necessity for global network of renewable hydrogen and pilot ...share of renewable energy 3...

Solar hydrogen

Solar farm in Queensland

Concentrator PVs

H2 carrier

Solar methane

Necessity for global network of renewable hydrogen and pilot project in Queensland

Masakazu SUGIYAMAResearch Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo

1

©2019 Masakazu Sugiyama, RCAST, Univ. Tokyo, All rights reserved

Share of renewable energy

2

Growth in Global Renewable Energy Compared to Total Final Energy Consumption (TFEC)

REN21. 2018. Renewables 2018 Global Status Report (Paris: REN21 Secretariat). ISBN 978-3-9818911-3-3


Share of renewable energy

3

Renewable Energy in Total Final Energy Consumption, by Sector (2015)

Largest sharein electricity



Capacity of renewable electricity

4

Solar PV + wind power - Rapid growth in capacity- Remaining large potential for installation



Solar PV global capacity

5


2018 estimate: 512 GW

The minimum PV electricity price: ca. 2¢/kWh


Energy flow in Japan (as of 2010)

M. Koyama, S. Kimura, Y. Kikuchi, T. Nakagaki and K. Itaoka,J. Chem. Eng. Jpn., 47 (7), pp. 499–513, 2014

95 MToe

Total19.9 EJ (475 Mtoe)

6


Decarbonization towards 2050

7

80% reduction in GHG emission by 2050

2010 2050

Pri

mar

y en

erg

y su

pp

ly (

Mto

e)

428

22

Fossil Fuel

Fossil160

160

Ministry of Environment scenario

320

Potential for RE installation

Necessity for CCS

RE: Renewable energy

RE 475

RE

PV 250 GWwind 50 GWOther renewables 50 GW

Nuclear25

Unit: Mtoe

Japanese government target


PV installation in Japan

8

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

1002

01

2/7

20

12

/10

20

13

/2

20

13

/6

20

13

/10

20

14

/2

20

14

/6

20

14

/10

20

15

/2

Cu

mu

lati

ve P

V c

apac

ity

(GW

)

Month

Installed (GW)

Certified (GW)

Installation before FIT

Slope

~ 7 GW/y

Slope

~ 10 GW/y

Maximum electricity generation in Japan: 153 GW (2015)

~48 GW installed(2018/12)

~78 GW certified(2018/12)


Renewable power generation in Japan

RenewablesInstalled up to 2018 *1

(GW)

Generation in 2018 *1

(Mtoe)

Installation potential *2

Capacity (GW)Annual generation(Mtoe)

Photovoltaic 48.1 4.9 248.4 59.4 Wind 3.6 0.6 50.0 23.0 Large Hydro 22.4 6.8 12.5 6.4 Small Hydro 0.6 0.2 15.2 16.2 Geothermal 0.0 0.0 6.3 8.1 Biomass 2.7 1.0 6.2 7.5 Marine 8.2 6.7 Sum 77.4 13.5 346.8 127.3

*1 https://www.fit-portal.go.jp/PublicInfoSummary*2 https://www.env.go.jp/earth/report/h27-01/

Electricity demand in Japan: ca. 1100 TWh = 95 MToe

Installation potential of intermittent renewable power generation: 82.4 MToe

Electricity grid management will be almost impossible!9


Electricity management with massive PV

10

Demand

Generation

PV

Generationwith PV

Bottom line

rise

noon nightmorningtime

Dem

and

/ G

ene

rati

on


Difficulty in grid management in Kyushu

11

[GW]12

10

8

6

4

2

Apr. 30, 2017

Agency for Natural Resources and Energy, Japan

0:00 6:00 12:00 18:00 24:00

Nuclear, Hydro, Geothermal

Coal, Oil, LNG

Electricitydemand

Pumped hydro

Pumped hydro

Hydro pump-up

Photovoltaic 5.65GW (73% of electricity demand)

Suppression of PV output to grid

11 times since Oct. 2018max. 30% of total PV capacity


Supply / consumption of renewable energy

PowerGeneration

ElectricityGrid

Demand

PV

time

De

ma

nd

/ G

en

era

tio

nIntermittent

Bio

Fossil(non-renewable)

Adjustable

Demand

time

De

ma

nd

/ G

en

era

tio

n

EnergyConsumers

On-demandelectricity

Most of the renewable energy is delivered through electricity.

Bio

Heat


12


For disruptive installation of renewable energy

EnergyConsumers

PowerGeneration

ElectricityGrid

Demand

PV

time

De

ma

nd

/ G

en

era

tio

n Intermittent

Bio


Adjustable

Demand

time

De

ma

nd

/ G

en

era

tio

n


Heat

Expanded use of electricity

BioHeat pump

13

COP: coefficient of performance

energy saving: 1/COP

electricity

https://www.google.co.jp/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwiTzvyE9bfiAhUG_GEKHZX0B0kQjRx6BAgBEAU&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hptcj.or.jp%2Flibrary%2Ftabid%2F260%2FDefault.aspx&psig=AOvVaw01ym7XmlbZYtyMg3s_Eqic&ust=1558916048461185



EnergyConsumers

ElectricityGrid

Demand

PV

time

De

ma

nd

/ G

en

era

tio

n Intermittent

Adjustable

Demand

time

De

ma

nd

/ G

en

era

tio

n



PV + storage

Local generation and management

electricity

14

PowerGeneration

Bio

Fossil(non-renewable) Heat

BioHeat pump


Electricity management with large-capacity storageSo

lar

po

wer

ge

ner

atio

n

time

Elec

tric

ity

de

man

dWater

electrolysis

Fuel cell

Sup

ple

men

tary

el

ectr

icit

y

time

15

Battery

0

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

0 20 40 60 80 100

cost

($

/sys

tem

)

Electrical power capacity (kWh)

Li-ion(conventional)

Li-ion (2020)

H2 storage(conventional)

H2 storage(2020)

Battery Hydrogen

Li-ion

Hydrogen

Future cost down

Hydrogen-based electricity storage is beneficial for long-term storage. (But energy recovery efficiency is lower.)


Recent installation in Huis Ten Bosch hotel in Japan

16

12 rooms independent from electricity grid

water electrolyzerH2 storagefuel cell

http://www.meti.go.jp/committee/kenkyukai/energy/suiso_nenryodenchi/pdf/005_s01_00.pdf/

Prof. KohnoTohoku Univ.



EnergyConsumers

PowerGeneration

ElectricityGrid

Demand

PV

time

De

ma

nd

/ G

en

era

tio

n Intermittent

Bio Adjustable

Demand

time

De

ma

nd

/ G

en

era

tio

n



Bio

Heat pump

H2

Heat

H2Local generation and management

electricity

H2 as CO2-free fuel

17

Wasteheat


H2 for energy management with renewablesSo

lar

po

wer

ge

ner

atio

n

time

Elec

tric

ity

de

man

d

Sup

ple

men

tary

el

ectr

icit

y Water electrolysis

mobility

18compost

Power generation

Bio

Fuel cell

Chemical plantsHeat sources

https://www.google.co.jp/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwjw9rPJxYzbAhVFVrwKHcEnA74QjRx6BAgBEAU&url=https://illust-imt.jp/archives/002920/&psig=AOvVaw3vQTqc99xoi35qYuvW_ZCz&ust=1526639499028504


How to expand renewables?A scenarioin 2050

Increased electrification

51 → 85%

44 → 85%

Substitution of heat sources by heat pumpsenergy saving: 1/COP (COP=3 assumed)

COP: coefficient of performance

19


How to expand renewables?

EV and FCV for transportation20

A scenarioin 2050


Energy Demand in Japan

Industry35 %

Residential14 %

Commercial18 %

Transportation22 %

Non-energy11 %

Final energydemand

in Japan 201015 x 1018 J

3% Agriculture, Forestry & Fishery

0% Mining

5% Construction

4% Food

1% Pulp & Paper

0% Chemical Textiles

0% Oil Products

36% Chemical

0% Glass Wares

5% Cement & Ceramics

24% Iron & Steel

2% Non Ferrous metal

6% Machinery

14%Other Industries &

Small- and Medium-sized enterprises

6% Hokkaido

8% Touhoku

35% Kanto

5% Hokuriku

11% Tokai

16% Kansai

5% Chugoku

3% Shikoku

8% Kyushu

1% Okinawa

Water supply, Sewage & Waste Disposal 6%

Electricity & Gas Supply 0%

Transportation Related Service 4%

Telecommunication & Broadcasting 2%

Trade & Finance Service 31%

Public Service 30%

Commercial Service 5%

Retail Service 23%

Passenger private car 52%

Passenger taxi 2%

Passenger bus 2%

Passenger rail 2%

Passenger ship 2%

Paasenger air 3%

Freight public transportation 17%

Freight private transportation 12%

Freight driver transportation 5%

Freight rail 0%

Freight ship 3%

Freight air 1%

Non-ene: non-manufacturing industry 5%

Non-ene: chemicals 88%

Non-ene: cement & ceramics 0%

Non-ene: iron & steel 0%

Non-ene: other industry & SMEs 5%

Non-ene: transport 2%

Coal, 28% Oil, 51%

Natural gas, 4%

Electricity, 16%

Coal, 0%

Oil, 27%

Natural gas, 26%

Electricity, 46%

Coal, 1%

Oil, 28%

Natural gas, 27%

Electricity, 44%

Coal, 0%

Oil, 98%

Natural gas, 0%

Electricity, 2%

Coal, 1%

Oil, 98%

Natural gas, 1%

Electricity, 0%

21

EV

FCV

A scenarioin 2050


Energy efficiency of vehicles

Technology efficiency ratio

Gasoline combustion

ca. 12 km/L 2.75 MJ/km 100%

Electrical vehicle ca. 8 km/kWh 0.45 MJ/km 16%

H2 FC vehicle ca. 140 km/kg-H2 0.86 MJ/km 31%

33 MJ/L

3.6 MJ/kWh

120 MJ/kg-H2

22


How to expand renewables?

Substitution of heat source by heat pumps.Substitution of fuel for combustion with H2 and bio.➔Fraction of energy supply

40% electricity, 40% H2, 12% bio, 8% fossil

23

A scenarioin 2050


Total electricity demand in 2050

24

A scenarioin 2050

5.05 EJ (1400 TWh, 121 Mtoe)

cf. 3.98 EJ in 2010

cf. Installation potential

PV + wind : 3.5 EJAdjustable renewables 1.6 EJ

Renewable3.54 EJ

Total electricity 70%

H2 power generation1.51 EJ

Independent electricity management with large-capacity storage

For stabilization of electricity gridSubstitute for fossil-fuel power generation

30%

H2

Large-scale grid


Decarbonization towards 2050

25

77% reduction in Fossil-fuel usage

2010 2050

Pri

mar

y en

erg

y su

pp

ly (

Mto

e)

428

22

Fossil Fuel

329

RE: Renewable energy

RE 475

Nuclear25

A scenarioin 2050

DomesticRE

99Power generation 84Heat (biomass) 15

H2130Power generation 72Heat 58

Fossil100

Unit: Mtoe

Limitation in Japanese domestic RE (e.g. PV)

◼ After 2030, domestic installation sites for PV will be depleted. → PV electricity cost will rise.

26

2030 20500

60

• Rooftop with area > 150m2

• On the sites with easy installation

• On the north side of gable roofs, Walls facing to east and west, Windows with area > 10m2

• Installation on every vacant sites

• Rooftop with area > 20m2

• Walls facing to south, Windows with area > 20m2

• Installation with mountings (e.g., on parking lot)

Projection of PV installation(Mtoe)

Level 1

Level 2

Level 3

40

20

Co

st in

cre

ase

Mr. Kidoshi, Japan Research Institute


Partnership with Australia: a necessity

2050 scenario in Japan H2 demand: 45.5 million ton/year

2300 TWh/year electricity for water electrolysis

PV capacity ~1400 GW(19% system utilization ratio)

In Queensland, Australia

→ 130 km squared

In Japan

PV capacity ~2050 GW(13% system utilization ratio)

→ 160 km squared

If all H2 comes from renewable electricity…


Intercontinental hydrogen transport and usage

28

Water electrolysis

Inexpensive electricity

Australia

CombustionElectricity gen.

Concentrator photovoltaic

Water purification

RenewableH2

Japan

Chemical Hydride

Methane

Liquid H2

H2 addition(catalysis)

methanation(catalysis)

cooling

Utilization withexisting infrastructure

Intercontinental transport

Mobility powered by H2

H2 addition(catalysis) NH3

H2

separation

H2 separation

CO2 source

The missing piece: source of H2


Energy carrier technology

29

Carrier principle pros cons

methaneCO2 + 4H2→ CH4 + 2H2OCH4 utilization as conventional fuel

Utilization of existing infrastructure for natural gas

CO2 emission by the combustion of CH4.Utilization of Renewable energy is certainly increased.

Methyl-cyclohexane

Similar transportation toconventional fuel

Extra energy necessary for H2

extraction

Liquid H2

Liquefaction at very low temperature

Transpiration as H2

itself, possible utilization for cooling

Extra energy necessary for liquefaction

Ammonia N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3

A process already commercialized

Needs for new technologies such as direct combustion


0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Imp

ort

[BC

M]

Import of Natural Gas as of 2017 (Billions Cubic Meters)

LNG

Pipeline

Which country necessitates solar fuel import?

30

BP Statistical Review of World Energy (June 2018)https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/en/corporate/pdf/energy-economics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2018-full-report.pdf

Pipeline → power to gasLNG → oversea transportation of CO2-free hydrogen


Basic Hydrogen Strategy (METI, 2017)

31


CO2-free hydrogen

32

Brown coal＋CCS

EOR(Enhanced Oil Recovery)

Oil → CO2 + H2


Renewable hydrogen

33

Solar Renewable electricity

Water electrolysis

Wind

Panel

www.itm-power.com

Concentrator

Water treatment

Membrane distillation etc.

water

Renewablehydrogen

Hydrogen: An interface between renewable electricity and chemical substances

34

Sumitomo corp.

Sumitomo Electric Industry

Actree

West Holdings

Komatsu

Chiyoda Corp.

Tokyo Gas

JXTG Energy

Nippon Shokubai

Queensland state government

An industry-university collaborative research unit for global network of renewable hydrogen

RE global

https://www.google.co.jp/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwid-quxnMXeAhURF4gKHfPiChwQjRx6BAgBEAU&url=http://logo-sozai.com/data/s0001.php&psig=AOvVaw2ltgXlkfuXHXzvHN3onrj0&ust=1541781108673284


Domestic use of renewable energy

Regional management of renewable energy

EV / FCV

Targeted energy system

Renewable fuel for electricity generation

→ Disruptive installation of renewable energyJapan/Asia

Renewable H2 from oversea countries

Intercontinental transport

A region with abundant sunlight and land area

Renewable electricity+

water electrolysys

Regional management of renewable energy

→ Early installation of renewable energy using Japanese technology

Oversea countries

Electricity by Renewable H2 Green electricity

Mobility

Collaboration with existing initiative

35

Heat source / massive industrial usage

CO2-free H2 from oversea countries（CCUS）

R&D in progress as a national project

R&D in progress as a national project

Bridging technologyA missing piece in an entire picture


Perspective for global renewable hydrogen

36

H2

sup

ply

to

Jap

an

2020 2030 2040 2050

rH2

reforming fossil fuelbyproduct H2

CO2-free H2 (CCUS)

H2 from fossil fuel CO2-free H2

Our wish

36

2025

Govt.strategy

Massive import of renewable H2 (rH2) in 2050

Massive use of renewable H2

Overseas small demo. of rH2

Transport to Jpn. demo.

Electricity generation with rH2

Jpn. →Asiaextended use of rH2

Partial substitution of fossil-based H2 with rH2

Demonstration Benchmark Pilot use Commercialization

Generation: 0.1 MWElectrolysis: 0.1 MWH2 transport:－

20 MW10 MW1k ton/y

20 GW10 GW1M ton/y

~ 1500 GW~ 750 GW~ 45M ton/y

200 MW100 MW10k ton/y

rH2 society

Demonstration of rH2

Public acceptance, pre-commercial benchmark

Scaling up Massive use

300k ton/y(equiv. 1 power plant)

10M ton/y4k ton/yH2 supply


The way to expand renewable H2 transportation

37

Japan + AsiaOversea countries with abundant RE resources

Advanced rH2-related technology in Japan

2019Early establishment of rH2 technology

Technology transfer

2025

2030

rH2

2035

STEP1

STEP2

STEP3

STEP4

RE: renewable energyrH2: renewable hydrogen

Joint benchmark for rH2 production in QLDEstablished relationshipEarly cultivation of

demand for rH2 in Japan

Early demonstration of rH2 usage in small sites

Technology transfer

rH2

Technology transfer

rH2

Technology transfer

Cultivating local demand for rH2

and RE managementExpanded scale of benchmark

Cost reduction by launching businessand scaling-up

Larger-scale business in QLD

Expansion to other countries

Cost reduction

Worldwide RE management

Larger-scale business worldwide

Commercialization in small scale

Expansion to Asia by reduced cost for transportation

Larger-scale business in Asia

rH2 in an entire Asia

More value on H2: regional energy management

38

Sola

r p

ow

er

gen

erat

ion

time

Elec

tric

ity

de

man

d

Sup

ple

men

tary

el

ectr

icit

y Water

electrolysis

mobility

biofuel

export

compost

Power generation

Bio

https://www.google.co.jp/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwjw9rPJxYzbAhVFVrwKHcEnA74QjRx6BAgBEAU&url=https://illust-imt.jp/archives/002920/&psig=AOvVaw3vQTqc99xoi35qYuvW_ZCz&ust=1526639499028504


Solar fuel

39

sunlight electrolysis H2

water

New H2

energy system

1st step for realizing solar fuel concept →high-efficiency solar-to-H2

energy conversion

electricityStorageTransport

CO2

CH4

Conventional energy system

catalyst

Concentrator PhotoVoltaic (CPV) modules

40

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

0.3 0.8 1.3 1.8 2.3 2.8 3.3 3.8

Ph

oto

n f

lux

(m

-2eV

-1)

Photon Energy (eV)

16.912.126.7

Ph

oto

n f

lux (

m-2

s-1eV

-1)

Multi-junction cells

InGaP

GaAs

InGaAs

Fresnel lens

1MW CPV plant @Masen, MoroccoCurtesy of Sumitomo Electric

Concentrator PV – water electrolyzer connection

Moduleunder

development CPV modules

Electrochemical Cells

Electrical connection

H106

H103CPV modules

E106(2 cells in a package)

CPV mono-modules

E103

H2

collection

O2

collection

VA

Clamp ammeter

24.4% energy conversion efficiency achieved from sunlight to hydrogen.(world record under natural sunlight)

CPV: Sumitomo Electric, Japan

EC: H-TEC EDUCATION GmbH

41


Continuous solar hydrogen production benchmark

42

Prof. Nishioka, Miyazaki Univ.

Solar-to-hydrogenenergy conversion efficiency

𝜂𝑆𝑇𝐻 = 𝜂𝐶𝑃𝑉 × 𝜂𝐷𝐶𝐷𝐶 × 𝜂𝐸𝐶 × 𝜂𝐹

PV Voltage conversion

Water electrolysis

overpotential~20% energy conversion efficiency achieved

current


H2Xport project in Queensland, Australia

43

Cost-effective production

of renewable H2

- System engineering- Demonstration

DC bus

Battery

DC/DC

DC/DC

MPPT

electrolyzer

DC/DC

H2 storage

Fuel Cell DC loads

DC/DCDC/DC DC/DC

Open for new components

30 kWConcentrator photovoltaic

DC/DC

MPPT

70 kWConventionalphotovoltaic

https://www.google.co.jp/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwjirc-kuozbAhWKwrwKHf4eDQcQjRx6BAgBEAU&url=http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/queensland/queensland-university-of-technology-students-were-not-told-of-racial-discrimination-complaint-against-them-for-14-months/news-story/a526cdb2fbd47a0772d90a257139d665&psig=AOvVaw1ZSicUY9oW7RJf61pUdeDG&ust=1526636489971045

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

Hyd

roge

nco

st (¢

/Nm

3 )

Electricity (¢/kWh)

depreciation

Maintenance, labor

Tax, interest etc.

Electricity

Utility

Cost of H2 production

44

Target cost of H2 production

Electricity

Water electrolyzer

All the costs for PV are included in electricity cost.

Assumptions for an electrolyzer: 15 years lifetime, 30% utilization efficiency (high irradiance region)


Cost of H2 carrier (expected in 2050)

4545

Converted from Mizuno et al., J. Jpn. Soc. Energy and Res., Vol. 38, No. 3, p. 11 (2017)assuming ¥1 = 100¢

30

20

10

0

H2

car

rie

r co

st (

¢/N

m3)

Liq. H2 NH3 MCH

H2 recoverypurification

Loading to land

Overseatransport

Loading to ship

Carrier synthesis

Cost target H2 (CIF): ¢30/Nm3 (2030) → ¢20/Nm3 (2050)Carrier cost: ¢10 – 15 /Nm3 (2050)

- excessive purification is not necessary for H2 combustion from NH3 and MCH

Cost target of H2 production: 10 – 20 /Nm3

Summary

◼ Disruptive installation of renewable energy based on solar and wind power generation will be limited by the progress of electrification and the availability of large-capacity electricity storage.

◼ Role of hydrogen:

⚫ A medium for electricity storage and transport

⚫ An interface between renewable electricity and useful chemical substances

◼ For the decarbonization by hydrogen-based energy system, it is mandatory to connect the production of renewable hydrogen and the infrastructures for hydrogen utilization and transport.

◼ For the global network of renewable energy, the first step is to establish renewable energy system in a region with high potential for renewable power supply.

46

necessity for global network of renewable hydrogen and pilot ...share of renewable energy 3...

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