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DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL KASHI

CLASS X

ECONOMICS :

CHAPTER 4

GLOBALISATION AND THE INDIAN ECONOMY

CROSS PRODUCTION ACROSS COUNTRIES

Multinational corporations (MNCs):-

• MNC is a company that owns or controls production in more than one nation.

• MNCs set up offices and factories for production in regions where they can get cheap

labour and other resources.

• This is done so that the cost of production is low and the MNCs can earn greater profits.

MNCs set up production where it is close to the markets; where there is skilled and

unskilled labour available at low costs; and where the availability of other factors of

production is assured. In addition, MNCs might look for government policies that look

after their interests.

INTERLINKING PRODUCTION ACROSS COUNTRIES

• The money that is spent to buy assets such as land, building, machines and other

equipment is called investment.

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Investment made by MNCs is called foreign investment. Any investment is made with

the hope that these assets will earn profits.

Variety of ways in which the MNCs are spreading their production and interacting with

local producers in various countries across the globe.

• By setting up partnerships with local companies, by using the local companies for

supplies, by closely competing with the local companies or buying them up, MNCs are

exerting a strong influence on production at these distant locations.

• As a result, production in these widely dispersed locations is getting interlinked.

FOREIGN TRADE AND INTEGRATION OF MARKETS

• Foreign trade creates an opportunity for the producers to reach beyond the domestic

markets, i.e., markets of their own countries.

• Producers can sell their produce not only in markets located within the country but can

also compete in markets located in other countries of the world.

• Similarly, for the buyers, import of goods produced in another country is one way of

expanding the choice of goods beyond what is domestically produced.

• Foreign trade thus results in connecting the markets or integration of markets in

different countries.

WHAT IS GLOBALISATION?

• Globalisation is a process in which people of the world are linked together to each other through

internet and other advanced means of communication. It means the integration of the economy

of the country with the world economy. It aims to encourage foreign trade, private and

institutional foreign investment. It creates various policies that try to turn the world in to one.

• It is process of rapid integration or interconnection between countries.

• MNCs are playing a major role in the globalisation process. More and more goods and

services, investments and technology are moving between countries.

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Besides the movements of goods, services, investments and technology, there is one

more way in which the countries can be connected. This is through the movement of

people between countries.

FACTORS THAT HAVE ENABLED GLOBALISATION

1. Technology

• Rapid improvement in technology has been one major factor that has stimulated the

globalisation process.

• For instance, the past fifty years have seen several improvements in transportation

technology. This has made much faster delivery of goods across long distances possible

at lower costs.

2. Liberalisation of foreign trade and foreign investment policy

Liberlisation has resulted in the removal of trade barriers. Earlier, many countries had placed restrictions on import in order to protect their own industries. With the removal of trade barriers, as a result of liberlisation, many countries opened their economies for the foreign companies. They established their factories and offices in these countries leading to the process of globalisation. This also resulted in the flow of foreign investments. The process of liberlisation led to the increase in imports and exports across the geographical boundaries of the nations. This has also helped in the process of globalisation.

• Tax on imports is an example of trade barrier. It is called a barrier because some

restriction has been set up. Governments can use trade barriers to increase or

decrease (regulate) foreign trade and to decide what kinds of goods and how

much of each, should come into the country.

• Removing barriers or restrictions set by the government is what is known as

liberalisation.

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WORLD TRADE ORGANISATION

• World Trade Organisation (WTO) is organisation whose aim is to liberalise international

trade.

Started at the initiative of the developed countries, WTO establishes rules regarding

international trade, and sees that these rules are obeyed.

• As on July 2016, nearly 165 Countries of the world are currently members of the WTO.

IMPACT OF GLOBALISATION IN INDIA

The impact of globalisation has not been uniform because globalisation has benefitted the rich and developed nations of the world. The poor and developing nations of the world have still not received their fair share of the benefits of globalisation. Big companies have been profited by globalisation while many small manufacturers with low capital have not been able to withstand the competition from the large MNC’s. Workers have not been benefitted by globalisation. Their jobs have become insecure and they have to work on low wages as the MNC’s, in order to earn profits, employ them on meager salaries. Because of globalisation the workers have become poorer and the rich have become richer.

Among producers and workers, the impact of globalisation has not been uniform.

Effects of

Globalisation

Firstly, MNCs have increased their investments in India over the past 20 years, which

means investing in India has been beneficial for them.

• MNCs have been interested in industries such as cell phones, automobiles, electronics,

soft drinks, fast food or services such as banking in urban areas.

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• These products have a large number of well-off buyers. In these industries and services,

new jobs have been created. Also, local companies supplying raw materials, etc. to these

industries have prospered.

Secondly, several of the top Indian companies have been able to benefit from the

increased competition.

They have invested in newer technology and production methods and raised their

production standards.

• Some have gained from successful collaborations with foreign companies.

Moreover, globalisation has enabled some large Indian companies to emerge as

multinationals themselves! Tata Motors (auto-mobiles), Infosys (IT), Ranbaxy

(medicines), Asian Paints (paints), Sundaram Fasteners (nuts and bolts) are some Indian

companies which

are spreading their operations worldwide

THE STRUGGLE FOR A FAIR GLOBALISATION

While globalisation has benefited well-off consumers and also producers with skill,

education and wealth, many small producers and workers have suffered as a result of

the rising competition. Fair globalisation would create opportunities for all, and also

ensure that the benefits of globalisation are shared better.

People with education skill and wealth have made the best use of new opportunities.

On the other hand, there are many people who have not shared the benefits.

Fair globalization would create opportunities for all and also ensure that the benefits of

globalization are shared better.

The government can play a major role in making this possible.

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Its policies must protect the interests, not only of rich and the powerful but all the people in

the country.

It can support small producers to improve their performance till the time they become strong

enough to compete.

If necessary, the government can use trade and barriers.

In the past few years, massive campaigns and representatives by people’s organizations have

influenced important decisions relating to trade and investments at the WTO.

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Questions/Answers

Question 1.

Differentiate between investment and foreign investment. Answer:

The money that is spent to buy assets such as land, building, machines etc. is called investment whereas investment made by a MNC to buy such assets is called foreign investment.

Question 2.

Why do MNCs set up their offices and factories in those regions where they get cheap labour and other resources?

Answer:

MNCs set up their offices and factories in those regions where they get cheap labour and other

resources because they bring down the cost of production and ensure more profits for themselves.

Question 3.

Due to what reason are the latest models of different items available within our reach? Answer:

Globalisation

Question 4

‘Barriers on foreign trade and foreign investment were removed to a large extent in India since 1991.’ Justify the statement.

Answer:

In 1991, the Indian government decided that the time has come for Indian producers to compete with producers around the world. It felt that foreign competition would improve the

quality of goods produced by Indian producers within the country. Thus, barriers on foreign trade and foreign investment were removed to a large extent. It

meant goods could be imported or exported easily and foreign companies could set up

factories and offices in India.

Question 5.

“A wide ranging choice of goods are available in the Indian markets.” Support the statement with examples in context of globalisation.

Answer:

9 . This has demonstrated that people also can play an important role in the strug gle for fai r

globalization.

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The Indian market has been transformed in recent years. The consumers have a wide variety

of goods and services to choose from, which were not available earlier. For example:

The latest models of mobile phones, television, digital cameras of leading manufacturers and other well known brands of the world are easily available in the markets.

New models of cars and automobiles are launched every season. The top companies in the world have introduced their popular brands in India for various

products like shirts, fruit juices, cosmetics, toys, furniture, stationery etc.

All this has been possible only due to globalisation.

Question 6.

“Globalisation and greater competition among producers has been of advantageous to consumers.” Justify the statement with examples. Answer:

Globalisation and greater competition among producers has been of advantageous to

consumers in the following ways:

• Consumers in today’s world have a wide variety of goods and services to choose from. The latest

models of digital cameras, mobile phones and televisions made by the leading manufacturers are

available to them.

• Consumers now enjoy better and improved quality at lower prices.

• It has resulted in higher standards of living.

• There has been a varying impact on producers and workers.

• Many top Indian companies have been able to establish themselves as multi¬national corporations.

• Latest technology and production methods have raised production standards.

Question 7.

Why had the Indian government put barriers to foreign trade and foreign investment

after independence? Analyse the reasons. Answer:

The Indian government put barriers on foreign trade and foreign investment after

independence because:

(a) It was considered necessary to protect the producers within the country from foreign competition.

(b) In 1950s and 1960s, the industries were in nascent stage and competition from imports at that stage would not have allowed these industries to develop.

(c) Therefore, India allowed the imports of only essential items like machinery, fertilizers,

petroleum etc.

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Question 8.

Explain by giving examples how Multinational Corporations (MNCs) are spreading their

products in different ways.

Answer:

Multinational Corporations (MNCs) are spreading their production in different ways. Some of

them are:

By buying local companies and, then expanding production. For example, Cargill Foods, a very

large American MNC, purchased small Indian company, Parakh foods. Cargill Foods is, now, the largest producer of edible oil in India with a capacity making 5 million pouches daily. By placing

orders for production with small producers. Garments, footwears, sports items are examples where production is carried out by small producers for large MNCs around the world. By

producing jointly with some of the local companies. It benefits the local company in two ways.

1. A MNC can provide money for additional investments.

2. A MNC can bring latest technology for production.

For example, Ford Motors set up a large plant near Chennai, in collaboration with Mahindra

and Mahindra, a major Indian manufacturer of jeeps and trucks.

Question 9.

How have our markets been transformed? Explain with examples. Answer:

The advent of globalisation and the policy of liberalization have opened the market to the world

players. It has given rise to wide choice of goods and services to the consumer.

MNCs have played a vital role in the world market. Foreign trade and investment in’the country has increased. It has also resulted in exchange of technology between countries. In recent

times, technology in the areas of telecommunications, computers and internet has been

changing rapidly.

Globalisation has also created new opportunities for companies providing services, particularly those involving in IT. Better job opportunities for people have given rise to migration.

Globalisation has also enabled some large Indian companies to emerge as multinationals For

example, Tata Motors, Infosys, Ranbaxy have expanded their operations around the world.

Question 10.

How does foreign trade integrates the markets of different countries? Explain with examples.

Answer:

Foreign trade integrates the markets of different countries as:

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(a) It provides an opportunity for both producers and consumers to reach beyond the markets

of their own country. (b) Producers now compete with markets located in other countries.

(c) There is an expansion of choice of goods beyond the domestic market. (d) For example, during the Diwali season, buyers in India have the option of buying either

Indian or Chinese decorative lights and bulbs. The Chinese manufacturers get the opportunity to expand their business.

Question 11.

How do large companies manipulate the market? Explain with examples.

Answer:

The large companies manipulate the market in the following ways:

• Sometimes false information is passed on through media and other sources to attract consumers. For example, a company selling powder milk for babies as the most scientific product claiming it

to be better than mother’s milk which although was a false claim.

• Some food items were consumed in India for many years although it is very harmful for the health

of people. But through attractive and convincing advertisements in media, it was able to control

the market such as Maggie noddles manufactured by Nestle was found harmful after testing in India in May 2015.

• They may also hide the essential information about the product like expiry date, contents, terms

and conditions etc. to keep the consumers in dark.

• Sometimes, the expired products are packed in a new packing and again released in the market.

• It has also been evident that artificial scarcity is created by the producers and the product is

hoarded for sale in future at a high price. (any three)

Question 12.

“Information and communication technology has played a major role in spreading out production of services across countries”. Justify the statement with examples.

Answer:

Information and communication technology has played a major role in spreading out products

and services across countries. In recent years, technology in the areas of telecommunication facilities (telegraph, telephone including mobile phone) are used to contact one another

around the world.

For example, a news magazine published for London readers is to be designed and printed in

India. The text is sent through the internet to Delhi office. Design of the magazine is also sent to Delhi from London office using telecommunication facilities. The design is done on a computer.

After printing, the magazines are sent to London by air. The payment for the services from London to Delhi is done instantly through the internet (e-banking).

DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL KASHI Worksheet/Assignment

Chapter: - 4 (Agriculture)

Class: X Sub: Geography

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1. Why is agriculture important for Indian economy?

2. By what other name Jhumming is known in India and other countries of the world? What is

its main drawback?

3. Why is there enormous pressure on agricultural land in intensive subsistence farming?

5. Which is the most important plantation crop grown in India? Name its two major producing

states.

6. Name three cropping seasons of India? Give three pts. of difference between them.

7. What are food crops and non-food crops?

8. Name three factors that determine the nature of crop cultivated in an area?

9. What factor has made it possible to cultivate rice in north-western parts of India?

10. Name two major wheat growing zones of India?

11. Name three important millets/coarse grains grown in the country? Name the nutrients found

in Ragi?

12. Name the variety of coffee which was initially brought in India and from where was it

brought? Name the place where it was initially introduced?

13. What technological and institutional reforms were introduced in agriculture after

independence? What was its impact?

14. What do you mean by Green Revolution? What have been its consequences?

15. What efforts have been made by the government of India to modernize agriculture?

16. What is the trend of contribution of agriculture to GDP since independence?

17. Why so many farmers are committing suicide?

18. Which crop is a commercial crop in Punjab and Haryana? Mark the followings on political map of India:

(a) Major Rice producing regions (b) Two important wheat producing zones

(c) Largest producer of Jowar, Bajra and Ragi (d) Major Maize producing states (e) Major pulse producing states (f) Major sugarcane producing states

(g) Major tea producing states (h) Major Coffee producing states

(i) Major Rubber producing states

(j) Major cotton producing states

(k) Major Jute producing states

AGRICULTURE

Did you know?

Agriculture is the

largest livelihood

provider in rural

India.About 38% of

Earth’s land

surface is used

for agriculture.

Introduction Of Indian Agriculture

2/3rd of Indian

population is

engaged in

agricultural activities.

Food grains are the

most important

agricultural products

made in India.

India exports agro

product s like tea,

coffee, spices etc.

❖Agriculture is an age- old economic activity in our country.

❖Agriculture, In ancient times, had been associated with the

production of basic food crops.

❖At present, agriculture besides farming includes forestry, fruit

cultivation, dairy, poultry, mushroom, bee keeping, arbitrary,

etc. Today, marketing, processing, distribution of agricultural

products etc. are all accepted as a part of modern agriculture.

❖Thus, agriculture may be defined as the production,

processing, marketing and distribution of crops and livestock

products.

❖Agriculture plays a crucial role in the life of an economy.

❖It is the backbone of our economic system.

❖Agriculture not only provides food and raw material but also employment opportunities to a very large proportion of population.

The following facts clearly highlight the importance of agriculture in this country.

Depending upon the geographical conditions, demand of

produce, labour and level of technology- farming is divided

into Two main types:

1. Practised to meet the needs of the farmer’sfamily.

2. Low levels of technology and small amount oflabor is used.

3. Output of subsistence farming is used for theexistence of the farmer’s family.

Subsistence Farming

Primitive subsistence

farming

Intensive Subsistence

Farming

•In very densely populated countries like India and China, farmers use

their small land holdings to produce enough for their own consumption,

while the little remaining produce is used for exchange against other

goods.

•The cultivators use simple tools to produce the crop.

•These farmers try to obtain maximum yield from the available lands by

intensifying cultivation techniques, including the preparation of paddy

fields which can be used year after year.

•Such fields are found in densely populated parts of India. They may

also intensify by using manure, artificial irrigation and animal waste

as fertilizer.

Primitive Subsistence

Farming

Shifting Cultivation

Nomadic Herding

➢ Travelers first Choose a plot of land, Then they cleared by cutting the trees, After that they burnt trees.

➢The ashes are mixed with the soil to make the soil fertile.

➢Crops like maize, yarn, potatoes and cassava are grown.

➢After one or two times of crop, the soil loses its fertility.

➢The land is abandoned and the cultivator moves to a new plot.

North-Eastern states : Jhumming

Manipur : Pamlou

Chhattisgarh : Dipa

Andaman & Nicobar : Dipa

Madhya Pradesh : Bewar/ Dahiya

Andhra Pradesh : Podu/ Penda

Orissa : Koman/ Bhringa

Western Ghats : Kumari

Rajasthan : Valre/ Waltre

Himalayan Belt : Khil

Jharkhand : Kuruwa

Mexico & Central America : Milpa

Venezuela : Conuco

Brazil : Roca

Central Africa : Masole

Indonesia : Ladang

Vietnam : Ray

In the World

In India

➢Herders move from one place to another with their animals for

fodder and water.➢Sheep, camel, yak and goats are most commonly reared.➢Practised in the semi arid and arid regions of Sahara. Examples

are the nomadic Bhotiyas and Gujjars of the Himalayas.

In this type of farming, higher doses of modern inputs like HYV

seeds, chemical fertilisers, insecticides and pesticides are used in

order to obtain higher productivity. The degree of

commercialisation varies from region to region.

For example:- Rice is a commercial crop on Punjab and Haryana,

but in Orissa, it is a subsistence crop.

❖In mixed farming the land is used for growing food

and fodder crops along with rearing livestock.

❖It is practiced in Europe, eastern USA, Argentina,

southeast Australia, New Zealand and South Africa.

➢Plantation is a type of commercial farming. It is the type of farming in which a

single crop is grown on a large area. The plantation has an interface of

agriculture and industry. Plantations use capital intensive inputs, with the help

of migrant labourers. All the produce is used as raw material in respective

industries.

➢Tea plantations in Assam and North Bengal, Coffee plantations in Karnataka,

Banana plantations in Southern part of India, Rubber plantations in Kerala,

Bamboo plantations in North-East India etc. are some important plantation

crops grown in India.

➢Since the production is mainly for market, a well-developed network of

transport and communication connecting the plantation areas, processing

industries and market is present.

CROPPING PATTERN

India has three cropping seasons. They are:

❖Rabi crops

❖are sown in winter from October to December.

❖Crops include wheat, barley, peas, gram and mustard.

❖Productivity depends on winter monsoon.

❖Kharif crops

❖Are sown in onset of monsoon and harvested in Sep-Oct

❖Crops include paddy, maize, jowar, bajra, tur, moong, urad etc.

❖Zaid Crops

❖Grown between kharif and Rabi Crops

❖Crops watermelon, muskmelon, cucumber, vegetables and

fooder.

CROPPING PATTERN

❖ Sown in winter from October to December and harvested in summer from

April to June.

❖ Important crops are wheat, barley, peas, gram and mustard.

❖ States such as Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir,

Uttarakhand and Western Uttar Pradesh are main rabi crop ( mainly wheat )

producing states.

❖ Availability of precipitation during winter months due to the western

temperate cyclones help in the success of these crops.

❖ The success of green revolution in Punjab, Haryana, Western Uttar Pradesh

and parts of Rajasthan has also been an important factor in the growth of

rabi crops.Wheat Mustard Peas

❖ Sown with the onset of monsoon in different parts of the country and

harvested in September – October.

❖ Important crops are paddy, maize, jowar, bajra, tur (arhar), moong, urad,

cotton, jute, groundnut and soyabean.

❖ Some of the most important rice-growing regions are Assam, West Bengal,

coastal regions of Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Kerala and

Maharashtra - particularly the Konkan coast along with Uttar Pradesh and

Bihar.

❖ Recently, paddy has also become an important crop of Punjab and Haryana.

❖In states like Assam, West Bengal and Orissa, three different types of paddy

are grown in a year :- Aus, Aman and Boro.

❖ Zaid season is a short season between the Rabi and Kharif seasons, during

the summer months.

❖ Crops produced are watermelon, muskmelon, cucumber, vegetables and

fodder crops.

A variety of food and non-food crops are grown in different parts of the country

depending upon the variations in soil, climate and cultivation practises.

Major crops grown in India are:

❖ Rice

❖ Wheat

❖ Millets Grains

❖ Maize

❖ Pulses

❖ Sugarcane

❖ Oil seeds

❖ Tea Food crops other than grains

❖ Coffee

❖ Horticulture crops

❖ Rubber

❖ Fibre crops

❖ Cotton Non-food crops

❖ Jute

Did you know?

India produces

51 major crops.

RICE❖ It is the Staple food crop of a majority of people in India.

❖ India is the Second largest producer of rice (after China) in the world.

❖ It is a kharif crop which requires high temperature (25°C) and high humidity with annual rainfall of above 100 cm.

❖ It Grown in plains of North and North Eastern India, coastal plains and deltaic regions.

❖Canal irrigation and tube wells made it possible to grow rice in areas of less rainfall such as Punjab, Haryana and West Uttar Pradesh and Parts of Rajasthan.

❖ It is the Second most important cereal crop.

❖ It is the Main food crop in the north an north-western part of the country.

❖ It Requires a cool growing season and a bright sunshine during ripening and 50-70 cm of annual rainfall evenly distributed over the growing season.

❖Two important Wheat growing zones are Ganga-Satluj plains in North West and black soil region of the Deccan.

❖Major wheat producing states are Punjab, Haryana, U.P, Bihar, Rajasthan and parts of M.P.

WHEAT

Major Wheat Producing States & Their Production Of Wheat In India

MILLETS❖Jowar, bajra and ragi are important millets grown in India.

❖Though ,these are known as coarse grains, they have very high

Nutritional Value.

❖Jowar is third most important food crop with respect to area and

production and grown in Maharashtra (Largest Producer),

Karnataka, A.P. and M.P.

❖Bajra grows well on sandy soils and shallow black soil and grown

in Rajasthan(Largest Producer), U.P, Maharashtra, Gujarat and

Haryana.

❖Ragi is a crop of dry region and grows well on red, black, sandy,

loamy and shallow black soil and is grown in Karnataka (Largest

Producer), Tamil Nadu, H.P, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, Jharkhand and

A.P.

Ragi Jowar Bajra

PULSES❖ India is the largest producer as well as consumer of pulses in the

world.

❖These are the major source of protein in a Vegetarian diet.

❖Major pulses grown are tur (Arhar), urad, moong, masur, peas and

gram.

❖Being leguminous crops they help in restoring soil fertility by fixing

Nitrogen from the air.

❖Major Pulses Grown in M.P, U.P, Rajasthan, Maharashtra and

Karnataka.

MAIZE❖ It is Used for both food as well as fodder.

❖Due to a Kharif Crop, It Requires high temperature

(between 21°C and 27°C).

❖Requires alluvial soil (Specially BHANGAR).

❖HYV seeds, fertilizers and irrigation have contribute to increasedproduction

❖Major maize-producing states are Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh,Bihar, Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.

Coarse Grain Production Trend In India

SUGARCANE❖ India is 2nd largest producer after Brazil.

❖ It is tropical as well as sub-tropical crop.

❖ It grows well in hot and humid climate with a 21°C- 27°C temperature and annual rainfall between 75cms to 100cms. Highly irrigation required in the regions of low rainfall.

❖ It is a source of sugar, gur (jaggary), khandsari and molasses.

❖Grown in U.P, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, A.P, Bihar, Punjab and Haryana.

OIL SEEDS❖ India is the largest producer of oil seeds in the world.

❖They include groundnut, mustard, coconut, sesamum(til),

soyabean, castor seeds, cotton seeds, linseed and sunflower.

❖Most of these are edible and Used as cooking mediums. Some of

them are used as raw material in the production of soap,

cosmetics and ointments.

❖Groundnut is a kharif crop and accounts for about half of the

major oilseeds produced in the country. Andhra Pradesh is the

largest producer of groundnut followed by Tamil Nadu, Karnataka,

Gujarat and Maharashtra. Linseed and mustard are rabi crops.

Sesamum is a kharif crop in North and rabi crop in South India.

Castor seed is grown both as rabi and kharif crop.

TEA

❖Tea is an important beverage crops and cultivated as in

Plantation Agriculture.

❖India is the leading producer as well as exporter of tea in the

World.

❖Initially this crop firstly Introduced in India by the British.

❖It grows well in tropical and sub-tropical climates endowed

with deep and fertile well drained soil, rich in humus and

organic matter. It require warm and moist frost-free climate

all through the year. Frequent showers evenly distributed

over the year ensuring continuous growth of tender leaves.

❖Requires abundant, cheap and skilled labour.

❖Major tea-producing states are Assam, Hills of Darjeeling

and Jalpaiguri district of West Bengal, T.N. and Kerala.

COFFEE❖ India produces about 4% of the world’s coffee production.

❖Arabica variety is grown in India that was brought from Yemen.

This variety is in great demand all over the world.

❖Grown in Nilgiri in Karnataka, Kerala and Tamilnadu.

❖ Indian coffee known in the world for its good quality.

❖ Initially its cultivation was introduced on the Baba Budan Hills

and even today Grown in Nilgiri in Karnataka, Kerela and

Tamil Nadu.

MAJOR COFFEE PRODUCING STATES IN INDIA

HORTICULTURE CROPS❖ India is the largest producer of fruits and vegetables in the

world.

❖ India is a producer of tropical as well as temperate fruits.

❖Mangoes are grown in Maharashtra, A.P, U.P and W.B.

❖Oranges are grown in Nagpur and Cheerapunjee.

❖Bananas are grown in Kerala, Mizoram, Maharashtra, and

Tamil Nadu.

❖Lichi and Guava are grown in U.P and Bihar.

❖Pineapple are grown in Meghalaya.

❖Grapes are grown in A.P and Maharashtra.

❖Apples, pears, apricots and walnuts are gown in J&K and

Himachal Pradesh.

❖ India produces about 13% of worlds vegetable. It is an

important producer of pea, cauliflower, onion, cabbage, tomato,

brinjal and potato.

RUBBER❖ It is an equatorial crop but under special conditions, It is also grown

in tropical and sub-tropical areas.

❖Requires moist and humid climate with rainfall of more than

200 cm and temperature above 25°C.

❖Rubber in an important industrial raw material.

❖Mainly grown in Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andaman and

Nicobar Islands and Garo Hills of Meghalaya.

❖ India is the 5th largest producer of world’s natural rubber.

FIBER CROPS INCLUDING COTTON

AND JUTE❖Cotton, Jute, Hemp and natural silk are the four major

fibre crops grown in India.

❖Silk is obtained from cocoons of silkworms fed in green leaves specially mulberry.

❖Rearing of silk worms for the production of silk fibre is known as Sericulture.

COTTON

❖India is 3rd largest producer of Cotton in the world. India is

believed to be the original home of the cotton plant.

❖Used as a main raw material for cotton textile industry.

❖Requires black soil, high temperature, light rainfall, 210 frost-free

days and bright sunshine.

❖It is a kharif crop and requires 6 to 8 months to mature.

❖Grown in Maharashtra, Gujarat, M.P, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh,

Tamil Nadu, Punjab, Haryana and U.P.

JUTE❖ It is known as golden fiber.

❖Grows well on well-drained fertile soil of the flood plains where soils are renewed every year.

❖High temperature is required during the time of growth.

❖W.B, Orissa, Bihar, Assam and Meghalaya are the major jute producing states.

❖Used to make gunny bags, mats, ropes, yarn carpets and other artifacts.

❖Due to high cost, it is losing market to synthetic fibres and packing material like Polythin, Nylon.

Technological and institutional reforms

INTRODUCTION:-

❖ Agriculture has been practised in India for thousands of years.

Sustained uses of land without compatible techno-institutional

changes have hindered the pace of agricultural development.

Why has India not improved in technical and institutional reforms

in agriculture ?

❖ In spite of development of sources of irrigation most of the farmers

in large parts of the country, still depend upon monsoon and natural

fertility in order to carry on their agriculture.

❖ Agriculture needs serious technical and institutional reforms.

❖ Reform of Land was the main focus of the First Five Year plan.

❖ Right of inheritance had lead to fragmentation of land holdings.

❖ Laws of land reforms were enacted but laws of implementation were

lacking.

Major land reforms were :-❖Collectivisation

❖Consolidation of holdings

❖Cooperation and abolition of zamindari etc. were given priority to bring

reforms in country after independence.

❖Agricultural Reforms:- Mainly (1) The Green Revolution &

(2) The White Revolution.

Technological and institutional reforms

What were the steps taken by government in agricultural

reforms? ❖ Government of India embarked upon introducing agriculture

reforms to improve Indian agriculture in the 1960s and 1970s.

❖ Green Revolution based on use of package technology and White

Revolution(Operation Flood) were some of the strategies initiated to

improve Indian agriculture.

❖But this led to the concentration of development in few selected

areas.

❖Therefore, in the 1980s and 1990s, a comprehensive land

development program was initiated, which included both institutional

and technical reforms.

❖Provisions for crop insurance against calamities, establishment of

Grameen banks, cooperative societies and bank for providing loan

facilities to the farmers at lower rates of interest were some steps

taken.

Technological and institutional reforms

Green Revolution➢ In 1965, the present government of Mrs. Indira Gandhi decided to

take a major step on present Agriculture condition.

➢ Thus "Green Revolution" was applied to the period from 1967 to

1978 basically in parts of Punjab and Haryana.

➢ At this stage the Green Revolution was concern only with Wheat &

Rice.

➢ The term "Green Revolution" was first used in 1968 by former

USAID director William Gaud.

➢ Refers to the use of high-yielding variety (HYV) seeds, which were

invented by the crop pathologist Norman E. Borlaug (Father of GR).

White RevolutionThis white revolution or operation flood

relates to the rapid development in milk

production that took place in India after mid

1960's. This name is a variation of the name

"Green Revolution" used earlier to describe

rapid development in agricultural production

in India.

A name closely associated with White

Revolution is that of Dr. Verghese Kurien.

This is because the origins of White

Revolution can be traced to the efforts of Dr.

Kurien at Kaira District Co-operative Milk

Producers Union Situated at Anand in

Gujarat State. This organization is better

known by the brand name of its product -

Amul.

Dr. Verghese Kurien

Yellow Revolution

Golden Revolution

Blue Revolution

White Revolution

Green Revolution

Institutional reforms

➢ Provision for crop insurance against drought, flood,

cyclone, fire and diseases.

➢ Establishment of Grameen (village) banks, and

cooperative societies.

➢ Banks for providing loan facilities to the farmers at lower

rates of interest.

Mahatma Gandhi declared Vinoba Bhave as his spiritual heir. He also participated

in Satyagraha as one of the foremost satyagrahis. He supported Gandhiji’s concept

of gram swarajya. After Gandhiji’s martyrdom, Vinoba Bhave undertook Padyatra

to spread this message throughout the country.

Once, when he was at Andhra Pradesh, some landless farmers demanded land for

their economic wellbeing. He assured them to talk to the Indian Government for

provision of land for them if they undertook cooperative farming.

Shri Ram Chandra Reddy stood up and offered 80 acres of land to 80 land less

farmers. This was known as Bhoodan. Later he introduced his ideas throughout

India.

Some Zamindars offered to distribute villages among the

landless. This was known as Gramdan. However, many

land owners chose to provide some part of their land to

the poor farmers due to the fear of land ceiling act.

This Bhoodan – Gramdan movement initiated by Vinoba

Bhave is also known as Blood-less Revolution.

Vinoba Bhave

Some other schemes

➢Kisan Credit Card(KCC)

➢Personal Insurance Accident Scheme.

➢Special weather Bulletins and agricultural programmes were introduced on TV and Radio.

➢Announcement of minimum support price.

Contribution of agriculture to the national economy, employment and output

➢ Agriculture has been the backbone of Indian economy though its share in the

gross domestic product [GDP] has registered a declining trend from 1951

onwards; in 2010-2011 about 52% of the total work force was employed by the

farm sector.

➢ Declining the share of agriculture in the GDP is the matter of serious concern

because any decline and stagnation in agriculture will lead to a decline in a other

spheres of economy having wider implications for society .

➢Establishment of Indian Council of

Agricultural Research (ICAR), agricultural

universities, veterinary services and

animal breeding centers, horticulture

development, research and development

in the field of meteorology and weather

forecast etc. were given priority for

improving Indian agriculture.

Sector Tenth Five Year Plan2002-2007

11th Five Year Plan2007-2012

2012-2017Target I Target II

Agriculture 1.7 3.2 4.0 4.2

Industries 8.3 7.4 9.6 10.9

Services 9.0 10.0 10.0 10.0

GDP 7.2 8.2 9.0 9.5

India: Growth of GDP and Major Sectors

➢ Though GDP rate is increasing over the years, it is not generating sufficient

employment opportunities in the country.

➢ Growth in agriculture is decelerating.

➢ Indian farmers are facing a big challenge from international competition and

our government is going ahead with reduction in the public investment in

agriculture sector.

➢ Subsidy on fertilisers is decreased leading to increase in the cost of

production.

➢ Reduction in import duties on agricultural products have proved harmful to

agriculture in the country.

➢ Farmers are withdrawing their investment from agriculture causing a

downfall in the employment in agriculture.

In the 19th century when European traders came to India, Indian spices were

exported to different countries of the world and farmers were encouraged to grow

these crops. Even today it is one of the important export items from India.

During the British period cotton belts of India attracted the British and eventually

cotton was exported to Britain as a raw material for their textile industries. The

Champaran movement started in 1917 in Bihar because the farmers of that region

were forced to grow Indigo for British textile industries.

Under globalization, particularly after 1990, Indian farmers have been exposed to

new challenges.

Despite India being an important producer of rice, cotton, rubber, tea, coffee, jute

and spices, our agricultural products are not able to compete with developed

countries due to their highly subsidized agriculture in those countries.

❖To make agriculture successful and profitable, proper thrust should be given to the

improvement of the condition of marginal and small farmers. The green revolution

promised much. But it is being alleged that it has caused land degradation. The keyword

today is “gene revolution” which includes genetic engineering.

❖In fact organic farming is much in vogue today because it is

practised without factory made chemicals such as fertilizers and

pesticides. Hence, it does not affect environment in a negative

manner.

❖Indian farmers have a bleak future if they continue growing food

grains on the holdings that grow smaller and smaller as the

population rises. Indian farmers should diversify their cropping

pattern from cereals to high-value crops. This will increase incomes

and reduce environmental degradation simultaneously.

❖India’s diverse climate can be harnessed to grow a wide range of

high-value crops.

Organic agriculture will adapt to climate change more quickly.

Did you know ?

Organic Farming

It is a form of agriculture that employs only natural methods such as crop rotation, green manure, biological pest control and mechanical cultivation for getting a higher yield. It does not rely on chemical fertilizers or pesticides and hence, does not degrade the quality of soil.

NCERT Solutions for Class 10th: Ch 4 Agriculture

Page No: 48

1. Multiple choice questions:-

(i) Which one of the following describes a system of agriculture

where a single crop is grown on a large area?

(a) Shifting Agriculture (b) Plantation Agriculture

(c) Horticulture (d) Intensive Agriculture

► (b) Plantation Agriculture

(ii) Which one of the following is a rabi crop?

(a) Rice (b) Gram

(c) Millets (d) Cotton

► (b) Gram

(iii) Which one of the following is a leguminous crop?

(a) Pulses (b) Jawar

(c) Millets (d) Sesamum

► (a) Pulses

(iv) Which one of the following is announced by the government in

support of a crop?

(a) Maximum support price (b) Minimum support price

(c) Moderate support price (d) Influential support price

► (b) Minimum support price

2. Answer the following questions in 30 words.

(i) Name one important beverage crop and specify the

geographical conditions required for its growth.

Answer:- Tea is an important beverage crop. This plant grows well in

tropical or sub tropical climates, and deep and fertile well-drained soil

which is rich in humus and organic matter.

(ii) Name one staple crop of India and the regions where it is

produced.

Answer:- Rice is a staple food crop of India. It grows in the plains of

north and north-east India, coastal areas and the deltaic regions.

(iii) Enlist the various institutional reform programmes introduced

by the government in the interest of farmers.

Answer:- The various institutional reform programmes introduced by the government for the benefit of farmers are:→ Crop insurance against drought, flood, fire etc.→ Minimum Support Price policy.→ Subsidy on agricultural inputs and resources such as power and fertilisers.→ Kissan Credit Card and Personal Accident Insurance Scheme.

(iv) The land under cultivation has got reduced day by day. Can

you imagine its consequences?

Answer:- A declining area of land under cultivation coupled with increasing population have many consequesnces. These are:→ Food shortage for the rising population.→ Rise in price of food grains.→ Unemployment and loss of livelihood for farmers.→ Shortage of supply of raw material for agro-industries.→ Adverse affect on export trade as agricultural products comprise a major section of international trade.

3. Answer the following questions in about 120 words.

(i) Suggest the initiative taken by the government to ensure the

increase in agricultural production.

Answer:- Various initiative taken by the government to ensure the

increase in agricultural production are:

→ Collectivisation, consolidation of holdings, cooperation and abolition

of Zamindari etc. were given priority to bring about institutional reforms

in the country after independence.

→ Land Reform was the main focus of our ‘First Five Year Plan’.→ The Green Revolution was based on the use of package technology

and the White Revolution were some of the strategies initiated to

improve the lot of Indian agriculture.

→ Minimum Support Price policy, provision for crop insurance, subsidy

on agricultural inputs and resources such as power and fertilizers,

Grameen Banks, Kissan Credit Card and Personal Accident Insurance

Scheme are also some of the reforms bought by Indian Government.

(ii) Describe the impact of globalisation on Indian agriculture.

Answer:- The impact of globalisation on Indian agriculture has been felt since

colonial times. Raw cotton and spices were important export items from India.

In 1917, Indian farmers revolted in Champaran against being forced to grow

indigo in place of food grains, in order to supply dye to Britain's flourishing

textile industry. Thus, globalisation has had its boons and banes for Indian

agriculture.

Post liberalisation, Indian farmers face new challenges in the form of

competition from highly subsidised agriculture of developed nations. This

prompts the need for making Indian agriculture successful and profitable by

improving the conditions of small and marginal farmers, countering the

negative effects of Green Revolution, developing and promoting organic

farming, and diversifying cropping pattern from cereals to high-value crops.

(iii) Describe the geographical conditions required for the growth of rice.

Answer:- The geographical conditions required for growth of rice are as

follows :-

→ It is a kharif crop and requires hot and humid climate for cultivation.

Temperature above 25°C and high humidity with annual rainfall above 100 cm

are favourable for growth of rice.

→ Rich alluvial soils of the floodplains and deltaic areas which are renewed

every years are ideal for rice cultivation.

→ Rice requires abundant rainfall or good water supply through irrigation and

flooded fields during the earlier part of its growing season in June-July.

→ Plenty of cheap labour as most of the farming involves manual labour.

2. On an outline map of India show wheat producing areas.

Answer:-

Project Work

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1

DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL KASHI

CLASS X SUB- HISTORY

Chapter -3 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

Summary :-

In 1848, Frederic Sorrieu, a French artist, prepared a series of four print visualizing his dream of a world made up of ‘democratic and social republic, as he called them. Artists of the time of the French Revolution personified Liberty as a female figure.

Nationalism in Europe

Germany (1866-1871)

Italy 1860

Britain (1707-1801)

France 1789

Balkans

Greek 1832

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According to Sorrieu’s utopian vision, the peoples of the world are grouped as distinct nations, identified through their flags and national costume. This chapter will deal with many of the issues visualized by Sorrieu. During the nineteenth century, nationalism emerged as a force which brought about sweeping changes in the political and mental world of Europe. The end result of these changes was the emergence of the nation-state in the place of the multi-national dynastic empires of Europe. A modern state, in which a centralized power exercised sovereign control over a clearly defined territory, had been developing over a long period of time in Europe. But a nation-state was one in which the majority of its citizens, and not only its rulers, came to develop a sense of common identity and shared history or descent. This chapter will look at the diverse processes through which nation-states and nationalism came into being in nineteenth-century Europe. The French Revolution and the idea of the Nation The first clear expression of nationalism came with the French Revolution in 1789. The political and constitutional changes that came in the wake of the French Revolution led to the transfer of sovereignty from the monarchy to a body of French citizens. The ideas of la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen) emphasized the notion of a united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution. The Estates General was elected by the body of the active citizens and renamed the National Assembly. Internal customs duties and dues were abolished and a uniform system of weights and measures was adopted. The revolutionaries further declared that it was the mission and the destiny of the French nation to liberate the peoples of Europe from despotism. Students and other members of educated middle classes began setting up Jacobin club.

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Their activities and campaigns prepared the way for the French armies which moved into Holland, Belgium, Switzerland and much of Italy in the 1790’s. The French armies began to carry the idea of nationalism abroad. Through a return to monarchy Napoleon had, no doubt, destroyed democracy in France, but in the administrative field he had incorporated revolutionary principles in order to make the whole system more rational and efficient. The Civil Code of 1804 – usually known as the Napoleonic Code – did away with all privileges based on birth, established equality before the Law and secured the right to property. Napoleon simplified administrative divisions, abolished the feudal system and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues. Transport and communication systems were improved. Businessmen and small-scale producers of goods, in particular, began to realize that uniform laws, standardised weights and measures, and a common national currency would facilitate the movement and exchange of goods and capital from one region to another. In many places such as Holland and Switzerland, Brussels, Mainz, Milan, Warsaw, the French armies were welcomed as harbingers of Liberty. It became clear that the new administrative arrangements did not go hand in hand with political freedom. Increased taxation, censorship, forced conscription into the French armies required to conquer the rest of the Europe, all seemed to outweigh the advantages of the administrative changes. The Making of Nationalism in Europe

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Germany, Italy and Switzerland were divided into kingdoms, duchies and cantons whose rulers had their autonomous territories. They did not see themselves as sharing a collective identity or a common culture. The Habsburg Empire ruled over Austria Hungary. In Hungary, half of the population spoke Magyar while the other half of the spoke a variety of dialects. Besides these three dominant groups, there also lived within the boundaries of the empire. The only tie binding these diverse groups together was a common allegiance to the emperor. The Aristocracy and the new middle class Socially and politically, a landed aristocracy was the dominant class on the continent. The members of this class were by a common way of life that cut across regional divisions. Their families were often connected by ties or marriages. This powerful aristocracy was, however, numerically a small group. The growth of towns and the emergence of commercial classes whose existence was based on production for the market.

Important Rulers

Prussia

Friedrich

Willelm VI

Germany

Kaiser

william I

Italy

Victory

Emmanuel II

5

Industrialization began in England in the second half of the eighteenth century, but in France and parts of the German states it occurred only during the nineteenth century. In its wake, new social groups came into being: a working-class population, and middle classes made up of industrialists, businessmen, and professionals. It was among the educated, liberal middle classes that ideas of national unity following the abolition of aristocratic privileges gained popularity What did Liberal Nationalism Stand for? In early-nineteenth-century Europe were closely allied to the ideology of liberalism. The term ‘liberalism’ derives from the Latin root liber, meaning free. Liberalism stood for freedom for the individual and equality of all before the law. It emphasized the concept of government by consent. A constitution and representative government through parliament. The right to vote and to get elected was generated exclusively to property-owning men. Men without property and all women were excluded from political rights. Women and non-propertied men and women organised opposition movements demanding equal political rights. The abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital. A merchant travelling in 1833 from Hamburg to Nuremberg to sell his goods would have to pass through 11 customs barriers and pay a customs duty of about 5% at each one of them. Obstacles to economics exchanges and growth by the new commercial classes, who argued for the creation of a unified economic territory allowing the unhindered movement of goods, people and capital. The union abolished tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies from over thirty to two. A New Conservation after 1815 Following the defect of Napoleon in 1815, European governments were driven by a spirit of conservatism.

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Most conservatives, however, did not propose a return to the society of pre-revolutionary days. That modernization could in fact strengthen traditional institutions like the monarchy. A modern army, an efficient bureaucracy, a dynamic economy, the abolition of feudalism and serfdom could strengthen the autocratic monarchies of Europe. In 1815, representatives of the European powers – Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria – who had collectively defeated Napoleon, met at Vienna to draw up a settlement for Europe. The Bourbon dynasty, which had been deposed during the French Revolution, was restored to power, and France lost the territories it had annexed under Napoleon. German confederation of 39 states that has been set up by Napoleon was left untouched. Autocratic did not tolerate criticism and dissent, and sought to curb activities that questioned the legitimacy of autocratic government. The Revolutionaries During the years following 1815, the fear of repression drove many liberal-nationalists underground. Revolutionary at this time meant a commitment to oppose monarchical forms and to fight for liberty and freedom. Giuseppe Mazzini, born in Genoa in 1807, he became a member of the secret society of the Carbonari. He was sent into exile in 1831 for attempting a revolution in Liguria. Mazzini believed that god had intended nations to be the natural units of mankind. Secret societies were set up in Germany, France, Switzerland and Poland. Metternich described him as ‘The most dangerous enemy of our social order’. Age of Revolution: 1830 – 1848 As conservative regimes tried to consolidate their power, liberalism and nationalism came to be increasingly associated with revolution in many regions of Europe such as the Italian and German states, the provinces of the Ottoman Empire, Ireland and Poland.

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‘When the France sneezes’, Metternich once remarked, ‘the rest of the Europe catches cold’. An event that mobilized nationalist feelings among the educated elite across Europe was the Greek war of independence. Greece had been the part of the Ottoman Empire since the fifteenth century. Greeks living in exile and also from many west Europeans who had sympathies for ancient Greek culture. The Romantic Imagination and national Feeling The development of nationalism did not come about only through wars and territorial expansions. Culture played an important role in creating the idea of the nation: art and poetry, stories and music helped express and shape nationalist feeling. Let us look at Romanticism, a culture movement which sought to develop a particular form of nationalist sentiments. Romantic artists and poet generally criticised the glorification of reason and science and focused instead on emotions, institution and mystical feelings. Other romantics were through folk song, folk poetry and folk dances that the true spirit of the nation. National feelings were kept alive through music and languages. Karol Kurpinski, celebrated the national struggles through his operas and music, turning folk dances like the polonaise and mazurka into nationalist symbols. Language too played an important role in developing nationalist sentiments. Russian language was imposed everywhere. Many members of the clergy in Poland began to use language as a weapon of national resistance. As a result, a large number of priests and bishops were put in jail or sent to Siberia by the Russian authorities as punishment for their refusal to preach in Russians. Hunger, Hardship and Popular Revolt The 1830s were years of great economic hardship in Europe. The first half of the nineteenth century saw an enormous increase in population.

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In most countries there were more seekers of jobs than employment. Population from rural areas migrated to the cities to live in overcrowded slum. Food shortage and widespread unemployment brought the population of Paris out on the roads. National Assembly proclaimed a republic, granted suffrage to all adult males above 21, and guaranteed the right to work. Earlier, in 1845, weavers in Silesia had lead a revolt against contractors who supplied them raw material and gave them orders for finished textile. On 4 June at 2 p.m. a large crowd of weavers emerged from their homes and marched in pairs up to the mansion of their contractors demanding higher wages. The contractors fled with his family to a neighbouring village which, however, refused to shelter such a person. He returned 24 hours later having requisitioned the army. In the exchange that followed, eleven weavers were shot. 1848: The Revolution of the Liberals The poor, unemployment and starving peasants and workers in many European countries in the years 1848, a revolution led by the educated middle classes was under way. Men and women of the liberal middle classes combined their demands for constitutionalism with national unification. They drafted a constitution for a German nation to be headed by a monarchy subject to a parliament. Wilhelm IV, King of Prussia, rejected it and joined other monarchs to oppose the elected assembly. While the opposition of the aristocracy and military became stronger, the social basis of parliament eroded. The issue of extending political rights to women was a controversial one within the liberal movement. Women had formed their own political associations, founded newspaper and taken part in political meeting and demonstrations. Women were admitted only as observers to stand in the visitors’ gallery.

9

Monarchs were beginning to realize that the cycles if revolution and repression could be ended by granting concessions to the liberal-nationalist revolutionaries. The Making of German and Italy Germany – can the Army be the Architect of a Nation al ● After 1848, nationalism in Europe moved away from its association

with democracy and revolution. ● This can be observed in the process by which Germany and Italy

came to be unified as nation-states. ● Nationalist feelings were widespread among middle-class Germans. ● This liberal initiative to nation-building was, however, repressed by

the combined forces of the monarchy and the military, supported by the large landowners of Prussia.

● Prussia took on the leadership of the movement. ● Three wars overseen years-with Austria, Denmark, and France-

ended in Prussian victory and completed the process of unification. ● The nation-building process in Germany had demonstrated the

dominance of Prussian state power. ● The new state placed a strong emphasis on modernising the

currency, banking, legal and judicial systems in Germany.

Contribution of People in

Unification of Italy

Cavour Giuseppe

Mazzine

Young Italy

(Berne)

Young Europe

(Marselles)

Giuseppe

Garibaldi

10

Italy Unified Like Germany, Italy too had a long history of political fragmentation. Italians were scattered over several dynastic states as well as the multi-national Habsburg Empire. Italy was divided into seven states. Italian language had not acquired one common form and still had many regional and local variations. Giuseppe Mazzini had sought to put together a coherent programme for a unitary Italian Republic. Young Italy for the dissemination of his goals. The failure of revolutionary uprising both in 1831 and 1848 meant that the mantle now fell on Sardinia-Piedmont under its ruler King Victor Emmanuel II to unify the Italian states through war. Italy offered them the possibility of economic development and political dominance. Italy was neither a revolutionary nor a democrat. Italian population, among whom rates of illiteracy were high, remained blissfully unaware of liberal-nationalist ideology. The strange case of Britain

Unification of Britain

1707 The Act of Union

Scotland United

with Britain

Ireland

1801

11

It was the result of a long-drawn-out process . ● There was no British nation prior to the eighteenth century. ● ‘United Kingdom of great Britain’ meant, in effect, that England was

able to impose its influence on Scotland. ● The British parliament was henceforth dominated by its English

members. ● Ireland was forcibly incorporated into the United Kingdom in 1801. ● British flag, the national anthem, the English language – were actively

promoted and the older nations survived only as subordinate partners on this union.

Visualising the Nation ● While it was easy enough to represent a ruler through a portrait or a

statue. ● In other words they represented a country as if it were a person. ● Nations were then portrayed as a female figure. ● The female figures became an allegory of the nation. ● In France christened Marianne, a popular Christian name, which

underlined the idea of people’s nation. Germania become the allegory of the German nation.

Character of Marianne

Red Cap Tricolour

Blue + White + Red

The Cockade

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Nationalism and Imperialism By the quarter of the nineteenth century nationalism no longer retained its idealistic liberal-democratic sentiment of the first half of the century, but became a narrow creed with limited ends. The most serious source of nationalists tension in Europe after 1871 was the area called the Balkans. The Balkans was a region of geographical and ethnic variation. One by one its European subjects nationalities broke away from its control and declared independence. The Balkan area became an area of intense conflict. The Balkan states were jealous of each other and each hoped to gain more territory at the expense of each other. The anti-imperial movement that developed everywhere were nationalist. They were inspired by a sense of collective national unity. People developed their own specific variety of nationalism. But the idea that societies should be organized into ‘nation-states’ came to be accepted as natural and universal. Worksheet 1. Which one of the following was not a part of the concept of nation-state? (a) Clearly defined boundary (b) National identity based on culture and history (c) Sovereignty (d) Freedom from monarchy 2. Which of the following were not introduced by French revolution? (a) Universal right of a man (b) Constitution and equality before law (c) Participative administration and election (d) Democracy and universal Suffrage 3. On the pretext of helping people of Europe to become nations, France plundered neighboring territories. Which of the following faced French aggression during 1790

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(a) Holland, Switzerland, Brussels, Mainz, Milan and Warsaw (b) Holland, Switzerland, Austria, Prussia, Macedonia, Croatia (c) Switzerland, Poland, Macedonia, Croatia, Sardinia (d) Spain, Holland, Switzerland, Poland, Prussia, Austria 4. Civil code of 1804, enforced throughout the French territories (a) Abolished privileges based on birth (b) Established equality before law (c) Secured right to property (d) All the above 5.Napoleon’s invasions were resented in several countries due to (a) Increased taxes, censorship and forced conscription into army (b) Poor administration, restricted trade, language issues (c) Dominance of aristocracy and army in administration (d) Growth of the feeling of nationalism 6. Which of the following were parts of the Habsburg Empire? (a) Austria-Hungary, Bohemia, Lombardy, Venetia (b) Galicia, Carniola, Bohemia, Lombardy, Venetia (c) Sudetenland, Austria-Hungary, Lombardy, Venetia (d) Croatia, Sardinia, Greece, Poland, Austria-Hungary 7. During Eighteenth century which language was spoken by the aristocrats in Europe? (a) English (b) French (c) Greek (d) Dutch 8. Which of the following statements about economic nationalism are true? (a) It was promoted by liberal nationalists (b) It was supported by the middle class (c) It was supported by Napoleon (d) None of these

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9. The conservatives were of the opinion that (a) Pre-revolution administration should be re-established (b) Monarchy and churches should be preserved (c) Feudalism should be restored (d) Monarchies were dangerous for nation-state 10. The European powers that defeated Napoleon included (a) Britain and Russia (b) Prussia and Austria (c) France and Netherlands (d) Both (a) and (b) 11. After the defeat of Napoleon a congress was held in Vienna in which Russia, Britain, Prussia and Austria participated. Who hosted this meet? (a) Metternich (b) Bismarck (c) Garibaldi (d) Mazzini 12.Ireland was forcibly incorporated into the United Kingdom in (a) 1717 (b) 1801 (c) 1866 (d) 1896 13. Who was Frederic Sorrieu? (a) A Philosopher (b) A Painter (c) A Politician (d) A Revolutionary 14. Which of the following is true with reference to Romanticism? (a) Concept of government by consent (b) Freedom for the individual

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(c) Cultural movement (d)Freedom of markets 15. What was the basic philosophy of the conservatives? (a) They opposed monarchial forms. (b) They were the supporters of democracy (c) They wanted to glorify folk art and vernacular language (d) They stressed the importance of tradition and established institutions and customs. 16. Zollverein, formed by Prussia and joined by many of the German states was a (a) German army (b) German police (c) Custom union (d) Trade union 17. With the help of an example show the contribution of culture to the growth of nationalism in Europe. 18. How was the history of nationalism in Britain unlike the rest of the Europe? 19. Through a focus on any two countries, explain how nation developed over the 19th century. 20. Why did nationalist tension emerge in Balkans? 21. Explain what is meant by the 1848 revolution of the Liberals. What were the political, economic and social ideas supported by the Liberals? 22. Briefly trace the unification of Germany. 22. Write a short note on Greek war of independence. 23. Who were Marianne and Germania?What was the importance of the way in which they were portrayed?