contribution to GDP by Sector
agricultural and mineral based Industrial & services based
Agriculture
Manufacturing
18
0
50
100
150
200
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
RM
Mill
ions
The Convergence
the second convergence will take place when the gap between the
more developed states and the less developed states decline
(standard deviation of the distribution of the manufacturing output
across regions decline).
-
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
Bumi
Cina
India
Lain2
-
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
Bumi
Cina
India
Lain2
1995 2007
T20%T20%
M40% M40%
B40% B40%
20
Poverty
Regional
disparities
Income
distribution
Poverty
Income
distribution
Income
distribution
Regional
disparities
Regional
disparities
primary sector based 2nd & 3rd sector based
Intra-region
Inter-region
[3] High out-migration
[4]Lower Technologicalindustries
[2]Less educated and
skilled workers
[1] Resources based industries (Labour intensive)
[5] Domestic market,Less trading relationship (export)
Low FDI
Less HRD and R&D
Low productivity (TFP)
Less output elasticity (labour and capital)
Less value added
[6] Low growth rate of manufacturing output (convergence)
Less convergence
[12] Low per capita income
[11]Low wage rate
[8] Less saving rate
[9] Less investment rate (DI), Capital scarcity
[7] Increase the imbalanced distribution of manufacturing output ( convergence)
[10] Less industrial activities
“Disadvantage Cycle” in the Less Developed States
Income Inequality
22
Transformasi Falsafah Pembangunan Negara –1 Malaysia
Perancangan Ekonomi
Isu-Isu Semasa
RMKe-10
Perbincangan & penutup
Transformation Package: 6 Strategic Directions
Outcome–based Approach (OBA) for 10th MP
Strategic Directions for 10th MP
Economic Transformation Agenda
24
Accelerate transformation to K-economy
Strong push for private sector as engine of growth
Focus on and specialise in sectors with strong growth potential
Anchor growth on entrepreneurial-driven economy*
Undertake wage and labour market reform
Bridge development and social gaps
High Income Advanced Economy
25
Balanced Scorecard
(1) Final Goal
(2) Strategic
direction
(3) Key
result
Areas
(KRA)
(5) Strategic
action
(4) Outcome
Project Project Project Project
(6) Key
Performance
Indicator (KPI)
Output
Output
Output
Output
Program Program
Outcome-based Approach
(1) Final Goal
(2) Strategic
direction
(3) Key
result
areas
(5) Strategic
action
(4) Outcome
Project Project Project Project
(6) Key
Performance
Indicator
Output
Output
Output
Output
Program Program
THE OUTCOME-BASED APPROACH (OBA)
Rangka Kerja Dasar dan Strategi bagi Kajian Separuh Panggal RMK-9
MISI NASIONAL, 2006-2020
TERAS 1
Meningkatkan
ekonomi dalam
rantaian nilai
lebih tinggi
TERAS 2
Meningkatkan keupayaan
pengetahuan dan inovasi
negara serta memupuk
minda kelas pertama
TERAS 3
Menangani
ketidaksamaan
sosioekonomi
yang berterusan
TERAS 4
Meningkatkan tahap dan
kemampanan kualiti hidup
TERAS 5
Mengukuhkan
keupayaan
institusi dan
pelaksanaan
WAWASAN 2020
•Meningkatkan
produktiviti dan
daya saing
• Menjana
sember
pertumbuhan
baru
• Meningkatkan kualiti dan
akses pendidikan
• Menjadikan sekolah
kebangsaan sebagai
sekolah pilihan
• Menyediakan pendidikan
tertiar bertaraf
antarabangsa
• Memupuk keupayaan
R&D dan inovasi
• Menyemai nalai murni
dalam masyarakat
• Mengurangkan
kadar
kemiskinan.
• Memperbaiki
pengagihan
pendapatan
• Mengurangkan
jurang
perbezaan
antara wilayah
• Menyusun
semula pola
tenaga
•
Membangunkan
MPPB
•Meningkatkan akses
kepada dan kualiti
penjagaan kesihatan
• Menyediakan
perumahan mampu milik
dan bekalan air serta
elektrik kepada golongan
miskin.
• Menambah baik jaringan
pengangkutan
• Meningkatkan
keselamatan awam
• Menambah baik alam
sekitar
• Menangani isu berkaitan
kanak-kanak, golongan
belia dan wanita
•Mengintegrasi
perkhidmatan
merentasi
agensi.
•Meningkatkan
keyakinan
terhadap
perkhidmatan
berasaskan
elektronik
•Melaksanakan
perancangan,
pemantauan
dan penilaian
berdasarkan
pencapaian
INISIATIF DASAR/STRATEGI
PRINSIP ASAS
PERPADUAN NEGARA RUKUNEGARA ISLAM HADHARI
Strategi KPI
Misi Nasional2006-2020
KRA RMKe-10
KRA RMKe-10Peringkat Kementerian
Strategi KPI Strategi KPI
Strategy KPI Strategy KPI Strategy KPI
Teras 1
Wawasan 2020
Teras 2 Teras 3 Teras 4 Teras 5
2
8
Rangka kerja
bersepadu RMKe-10
Strategy KPI
10th MP: Mapping the OBA
29
4
3
2
5
6
1
Vision 2020
Transformation Agenda
10th MP-KRA
Ministry-Level KRA
30
Kementerian
▪KRA
▪Outcome
Outcome
RMKe-10
Program
Nasional
Projek
Kementerian
Teras 3 Menangani Ketidaksamaan Sosioekonomi yang Berterusan
KRA 1
RMKe-10
Pembasmian Kemiskinan dan Peningkatan Pendapatan bagi Isi Rumah
Berpendapatan 30% Terendah
Bahagian Pendapatan bagi Isi Rumah Berpendapatan 30% Terendah Meningkat
Program
Bantuan Pelajar
Miskin
KPM
Program Pembasmian Kemiskinan
KPWKMKKLW KWPKB
Program
Bantuan
Rumah (PBR)
Luar Bandar
Projek
Membina/
Baik Pulih
Rumah Miskin
Program
Kementerian
Skim Perlindungan
Sosial bagi Golongan
Miskin dan OKU
Program
Bantuan
Perumahan
Bandar
Program
Peningkatan
Kapasiti &
Pembangunan
Minda
Keluarga
Miskin Bandar
Projek
Membina/
Baik Pulih
Rumah
Panjang
Program
Bersepadu
Ekonomi
Miskin Bandar
Bantuan
Orang Tua
Bantuan
Kanak-kanak
Bantuan Orang
Kurang Upaya
Bantuan Kos
dan Elaun
Latihan
Program
Motivasi
Bantuan
Sewa
Rumah
Skim
Baucer
Tuisyen
Biasiswa
Makanan
Tambahan
Program
Pembangunan
Bersepadu
Projek
Agropolitan
Projek
Pembangunan
Masyarakat
Sejahtera
Penjodohan
Pekerjaan
Bantuan
Peniaga Kecil
Miskin Bandar
31
32
“Building upon the
best location”
(under British
colonial)
colonial export economy
+ Laissez- faire
tin mines, rubber,port, road network, maritime trade ,
- marked segregation based
“Accelerating
maximum growth”
(1950s and 1960s)
economic dualism inherited from
colonialism+ Laissez- faire
tin mines, rubberurbanisation , public utilities concentrated in the developed location
- Ketidakseimbangantara etnik meningkat, 13 may
“Growth with equity”
(1971 - ??)
growth with equity+ building upon the
target group
FELDA, RISDA, FELCRA, RDA, IADP, in-situ RDP, MARA, SEDC, koperasi, etc
- Ketidakseimbangan antara etnik berkurangan
growth with equity + building upon the best
group
Pengkopratan, MPPB, IMP, mega projek, globalization, trade libralization, VisiNasional - Wawasan2020 etc
-Ketidakseimbanganantara etnikberkurangan;
- ketidakseimbangandlm etnik, lokasi, aktiviti ekonomimeningkat
Dualism;Peluang?- ICT- bahasa- lokasi- politik
growth with equity + membangun bersama
saya
Hadhari, Corridor, Koperasi, Pertanian(makanan), MisiNasional
growth with equity + 1Malaysia
RMKe-10NEMGTPETP 34