Restricted Technical Report RP/1981-1983/3/6.C/03 MALDIVES

Action for disadvantaged young people

National Youth Policy

by Mir Sarfaraz Husain

Serial N o . F M R / S S / Y T H / 8 4 / 1 4 3

11 [ j [ J United Nations Educational, Scientific ^ ^ ^ = . and Cultural Organization

Paris, 1984

M A L D I V E S

NATIONAL YOUTH POLICY

by Mir Sarfaraz Husain

Report prepared for the Government of the Republic of Maldives by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (Unesco)

U N E S C O

Technical Report RP/1981-1983/3/6.C/03 FMR/SS/YTH/84/143 (Husain) 6 June 1984

© Unesco 1984 Printed in France

The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this document do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization concerning the legal or constitutional status of any country, territory or sea area, or concerning the delimitation of frontiers.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. INTRODUCTION

II. THE NATIONAL SETTING IN RELATION TO YOUTH ...

III. ACTIVITIES OF THE MISSION

IV. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

ANNEXES

1. Structure of government 2. Transportation distances 3. Population by five-year age-groups and sex 4. National Youth Council Membership 5. Activities of Maldives Youth Council,

January-July 1984 6. Map of Maldives 7. List of persons met 8. Structures of proposed National Youth Council

I. INTRODUCTION

1. A general policy on youth was Instituted by the President of the Republic, H.E. Mr Maumoon Abdul Gayoom, when he established the National Youth Council on 2 August 1980. The Council was to function under the direct supervision of the President's Office.

2. Pursuant to this initiative, the Government of the Maldives requested the services of a consultant mission from Unesco. A consultancy mission was carried out under Unesco's Regular Programme for 1981-1983 from 24 December 1983 to 23 January 1984, with the following terms of reference:

'In consultation with the concerned Ministry, and in co-operation with the Youth Council, the Maldives National Commission for Unesco, and other appropriate authorities:

(a) assist in defining the elements of a National Youth Policy based on the guidelines set forth by the President of the Republic;

(b) advise on the possible restructuring of the National Youth Council with attention to specificity of goals and objectives;

(c) assist in designing a series of youth programmes in consultation with the Youth Council.

3. The mission's plan of activities was drawn up in close consultation with Mr Abdullah Rasheed, Senior Under-Secretary, Ministry of Education, Secretary-General of the Maldives National Commission for Unesco, and Executive Secretary of the National Youth Council. The consultant was assisted throughout by Mr Abdul Latheet Mahmood, the Youth Affairs Officer of the National Youth Council. The Minister of Education and Chairman of the National Youth Council, H.E. Mr Mohamed Zahir Hussain, took a personal interest in the mission's progress and made available all the facilities of his Ministry and the Council. The consultant is also grateful to the Minister of Home Affairs and Social Services, H.E. Mr Omar Zahir who accompanied him personally to project sites, especially on islands away from Male and spared no effort to provide the logistical support of his ministry.

4. The consultant had the benefit of exchanges with other government institutions and with the representatives of Specialized Agencies, namely Mr Jacob Guijt, Resident Representative of the United Nations Development Programme, representatives of the United Nations Children's Fund and the World Health Organization and the International Labour Organisation. Frequent contact was maintained throughout with Mr Peter Hart, Unesco Primary Education Advisor and Team Leader for Education Development, from whom the consultant received the fullest support. A list of all persons and establishments visited is given in Annex 7.

5. The mission coincided with that of two other Unesco consultancy missions.(*) These provided valuable information on the socio-economic conditions of youth ouside the capital, the National Campaign against illiteracy and an insight to the cultural heritage of the islands.

(*) 1. Dr A.K. Jalaluddin (ROEAP) who assisted the government in the designing, organization and preparation of training materials for a National Literacy Workshop; and

2. Mr Roland Silva (CLT/CH who advised the government on Cultural Heritage and preservation of National Monuments.

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6. In a country where geography is a formidable barrier because of the distances between the islands and difficulties of transport and communications, the consultant appreciated the facilities extended by the government for his field trips.

II. THE NATIONAL SETTING IN RELATION TO YOUTH

Geography, culture and historical background

7. The Republic of Maldives is an archipelago of some 1,300 small coral islands grouped in _19_ clusters or 'atolls' forming an 819 km long narrow chain, 130 km at its widest point, strung over an area of 90,000 sq km in the centre of the Indian Ocean. The total land surface of the country is 298 sq km and only 202 of the islands are inhabited. India, the nearest land mass lies 595 sq km east of the northernmost atoll, while Sri Lanka the next nearest neighbour is 670 km south-east of Male the capital of Maldives.

8. Most of the islands are low lying none more than two metres above sea level and protected by faroes or a ring of outer reefs: they vary in size from patches of coral or small sandbanks to real islands. Most are less than 1 sq km and Male has an area of approximately 1.6 sq km.

9. Natural vegetation is tropical and more abundant in the Southern atolls where rainfall is heaviest. Agricultural potential, however, is limited by the high alkalinity of the soil, its poor water retention capacity and lack of nitrogen.

10. The Maldives does not possess any mineral resources, but its potential lies in the ocean and under the waters of its lagoons among multi-coloured coral reefs where exotic tropical ocean fish, crustaceans, turtles, seaweed and shells are not only a major tourist attraction but represent one of the worlds' richest marine life reserves.

11. History suggests that the islands were settled in the fourth and fifth century B.C. by Immigrants from Sri Lanka and parts of India inhabited by the Sinhalese. Later, traders from the other parts of the Indian Ocean Littoral left their imprint on Maldivian culture. Islam is the State religion.

12. The Maldivian language, Dhivehi, originated in Elu (old Sinhala). The script, Thana, is based on Arabic and Persian characters. English is the second most widely used language and others spoken include Arabic, Urdu and Sinhala.

13. The Maldives has always been sovereign except for two brief periods under the Portuguese (in the sixteenth century) and the British (status of Protectorate since 1887). It acquired its full independence in 1965. In 1968, the Sultanate was replaced by a Republican Constitution in which a Citizens majlis (unicameral parliament) elected by universal adult suffrage nominates the President of the Republic, who is subseqently confirmed in a nationwide referendum. In the absence of organized political parties, the President holds all executive and judiciary powers. Citizens rights, as defined in the Constitution, include freedom of speech and assembly, equality before the law, property holding rights not ownership - which is invested in the government. The legal system is based on the Shari'ah (Quranic Law).

14. The organizational structure of government comprises the President's Office, thirteen line ministries, numerous departments, agencies, councils (including the National Youth Council) and committees, functioning under it (cf. Annex 1).

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15. The islands are divided into nineteen administrative atolls, each headed by an atoll chief appointed by the President. Every inhabited island has a government-appointed chief (Khatib), and one or more mosque functionaries (Mudims). These regional and local officials are responsible for the maintenance of peace and order, collection of statistics, implementation of government policies, and the conduct of the health and education systems in the islands.

Major economic activities

16. The fisheries sector accounting for one-third of the GDP remains the mainstay of the Maldivian economy and continues to play an important social role. 29,000 people or 44 per cent of the employed labour force are working as fishermen, or in related activities, such as drying, salting and canning of fish and in boat building and repair. The sector is undergoing major structural transformations with sharp decline in dry, salted and smoked fish exports, and a rapid increase in fresh fish exports. These have been accompanied by an intensive drive for the motorization of fishing vessels. In the medium-term, product diversification including processing, improved fishing techniques, continued mechanization, further research and development are foreseen.

17. The Maldives Shipping Line (MSL), the government-owned shipping line operating as an independent profit-making enterprise between the Far-East, the East coast of Africa and the Middle-East, has expanded its fleet and average size of its vessels, from twenty-nine to fo.rty-one between 1978 and 1981. It contributes to the equivalent of 10.5 per cent of government revenues, and has been instrumental in encouraging foreign investment in the Maldives.

18. Tourism, has overtaken the fisheries sector and is today generating twice as much in gross foreign exchange earnings. Its contribution to the GDP has risen from 9 to 15 per cent between 1978 and 1982, and employment in its labour force has increased from 1,090 largely unskilled male workers to approximately 2,930 (1981). Room capacity has tripled and the number of resorts more than doubled. While linkages with the local economy were few in the past, tourism and tourism-related jobs are beginning to have a beneficial impact on the development of skills in the hotel and catering trades; in construction and simple engineering sectors - refrigeration and power generation, motorboat and electrical equipment maintenance. Higher wages in this sector have also had a strong multiplier effect on construction and services industries, particularly in and around Male. Owing to the physical isolation of the resort islands, the social and cultural impact of tourism has been small. There is great scope for this sector's further expansion and the recent Tourism Development Plan (May 1983) takes into account the institutional, infrastructural and manpower requirements in the medium- and long-term.

19. Agriculture, which accounts for only 10 per cent of the GDP and employment plays a minor role in the economy and is primarily a means by which the islanders supplement their meagre earnings from fishing. Primary agricultural activity is small, consisting mainly of subsistence gardening around homesteads where much of the fruit, vegetable crops and coconuts are grown. A total cultivable area of only 2,800 hectares (6,900 acres) almost half of it located in 23 islands, poor soil conditions have been major con­straints. Nevertheless, there is potential for increased food production for local consumption, given more efficient cultivation practices, provision of skilled manpower, adequate economic incentives, better transport and market­ing. The focus of agricultural development is on coconut rehabilitation, the

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supply of food to the tourism sector, and the establishment of integrated programmes in selected agriculturally important atolls.

20. The major manufacturing sector in the Maldives consisting of cottage industries, handicrafts, boat-building and repair, production of coral-based construction material, and a few small food and beverages enterprises, is primarily engaged in producing for the home market. There is also a small export-oriented tuna cannery, a mica fabrication plant for electronic components, and two garment factories. This sector's contribution to the GDP has remained about 10 per cent but employment in it has been considerable: in 1980 an estimated 14,500 people or 22 per cent of the working age population, of which 75 per cent were women. Although this sector has been limited by the size of the market, level of development, lack of physical, institutional and legal infrastructure, there is potential for its growth, particularly through small-scale industrial development with backward and forward linkages with fisheries, tourism, agriculture and other governmental services and programmes. About 3,100 people or 4.7 per cent of the working age population are employed in construction.

21. The remaining sectors, namely, commerce, transport and communications, banking, real estates, public administration and other services have grown rapidly (by 11.6 per cent per year) since 1978.

22. In spite of the development of communications between the islands, inter-island transport remains an important constraint to national integration and development (cf. Annex 2). The radio and telecommunication network plays a vital role in this context.

Population and employment trends

23. The population of Maldives was estimated as 165,000 in 1982. The government anticipates an annual increase of 3.2 per cent in the 1980s, and the population is expected to reach 278,900 in the year 2000.

24. The high birth rate has contributed to the youthful structure of the population: according to the 1977 Census, 49.9 per cent was under fifteen. About 53 per cent of the population is between the ages of 15 and 65, and the remaining 2.3 per cent over sixty-five. Youth, (defined by the government as the 15-35 year group), represented 42,687 or a little over 30 per cent of the total population of whom 11,563 were in Mali, and 31,124 in the atolls (cf. Annex 3).

25. This population structure indicates that the dependency ratio will change from its current 1:1 to a more unfavourable one with improvements in delivery of basic health, education and associated programmes, which have already significantly increased life expectancy (at birth) from 46.5 years (1977) to 52.0 years (1983).

26. Excluding Male, the population of the islands are usually small and only nineteen of them have more than 1000 inhabitants. Average population per island is 564. Male has a population of 34,000 in an area of 1.6 sq km, which means a density of 19,000 per sq km. If one excludes Male from the cal­culation, population density drops from 479 per sq km to 380. The population of Male is expected to grow by 4.5 per cent per year and reach about 53,000 inhabitants by 1990.

27. Migration between islands has been mostly towards Male, with little between the atolls. Census data has shown that 86-97 per cent of inhabitants of various atolls have never resided anywhere other than their own islands.

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28. The near doubling of Maldives population by the year 2000 will present many problems for the economy, and raise the cost of providing education, health and other social services, especially those catering to the specific needs of youth.

29. In the coming decade, youth arriving on the labour market will probably find some form of gainful employment if the economic performance of recent years continues. The employment rates are thus expected to remain low (5.8 per cent). The perspectives for youth in Male, however, are less optimistic. The island already has an unemployment rate of over 15 per cent which is constituted principally by young school leavers. One out of every two un­employed persons is under twenty-five years of age. By 1990, this proportion is expected to increase substantially if its demographic growth is not offset by more rapid economic development. The scarcity of information on the age structure of the employed, on the participation of youth in the labour force and its employment aspirations made it hazardous to forward estimates on youth likely to remain unemployed in 1990. The National Population Census to be undertaken in 1985 could make a valuable contribution by providing the much needed information in this field.

30. The rapid changes in the sectoral employment patterns following the Republic's modernization programme and expansion of the tourism industry will have to be accompanied by an upgrading of the qualifications of manpower, especially of young workers presenting themselves on the labour market for the first time, if bottlenecks and structural imbalances are to be avoided. This implies that the training programmes of youth and the educational policy in general will have to be geared closely to the development priorities of the Government (namely, expansion of government services, modern manufacturing and tourist sectors).

Development of the social sectors

31. The educational system in the Maldives comprises:

(a) the informal system, catering to pre-school children ('Kiyaage') and other youth irrespective of their age ('Maktabs' and 'Madrassas') where emphasis is put on religious education and the 3-R's imparted in Arabic and Dhivehi;

(b) the modern curriculum programme, under the aegis of the Atoll Education Centres, designed to provide primary education in Dhivehi;

(c) English medium schools located in Male with courses varying from the pre-school stage to GCE 'A' levels.

32. In addition to the schools and educational bodies mentioned above, there are a number of other institutions which provide education and training such as the Re-habilitation Centre ('islaah'iyya') on the island of Maafushi in Male Atoll; the Institute of Islamic Studies in Male; the Allied Health Services Training Centre; the Vocational Training Centre and its offshoot, the Rural Youth Vocational Training Centres in the atolls. Furthermore, the government has inaugurated a new teacher-training college recently.

33. The preponderance of the informal system based on the national language explains the high literacy rates (83 per cent). School enrolment has seen a marked increase from 15,032 in 1978 to 40,549 in 1983. The formal education system and facilities are being decentralized from Male with the establish­ment of Atoll Education Centres (model schools and allied schools): there are

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thirty-one government-sponsored schools and over eighty aided schools in the atolls compared to none in 1977. Health conditions in the country on the whole are poor. The situation in Male is relatively better owing to the availability of cleaner water, sanitation and medical care. The government is in the process of establishing a network of health care facilities and efforts are also underway to train health personnel.

34. Outdoor life and sporting activities play a major role in Maldivian life. Numerous associations and sports clubs (over sixteen for football alone) exist. The Ministry of Home Affairs and Social Services co-ordinates national sports policy and promotes competitions between the different clubs and associations across the country. The lack of space on the islands is a major constraint to the development of sports infrastructure - only two national stadiums exist in Male. However, the government is planning the creation of additional recreational facilities on reclaimed land.

Development issues and priorities

35. On 11 November 1978, H.E. President Maumood Abdul Gayoom took office and committed his new government to a number of political, legislative and economic reforms which involved liberalization of the political system, more decentralized decision-making process, and a major new development programme to redress past neglect of economic and social infrastructure particularly in the atolls. Since 1980, he has emphasized the participation of youth in the national development process. The general development strategy of the government covers the following principal areas:

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

(v)

(vi)

(vii)

increased national income;

atolls development;

controlled population growth;

improved education;

improved health;

reduced economic dependence;

reduce migration to Male.

III. ACTIVITIES OF THE MISSION

36. The activities of the mission were drawn up following intensive consultations with H.E. Mr Mohamed Zahir Hussain (Minister of Education and Chairman of the National Youth Council) and Mr Abdullah Rasheed (Senior Under-Secretary Ministry of Education and Executive Secretary of The National Youth Council), and with reference to the general policy guidelines laid down by the President of the Republic in his inaugural address to the National Youth Council on 23 August 1980. The salient features of these guidelines are given below:

(i) Definition of youth as at 15-35 age-group;

(ii) Improve channel of communication between youth and other generations, particularly adults;

(iii) Incite youth to participate more actively in development projects;

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(iv) provide youth the possibility of participating in development projects and activities of national interest;

(v) promotion of sports and other recreational activities;

(vi) enlarge access to education and link it more closely to development, community and environmental needs;

(vii) sensitize youth to their national cultural heritage and reinforce moral education in the wake of growing exposure to external influences and contacts;

(viii) emphasize health, preventive care and hygiene;

(ix) provide opportunities for skills development and income generating activities;

(x) leadership training.

37. The timing of the mission coincided with the annual school vacations; the preparation of the Financial Year reports; the reconstruction and renovation of the Youth Council's premises; and two other Unesco consultancy missions. Despite the additional workload resulting from the above factors and the scarcity of personnel and material resources, the National Autho­rities made every facility available to assure the success of the mission. The consultant was therefore able to cover the activities listed below.

A general review of youth participation in training and development programmes

38. Upon the consultant's arrival in the country, meetings were arranged with the principal national institutions, international agencies and non-governmental organizations involved in the development effort. The purpose of these meetings was to introduce the consultant to the principal sectors likely to assist in involving youth in development activities, and moreover, to sensitize them to the urgency of undertaking co-ordinated action to exploit the potential represented by youth as expressed in the policy statement of the President.

39. The mission's work plan contained a certain degree of flexibility to engage the co-operation and participation of as many of the above insti­tutions as possible in its activities. Without their assistance and logis­tical support it would have been difficult to visit the projects (especially those located outside the capital) listed below.

A. Children's Reformatory, Maafushi Island, Kaafu Atoll

40. The shortage of educational facilities and the lack of employment oppor­tunities for the young, together with high migration to Male, have in recent years led to many economic and social problems - high divorce rates, broken homes, delinquency and criminality among juveniles and orphans.

41. To remedy this situation, a rehabilitation centre for children, the 'Children's Reformatory' was established by the government (under the adminis­tration of the Ministry of Home Affairs and Social Services) in collaboration with the Maldives Shipping Line (MSL) on Maafushi island about seventeen miles south of Male with the dual objective of reforming delinquents and to provide basic vocational skills for gainful employment. Since its establish­ment in 1979, there appears to have been a drop in delinquincy among

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children: the model age of offenders has shifted to 20-29 years. There are at present 140 boys between the ages of 5 to 18 who remain in the centre for an undetermined period. Employment opportunities are offered to them once they are fully trained.

42. The curricula taught in the five grades includes Dhivehi, religious studies, English and mathematics. Vocational training covers courses in electrical and mechanical engineering, carpentry, turning, welding, tinkering and tailoring. Special emphasis is given to the religious upbringing of the trainees. The centre also provides sports and recreational facilities (swimming, football, volleyball, indoor games, radio, television, full feature and educational films), and has four instructors. The various technical workshops are well equipped with machines and tools, thus enabling the trainees to produce goods and render services to the community. It offers skills at a lower level than those of the Vocational Training Centre in Male, particularly in the mechanical, electrical and engineering fields, but plans are underway to upgrade them with the recruitment of more qualified instructors.

43. With its present facilities, it is capable of turning out 15 to 20 trainees a year. Facilities for 300 trainees for the next five to ten years are foreseen. In order to upgrade its facilities, it requires books, newspapers, periodicals and other reading materials to establish a small library. The recreation facilities also need to be expanded to provide more opportunities for the trainees.

44. The consultant felt that trained youth counsellors with experience in the field of juvenile delinquincy were necessary to help in the social reintegration of the trainees. It was also felt that the latter should be exposed more frequently to the activities of the outside world and direct contact with other youth through: (1) community development activities on Maafushi and other islands; (2) holding national youth camps on Maafushi; (3) utilizing the premises of the centre for national youth seminars and other intensive skills development projects; (4) cultural activities; (5) organizing probationary apprenticeships to initiate the trainees progressively to the world of work; etc.

45. A sense of purpose and responsibility could be inculcated to the trainees by associating them in the management of their production activities and commercialization of their finished products. This would not only bring the additional income the centre badly needs for its upkeep and renewal of equipment, but also provide the trainees with incentives through partici­pation in its benefits, to participate more actively in the programmes. The government and private sectors should be approached to assist in organizing a commercial network for the Centre's products.

B. Technical training programmes

(i) The Vocational Training Centre (VTC)

46. Following its recent reorganization to meet the urgent needs for technical skills, the VTC now offers short and long term training courses of eight months and two-year duration in refrigeration-air conditioning, diesel and petrol engine repair, welding and sheet metal work, machine shop practice, electricity and basic electronics. It has also undertaken the Rural Youth Vocational Training Programme (referred to below) and has accepted several youth trainees sponsored by the National Youth Council for short courses. The co-ordinator of the VTC is a member of the National Youth Council.

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47. It is difficult to evaluate the effects of this short-term training since it has started recently and few youth have been involved. The principal constraints appear to be: low level of qualifications (especially in mathematics, science and English) of the proposed trainees, their hesitation to undergo more intensive training since it would oblige them to serve the government on lower salaries compared to the private sector, the VTC's programmes to their immediate skills requirements and to those of the private sector.

(ii) The Rural Youth Vocational Training Centre (RYVTC), Thulusdhoo Island, Kaafu Atoll - approximately 15 miles North of Male

48. The RYVTC, set up with UNDP assistance, is executed by ILO and monitored by the VTC in Male. Housed in the Community Education Centre, the training course in handicrafts is run by a Filipino expert (UNV) for fifteen girls and two boys. The production techniques are based on technology best adapted to local conditions and raw materials. It is expected that by October 1984, three of the present trainees will take over the programme as instructors. Expansion of the project is also planned to diversify the training (to include workshops for carpentry and jewellery).

49. The trainees have been producing goods such as bags, table mats, boxes, sandals, hats, etc., made from local raw materials. Their good quality merits that the possibility of their commercialization on the national and perhaps even the international markets should be given serious consideration.

(iii) Workshops of the public and private sectors

50. On-the-job training is offered to young apprentices in public and private workshops, garages, carpentry, boat-building, radio and television repair and machine tool shops. The training is related to the immediate requirements of the establishments concerned. Consequently it escapes the control of official authorities who are inadequately equipped for its co-ordination or inspection. Since the technical manpower needs exceed the supply of qualified personnel, the private sector prefers to attract the personnel already trained rather than invest in training. Moreover, the high rate of professional mobility of this type of personnel tends to discourage the training effort. Untrained youth are attracted to this sector by the relatively high pay. Once they have acquired a certain experience through on-the-job training, they tend to move on to another firm where they would probably be considered as 'semi-skilled' workers. The National Youth Council is examining the question of initiating a co-ordinated approach to the training of young school leavers and of ensuring a certain job stability which would not only be to their advantage but also to that of their employers.

(iv) Basic seamanship and navigation training

51. The Ministry of Transport and Shipping is sponsoring, with international assistance, the creation of a training school offering a basic course in seamanship and navigation. These courses will train young ships officers of the Maldives Shipping Line (MSL). Possibilities are being examined for providing more general courses requiring lower entrance qualifications for young sailors and fishermen, and they may even be extended to initiate school-going children during their vacations.

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C. Centre for the Aged and the Disabled, Guraidhoo Island, Kaafu Atoll

52. The consultant visited the Guraidhoo Centre for the Aged and the Disabled in order, (1) to help estimate the proportion of youth in the disabled population; and (2) to study the potential role and contribution of youth in providing assistance to the diabled in this project and at the national level.

53. Following the proclamation of 1981 as International Year of the Disabled, the Government of Maldives initiated measures to help the disabled and to intensify public concern for their welfare and rehabilitation. A National Committee for the Welfare of the Disabled was created (1981) to formulate inter-sectoral government strategies. As a result of a general national survey in 1981 which identified 1,390 disabled persons (handicapped - mentally retarded, deaf, mute and blind), the Home for the Aged and Disabled was established on Guraidhoo Island in Kaafu Atoll, seventeen miles south of Male, and functions under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Home Affairs and Social Services. This centre presently admits ninety-two patients.

54. Its facilities seem to lack trained staff, adequate medical care, social activities and vocational training. In view of the total number of disabled in the country, an expansion of the centre's capacity to 150 patients is envisaged. Furthermore, in its drive for wider ranging assistance to the disabled and the elderly, the government has formulated a project to develop local capabilities for the treatment and training of disabled persons and to increase the supply of semi-skilled manpower for gainful employment. The project aims to achieve this through the physical rehabilitation of the disabled into the normal educational and training channels and provision of vocational training with the assistance from external sources. Given the human resources constraints, voluntary assistance of youth in this project is being studied.

D. National Womens Committee (NWC)

55. The NWC, founded in 1979, consists of eighteen members and a full-time staff of five working under the President's Office. Two of its Committee members are also on the National Youth Council and close working links exist between the two. The NWC has run several national and local conferences, training courses, exhibitions to promote handicrafts and cottage industries, better nutrition habits, fund-raising drives, educational radio and television programmes, and two externally assisted projects (community development in the atolls and leadership skills development). It has established local self-supporting committees in each one of the four administrative sections (Wards) of Male and also one in every inhabited island in the country.

56. The consultant explored with the NWC ways and means of involving young women more substantially in development programmes, particularly in view of overcoming the acute shortage of volunteer workers. It was felt that more innovative approaches had to be adopted to motivate the interest of out-of-school and educated girls in development and in community-oriented projects. One of the ways of assuring the girls' participation was by organizing cultural programmes and sports activities under a co-ordinated inter-sectoral approach involving all the agents concerned. Given the government's encouragement to womens' participation in National Development, the consultant felt that greater emphasis will have to be laid on leadership training and skills development of young women.

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E. Participation of youth in the National Literacy Campaign

57. The Ministry of Education requested the consultant to assist in studying the ways and means necessary for associating youth more actively in the campaign against illiteracy. The consultant assisted in a survey on the training needs of volunteer literacy teachers on the islands of Hurra and Thulusdhoo (in Northern Male Atoll) , and in the analysis of the survey data and preparation of the Training Manual for the forthcoming National Literacy Training Workshop on Fulidho Island (in Vaavu Atoll).

58. The survey covered the following fields: economic status and occupational background; existing literacy skills and educational needs; expectations from basic education classes. As the Basic Education Programme included a post-literacy or General Education Component, it was felt that volunteer teachers should be equipped with some simple but innovative teaching methods and techniques to aid and motivate new and neo-literates retain their interest in the other subjects taught. The organization and demonstration of practical activities (like kitchen gardening, case studies of successful islanders through the Basic Education Programme) were also considered an important training need of volunteer teachers.

F. Development of tourism and related activities

59. Given the important role the tourism industry is to play in the economy, the National Youth Council is exploring ways of associating youth in this sectors development. The consultant visited major tourist ..projects in order to have an idea of their human resources requirements and their impact on local youth.

60. Scarcity of qualified manpower has led to the employment of unqualified workers (especially at the intermediary level) in the hotel industry. Since this industry is being developed in 'reserved' areas which are not always close to inhabited islands, it is not always possible for youth to partici­pate more actively in its activities. (It usually does so during the school vacations). The government is planning to set up crash training programmes for qualified personnel especially for part-time youth workers required by the sectors rapid growth.

61. As for the cultural impact of this sector on local youth, it would be safe to assume that the long distances between the islands and the diffi­culties of communication have limited the contacts between tourists and Maldivian youth. One of the proposals forwarded during the mission was to encourage inter-island tourism by Maldivian youth so as to make them aware of their national identity and the problems faced by inhabitants of other islands. Concurrently, stronger emphasis would have to be put on national culture and history in the educational programmes and the school systems. The interest of youth in their National Heritage could further be raised through the organization of youth festivals, concerts, dances and literary contests.

62. The inter-island youth exchanges proposed would require facilities to be made available for boarding and lodging of the visiting youth. This will have to be co-ordinated at the level of the Department of Tourism. The existing infrastructure (schools, mosques, community centres, atoll and island admin­istration buldings, warehouses) could well serve the purpose. The Department of Tourism will also have to collaborate closely with the National Youth Council in sponsoring the training of youth leaders and animateurs necessary for promoting the inter-island youth tourism.

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G. National Institute for Linguistic and Cultural Research (NILCR)

63. Operating directly under the President's Office, the NILCR has in its charge the National Museum, the Archives, and is the co-ordinating agency for all policy and programmes concerning Cultural Heritage and the preservation of national monuments.

64. The government has embarked on a campaign for the preservation of national historical monuments with international financial and technical assistance. Unesco has provided consultancy services in this field. In view of the local human and material resource shortage required for this campaign, the National Youth Council is trying to mobilize the voluntary services of youth. The involvement of youth in such programmes will not only provide them the occasion of coming into contact with monuments representing their history, but also introduce them to new skills in restoration and preservation techniques which may open up avenues for the future. There are many monuments of national importance, not to mention the National Museum, all of which need attention.

Assessment of the National Youth Council (NYC), its activities and proposals for its restructuring

65. After reviewing the opportunities offered for the participation of youth in the training and development projects, the consultant discussed with the NYC the ways and means of strengthening its role and adapting its programmes to meet the development objectives of the country.

A. Assessment of existing structures and activities

(a) Objectives

66. The objectives of the NYC as actually constituted are:

1. to formulate youth policy guidelines;

2. provide means of expression for youth;

3. formulate programmes for youth participation in sports, health, education and social activities.

(b) Structure

67. The NYC is an advisory body composed of sixteen members representing the President's Office, the main technical and social ministries, the educational and training institutes and the private sector (cf. Annex 5).

68. The Council is directly under the President's Office with the Minister of Education as its Executive Chairman. Administration is assured by the current Senior Under-Secretary of the Ministry of Education. The actual supervision of the programme, however, is done by the Youth Officer (who is assisted by a Secretary, two clerical staff, one peon and one labourer).

69. The Council operates through the Maldives Youth Centre (MYC, which has been alloted premises, in Male, with office space, seminar room, library and sports facilities (volleyball and badminton courts, table tennis).

70. The MYC operates on an annual budget of Maldivian Rupees 160,070 (US $22,864.5) 1984.

- 13 -

(c) Activities

71. Its principal activities are (cf. Annex 5):

(i) sport (coaching and practice of volleyball, badminton, table-tennis, football, indoor games: carrom, darts, scrabble); physical training;

(ii) training: skills development and income generating activities (sewing, cooking, engineering skills, foreign language teaching -Arabic and English; agriculture; fishing);

(iii) literacy and cultural activities;

(iv) organization of youth camps (away from Male) with the purpose of teaching skills and work in a co-operative setting;

(v) running the centre;

(vi) publication and diffusion of a monthly newsletter;

(vii) participation in international and regional youth conferences and seminars.

72. To date, the MYC has 321 members of whom 211 are full (out-of-school youth); 105 students; and five associate (clubs and associations) members.

73. Most of the activities of the MYC have been restricted to Male. Given its limited financial and human resources and the great distances separating the capital from the other islands, it has neither been able to implement all the projects originally planned nor to enforce its co-ordinating role in the field of youth policy. It also seems to suffer from an irregular participation of the Council members in its activities.

74. The centre's facilities do not appear to be utilized to their optimum since it caters to only 321 members, whereas the youth population, according to the 1977 Census, was 11,500. Major factors accounting for this weak participation in MYC's programmes are inadequate publicity, need for closer ties of its programmes with the direct needs of local youth; weak planning in the utilization of facilities; poor maintenance; lack of counselling and information services; dearth of resource persons, animateurs and group leaders.

75. The supervisory staff of the MYC, fully committed to the Centre's activities, are over-burdened with the administrative tasks of running on-going programmes. Their role could be strengthened by additional training in management skills as well as in organizing activities in the field of youth. It might be of interest to point out here that their background has primarily been academic.

B. Proposals for restructuring the National Youth Council (NYC)

76. In the light of the above, the following proposals were made for enforcing the co-ordinating role of the Council in the field of youth policy planning, in improving its organizational structure and expansion of its programme to cover youth from all sections of society and islands.

- 14 -

(a) Objectives

77. The following objectives were proposed for the restructured Youth Council:

(i) to provide a forum for exchange of views between youth and adults;

(ii) to inculcate among them a sense of discipline, national consciousness, and an awareness of the socio-economic situation and cultural identity of the Maldives;

(iii) to sensitize youth to the necessity of preserving the natural environment ;

(iv) to promote the participation of youth in community-oriented services and national development projects;

(v) to conduct vocational training and skills development programmes linked to productive activities and income generation;

(vi) to conduct seminars and meetings on topics of national interest in relation to youth;

(vii) to undertake and assist in health and hygiene programmes geared to improving living conditions;

(viii) to organize sports and other recreational activities;

(ix) to establish youth centres in the atolls and islands;

(x) to organize fund raising campaigns and invest surplus funds in revenue earning projects;

(xi) to organize cultural and literary activities for the promotion and preservation of national cultural heritage;

(xii) to undertake surveys on the living conditions of youth;

(xiii) to promote goodwill and mutual understanding among youth of Maldives and other countries through exchange programmes.

(b) Structure

78. The proposed Youth Council should be organized as follows:

(i) the President of the Republic of Maldives shall be President of the Council;

(ii) the Council will consist of sixteen members, representing the major economic and social sectors, who will be appointed by the President to advise on matters concerning youth policy and its implementation. It will meet on a regular basis or in extra­ordinary session at the request of its chairman;

(iii) the Chairman of the Council, nominated by the President in con­sultation with the Council and the Executive Secretary will draw up overall plans and programmes of youth policy and follow its implementation. He will also prepare and submit to the

- 15 -

President/Council, a report at the end of each financial year setting out the activities undertaken during that year;

(iv) an Executive Secretary, appointed by the President on recommen­dation of the Chairman, will be the administrative officer of the Council. He will, with the assistance of the Youth Affairs Officer, draw up projects and programmes of action for consider­ation by the and will be responsible for their implementation;

(v) the President will appoint a Youth Affairs Officer, upon recommendation of the Chairman, to administer the Maldives Youth Centre (MYC) and to assist the Executive Secretary in implement­ing the projects and programmes approved by the President;

(vi) an Administrative Assistant, recruited by the Chairman, shall assist the Youth Affairs Officer in the day-to-day administration of the MYC;

(vii) the Chairman may appoint such number of clerks, peons, labourers and other personnel he may consider necessary for the purpose of running the MYC;

(viii) at the level of each atoll a Youth Co-ordinator will be nominated by the National Youth Council upon recommendation of the island authorities and representatives of local youth. This leader will liaise between the NYC and the islands in his atoll and co-ordinate their action;

(ix) each island will appoint its own Island Youth Leader who will liaise with the Atoll Youth Co-ordinator and be responsible for the implementation of youth programmes on his island;

(x) the Maldives Youth Centre (MYC), besides this co-ordinating role at the national level, will:

- house the NYC;

- be the nucleus of social activities (drama, dance, cultural activities, music; literary activities, training programmes for literacy, skills development, income generation, pro­ductive work, community development projects, sports, etc.) in the context of National Youth Policy and Programmes;

- have a national vocation and consequently encourage membership of all Maldivian Youth, namely, those out-of-school, employed, students and associated members (clubs and youth organizations);

- though its main buildings are located in Male, it will make available its facilities to youth on other islands by sponsoring their visits to Male, youth camps, mobile library and documentation unit, cultural activities, etc. Pending the creation of auxiliary youth centres, the existing physical infrastructure on each island of mosques, schools, community centres could be used to accommodate its programmes;

- each member will be asked to make a nominal financial and material contribution in relation to his possibilties. The members would be expected to assist the centres staff in their administrative duties and to play an active role in animating its programme.

- 16 -

C. Assistance in designing youth programmes

79. Proposals were made to the NYC for undertaking youth programmes in the following fields:

(a) leadership training;

(b) training for skills development and income generating activities (handicrafts, carpentry, bicycle repairs, shoe repairs and making, tailoring, fisheries, agriculture, training of junior personnel for tourist industry...)»

(c) institution of a National Award of Merit for services rendered to the community; task force for productive voluntary enterprise (community-oriented services);

(d) strengthening of information service, and documentation on youth (the purpose was to reinforce the existing documentation facilities of the MYC and to encourage the reading habits of youth);

(e) participation in social services (health, assistance to the elderly, and physicalled disabled, literacy work);

(f) sport and physical fitness campaign;

(g) involve youth in preservation of cultural heritage and monuments;

(h) involvement of youth in the preservation of environment and marine resources;

(i) organization of youth cultural and music festivals.

80. Some of the above project proposals had originally been submitted to Unesco for its financial assistance in the context of IYY activities. Upon the consultant's arrival, the NYC expanded on the original proposals as to conceive a coherent national policy on youth, and prepare a programme for its implementation. Many new areas of interest relevant to youth policy were considered but given the short time available for the mission it was not possible to elaborate all of the projects related to them.

81. One such theme worth mentioning, however, concerned the collection of information on youth and also the latter's involvement in the organization of the forthcoming National Population Census in 1985. This Census will play a key role in the government's development strategy. The scarcity of infor­mation on youth in the Maldives explains partly the difficulties encountered in planning coherent youth policies and programmes. The collection of the information proposed would consequently provide the government with data necessary for comprehending youth problems and aspirations. Moreover, by associating youth in the Census operations the government would not only dis­pose of much needed assistant staff but also sensitize youth to demographic issues confronting the country and the importance of population education.

- 17 -

IV. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

A. Conclusions

82. The originality of the geographical, cultural and socio-economic context of the Maldives warrants an innovative approach in conceiving the policies and structures best adapted to preparing youth to meet the challenges of development. This mission was unfortunately too short to enable the consul­tant to travel to islands situated far from Male (only three atolls out of nineteen were visited) and whose particular natural and social conditions will certainly have to be considered in devising a national plan of action for youth. The government has fully committed itself to such a plan and is in the process of studying ways for involving youth more actively in development on each island.

83. The acute shortage of qualified manpower conjugated with the paradoxical situation of rapid and unbalanced demographic growth, especially on Male, are some of the major constraints the national authorities are trying to overcome. Great importance moreover, is attached to the psychological and moral preparation of the youth with regard to their increasing exposure to foreign cultures consequent to the expansion of the tourism industry. Proud of its national, cultural and religious heritage, the government is aiming at innovating the educational and training systems to meet the new development needs and to safeguard the traditional and moral values in a society undergoing rapid change.

84. The mission assisted the National Authorities in highlighting areas where a coherent approach to youth issues appeared particularly urgent. The assessment of the existing structure, ongoing programmes and future plan of activities of the National Youth Council was followed up by proposals which should enable it to improve its conceptual and administrative functions. In light of the government's strong commitment to conceive and implement a National Plan of Action for Youth, international assistance could play a leading role in helping to attain its objectives, mainly in the field of youth training and development.

B. Recommendations

85. At this juncture where the National Authorities are fully committed to involving youth more actively in the development process, International assistance could make a valuable contribution to the government's plan of action. The following priority areas appear to be of particular interest especially in the context of International Youth Year (IYY):

(i) Training of the Maldivian Youth Centre Staff and the Atoll and Island Youth Leaders. The restructuring of the NYC and its antennas at the level of the islands would require staff and youth leaders trained in monitoring and implementing youth activities both at the national and local levels. International assistance could serve in designing the training programmes of the staff and youth leaders and on an intensive and extensive basis (consultancy missions, local and national seminars, short-term study grants, reproduction of training materials).

(ii) Formulation of National Plan of Action for Youth. The government has priority areas in which it is trying to devise youth-oriented programmes. There is a need, however, of co-ordinating these different activities and preparing a coherent plan of action. The actual staff of the NYC, though fully aware and commmitted to

- 18 -

such a plan, unfortunately does not have the technical personnel required for this exercise. International assistance could be sought in this field (study tour for its staff, consultancy services, documentation).

Strengthening the information and documentation services of the National Youth Council (NYC)

(iii) The diffusion of information on youth and activities of the NYC is essential for involving youth more actively in its programmes. The documentation units of the NYC (its future antennas on each island) are severely handicapped by the lack of reading materials and documentations related to youth. International organizations specializing in the production and diffusion of such material could be approached to this end. Since many of the Maldivian youth are not fluent in foreign languages, possibilities of financing the translation of some of the relevant documents should also be examined.

Material and equipment for the National Youth Council (NYC)

(iv) Once the proposed restructuring of the NYC gets underway, the centre will have to expand on its activities and cater to a larger public. The actual equipment and facilities need to be renewed for the task. External assistance would be required to finance the installation of equipment for outdoor and indoor sports, as well as pedagogical and audio-visual aids (projectors, screens, televisions, video, radio).

Projects proposed in the context of IYY

(v) The government has proposed eleven projects for execution in the context of the IYY, and has submitted them to Unesco for possible financial assistance.

Participation of youth in the National Population Census and population education

(vi) Since information on the different characteristics of youth required for elaborating a National Plan of Action is scarce, the organization of the National Population Census, foreseen in 1985, provides an excellent opportunity for compiling this information. Similarly, it is necessary to sensitize Maldivian youth to the demographic issues confronting their islands (rapid population growth, inter-island imbalances and social consequences). The organization of seminars and diffusion of documentation in demography, population education and related fields could be sponsored through international assistance.

Annex 1.

MALDIVES STRUCTURE OF THE GOVERNMENT

(As of March 1983)

Ministry of Planning S Development

Ministry of Transport & Shipping

; Ministry of Defence &

• National Security

National Security Service

Police Court

Ministry of Home Affairs & Social Services

Sports Division

Elections Division

Prisons Division

Pensions & Social Welfare Division

Ministry of Health

Department of Public Health

Atoll Health Centres

Central Hospital

Regional Hospital

Allied Health Services Training Centre

Maldives Water & Sanitation Authority

Medical Supplies Section

The President's Office

Ministry of Agriculture

High Court of Maldives

Department of Finance

Treasury Division

Rentals Division

Department of Public Works & Labour

Addoo Development Authority

Maldives Monetary Authority

Audit Department

Department of Religious Affairs

Mulee-Aage

Maldives Shipping Limited

Maldives Fisheries Corporation

Male Municipality

Attorney General's Office

Citizens Manjlis Chamber

Department of Information & Broadcasting

Voice of Maldives

TV Maldives

National Library

Maldives Electricity Board

Department of Posts & Telecommunications

Department ol Meteorology

Department of Tourism

Department of Civil Aviationiot

Maldives Airport Authority

Air Maldives

National Institute fox Lingusitic & Cultural Research

Ministry of Justice

Court N°i

Court N°2

Court N°3

Court N°4

Court N°5

Court N°6

Court N°7

Court N°8

Island Courts

Ministry of Education

Educational Development Centre

Majeediyya School

Aminiyya School

Iskandar School

Science Education Centre

Community Schools

Institute for Islamic Studies

Vocational Training Centre

Atoll Primary

Ministry of Atolls Administration

Northern Regional Office

Atoll Offices (North)

Island Offices

Southern Regional Office

Atoll Offices (South)

Island Offices

Ministry of Foreign Affairs

Ministry of Fisheries

Department of Immigration S Emigration

Ministry of Trade¡& Industries

Fisheries Project Division

State Trading Organization

Permanent Mission to the UN

Maldivian High Commission in Sri Lanka

ANNEX 2

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ANNEX 4

NATIONAL YOUTH COUNCIL MEMBERSHIP

H.E. Mr Maumoon Abdul Gayoom President of Republic

H.E. Mr Mohamed Zahir Hussain Minister of Education (Chairman)

H.E. Mr Fathullah Jameel Minister of Foreign Affairs

H.E. Mr Omar Zahir Minister of Home Affairs and Social Services

H.E. Mr Abdullah Hameed Minister of Atolls Administration

H.E. Mr Ilyas Ibrahim Minister of Trade and Industries

H.E. Mr Abbas Ibrahim Minister of State for Presidential Affairs

H.E. Mr Abdul Rasheed Hussain Executive Secretary to the President Deputy Minister of Planning and Development

Mr Abdullah Rasheed Senior Under-Secretary Ministry of Education (Executive Secretary)

Mr Mohamed Zahir Naseer Advisor on Youth Affairs & Recreation Chairman of Maldives Olympic Committee

Mr Mohamed Hameed Chief Co-ordinator Vocational Training Centre

Mr Ibrahim Ismail Senior Assistant Principal Majeedia School

Mr Mohamed Ibrahim Businessman

Mr Ahmed Ismail Maniku Businessman

Mrs Shafia Zuber Under-Secretary Ministry of Education

Mrs Amal Ali Mrs Anweri Ahmed National Womens Committee

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ANNEX 7

LIST OF PEUPLE MET

H.E. Mr. Mohamed Zahir Uussain, Minister ot Education and Chairman ot rhe National Youth Council; President ot the National Commission tor UTJESCC.

H.E. Mr. Omar Zahir, Minister ot Home Attairs and Social Services; Member ot the National Youth Council; President ot Male Municipality.

H.E. Mr. Abdullah Jameel, Minister of Health.

H.E. Mr. Abdul Rasheed Uussain, Deputy Minister ot Planning and Development; Executive Secretary to the President ot Republic.

H.E. Mr. Musthapha Hussa in, Permanent Representative to the UN; Chairman ot the Executive Board ot WHO.

H.E. Mr. Moosn Fnthy, Chiet Justice ot Maldives.

H.E. Mr. Ahmed Za!'i, Attorney General

H.E. Mr. Uussain Ali Didi, Special Under-Secretary President's Uttice; Maldives Monetory Authority; Alternate Governor Islamic Development Bank, Jeddah.

Mr. Ahamad Zahir, Director-General Department ot Tourism.

Mr. Abdullah Rasheed, Senior Under-Secretary Ministry ot Education and Executive Secretary ot the National Youth Council; Secretary-General ot the National Commission tor UNESCO.

Mrs. Fatimath Zareer, President ot the National '.Jomens Committee.

Mr. Mohamed Luthti, Director ot the National Institute tor Linguistics and Cultural Research (NILCR).

Mr. Ahmed Aslam, Senior Under-Secretary Ministry of Home Affairs and Social Services.

Mr. Ismail Shat-eeq, Under-Secretary, Ministry ot Home Affairs and Social Services.

Mr. Ali Sharif, Deputy Director Department of Finance.

Mr. A)dul Aziz Yoosut, Under-Secretary Ministry ot Education.

Mrs. Shatia Zuber, Under-Secretary Ministry ot Education; member National Youth Council.

Miss Husna Razee, Undersecretary Ministry ot Health.

Mrs. Aneesa Ahmad, Executive Aide to the President ot Republic.

Mr. Zahir Naseer, Advisor on Youth Affairs and Recreation; President ot the Maldivian Olympic Committeej, Member ot the National Youth Council.

Annex 7 - page 2

Mr. Abdul Shakoor, Director ¡-In 1 dives Electricity Board.

Mr. Bandu Ahmed Salearn, assistant President Halé Municipality; President ot the Football Association ot Maldives.

Mr. Hussaln Ahiaed Didi, Under-Secretary Ministry ot Home Attairs and Social Services.

Mr. Mohamed Latheet, Director Education Development Cantre (EDO.

Mr. Abdul Hameed, Assistant Director EDC.

Mr. Abdul Hameed, Coordinator Vocational Training Centre (VTC).

Mr. Abdul Sattar Hassan, Coordinator Community Education Programme (EDC).

Miss Jane Moon, Languages Department EDC.

Mrs. Habiba Zuber, Majeedi National Library.

Mr. Ali Riza Didi, Mohamed Ismail Didi Private Library.

Mr. S.H. Reeza, Advisor to the Atorney General.

Mr. Musthata Luthtee, Headmaster Baa Atcll Education Development Centro.

Mr. Ali Luth tee, Principal Noorane School Addu Atoll.

Mr» Ahmed Anver, Headmaster Shaviyaani Atoll Education Centre.

Mr. J. Bessant, Aide to President ot Republic.

Mr. Abdul Latheet Mahmood, Youth Attairs Officer, National Youth Council (NYC).

Mr. Mohamed Hussain, Administrative Assistant, NYC.

International Agencies

Mr. J. Gujit, UNDP Resident Representative.

Dr. R.R.Arora, WHO Programme Coordinator and Representative.

Mr. G. Dutia, UNICEF Resident Project Officer.

Mr. P.J.Hart, UNESCO Team Leader Education Development.

Mr. F.G.Schmid, ILO/UNDP National Skills Development Programme VTC.

Miss R. Rabien, ILO/UNDP CTA-Rural Youth Vocational Training Programme (RYVTP).

Mr.T.W.Harris, NORAD/li-JO Maritime Safety Advisor, Ministry ot Transport and Shipping.

Mr. R. Pesai, Kuwait Fund Team Leader Ministry of Planning & Developent.

Dr. Mrs. S.Krishnan. WIIO/Allied Health Services Health Manpower Development.

Mr. J. Mackie, Field Coordinator Voluntary Service Overseas.

Mr. P.Bulls & Mrs B.Little. IHAP-Raa Atoll Integrated Development Project.

Mr. P.Egil Warn. REDD BARNA-Lammu Atoll Integrated Development Programme.

ANNEX 8

STRUCTURE OF PROPOSED NATIONAL YOUTH COUNCIL

PRESIDENT'S OFFICEI

NATIONAL YOUTH COUNCIL

CHAIRMAN

EXECUTIVE SECRETARY

t YOUTH AFFAIRS OFFICER

ADMINISTRATIVE ASSISTANT

19 ATOLL YOUTH LEADERS MALDIVES YOUTH CENTRE

ISLAND YOUTH LEADER

ISLAND YOUTH LEADER

ISLAND YOUTH LEADER

CLERKS PEONS LABOURERS

VOLUNTARY ADMINIS­TRATIVE STAFF