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PREFACE The river Ganga is of unique importance ascribed to reasons that are geographical, historical, socio-cultural and economic, giving it the status of a National River. It has been facing serious threat due to discharge of increasing quantities of sewage effluents, trade effluents and other pollutants on account of rapid urbanization, industrialization and agricultural growth. The challenge is compounded due to competing demands for river water for irrigation, domestic purposes, industrial use and power. There is need to ensure effective abatement of pollution and conservation of the river Ganga by adopting a river basin approach to promote inter-sectorial coordination for comprehensive planning and management. It is equally important to maintain minimum ecological flows in river Ganga with the aim of ensuring water quality through environmentally sustainable development. In exercise of the powers conferred by sub-sections (1) and (3) of Section 3 of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 (29 of 1986), the Central Government has constituted National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA) as a planning, financing, monitoring and coordinating authority for strengthening the collective efforts of the Central and State Government for effective abatement of pollution and conservation of the river Ganga. One of the important functions of the NGRBA is to prepare and implement a Ganga River Basin Management Plan (GRBMP). It is proposed to develop the GRBMP based on scientific application of modern tools and technologies combined with traditional wisdom. It has been decided that the GRBMP be prepared jointly by the seven Indian Institutes Technology’s (IITs) namely IITs at Kanpur, Bombay, Delhi, Guwahati, Kharagpur, Madras and Roorkee. This will help leverage the vast knowledge base and experience of IITs in various fields. This document is a proposal to prepare Ganga River Basin Management Plan by the IITs. This has been prepared based on workshops organized on various thematic groups at IIT Delhi and IIT Kanpur, and several meetings/consultations with various groups/people. Contribution of each and every one who participated in the preparation of this document is highly appreciated. The seed grant provided by the MoEF, and the trust and confidence put on IITs by Shri Jairam Ramesh, Hon’ble Minister of State (Independent Charge) is gratefully acknowledged. Guidance, support and cooperation received from Shri, Rajiv Gauba, IAS, Joint Secretary and his colleagues from MoEF is highly appreciated. June 30, 2010 Vinod Tare

CONTENTS

S No Page No 1 Prologue 1 2 Approach and Methodology 2 3 Data Requirement/Sources/Collection 4 4 Environmental Quality and Pollution 7 4.1 Preamble 7 4.2 Objective 7 4.3 Scope 7 4.4 Methodology 8 4.5 Data Required 20 4.6 Time Schedule 20 4.7 Deliverables 21 4.8 Work Plan 21 4.9 The Team 22

5 Water Resources Management 23 5.1 Preamble 23 5.2 Objective 26 5.3 Scope 26 5.4 Methodology 26 5.5 Data Required 28 5.6 Deliverables 29 5.7 Work Plan 30 5.8 Data Collection 31 5.9 The Team 31

6 Fluvial Geomorphology 33 6.1 Preamble 33 6.2 Major Objectives 34 6.3 Approach and Methodology 35 6.3.1 Mapping geomorphic condition and river dynamics of the river 35 6.3.2 Generation of stream power distribution pattern 36 6.3.3 Control of river energy and sediment supply on channel morphology 37 6.3.4 Hydrology – Geomorphology - Ecology relationship for the different

reaches of the Ganga River 37

6.3.5 Determination of Environment Flow and role of hydrology for managing geomorphic condition

37

6.3.6 Data integration in River style framework 37 6.4 Data Requirements 38 6.5 Distribution of Work 38 6.6 Deliverables 39 6.7 Work Plan 40 6.8 The Team 40 6.9 References Cited 41

7 Ecology and Biodiversity 42 7.1 Preamble 42 7.2 Objectives 44 7.3 Methodology 44 7.4 Deliverables 50 7.5 Work Plan 50 7.6 The Team 51

7.7 References 51

S No Page No. 8 Socio-Economic-Cultural 52 8.1 Preamble 52 8.2 Objective 53 8.3 Tasks 53 8.4 The Team 55 8.5 Important Note 55

9 Policy, Law and Governance 56 9.1 Preamble 56 9.2 Objective 57 9.3 Methodology 57 9.4 Activities 57 9.5 Deliverables 58 9.6 The Team 60

10 Geo-Spatial Database Management 61 10.1 Preamble 61 10.2 Objectives 61 10.3 Scope 63 10.4 Types of Data 63 10.5 Methodology 64 10.6 Work Plan 65 10.7 Deliverables 65 10.8 The Team 65

11 Communication 66 11.1 Preamble 66 11.2 Roles and Responsibility 66 11.3 Typical Communication Plan 67 11.4 Work Packages 68 11.5 Work Plan 68 11.6 The Team 69

12 Deliverables 70

13 Execution 73

14 Financial 75

15 Time Schedule 77

16 The Team 78

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  1 

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  2 

2. APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY

An integrated river basin management approach that focuses on “Maintenance and restoration of wholesomeness of Ganga system and improvement of its ecological health with due regard to conflict of interest in water uses in entire river basin” will be adopted. This, entails preparation of plan that has adequate provision for soil, water and energy in the Ganga Basin to accommodate growing population, urbanization, industrialization and agriculture while ensuring that the fundamental aspects of the river system, i.e. (i) river must continuously flow , (ii) river must have longitudinal and lateral connectivity, (iii) river must have adequate space for its various functions, (iv) river must function as an ecological entity, and (v) river must be kept free from any kind of wastes ,, ,are protected. Achieving this will require development of a framework for coordination whereby all administrations and stakeholders can come together to formulate an agreed set of policies and strategies to have a balanced and acceptable approach to land, water, and natural resource management in the Ganga Basin.

The Ganga River Basin (GRM) is a multifaceted system and requires multi-disciplinary and interdisciplinary approach. For integrated management of Ganga River Basin several aspects need to be considered. It is proposed that the work would broadly be undertaken through following broad themes by various teams. It is expected that the teams working on each of the themes will closely interact.

a) Environmental Quality and Pollution b) Water Resources Management c) Fluvial Geomorphology d) Ecology and Biodiversity e) Socio-Economic and Cultural f) Policy, Law and Governance g) Geo-spatial Data Base Management h) Communication

Objectives, scope, methodology, deliverables, work plan and the team involved for various thematic groups are presented in Chapters 4 through 11. In general following line of action will be followed.

a) Start-up meeting, collection of relevant data/reports from various agencies including NRCD to assess present state-of-the-art and take lessons from the past experience of Ganga Action Plan Phase I and II (GAP I and GAP II), Yamuna Action Plan (YAP) and other River Action Plans (RAPs).

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b) Delineation of basin water bodies and their status: Review of existing programmes, plans and measures; Collation of data on water bodies; Identification of sources and estimation of pollution loads; Analysis of existing hydrological conditions including flow simulation using hydrological models; Evaluation of impacts of dams/water resources projects; Assessment of existing water quality status; Preparation of basin atlas; Preparation of tables and maps (including GIS based maps); Description of basin characteristics, etc.

c) Modeling supportive and assimilative capacities – situation analysis: Select appropriate simulation models; Model supportive and assimilative capacities, and develop scenarios; Carryout iterations to firm-up programme of measures.

d) Establishing environmental objectives/principles of river basin planning

e) Evolve measures for improvement: Changes in mechanisms (policy, regulations, enforcement, etc.); Maintaining desired water quality; Maintaining ecological/ environmental flows; Augmentation of river flow; Catchment area treatment and floodplain protection; Sustainable river conservation, etc.

f) Public awareness and stakeholders’ consultation: Mapping of all stakeholders; Review of completed/ongoing public awareness and consultation process; Undertake public/stakeholders consultations; Develop programme for public awareness, consultation and participation.

g) Institutional strengthening and capacity building: Review of existing policies and regulations; Review of existing institutional arrangements and its capacity assessment; Develop institutional strengthening and capacity building/training plan, etc.

h) Evaluation and monitoring programme to facilitate mid course correction.

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3. DATA REQUIREMENT/SOURCES/COLLECTION

The timely collection of required data as available with various agencies, ULBs, institutes etc. is the key for successful completion of the study within schedule. The duration of river basin management plan preparation is 15-18 months, which could only be completed by a highly professional, experienced and exclusively dedicated team. However the crux of the study depends on planning and execution of a clear strategy for collecting necessary data from various sources as the GRBMP would essentially be developed mainly based on secondary data. The long-term data generated in the past, as will be collected and compiled by the mission team, will be randomly verified/ authenticated by conducting field survey and investigation but the scope of such data collection would obviously be quite limited. We therefore propose herein a clear strategy for collecting and analysing available data on various attributes of the river basin. The key element of our data collection strategy includes:

• Identification and establishing the range, depth and coverage of various data in advance

• Determining 'essential' and 'desirable' data needs • Identification of sources of data • Allocating resources for data collection • Allocating sufficient time for data collection in overall work plan • Continuous review and monitoring the progress of data collection • Soliciting active cooperation of NRCD for facilitating the mission team in

collecting data on time

The data and information to be collected shall include but are not limited to:

• Urban/rural water supply/sewage collection/sewage treatment facilities, their volumes, organization of services, operation and maintenance, financial conditions etc.;

• Socio-economic conditions (Administrative Division, Population, industries, Agriculture etc.);

• Natural conditions (Topography, geology, hydrogeology, meteorology, hydrology, environment, land use etc.);

• Water Quality, Biological, Hydrological, meteorological monitoring system; • Topographical conditions (Topographical maps, hydrogeological maps, satellite

images etc); • Present water use conditions, facilities and problems/issues;

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• By sector - Irrigation, domestic water, industrial water etc.; • By water resources- Surface water, Rain, Groundwater, treated/untreated

wastewater; • Agriculture: Farm production, cropping pattern, use of agro chemicals,

irrigation system etc.; • Conditions of water related hazards- Water quality and sediment disasters,

damages, casualties, etc.; • Existing water control structures used in the basin and brief description; • Identification and collection of basic data of hotspots in the river basin from

water quality considerations; • Mapping of all relevant stakeholders involved in developing and managing the

water sector in the basin, including their roles, responsibilities, expectations etc.;

• Existing environment laws of the Country/States/Local Bodies; • Identification of environmental issues and trends of change.

The type of data and their source(s) are indicated in Table 3.1, which will be further reviewed.

Table 3.1: Secondary Data Collection

Type of data Sources of Data

Physiographic Conditions

• Survey of India Toposheets and maps • Satellite imagery

• Survey of India • NRSC • Google

Climate and Meteorology:

• Min-max temperature, relative humidity, rainfall, rainy days, evapotranspiration in different parts of the basin

• India Meteorological Department

• State Agriculture Departments

Hydrological Conditions:

• Watershed Atlas • River flow data • Ground water data (quantity and

Quality)

• CGWD / NIC • Central water commission • CGWD/ SGWBs

Soil and Land use

• Soil and landuse maps • District planning map series • satellite imagery

• Survey of India • AISLUS • State Agriculture

Departments • NRSC

Geology and Geomorphology

• Geological map series of GSI • District planning map series • Satellite imagery

• Survey of India • Geological Survey of India • AISLUS • NRSC

Table 3.1 continued to next page … … …..

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Table 3.1 continued from previous page… … … …

Type of data Sources of Data

Water Quality • Surface water quality • Ground water quality

• CPCB and SPCBs • ULBs • NRCD • CWC • CGWD and SGWBs

Status of Sewerage and Sanitation • Present sewerage infrastructure in cities

and towns • Present sanitation scenario in rural

areas • Planned outgoing water supply,

sewerage and sanitation projects

• ULBs • State Implementing Agencies • NRCD • MoUD • MoRD • CPCB and SPCBs

Ecological Environment • Aquatic Ecology

• Fisheries Departments • CPCB/SPCBs

Agriculture • Farm production, cropping pattern, use

of agro chemicals, pesticides • Irrigation systems

• State Agriculture Departments

• State Irrigation Departments / Water Resources Departments

• Survey of India • AISLUS • NRSC

Socio Economic Conditions • District Statistical Handbooks • Census Handbooks

• State Governments Press

Grossly Polluted Industries • Type, locations / concentration of GPIs • Status of effluent treatment / discharge

• CPCB / SPCBs • Directorate of Industries

Others • State of Environment Reports • Citizens Reports Published

by CSE

  7 

4. ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AND POLLUTION

4.1 Preamble There is an ongoing tussle over water resources in the Ganga River Basin amongst various stakeholders. On one hand, there is an increasing demand for water for irrigation, industrial and domestic uses and also for power generation. On the other hand, there is an increasing demand for arresting the decline in groundwater table and for maintaining an ‘Environmental Flow (E-Flow)’ in the rivers on the basis of geo-morphological, socio-economic, socio-cultural, and ecological-biodiversity considerations. The above conflict is further compounded by the increasing pollution of groundwater and surface water resources in the Ganga River Basin through the disposal of ever increasing pollution loads generated through anthropogenic activity. Considering the complicated scenario described above, the overall objective of the proposed Ganga River Basin Management Plan (GRBMP) is to devise a long-term strategy for sustainable use of the water resources in the basin after giving due considerations to the competing demands of the various stakeholders. Environmental Quality and Pollution has been identified as one of the major Thematic Areas for this comprehensive study. 4.2 Objective The specific objective of the Environmental Quality and Pollution (EQP) component of the GRBMP is to devise a strategy such that over the long-term, the quality of the water resources available in the Ganga River Basin is maintained at a level commensurate with the requirements of the various stakeholders.

4.3 Scope The following is the scope of the present study:

a) Quantification of the current domestic and industrial pollution loads generated at various locations in the Ganga River Basin through a district-wise survey of the entire basin.

b) Assessment of future district-wise pollution loads in the Ganga River Basin from domestic and industrial sources considering increasing levels of population, urbanization and development activities. A variety of statistical and predictive modeling techniques will be used for these purposes.

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c) Collation of river water quality data for all major rivers of the Ganga river basin as obtained from various agencies. Reconciliation and statistical analysis of the above data.

d) Risk assessment studies conducted based on river water quality data collected above and expected river water quality in future. A variety of models will be used for this purpose.

e) Modeling the river water quality of all major rivers in the Ganga River Basin using the current pollution loads. Reconciliation of the modeling results with existing river water quality data through model calibration, leading to model parameter estimation.

f) Modeling the expected river water quality in future using projected pollution loads. Multiple scenario generation using a variety of intervention strategies that may be adopted.

g) Evaluation, selection and standardization of intervention strategies to be adopted at various locations in the Ganga River Basin with special emphasis on pollution ‘hot-spots’ like large urban centers and industrial clusters.

h) Specification of a long term water quality surveillance strategy in the Ganga river basin through (i) development of an online water quality monitoring and management system, and (ii) developing the long-term monitoring protocol for emerging pollutants like metals, pesticides, endocrine disrupters, antibiotics, etc.

i) Integration of all the above components into an ‘Action Plan’, which will essentially consist of a series of projects/activities to be taken up in a specified chronological order, such that after the completion of the action plan, the objectives of the ESE component of the GRBMP as stated earlier are satisfied.

4.4 Methodology The overall responsibility for the deliverables of the ESE component of GRBMP is with the ESE theme coordinator, who will also represent the ESE group in the project coordination committee. The tasks have been divided into six work packages (WP1.1 – WP1.6) and a sub-theme coordinator(s) has been given the responsibility for each work package. The sub-theme coordinator(s) of each work package will lead the team researchers working on that package. The theme coordinator will interact with the sub-theme coordinators to ensure that the work progresses according to plans.

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The work packages are as given below,

WP 1.1: District-wise inventorization of current and projected domestic and industrial pollution load in Ganga basin and collection of river water quality data.

WP 1.2: Current and future risk assessment associated with river water quality in Ganga basin

WP 1.3: Modeling current and future river water quality: future scenarios generation

WP 1.4: Evaluation, selection and standardization of intervention technologies for domestic and industrial pollution sources

WP 1.5: Assessment of future water quality monitoring and surveillance needs: sediment quality, metals, priority pollutants, pesticides, antibiotics, etc.

WP 1.6: Action plan for improvement and surveillance of water quality in Ganga river basin

The inter-linkages between the work packages are shown in Figure 4.1.

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Figure 4.1: Inter-Linkages between Work Packages

Current Flow Data (From WRM Group)

Water Quality Model

Current Water Quality Current Risk

Model Calibration

Projected Pollution Load Inventory Water Quality Model Future Water Quality

Projected Flow Data (from WRM Group)

Intervention Strategies Future Risk

Future Water Quality Surveillance and

Monitoring Issues Action Plan

Current Pollution Load Inventory

Model Output

WP1.1

WP1.2

WP1.3

WP1.4

WP1.5

WP1.6

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The detailed description of the methodology to be adopted for the completion of each work package is given as follows.

WP 1.1: District-Wise Inventorization of Current and Projected Domestic and Industrial Pollution Load in Ganga Basin and Collection of River Water Quality Data.

In-charge: Prof. A. K. Mittal, IIT Delhi

As shown in Figure 4.2, Pollutants are generated in the Ganga River basin in a variety of ways. The inventorization of the domestic and industrial pollution loads and water quality data in Ganga river basin will mainly focus on data regarding various common pollution parameters like organic carbon (BOD/COD), nutrients and microbial concentrations, etc., data for which is available. Inventorization of data concerning other pollutants, e.g., metals, priority pollutants, pesticides, antibiotics, etc. (i.e., emerging molecules) will be taken up in WP1.5.

The methodology to be adopted for fulfilling the objectives of WP 1.1 are described below,

Step 1: Identification of pollution parameters and standardization of templates, survey protocols, etc. for the determination of pollution loads.

Step 2: Collection and compilation of the water quality data of Ganga River Basin available from various national and state agencies and institutions.

Step 3: Identification of pollution hot spots, key pollutants and possible sources of pollution.

Step 4: Estimation of the non-point water pollution. Theoretical approach using applicable international and national case studies along with real time satellite imaginaries shall be one of the alternatives. Land use pattern, urbanization, population growth and patterns shall be used to arrive at the non-point loads. Schematic representation of the sources of non-point pollution is shown in Figure 4.3.

Step 5: Source inventory shall be carried out for the complete basin. Field work could be outsourced if time becomes a constraint.

Step 6: Data from different stretches/districts shall be complied. It shall be analyzed to obtain pre-defined indicators.

Step 7: Prediction of pollution loads into the future using statistical and predictive modeling, taking due consideration of population increase,

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urbanization and increased industrial and other developmental activities.

Step 8: Validation and report writing. A number of national workshops shall be carried out so as to have a comprehensive pollution load inventory after considering all sources. Various stakeholders shall participate in these workshops.

Figure 4.2: Pathways of Pollutant Generation in Ganga River Basin

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Figure 4.3: Schematic Representation of the Sources of Pollution Load Generation in

Ganga River Basin

Rain Event

Land use characteristics of Ganga River Basin

Agricultural Forest Urbanized Area

Special Spots/Activities: Solid Waste Dumping Sites, Bathing

and Washing Activities, Dumping of Un-burnt/ half Burnt

Dead Bodies, and Animal Carcasses and Open Defecation

Slum, resettlement

colonies

Commercial and Residential Institutional Industrial

Poor Chemical Quality Runoff

Poor Microbial Quality urban

Runoff

Surface water, Ganga, Yamuna

etc

Ground Water (Drinking Water

Source)

Temporary flooding or Water Logging in Low

Lying Areas

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WP 1.2: Risk Assessment Associated with Current and Future River Water Quality

In-charge: Prof. A. K. Nema, IIT Delhi

The risk assessment described in this work package will mainly focus on risks associated with various common pollution parameters like organic carbon (BOD/COD), nutrients and microbial concentrations, etc. Risks associated with other pollutants, e.g., metals, priority pollutants, pesticides, antibiotics, etc. will be assessed in WP1.5. The methodology to be adopted for fulfilling the objectives of WP 1.2 are described below, Step 1: Identification of source Pathway Receptor Relationships at

selected pollution hot spots as determined in WP 1.1 with reference to the selected parameters and key receptors

Step 2: Assessment of human health risk and vulnerability mapping.

Step 3: Assessment of risk associated with the possible technological and policy level interventions.

Step 4: Identification of low risk high return interventions, minimum level of intervention required to reduce the risk to acceptable level.

Step 5: Suggestions for strengthening the water quality monitoring network. Suggestions on the framework for performance monitoring of possible measures under river action plan.

An overview of the Risk Assessment Methodology is presented in Figure 4.4.

Figure 4.4: Overview of the Risk Assessment Methodology

Identification of the Problem (e.g. Analysis of the Specific Information on Key

Pollutants (Stressors) and Environmental Components/Receptors)

Identification of the Effects (Using Field Reports Based on Monitoring, Survey Etc)

Identification of the Extent of Exposure (Using Field Reports Based on Monitoring, Survey Etc)

Identification of the Risk (Comparison of Effects with the Extent of Exposure)

Risk Management/ Risk (Management of Inputs/Alter practices)

Monitoring (Use of Early Warning and Rapid Assessment Indicators)

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WP 1.3: Modeling Current and Future River Water Quality: Future Scenarios Generation

In-charge: Prof. Himanshu Joshi, IIT Roorkee

A descriptive water quality model will be employed that predicts the response of the receiving water body i.e. Ganga River and its tributaries in this case, to a set of identifiable pollutant loadings, by way of simulating the processes within the river system.

Prediction of receiving river water quality thus obtained as a function of loads will be further utilized by desired translation of the information towards water quality management.

The river water quality modeling activity will be harmoniously synchronized with the Watershed and Hydrological (river flow) modeling activities of WRM group.

Starting from the simple DO-BOD relationship, subsequent developments in understanding and mathematical representation of the processes representing transformation and fate of various constituents have enriched the spectrum of river water quality model application today. However, in the present project, the model application would be limited to consideration of organic constituents, nutrients, bacteria and related parameters.

The methodology is proposed in the following steps:

Step 1: Identification of stretches for application of water quality models on the basis of inputs received from WP 1.1. Attention will primarily be focused on those stretches, which display large violations in quality requirements with respect to the prevalent and projected water use.

Step 2: Selection of model. Considering the time frame and the ease of application, a model will be selected which is available as a freeware (not proprietary) and has a demonstrated capability of universal application. Also, considering the field realities in respect of hydrology and topography, the model will probably need to be used in different configurations (one or more dimensions, steady or unsteady state, etc.). In this light, it will be advisable that the selected model is rich in structure and may allow a number of configurations. However, the complexity of river system and the need of data generation will also play a very important role in the selection. Further, smooth integration with the watershed and river hydrological models will also be an important criterion in this regard.

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Step 3: Data collection and field/lab experiments. The data available from the existing monitoring networks (run by CPCB, SPCB or CWC etc.) may not be adequate for the purpose of modeling due to factors like inadequate spatial and temporal distribution of generated data, non-availability of hydraulic parameters alongwith the water quality data, etc. This may result in a requirement of additional data generation/collection at the primary level. Further, it may also be desirable to conduct specific field/lab experimentation for estimation of few parameters like dispersion coefficient, Benthic release rates, etc.

Step 4: Model application. Model application protocol will be followed employing steps of Calibration, Validation and Sensitivity/Uncertainty analysis. Different sets of data will be used for calibration and validation steps. Accuracy of prediction will be evaluated through established statistical measures.

Step 5: Scenario generation for waste load allocation and water quality management. On the basis of inputs of projected future point/non-point loads, associated risks and intervention options available from WP 1.2 and 1.4 , future scenarios will be generated keeping in view the waste load allocation possibilities to achieve sound water quality management. Above steps are elaborated graphically in Figure 4.5.

Figure 4.5: The River water Quality Modeling Process

Identification of Stretches/hotspots WP 1.1 WP 1.3

Selection of Model

Data Collection and Experiments

Model Applications • Calibration • Validation • Sensitivity Analysis

Scenario Generation WP 1.4 WP 1.5

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WP 1.4: Evaluation, Selection and Standardization of Intervention Technologies for Domestic and Industrial Pollution Sources

In-charge: Prof. Ligy Philip, IIT Madras

The broad methodology to be adopted for fulfilling the objectives of WP 1.4 are described below,

Step 1: Evaluation of existing major domestic and industrial wastewater treatment systems in Ganga River basin: Based on the data available on the influent and effluent characteristics of existing treatment plants and various study reports, the performances of the treatment plants will be evaluated. If necessary, possible remedial measures will be suggested. GAP-1 and GAP-2 reports will be studied in depth to learn lesson for the future.

Step 2: Comparative analysis of various available, emerging and innovative wastewater (both domestic and industrial) treatment technologies to achieve prescribed effluent standards: Various domestic wastewater treatment technologies will be evaluated based on efficiency, operation and maintenance cost, ease of operation, sustainability, land and energy requirement and life cycle analysis. The best available technology (BAT) for treatment of wastewater from various types of industries, in the Ganga Basin will be specified.

Step 3: Standardize the design of various domestic and industrial wastewater treatment technologies: Based on the quality and quantity of wastewater to be treated and the required effluent quality to meet the disposal/reuse/recycling requirements, the land requirement, the capital and operation and maintenance costs of various treatment technologies will be standardized.

Step 4: Prescribe suitable waste management options for various urban centers in Ganga river basin: Based on the pollution characteristics and pollution load, treatment systems will be suggested for various urban centers. The feasibility of the prevention of the discharge of partially treated or untreated wastewater to rivers in Ganga river basin will be explored. The issue of wastewater disinfection before discharge will be considered carefully. The feasibility of reuse of treated domestic wastewater and recycling of industrial effluent will be explored. Feasibility of adopting decentralized and community level wastewater treatment systems will be explored as an alternative to centralized systems. The areas requiring sewer networking will be identified. The issue of sanitation, especially in areas without sewers will be explored. The prevalence of polluting practices, such as disposal of garbage, dead human and animal carcasses

  18 

and other solid wastes in the rivers, open defecation on river banks, use of pesticides in river bed cultivation, etc. will be considered and alternative practices recommended.

WP 1.5: Assessment of Future Water Quality Monitoring and Surveillance Needs: Sediment Quality, Metals, Priority Pollutants, Pesticides, Antibiotics, etc.

In-charge: Prof. Sudha Goel, IIT Kharagpur, Dr. Rakesh Kumar, NEERI

Detailed data about pollution loads and river water quality in the Ganga river basin is available only for a few pollutants like organic carbon (BOD/COD), nutrients (N and P) and microbial (i.e., coliform) concentrations. Hence any action plan for improvement of water quality in the Ganga basin prepared at the present time can only be based on the information about the above pollutants.

Aqueous and sediment phase concentrations of other pollutants of concern, e.g., metals, pesticides, antibiotics and other priority pollutants in the Ganga river basin have not been monitored extensively. Data about many such pollutants is either not available or available for limited time-span and only at few locations. Yet many of these pollutants may already have widespread presence and high concentrations in the environmental media (i.e., water and soil) of the Ganga river basin and hence may pose a significant ecological and human health risk. Other such pollutants may become a cause of concern in the future as anthropogenic activity intensifies in the Ganga river basin.

Considering the lack of a comprehensive data base regarding these pollutants, no action plan can be recommended vis-à-vis these pollutants at the present time. Nonetheless, a comprehensive river water and sediment monitoring and surveillance plan must be developed for generating the database and risk data regarding these pollutants. This database will provide a basis for future action regarding the elimination of risks associated with such pollutants.

The broad methodology to be adopted for fulfilling the objectives of WP 1.5 are described below,

Step 1: Review and summarize all studies in Ganga river basin concerning the monitoring of metals, pesticides, antibiotics and other priority pollutants in various environmental media (i.e., water and sediment/soil).

Step 2: Interlink the available monitoring data with possible natural and anthropogenic (both point and non-point/distributed) sources for such pollution.

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Step 3: Organize a workshop with all concerned stakeholders to prepare a list of pollutants to be flagged for further investigation as the cause for long-term risk to the water quality in the Ganga river basin.

Step 4: Review and summarize the available fate, transport and human and ecological risk information available for the above list of pollutants.

Step 5: Propose a long-term monitoring framework for presence/absence studies and quantification of the concerned pollutants in various environmental media all across the Ganga river basin, giving due consideration to intervention strategies proposed under the GRBMP.

WP 1.6: Action Plan for Monitoring, Surveillance and Improvement of Water Quality in Ganga River Basin

In-charge: Prof. Purnendu Bose, IIT Kanpur

Inputs obtained from the WP1.2, WP1.3, WP1.4 and WP1.5 will be used for formulating the ‘Action Plan(s)’ for improvement and maintenance of the long-term water quality in the Ganga river basin.

The broad strategy shall be as follows. Based on inputs on intervention strategies suggested in WP1.4, various water quality scenarios in the Ganga river basin will be generated through water quality modelling in WP1.3. These scenarios will be further examined through WP1.2 for determination of the associated risks. Thus, based on the combined inputs from WP1.2, WP1.3 and WP1.4, a few scenarios which ensure acceptable long term water quality in the Ganga river basin will be selected.

It must however be realized that scenarios selected above only consider risks associated with a few pollutants, i.e., organic carbon (BOD/COD), nutrients and microbial contamination. Risks associated with other pollutants, i.e., those studied in WP1.5, will not considered in the above scenario development. The study outlined in WP1.5 is nonetheless very important, since it will clearly identify the pollutants which may already pose a substantial risk, or may do so in the future. Such pollutants will be flagged for extensive monitoring in the Ganga river basin, such that sufficient data for the calculation of the associated risks may be generated for future action.

The broad methodology to be adopted for fulfilling the objectives of WP 1.6 are described below,

Step 1: Identification of acceptable scenarios regarding the long-term water quality in the Ganga river basin. The ‘Action Plan(s)’ corresponding to these scenarios will be developed.

  20 

Step 2: Chronological listing of infrastructure projects, e,g., sanitation, sewer networks, wastewater treatment, etc. to be undertaken in the Ganga river basin in the future corresponding to each ‘Action Plan’.

Step 3: Clear enunciation of the impact of successful completion of each infrastructure project on the water quality in the Ganga river basin for every ‘Action Plan’.

Step 4: Listing of the future water quality surveillance and monitoring needs, both with respect to the primary pollutants and pollutants flagged for extensive surveillance based on conclusions of WP1.5, followed by the preparation of comprehensive and long-term water quality surveillance and monitoring plan for the entire Ganga river basin.

4.5 Data Required A visit is planned to all districts in the Ganga River Basin for on-site assessment of pollution loads, industrial and other associated development potential, urbanization prospects other relevant details. Other than this visit for primary data collection, the study will primarily depend on secondary data. Such data shall be collected from a variety of sources, some of which are listed as follows.

• Master plans • Basin identification documents • Monitoring networks • Environmental management plans • Inventory of existing treatment facilities • Socioeconomic data documents of Development Authorities • Published/online water quality data and water quality standards • Hydro meteorological data reports • Census data reports • published documents on water regulatory structures • Available records about industrial water demand and waste generation • Documents/Handbooks about data related to agriculture • Data about toxicology from existing reports (including reports from ICMR)

4.6 Time Schedule The total time for the study shall be 18 months, provided that data on current and future flows in various rivers in the Ganga River Basin is obtained within 4 months of project commencement. Detailed work plan is given below. The in-charges of various work packages are required to strictly adhere to the published work plan.

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4.7 Deliverables A comprehensive report containing all details of the methodology adopted, studies undertaken, results obtained, conclusions drawn and recommendations made will be prepared and submitted. However, the main deliverables of the ESE component of the project shall be the following,

• Map and associated GIS representation showing current (2010) pollution load generation from domestic and industrial sources and other related information (i.e., population, drainage pattern, sanitation levels, etc.) for each district in the Ganga River Basin

• Maps and associated GIS representations showing estimated pollution generation and other related information in all districts of the Ganga River Basin from 2015-2055 at 10 year increments.

• A map and associated GIS representation showing current (2010) water quality parameters and associated risks in all major rivers of the Ganga River Basin.

• Maps and associated GIS representations showing water quality parameters and associated risks in all major rivers of the Ganga River Basin in 10 year increments from 2015 – 2055, assuming that the recommended action plan is implemented.

• ‘Action Plan(s)’, consisting of a series of projects (including infrastructure and water quality monitoring and surveillance projects) to be taken up in a specified chronological order, such that the water quality objectives of the GRBMP are achieved.

4.8 Work Plan

Activity 0-3

Months4-6

Months7-9

Months10-12 Months

13-15 Months

16-18 Months

Work Package 1

Work Package 2

Work Package 3

Work Package 4

Work Package 5

Work Package 6

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4.9 The Team

S No Name Affiliations Role 1 Shyam Asolekar IIT Bombay Member 2 Suparna Mukherji IIT Bombay Member 3 Sumathi Suresh IIT Bombay Member 4 A K Nema IIT Delhi Member 5 Arun Kumar IIT Delhi Member 6 Atul K Mittal IIT Delhi Member 7 B J Alappat IIT Delhi Member 8 Gazala Habib IIT Delhi Member 9 T R Sreekrishnan IIT Delhi Member

10 Ajay Kalamdhad IIT Guwahati Member 11 Purnendu Bose IIT Kanpur Member 12 Saumyen Guha IIT Kanpur Member 13 Vinod Tare IIT Kanpur Leader 14 A K Gupta IIT Kharagpur Member 15 M M Ghangrekar IIT Kharagpur Member 16 Sudha Goel IIT Kharagpur Member 17 Ligy Philip IIT Madras Member 18 Mukesh Doble IIT Madras Member 19 Ravi Krishna IIT Madras Member 20 Shiva Nagendra IIT Madras Member 21 A A Kazmi IIT Roorkee Member 22 B Prasad IIT Roorkee Member 23 C B Majumder IIT Roorkee Member 24 G J Chakrapani IIT Roorkee Member 25 Himanshu Joshi IIT Roorkee Member 26 I D Mall IIT Roorkee Member 27 I M Mishra IIT Roorkee Member 28 Indu Mehrotra IIT Roorkee Member 29 P Mondal IIT Roorkee Member 30 Pradeep Kumar IIT Roorkee Member 31 V C Srivastav IIT Roorkee Member 32 Vivek Kumar IIT Roorkee Member 33 Prabhat Singh IT BHU Member 34 C V Chalapati Rao NEERI, Nagpur Member 35 J K Bassin NEERI, Delhi Member 36 Rakesh Kumar NEERI, Mumbai Member 37 Anju Singh NITIE, Mumbai Member

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5. WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT

5.1 Preamble United Nations sponsored the International Hydrologic Decade from 1965 to 1974. The primary benefit of this programme was increasing consciousness about regional and global scale problems and about human impact on the Hydrologic Cycle. The evolution, from classical viewpoint (Figure 5.1) to the ‘contemporary’ viewpoint (Figure 5.2), of the realisation about interconnectedness of nature and the changes being brought by humans, may be depicted as follows.

(a) Classical viewpoint:

Figure 5.1: Classical Viewpoint of Man’s Role in the Hydrologic Cycle

(b) Contemporary viewpoint:

Figure 5.2: Contemporary Viewpoint of Man’s Role in the Hydrologic Cycle

A river basin is a natural unit for integrated water resources planning and management, and its integrated hydrologic-environmental-socio-political-economic model combines an understanding of the dynamics of natural resources system in terms of the intrinsic intra-component inter-linkages and its evolution, as a whole, in response to a wide spectrum of external anthropogenic stimuli. Some of these anthropogenic stimuli are in terms of water use in an environment of competition between uses and, indeed, amongst various users. As an added complexity, these are also temporally and spatially distributed.

The interwoven nature of the natural Bio-Physical System, Hydrologic System, Socio-economic System, anthropogenic Branch Cycle System and the designed Decision Support Systems & Models is illustrated in Figure 5.3 below:

Atmosphere Earth Surface Man

Atmosphere Earth Surface Man

Natural Processes

Anthropogenic Process

  24 

Figure 5.3: Interdependencies between the Natural Bio-Physical System, Hydrologic Cycle,

Anthropogenic Influences and Decision Systems and Models. This is further illustrated in Figure 5.4 given below and depicts the all encompassing context of the Bio-Physical Cycle-Hydrologic Cycle-Branch Cycle System.

Figure 5.4: Context of Study of the Bio-Physical Cycle-Hydrologic Cycle-Branch Cycle System.

The illustration identifies increasing human habitations, irrigated agriculture, industrialization, urbanisation and deforestation as the main anthropogenic processes which interfere directly with the natural water cycle. For example, creation of permanent irrigation systems involve storages and diversion of water for agriculture which not only reduces the water available for similar end use downstream, it also reduces the water available for other uses and alters the

Water Resources Use

Economic Development

Population Growth

Cycle of Erosion & Sedimentation

Hydrologic Cycle

Biochemical Cycles

Change of Geosystems

Man-made Physical System

[Reservoirs, Dams, Dykes, Irrigation

Schemes]

Observing System

Physical System of Nature

[Climate and the Hydrological Cycle]

Models of Physical Systems

Decision Models

Socio Economic System of

Man

Socio Economic Impact of

WRM + / -

Water Resource Management

[WRM]

[Decisions]

  25 

original eco-system besides having a direct impact on the water quality regime. Changes in biochemical cycles, reflected, for instance, by changes in the regime of biological and chemical indicators and their linkages with soil and water quality and, importantly, with diversity in flora and fauna, are profound phenomena that, along with changes in greenhouse gases in earth’s atmosphere, are shown to impinge on the global and regional climate and, thus, on hydrologic and other water related cycles. These climatic and anthropogenic processes have evolved in time and space at fluctuating rates. Therefore, the magnitude of impact, of changes in these influences, on the water cycle of the river basin would reflect such temporal and spatial fluctuations. A preferable concept of introducing ecological requirements, as depicted in Figure 3.4, must be based, for objectivity, on those ecological quality goals that are congruous with societal aspirations at various levels. If these are derived from functional ecosystem principles, and if holistic objects of protection are discussed, a big step towards sustainable management strategies can be taken along the lines as suggested below in Figure 5.5.

Figure 5.5: Synergy between Ecological Conservation and Sustainable Development These aforementioned ideas establish a framework for the proposed study of the Ganga River Basin. Water is the basic crucible that has the potential to yield a valuable insight not just into the diagnosis of the state of health of a river basin but also into its future prognosis. Accordingly, therefore, Water Resources Management is identified as one of the major Thematic Areas for this comprehensive study. The study includes not just the natural water cycle but also the external, spatially distributed, epicycles of anthropogenic interventions for control and use of water resources and their impacts, both individual as well as integrated, on the bio-chemical cycles that characterize the spatially varied terrestrial and aquatic eco-systems of the Ganga River Basin. The study will also focus on the cycles of erosion and sedimentation both as causative agents that shape the geo-morphologic response of the river basin as well as an evolutionary process with its etiological basis firmly interlinked with the hydrodynamic aspect of the hydrologic cycle.

DevelopmentSustainable

Structure Conservation

Economic Utility

Ecological Integrity

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5.2 Objective The objective of this segment is to identify the work elements of the Water Resources Management component of the GRBMP study being undertaken. A comprehensive water balance study shall be undertaken to help formulate river basin plan for Ganga system.

5.3 Scope The following is the scope of the present study: a) Quantification of available water resources (Surface and Subsurface) in the

Ganga System using hydrological modelling. b) Assessment of present and future water needs of the system (say 2051) for

irrigation, domestic, industries, power generation, salinity, inland navigation, fisheries, pollution dispersion, ecological balance, social and religious needs and all other relevant needs for a sustainable development of the system.

c) Assessment of water quality through hydrological modelling for point and non-point source loads.

d) Simulation of baseline conditions to validate the hydrological model for quantity and quality.

e) Groundwater flow modelling, stream aquifer interaction and GW pollution transport modelling.

f) Hydrodynamic simulation of all the major tributaries of Ganga to generate information required for geomorphological, flood propagation and ecological studies.

g) Scenario generation for assessment of impacts on account of: present interventions, ongoing development, and proposed development.

h) Integration of all the above components and the outputs of other theme groups

i) Sustainability studies of the development paths

5.4 Methodology On the basis of the foregoing discussion, mathematical simulation models, within the frame work of a macro-scale water balance for Ganga River Basin, are proposed to be used for the study being reported herein. The underlying significance of the basin scale water balance for the overall solution to the problem of flow simulation of base line conditions is recognised and follows in the wake of the keynote address by Prof. J.C.I. Dooge who proclaimed ‘Enough is enough - our task is constantly to seek better solutions to the water balance equation’. He further stated ‘... business of hydrology is to solve the water balance equation’.

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In the study of Water Resources of Ganga River Basin, there is, therefore, a need to develop procedures that enable a differential quantification of impact of anthropogenic as well as natural climatic factors on the basin’s hydrologic cycle and, in the process, be able to distinguish between the effects of human activities and climatic variability on hydrologic state variables. These issues assume criticality where there are competing users and conflicting demands as well as a natural hydrologic cycle which is facing high levels of unsustainable exploitation. The keystone concept is the degree to which the study is able to maintain the integrity of the overall water balance within the region of study and accordingly, therefore, a general framework of the overall composite water balance is proposed as given below in Figure 5.6.

Figure 5.6: Depiction of the Composite Water Balance for a Basin

Suitable hydrologic models would be designed to simulate individual contributions coming to the overall river flow from each of the paths depicted in Figure 5.6.

Further, and importantly in the context of the headwater reaches of Ganga River Basin, an additional - and in some seasons, substantial - contribution to the overall water resources is derived from snow and glacial melt. The presence of snow and glaciers in the upper part of the Ganga River form a unique reservoir of fresh water. Glaciers act as natural frozen reservoirs and provide flows in a regulated manner. The runoff generated from snow and glacial melt in the Ganga basin plays a vital

Precipitation

Rainfall over un-irrigated area

Runoff from non-irrigated Area [Rui]

Minor irrigated

area

Irrigated area

River Flow

Municipal and Industrial use

Municipal and Industrial use

Imports

[Dmi]

[Ri]

[Rw]

[Rmi]

[Rui-Dmi-Di-De-Dm +/- Carryover - Evaporation

[Rw]

[Reservoir or Anicut]

[Exports De] [Dm]

  28 

role in making this river perennial and ensuring, thereby, a continuous availability of water in the river.

Water quality in the various reaches of Ganga is central to many current social, environmental and political issues that have occupied the collective conscience of the entire nation. Accordingly, a significant effort would be devoted to the study of various water quality parameters and indicators and their spatial and temporal variations. The study would include modelling of both point as well as non-point sources of waste effluents and various other ordinary chemical, bio-chemical and microbiological pollutants.

It is averred that river water is a primary carrier for pollutant transport as well as a medium for its dispersion and appropriately, therefore, the proposed Water Resources Study would entail development of a framework for a coupled hydrologic cum hydrodynamic model. The hydrodynamic model, besides establishing flood wave propagation characteristics, would also facilitate the characterization of pollutant transport and its reaction kinetics.

A central issue in the overall Ganga River Basin Management Plan is the problem posed by high levels of silt being contributed by the individual sub-catchments. The impact on water quality and silt loads in river waters of possible changes in land use and cropping patterns as well as of agricultural and water management practices would also require a detailed study as part of the overall Water Resources Management Theme.

Some of the models proposed to be used in the study have been identified as follows:

• Hydrological modelling – SWAT • Groundwater flow, stream aquifer interaction and GW pollution transport

modelling – MODFLOW, HYDRO GEO SPHERE, MT 3D, GS Flow, PHAST • Hydrodynamic modelling – HECRAS • River network models – FLO-2D and others • Surface Water Quality modelling by QUAL 2E/K • Geo-spatial analysis by ARC-GIS

5.5 Data Required This study shall require a comprehensive database to be used for various modelling efforts. The following are some of the major data items identified for the study and their possible sources.

a) Drainage system – SRTM/ASTER b) Flow data at gauging sites - CWC and State Water Resources Departments c) Flow cross sections and rating curves at various stream gauging sites - CWC

and State Water Resources Departments

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d) Landuse/Landcover and Soil maps of the catchments – Global and National data sources

e) Data on water utilisation for agricultural and other uses f) Data on water resources projects including reservoirs and diversion facilities–

National and State departments g) River cross-section data if available h) Meteorological data - IMD i) Sediment data; volume and characterization – CWC/State Govt. agencies j) Ground water fluctuation data – CGWB/State GW Boards k) Data on water quality parameters (surface and ground water) – CPCB, CWC,

CGWB, State Pollution Control Boards, MOEF

5.6 Deliverables The hydrology of Ganga River Basin, similar to other river basins, is governed largely according to the relative strengths and significance of individual components of its overall natural hydrologic cycle. This natural cycle, however, also gets suitably modified and impaired in accordance with the external branch cycle developments. An important underlying facet to these interacting and mutually interdependent subsystems is contributed in no small measure by the scale at which the system is being observed. Furthermore, these attributes have a temporal as well as a spatial flavour.

Ideally, a comprehensive study would entail a representative description of the various resident natural and externally forced anthropogenic processes across all scales and, therefore, suggesting a modelling framework that would also facilitate migration across the fuzzy and obscure boundaries that separate one scale from the next. It would also be fair to say that there indeed are no sharp boundaries that separate these processes at different scales but the perceived differences are on account of the spatial and temporal scale of integration of these processes.

Across the extremely heterogeneous and diverse nature of physical, geo-morphological, hydro-meteorological, socio-political and economic conditions that prevail across the Ganga River Basin, there will be epicycles of natural hydrology at a farm plot scale that will be in a dynamic integration with an externally driven water use circuit at the same level. This will be resident within a higher level epicycle of natural hydrology and external water use system at the farm level and integrated further in a similar pair of epicycles at the small watershed scale and going further on to the scale of the overall river basin in which all these small scale epicycles would be nestled in.

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It is a reasonable aspiration behind a study, such as the one that is being proposed, to be able to understand the impacts on the water regime, in terms of quantity as well as quality, of any form of intervention at all, and including, even the lowest scale. However pragmatism requires setting realistic targets for the study and accordingly, the study proposes to limit the study of impacts to those that result from large and medium scale projects. At this stage smaller projects such as minor irrigation schemes and other interventions at similar scales would not feature individually in the study but would be collectively incorporated as a lumped and integrated intervention at appropriate scales.

It is therefore hoped that the study would deliver the following:

• Assessment of present and future (say 2051) water needs of the system for irrigation, domestic consumption, industry, power generation, salinity, inland navigation, fisheries, pollution dispersion and dilution, ecological balance, social and religious needs.

• Virgin, unregulated, water resources availability across the Ganga River Basin for this time horizon.

• Scenario generation for assessment of impacts of major and medium scale interventions on water quantity as well as quality over a time horizon extending upto 2051 on account of: present interventions, ongoing development, and proposed development

• Integration of all the above components and the outputs of other theme groups

• Sustainability studies of the suggested alternative development paths

5.7 Work Plan

Activity 0-3 Months

4-6 Months

7-9 Months

10-12 Months

13-15 Months

16-18 Months

Data acquisition and processing Set up of Hydrological Model on respective basins for quantity and quality

Calibration and validation for the hydrological model after incorporating the baseline

Set up of Hydrodynamic Model for quantity and quality

Table continued to next page … … … …

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… … … … Table continued from previous page

Activity 0-3 Months

4-6 Months

7-9 Months

10-12 Months

13-15 Months

16-18 Months

Calibration and validation for the hydrodynamic model after incorporating the baseline

Scenario generation for ongoing, and proposed level of water resources development

Analysis of implications of the development pathways on the water quantity and quality regimes

Suggesting possible demand management options through simulation

Collation and Integration of information from all water resources groups

Dissemination of water resources information through web

Documentation

5.8 Data Collection The Water Resources Management Thematic Group discussed the important issue of data collection and recognized that the task of collecting representative observed data posed grave challenges. The Group recognized that the intervention of MOEF would greatly facilitate this onerous task.

The WRM Thematic Group felt that the task of data collection would be the collective responsibility of IITs Delhi, Roorkee, Kharagpur, Kanpur, & IT BHU.

5.9 The Team

S No Name Affiliations Role

1 A K Gosain IIT Delhi Leader 2 A K Keshari IIT Delhi Member 3 B R Chahar IIT Delhi Member 4 D R Kaushal IIT Delhi Member 5 R Khosa IIT Delhi Member 6 Subashisa Dutta IIT Guwahati Member 7 Suresh A Kartha IIT Guwahati Member 8 P Mohapatra IIT Kanpur Member 9 Rajesh Srivastava IIT Kanpur Member

10 Anirbhan Dhar IIT Kharagpur Member

Table continued to next page … … … …

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… … … … Table continued from previous page

S No Name Affiliations Role

11 Dhrubajyoti Sen IIT Kharagpur Member 12 S N Panda IIT Kharagpur Member 13 B S Murthy IIT Madras Member

14 N Balaji IIT Madras Member

15 Asish Pandey IIT Roorkee Member

16 C S P Ojha IIT Roorkee Member

17 Deepak Khare IIT Roorkee Member

18 K S Hari Prasad IIT Roorkee Member

19 M Perumal IIT Roorkee Member

20 M K Jain IIT Roorkee Member

21 M L Kansal IIT Roorkee Member

22 N K Goel IIT Roorkee Member

23 S K Jain IIT Roorkee Member

24 S K Tripathi IIT Roorkee Member

25 U C Choube IIT Roorkee Member

26 S K Gupta IT BHU Member

27 V Singh IT BHU Member

28 Pratap Singh INRM Member

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6. FLUVIAL GEOMORPHOLOGY

6.1 Preamble Scientific approach to river management has moved from the engineering dominated command and control approach to an integrated ecosystem based approach that relies on synthesis of hydrological – geomorphological and ecological data. Engineering solutions will therefore have to be found keeping the scientific framework of the river system as the basic template for human intervention. The ‘command and control’ approach is based on single purpose, deterministic approach, which remained focused on site or reach specific scales without serious consideration of upstream and downstream consequences and related connectivity issues. On the contrary, the ‘ecosystem based’ approach is a cross-disciplinary, holistic approach applied at catchment scale - a probabilistic approach which recognizes uncertainty and complexity in the system (Brierley and Fryirs, 2005, 2009). The physical template of a river system provides the basic structure to analyse the different aspects in an integrated approach.

Recent research on river systems has also highlighted the importance of understanding controls on channel morphology as a basis for river management and rehabilitation work (Gilvear, 1999; Brierley and Fryirs, 2000; Brierley et al., 2002; Gregory, 2003, Brierley and Fryirs, 2005). River morphology not only varies from upstream to downstream in a particular system but also from catchment to catchment in a particular region (Knighton, 1998; Richards, 1982; Schumm, 1977). Characterisation of the geomorphic conditions of river systems provides the basic and first order data set for stream management programme.

Channel morphology at any point is controlled by the dominance of aggradation or degradation processes, which in turn is governed by: (1) energy of flow and (2) sediment load (Bull, 1979; Graf, 1987, Church, 1992; Lawler, 1992; Montgomery et al., 1996; Leece, 1997; Knighton, 1999; Reinfelds et al., 2004; Jain et al., 2006). The energy of river flow is expressed as specific stream power, which is defined as the power available per unit area of river bed. Variation in stream power defines changes in the amount of energy available to do work on the bed of the stream. Thus, the energy distribution in a river system is a major control on channel morphological variations. Specific stream power (ω) is expressed as (Bagnold, 1966):

ω= γ.Q.s/w where γ -unit weight of water, Q- discharge, s-channel slope and w-channel width.

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In an idealised section, progressive downstream reaches are characterized by reduction in channel slope and an increase in discharge and valley width (Church, 1992). Long profiles with marked channel slope variations are further controlled by lithology and tectonic forces. These latter considerations dictate the availability and calibre of the sediment load in each reach. Distribution of stream power distribution pattern and sediment supply at the particular reaches will explain the geomorphic condition of the river at the given reach. The understanding will also help to define potential of river recovery for different reaches. One of the useful concepts to integrate such diverse parameters for river management is the River Styles® Framework (Brierley and Fryirs, , 2005; Fryirs and Brierley, 2005) which involves four stages of investigation. The first stage focuses on identification, interpretation and mapping of river styles throughout the river catchment. The second stage involves assessing the geomorphic condition of each reach of each River Style in the catchment. By placing each of these reaches in their catchment context, along with an interpretation of limiting factors, the geomorphic recovery potential of a given reach of each River Style is determined. From this, predictions of likely future condition are determined in the third stage of investigation. Finally, with this information in hand, realistic target conditions for river rehabilitation programs are identified for each reach, framed within a catchment-based vision. Working with local/regional river managers, a physically-meaningful framework for management strategies for river rehabilitation and conservation is then applied.

6.2 Major Objectives The major objective of the fluvial geomorphology component of the project will be to define the geomorphic condition of the Ganga river system in different reaches and to understand the hydrology-geomorphology-ecology linkage for developing a sustainable river management programme. The specific objectives and tasks pertaining to fluvial geomorphological investigations will be as follows: a) Preparation and compilation of geomorphic map of the Ganga River and

classification of the reaches in terms of their geomorphic condition b) To map the patterns of river dynamics at different reaches and to understand

the causative factors c) Generation of stream power distribution pattern of various reaches of the

Ganga river and analysis of its variation in the Ganga River d) To determine the effects of river energy and sediment supply as controls on

channel morphology

  35 

e) To assess the hydrological-geomorphological-ecological relationships to develop tool for monitoring river health and sustainable river management based on River Styles Framework.

f) To define environment flow for different reaches on the basis of geomorphic conditions.

6.3 Approach and Methodology One of the first exercises would be to divide the Ganga River basin into distinct hydro-geomorphic zones based on topography and primary geomorphic domain. There is some basic classification available (e.g. Tandon et al., 2008) which can be refined for use for the present study. It is expected that team members from different institutions would cover different reaches of the river following a uniform methodology and all data will be compiled for synthesis and analysis. 6.3.1 Mapping geomorphic condition and river dynamics of the river Geomorphic mapping will make extensive use of satellite images coupled with ground truth verification. It is proposed to use IRS LISS IV images for mapping the entire stretch of the Ganga following a common mapping strategy. The present-day geomorphic condition would be assessed from the latest set of images whereas the dynamics of the channel morphology and floodplain modifications would be assessed from comparative analysis of the older images of Landsat, IRS and topographic sheets for the last 30-40 years depending upon the availability of data and maps. Changes in channel configurations as well as channel positions would be mapped and their influence on habitat in each zone would be investigated. Data will be presented in the form of a series of maps. Channel planform measurements will include the computation of channel sinuosity and braiding indices for the reaches around each selected site (Friend and Sinha, 1993). We will also measure the changes in these parameters through time and the time intervals for this analysis will depend upon the data/maps available. Cross sections of the river at each selected site will be obtained from CWC and different cross-sectional form parameters will be computed. It will also be useful to get the latest data from the ‘hydraulic group’ generated through field survey in some representative reaches. Hydro-geomorphic analysis will focus on generating some indices to define the geomorphic condition of the channel reaches. These indices will combine the morphological measurements and hydrological parameters. This analysis will also assess the geomorphic impacts of the human interventions on the river system particularly in the form of engineering projects. An assessment will also be done of the future projects being planned in the upper reaches of the Ganga river if the necessary data for the same is provided.

  36 

Study of some of the topologic characteristics of the river networks, like spatial variation of sinuosity of active and paleo-channels, spatial distribution of confluence zones, etc. will be carried out. The Vector Digital SOI Toposheets (1:50k or 1:25k) will be required for that purpose. Given the short time frame of this work, if this data could not be made available, the analysis will be performed on the drainage network extracted from DEM. A shape and size based classification of water bodies extracted from RS data will be done and validated by field investigations. The results will be delivered in the form of a water body map.

6.3.2 Generation of stream power distribution pattern Specific stream power can be calculated using channel slope, discharge and channel geometry data and methodology will be followed after Jain et al. (2006). For channel slope, long profiles will be derived for the river course through manipulation of Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data using ESRI ArcGIS. The DEM data will be clipped to the catchment area of the Ganga River and then filled to ensure there are no sinks in the data. Subsequently, flow direction and flow accumulation grids will be produced in the GRID module of ArcInfo. A long profile AML (Arc Macro Language) will be used to produce a database file containing x, y coordinates and the corresponding downstream distance (km), height (m) and contributing area (m2) which will be graphed using Microsoft Excel. Using the long profiles and DEM data, valley slopes will be measured. Peak discharge data should be provided by the Central Water Commission (CWC) for flood frequency analysis and for developing catchment area-discharge relationship for different return period floods in the Ganga River basin. Discharge-area relationship will be used to replace discharge by catchment area in the calculation of stream power. Channel width for each reach will be determined from high-resolution satellite data and some random sites will be verified in the field. Computed total stream power will be divided by channel width data to get the specific stream power for different reaches. Downstream distribution of total stream power and specific stream power based on the average basic hydrological characteristics for the Ganga River will be analysed for understanding the energy distribution along the river. Further, discharge variation due to presence of barrages will be analysed through seasonal discharge data at downstream of barrages. This discharge data will be used to determine effect of barrage based discharge variation on the stream power of the river system. It will help to assess the effect of anthropogenic structures on the ability of river to carry out geomorphic work.

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6.3.3 Control of river energy and sediment supply on channel morphology Geomorphic map of the Ganga basin generated/compiled by different groups will be used to define the different reaches on the basis of aggradation or degradation dominated reaches. Field visits will be carried out to assess the Manning’s roughness condition of the different reaches. Further, sediment load data for various gauging stations will be collected from the Centre Water Commission (CWC). Grain size data will be collected from the same reaches and downstream pattern of sediment calibre will be determined. Sediment supply at different reaches and stream power distribution pattern in the similar reaches will be compared with the geomorphic map of the area. A relationship between driving force (stream power), resisting force (sediment calibre & load, and channel roughness) and output geomorphic condition (river morphology) for different reaches of the Ganga River will be derived. This understanding will be the core aspect to explain, predict and modify the geomorphic condition of the river. 6.3.4 Hydrology – Geomorphology - Ecology relationship for the different reaches

of the Ganga River Data regarding ecological condition of the river will be obtained from the ‘river ecology group’. The downstream variation in river ecology will be integrated with the hydrology-geomorphology relationship to develop the hydrology-geomorphology-ecology relationship. The basic idea here is to understand the geomorphic controls on biodiversity and a continuous interaction with the biodiversity and ecology group will be desirable to achieve this. The ecological condition and biotic associations in a river are significantly influenced by geomorphic condition of the river, and therefore, any efforts towards river rehabilitation must address these issues to derive a long-term benefit. 6.3.5 Determination of Environment Flow and role of hydrology for managing

geomorphic condition The required stream power values for maintaining a particular geomorphic condition will represent the required discharge and slope at reach scale. The required discharge will be defined as the Environment Flow value on the basis of geomorphic condition. Further, Stage-discharge relationship and cross-section data will be obtained from the ‘hydraulic group’. The discharge data will be converted into stage data on the basis of stage-discharge relationship. The corresponding stage value will be analysed for ecological condition and final E-flow values will be determined. 6.3.6 Data integration in River Style Framework Data generated from different morphological investigations of the Ganga River in different reaches will be integrated using the River Styles Framework for the

  38 

assessment of the present geomorphic condition of the river and to determine its recovery potential and future trajectory. It is expected that some basic data for building this framework may be ready by the end of this project and the future data requirements for the same will be identified. We should be able to provide the first level information on the geomorphic condition of the river in the next 18 months.

6.4 Data Requirements

S No Data Purpose Remarks 1 Topographic maps

(Digital and vector)

For mapping, georeferencing and validation

To be purchased from Survey of India

2 Peak Discharge Data

To carry out flood frequency analysis and generation of stream power distribution pattern

To be provided by Central Water Commission (CWC) on priority basis

3 Seasonal discharge data at downstream of dams/barrages

To analyse effect of engineering structures on the geomorphic work on the river

- do -

4 Satellite data

(LISS III for the entire basin and LISS IV for selected windows)

To carry out geomorphic mapping of the area

To be purchased from NRSC Hyderabad (need to coordinate with geospatial Group)

5 Cartosat -1 data To prepare DEM for selected windows

- do -

6 Sediment load data

For stream power-channel morphology analysis

To be provided by Central Water Commission (CWC) on priority basis

7 River habitat data To determine hydrology-geomorphology-ecology relationship

To be provided by biodiversity/ecology group

8 River hydraulic (channel X-section data)

To suggest environment flow for the given geomorphic conditions

To be generated by field measurements (need to coordinate with hydraulic modeling group)

6.5 Distribution of Work We have divided the entire Ganga basin into different stretches based on distinct geomorphic domains and the work distribution among the different institutions has been planned. Some institutions will contribute in terms of a specific theme.

  39 

Stretch of the Ganga basin/work component

Tributaries Institution and person responsible

Remarks, if any

1. Gangotri-Haridwar Bhagirathi JNU: S Mukherjee 2. Haridwar-Narora - JNU: S Mukherjee 3. Narora-Allahabad Ramganga IIT Kanpur Would also coordinate the

work among different groups, organise training workshops and review meetings

4. Allahabad-Varanasi Chambal, Ken-Betwa, Tons

AU: Jayant Pati BHU: Kuldeep Prakash

5. Varanasi – Munger Ghaghra, Sone, Punpun, Gandak

PU: K. Prasad

6. Munger-Farakka-Gangasagar

Kosi, Tista, Mahanadi, Hugli

ISI: T. Chakraborty

7. Yamuna System - DU: V. Jain Will also contribute in computing stream power for the main Ganga river and major tributaries

8. Sediment transport and inputs for river processes

IITG: B. Kumar

We plan to use LISS III (23.5 m resolution) for the first level mapping of the entire basin. All available maps for different parts of the basin would also be compiled. Each group will also take up a smaller window for a detailed geomorphic mapping highlighting the distinctive features of the region such as river dynamics, flood geomorphology, gully development etc. for which high resolution data such as LISS IV and Cartosat-1 data will be used.

6.6 Deliverables The project will provide a process-based understanding of the geomorphic condition of the river. It will help to characterize, explain and predict the future changes in the geomorphic condition of the river. The understanding will act as the basic template to carry out sustainable stream management programmes. Major deliverables will be as follows: • Geomorphic map of the Ganga River • Stream power distribution pattern of the Ganga river • Assessment of environmental flow using geomorphic criteria • Assessment of sediment supply and its effect on river morphology and flow

characteristics • Assessment of geomorphic impact of the existing and future engineering

projects • Hydrology-geomorphology-ecology relationship as a generic tool for

sustainable river management

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6.7 Work Plan

6.8 The Team

S No Name Affiliations Role

1 Bimlesh Kumar IIT Guwahati Member

2 Rajiv Sinha IIT Kanpur Leader

3 U C Kothiyari IIT Roorkee Member

4 Nayan Sharma  IIT Roorkee Member

5 Jayanta Bandyopadhyay IIM Kolkata Member

6 Parthasarthi Ghosh ISI Kolkata Member

7 Soumendra Nath Sarkar ISI Kolkata Member

8 Tapan Chakraborty ISI Kolkata Member

9 Kuldeep Prakash BHU Member

10 S K Tandon Delhi University Advisor

11 Shashank Shekhar Delhi University Member

12 Vikrant Jain Delhi University Member

13 Saumitra Mukherjee Jawaharlal Nehru University Member

14 Kriteshwar Prasad Patna University Member

15 Ramesh Shukla Patna University Member

16 Jayanta Kumar Pati, University of Allahabad Member

17 K Rudra WBPCB, West Bengal Member

Activities 0-3 Months

4-6 Months

7-9 Months

10-12 Months

13-15 Months

16-18 Months

Recruitment of staff

Compilation of available maps

Finalization of geomorphic maps

Investigation of River dynamics

DEM analysis and stream power distribution

Hydrological and sediment load data analysis

Integration of hydrological data with geomorphic analysis

Integration of ecological data

Assessment of environmental flow

Development of river style

Final Report

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6.9 References cited Bagnold, R. A., 1966. An approach to the sediment transport problem from general physics, USGS Prof.

Pap. 422I. Pp. 37. Brierley G.J. & Fryirs, K. 2000. River Styles in Bega Catchment, NSW, Australia: Implications for river

rehabilitation. Environmental Management. 25(6), 661-679. Brierley, G.J., Fryirs, K., Outhet, D., & Massey, C. 2002. Application of the River Styles framework to

river management programs in New South Wales, Australia. Applied Geography, 22, 91-122. Brierley G.J. & Fryirs, K. 2005. Geomorphology and river Management: Applications of the River Style

Framework. Blackwell. Bull, W.B. 1979. Thresholds of critical power in streams. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 90,

453-464. Chang, H. H., 1979. Minimum stream power and channel patterns, Journal of Hydrology, 41, 303-27 . Church, M. 1992. Channel morphology and typology. In Calow, P. and Petts, G.E. (eds.) The Rivers

Handbook. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1, 26-143. Friend, P. F. and Sinha, R. (1993). "Braiding and Meandering Parameters", in J. L. Best and C. S. Bristow

(ed.) 'Braided Rivers', Geological Society of London Special Publication, 75, p.105-111. Fryirs, K. and Brierley, G.2005.Practical application of the River Styles® framework as a tool for

catchment-wide river management: A case study from Bega catchment, New South Wales, Australia. 230pp.ISBN 1 74138 153 3.

Graf, W.L. 1987. Late Holocene sediment storage in canyons of the Colorado Plateau. Geological Society of America Bulletin. 99, 261-271.

Gilvear, D. J., 1999. Fluvial geomorphology and river engineering: future roles utilizing a fluvial hydrosystem framework. Geomorphology, 31, 229-245

Gregory, K. J., 2003, Palaeohydrology, environmental change and river channel management, Palaeohydrology, understanding global change, In Gregory, K. J. and Benito, G. (eds.) Wiley Chichester, 357-378

Jain, V., Preston, N., Fryirs, K. and Brierley, G. (2006) Comparative assessment of three approaches for deriving stream power plots along long profiles in the upper Hunter River catchment, New South Wales, Australia. Geomorphology, 74, 297-317.

Knighton, D.A. 1998. Fluvial forms and processes: A new perspective. Arnold, London. Knighton, D.A. 1999. Downstream variation in stream power. Geomorphology. 29:293-306. Lawler, D.M. 1992. Process dominance in bank erosion systems. In Carling, P.A. & Petts, G.E (eds.)

Lowland Floodplain Rivers: Geomorphological Perspectives. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester. Leece, S.A. 1997. Nonlinear downstream changes in stream power on Wisconsin’s Blue River. Annals

of the Association of American Geographers. 87, 471-486. Montgomery D.R., Abbe, T.B., Buffington, J.M., Peterson, N.P., Schmidt, K.M. & Stock, J.D. 1996.

Distribution of bedrock and alluvial channels in forested mountain drainage basins. Nature. 381, 587-589.

Nanson G.C. & Croke, J.C. 1992. A genetic classification of floodplains. Geomorphology. 4, 459-486. Reinfelds, I., Cohen, T., Batten, P., Brierley, G., 2004. Assessment of downstream trends in channel

gradient, total and specific stream power: a GIS approach. Geomorphology 60, 403– 416. Richards, K.S. 1982. Rivers: Form and Process in Alluvial Channels. Methuen, London. 358pp. Schumm, S.A. 1977. The Fluvial System. John Wiley and Sons, New York. 338pp. Tandon, S.K., Sinha, R., Gibling, M.R., Dasgupta, A.S., Ghazanfari, Parvez (2008) Late Quaternary

evolution of the Ganga Plains: myths and misconceptions, recent developments and future directions. Memoir Jour. Geol. Soc. India, 66, 259-299.

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7. ECOLOGY AND BIODIVERSITY

7.1 Preamble Biodiversity (or biological diversity) is the variety of life and its composition, structure and function, at a range of scales. Within this broad definition, four interconnected levels of diversity are commonly recognized - genetic diversity, species diversity, ecosystem diversity and landscape diversity. Biodiversity is essential for stabilization of ecosystem, protection of overall environmental quality for understanding intrinsic worth of all species on the earth and for sustaining livelihoods (Ehrlich & Wilson, 1991). Freshwater biodiversity of rivers and their associated wetlands is under threat worldwide due to flow modification, habitat degradation, pollution, increased salinity, and overexploitation (e.g., Dudgeon 1999, 2000a, b, c). The Ganges river system is one of the five major river systems that constitute the reverine fisheries of India (Shinde et. al. 2009) and is no exception to this trend. Preliminary data indicate that degraded river systems like Ganga still retain some biodiversity that can be the focus of rehabilitation efforts. To strengthen these efforts, it is important to identify which ecological features enhance biodiversity and which ones make rivers more vulnerable to human impacts.

The biodiversity of the Ganga river basin is unique as it is a synthesis of three major ecoregions of India situated along climatic gradients; the Himalaya, Gangetic Plains and Central Highlands. While the trunk of the river flows through the Plains, its tributaries flow down the steep mountains in the Himalaya and gentle hills and plateau of Vindhyan ranges in the Central Highlands. While the Vindhyan region south of the Plains has always been a part of the Indian subcontinent the Himalaya is extra peninsular. These regions have different geological history and hence the biota by virtue of evolutionary processes should be unique. The trunk of the river Ganga provides the means for exchange of biota and could facilitate exchanges within ecoregions too. However, the multiplying needs of the rapidly growing population led to numerous developmental activities in the Ganga basin. These have impacted the unique ecosystem variously along the length of the river.

The main problems of the Ganga River Basin (GRB) are provoked by irrational use and sharing of water resources. This pressure affects both the hydrological and ecological state of the GRB through soil erosion, landslides, increased sediment loads, habitat fragmentation, and species loss. Therefore in the current conditions the main problems of the basin development are (i) Unsustainable use of the water, loss of biological resources, declining of ecosystems; (ii) Continuing pollution of the waters in the basin by industrial wastes; (iii) Desertification and as a consequence

  43 

the loss of agricultural lands and their productivity; among many others. This has adverse consequences on the ecosystem and biodiversity.

Ecological basis of river basin management is becoming a concept of its own, with an emphasis on involving all actors that are connected to the ecosystem in a planning process that takes as its point of departure the functions that the system performs for these stakeholders-instead of first designing what society wants and then try to force nature into this human straightjacket. Ecosystem-based river management means to first take heed of what the river is, how it functions and what it could be in terms of, say, hydro-morphodynamics, biodiversity, connectivity and integrity and only then enter into a give and-take between society and this functioning. Since a river basin is the main structural and functional component of the circulatory system of the continental part of the geographic system, the basin-wide approach should be treated as one of the principal approaches to the formulation and solution of natural scientific, socioeconomic, and other problems of rational use of natural resources.

In general the ecological concept of GRB management is directed to reach the following aims: • Protection and restoration of the hydrological regime of GRB, natural (terrestrial

and aquatic) ecosystems as a main condition for the supporting of the vital activity of the region;

• Development of environmental-friendly activity, land use/land cover measures, sustainable power, agriculture, transport and communication infrastructures;

• Development of human potential, preservation of spiritual and cultural welfare, physical health.

• Continuum of e-flow in the main channel and major tributaries at required water quality level.

Biodiversity maintains the critical ecosystem processes that support life. Healthy, functioning ecosystems are necessary to maintain and regulate the atmosphere, climate, fresh water, soil formation, cycling of nutrients, and disposal of wastes. Hence, Biodiversity Management Planning is needed to develop strategies to enhance biodiversity in the selected area, by sustaining current biodiversity values and providing opportunities for migration of plants and animals to support ecosystem functions for the longer term. The strategies must be based on sound information and ongoing monitoring to assess trends and outcomes. The main function of the Biodiversity Management Plan's is to provide a program to manage biodiversity at various levels of policy makers. Each strategy in the action plan specifies key actions, responsible personnel, and timelines.

  44 

7.2 Objectives • To assess the present state of ecology and biodiversity in the basin and the

impacts of dams/barrages/developmental activities on the ecology and biodiversity in the basin

• To identify the no go areas/Protected area/community reserves • Preparation of ‘Biodiversity Database’ – Ecosystem and Species • To address the issues of exotic, flagship, IUCN, invasive, native species • Analysis of land use and land cover dynamics of GRB at decadal frequency since

1972/75 • System Modeling Approach for Biodiversity Conservation and management

through Ecological Principles using RS & GIS tools • To generate the ‘GRB Ecological and Biodiversity, GRB-EB-DBMS’ • Assessment and Valuation of Ecosystem Functions and Services, and assess the

possibility of community participation in the formulation of the management plan

• To suggest R & D projects to achieve the above objectives

7.3 Methodology Over years ecological studies on the Ganga have been made using popular perceptions of Upper, Middle and Lower, though more ecological divisions are possible. The present effort may help to consolidate and redefine biological zones. Even the Central Inland Fisheries Institute (ICAR) follows these broad divisions while keeping records of fisheries of the Ganga. A tentative division of the basin has been developed as follows.

Himalaya: • Yamunotri-Paonta Sahib & Doon Valley: Yamuna & Tons, Asan • Gangotri-Badrinath to Haridwar Bhagirathi-Alaknanda-Ganga & important

tributaries • Ramganga

Gangetic Plains: • Paonta Sahib to Agra; Agra to Allahabad: Yamuna, Chambal, Betwa, Ken • Haridwar to Allahabad; Allahabad to Farakka; Farakka to BOB: Ganga & its

tributaries in Gangetic Plains. The work will be divided in four work packages. Brief outline of each of these work packages outlining steps and deliverables is presented in following sections.

  45 

WP 4.1: Impacts of Dams/Barrages/Developmental Activities on the Ecology and Biodiversity in the Basin

• Survey and collection of literature on ecology and biodiversity (flora, fauna- invertebrates and lower vertebrates fish) of the Ganga basin from published sources.

• Compilation and analysis of secondary data and identification of data gaps. • Identifying the hotspots of critical pollution and anthropogenic stress. • Data analysis to determine saprobity, trophic state using multivariate analysis at

reference and critically polluted locations only

Deliverables • Structural and functional components of the biodiversity and diversity patterns

across the width and length of the Ganga river basin. • Report/Documentation on biological communities useful in ecological

surveillance, assessment of habitats and anthropogenic impacts.

WP 4.2: Developing Biodiversity Management Plan for Upper Ganga River Sub-

Basin The fundamental goal of biodiversity management and conservation plan is to check the anthropogenic pressures on the natural resources. It needs a sustainable use and management of resources and habitats and community participation in the conservation. The biodiversity management and conservation plan for the proposed Upper Ganga River Sub basin will be formulated considering the wildlife (fauna and flora) profile of the region, customs, cultures and traditional rights of the local people, conservation significance of the area, State Biodiversity Conservation Strategy Action plans (SBCSAP) and Biological Diversity Act (2002). Following protocol has been worked out for the preparation of Biodiversity Management & Conservation Plan.

• Collection of secondary information through review of available literature. • Identification of the Gap areas (No go areas - Protected area/community

reserves) • Seasonal survey in each identified river stretch for collection of the primary

information (where absolutely essential) on the existing biodiversity and habitat utilization – vertebrate species

• Collection of information on exotic species and analysis of the species needed for reintroduction

• Community workshop at selected area to take inputs for the formulation of the management plan

• Utilization of Economic Valuation Tools

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Deliverables Biodiversity (Vertebrates – Fish, turtles, crocodiles, aquatic mammals and aquatic birds) Management Plan. The Plan will consist of: A: Biodiversity Conservation: Threats and Constraints • Habitat fragmentation, degradation and loss, and shrinking of genetic diversity • Declining natural resource base and overexploitation of resources • Invasive alien species (need longtime research) • Impact of development projects if any • Biodiversity information base • Institutional framework and capacity building

B: Action Plan (A Frame Work) • Strengthening and integration of in situ and ex situ conservation • Augmentation of natural resource base and its sustainable utilization • Regulation of introduction of invasive alien species and their management (an

Overview) • Pollution impacts (an overview) • Development and integration of biodiversity databases • Strengthening implementation of policy, legislative and administrative measures

for biodiversity conservation and management • Valuation of goods and services provided by biodiversity and use of economic

instruments in decision making processes (an overview)

WP 4.3: Development of a Comprehensive Ganga River Basin Biodiversity

Database (GRBBD) The responses of particular communities, especially fish, within aquatic ecosystems reflect the amount of degradation of that system (Wichert and Rapport, 1998). Fish diversity was shown to be a good indicator of environmental stress (Barella and Petere, 2003) in rivers. With as many as 30,000 different species fishes constitute the most diverse group of vertebrates (Nelson 2006). Because of their high diversity and profound changes in appearance during development, fish identification is a relatively demanding task. Conventional methods of identifying, naming and classifying fishes are largely based on visible morphology constitute the cornerstone of existing taxonomic treatments in spite of advanced taxonomic procedures including genetic and protein markers. However relying primarily on morphology for fish identification during various stages of their development is full of limitations. As even when an intact adult specimen is the subject of identification, the morphological characters and other traits used to discern species are often so subtle and complex that each taxonomist can critically identify only a segment of the global fish fauna. These limitations are considered globally as a

  47 

major impediment to the assessment, conservation and management of fish biodiversity.

DNA barcoding is emerging as a technique for species identification and discovery and has been found to be a promising tool for simplifying fish identification. The advantages of DNA-based identifications are rapidity, reliability and accurate characterization across all life stages and species. Compared to extensive genome sequencing a short sequence of conserved gene(s) is sufficient to resolve the species identity wherever the average genetic distance among individuals are smaller than the average genetic distance among sister species.

Driven by the success of the informatics revolution large-scale literature digitization projects are enhancing access to existing taxon treatments needed by the global community of taxonomic information consumers. Web-based databases that compile expert-vetted lists of valid taxonomic names and their synonymies, combined with online keys and high-resolution digital images, are further helping to summarize existing knowledge.

Techniques and Methods • Collection of biodiversity information from secondary sources like published

papers, reviews, books, monographs, gazettes, technical bulletins, etc. • Compilation and analysis of secondary data and identification of data gaps. • Generation of missing data by collection of primary field data and laboratory

data. • Design of the prototype GRBBD based on secondary and primary data.

Collection, compilation and analysis of secondary data would not only help in identification of data gaps but also the comparative richness of data along a particular stretch of the river. For populating the prototype database regions of the river having higher indices of data richness would be identified and a further selection based on accessibility and ease of logistics would be made. The regions poor in data availability would be identified for future research focus with respect to biodiversity studies.

Primary data would be generated based on the finally screened location(s) for filling up the gaps and further enrichment and populating the database. The genetic and molecular biodiversity would constitute the primary layer of the database followed by species and ecosystem biodiversity at the secondary and tertiary layer. This would finally be linked to a GIS layer at the top for completing the canvass of the GRBBD.

The molecular biodiversity study would be done only in two locations (one in the Upper Ganga and one in the Lower Ganga) with 4 samplings each distributed during periods of lean flow (Dec-May) and full flow (June-August) in the current phase for

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meeting the special requirements of data generation and enrichment. The choice of sampling sites would be decided based on secondary data analysis in all cases. Established protocols of DNA barcoding for biodiversity analysis and management would be followed for achieving the desired goal of molecular biodiversity assessment. DNA barcoding would be done preferentially on the river (main channel) fish and other fauna as would be available from commercial catches. Local fisherman will be employed to obtain necessary samples from the main channel. Floral biodiversity studies would be restricted to the riparian zone, particularly a chosen cross section of the flood plain in the current phase of the study.

Deliverables • Model database for the Ganga River Basin Biodiversity encompassing the three main

levels of genes, species and ecosystems. All data obtained from secondary and primary sources/studies could be housed in the GRBBD for further use. The GRBBD would serve as the workhorse for similar studies planned on the Ganga River Basin in the future as well as any other river basin in the country.

WP 4.4: System Modeling Approach for Biodiversity Conservation and Management through Ecological Principles using Remote Sensing and GIS Tools in Ganga River Basin

Steps A: Collection of Data: • Existing/ Secondary data • New data generation, wherever absolutely required, through field sampling, LAB

analysis etc.

B: Utilization of Remote Sensing, GPS and GIS tools C: Ecological modeling to understand the various ecosystem characteristics of

RGB e.g., energy flow, productivity, community structure, biogeochemical cycles, natural selection and regulation, carrying capacity and ecosystem services

Deliverables • Report/Documentation of land use and land cover dynamics of last 3-4 decades to

delineate direction and magnitude of change occurred in GRB. This will serve as one of inputs for the preparation of GRBMP.

• Report/Document identifying different drivers responsible for the change and their ‘sensitivity analysis’ to provide inputs for taking measures to restore/undo the effect(s) on priority basis.

• A ‘Biodiversity DBIS’ that would accommodate the flagship, indicator, IUCN categories, etc. to formulate measures for their restoration/conservation.

• ‘Functional ecosystem’ report to formulate action plan that would address the total environmental quality management (TEQM)

• ‘GRB Ecological and Biodiversity’ database management Information System (RGB-EB-DBMIS) that can be linked through Gangapedia

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A summary of activities undertaken by the thematic group on Ecology and Biodiversity is presented in Table 7.1. Table 7.1: A Summary of Activities to be Undertaken by the Thematic Group on

Ecology and Biodiversity S No Objective Sub-objective Methodology/

Tools Deliverables Institution Remarks

1 LULC dynamics

LULC change detection since 1972/75 at decadal frequency

Remote sensing, GIS and GPS

4-time period LULC maps, change

statistics IIT-KGP Full GRB

Habitat degradation: Impact of Dams/Barrages /developmental projects/Industries & Organic pollution on habitat & biodiversity

2ndary data collection and need-based primary data collection

EIA-MP, management prescriptions

WWF-India HNB-GU

Part of GRB$

To Identify flood plane wetlands -do-

For integration with LULC database

WWF-India Part of GRB$

Identification of river-stretch and stressed (pollution) locations

-do- For integration

with LULC database

HNB-GU Part of GRB$

2 Productivity

and energy flow

Productivity and energy flow analysis of various ecosystems in GRB

-do- Ecological modeling and system simulation

RGB-EB-DBMIS IIT-KGP Full GRB#

3

Community structure [BDIS-

Generation]

Flora and faunal database generation at species and ecosystem level

2ndary data collection and need-based primary data collection

BDIS (jointly) IIT-KGP, HNB-GU, PGC-D

Full GRB

4 Flora and Fauna database generation at genetic and species level

-do- BDIS (jointly)

IIT-GUH, HNB-GU.* PGC-D,

Full GRB*

5 Vertebrates-Fish, turtles, crocodiles, aquatic mammals and aquatic birds

-do- BDIS (jointly) WWF-India Full GRB*

6

Community structure [BDIS-

Generation]

Species Status: Invasive alien species; reintroduction of indigenous species

-do- BDIS (jointly) WWF-India, HNB-GU Full GRB*

7 Biogeochemical cycles

Water cycle etc. (using climatic data)

-do- Ecological modeling and system simulation

RGB-EB-DBMIS IIT-KGP Full GRB#

8 Carrying capacity

CC of various ecosystems in GRB and GRB as an integrated ecosystem at broad level

-do- Ecological modeling and system simulation

RGB-EB-DBMIS IIT-KGP WWF Full GRB#

9

Economic Valuation and

Ecosystem services

Valuation of ecosystem services through community participation

2ndary data collection and need-based primary data

collection

BDIS (jointly) WWF-India Part of GRB$

# Support of Ecological modeling group from NRSC (ISRO), JNU, IISc would be useful; * CIFRI, Barrackpore and NBFGR, Lucknow have been requested for active participation. $ We need to think to cover the whole GRB [Note that flora and fauna includes both aquatic and terrestrial]

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7.4 Deliverables In addition to the deliverables mentioned in WP 4.1 to WP 4.4 following reports/documents will be submitted. 1. Report on ecologically sensitive/significant sites/zones which exist/existed

naturally or due to construction of hydraulic structures or other natural/anthropogenic processes with analysis of threats to such systems and suggestions for conservation/restoration.

2. Report on biodiversity hotspots, e,g, impoundments, wetlands and other areas in the basin with analysis of threats and suggestions for conservation/restoration.

3. Report on few key native species (i.e., fishes, reptiles, amphibians, mammals, birds, etc.) at or near the top of the food chain in each stretch which are severely stressed or no longer present due to loss of habitat, pollution, insufficient flow or other reasons, but whose presence will be highly desirable.

4. Report on few key native species (i.e., fishes, reptiles, amphibians, mammals, birds, etc.) at or near the top of the food chain in each impoundment, wetland, etc., which are severely stressed or no longer present due to loss of habitat, pollution, insufficient flow or other reasons, but whose presence will be highly desirable.

5. Stretch-wise specification of the minimum acceptable conditions, i.e., channel depth, width and velocity, and water quality etc. for the native species to be viable.

6. Specification of conditions, i.e., water availability, water quality and other considerations for continued and long-term viability of selected native species in impoundments, wetlands, etc. identified earlier.

7. Documentations on ingress of flora in the region of river flood plain which will not otherwise survive due to inundation in normal annual wet weather flow.

7.5 Work Plan

S. No. Activity 0-3

Months4-6

Months7-9

Months 10-12 Months

1 Work Package 4.1

2 Work Package 4.2

3 Work Package 4.3

4 Work Package 4.4

5 Items 1,2,3,4 & 7 in Section 7.4

6 Items 5 & 6 in Section 7.4

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7.6 The Team

S No Name Affiliations Role 1 U Bora IIT Guwahati Member 2 M D Behera IIT Kharagpur Member 3 R P Singh  IIT Roorkee Member 4 Ramasre Prasad IIT Roorkee Member 5 Ranjana Pathania  IIT Roorkee Member 6 Rachna Nautiyal Govt (PG) Collge-Dak Pathar Member 7 Prakash Nautiyal HNB Garhwal (Central) University Member 8 Brij Gopal Independent Advisor 9 Sandeep Behera WWF, India Member

7.7 References Barella, W., Petere, M., 2003. Fish community alterations due to pollution and damaging in

Tiete and Paranapanema rivers (Brazil). River Res. Appl. 19, 59–76. John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Dudgeon, D. 1999. Tropical Asian streams: zoobenthos, ecology, and conservation. Hong Kong University Press, Aberdeen, Hong Kong.

Dudgeon, D. 2000a. The ecology of tropical Asian streams in relation to biodiversity conservation. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 31:239-263.

Dudgeon, D. 2000b. Riverine wetlands and biodiversity conservation in tropical Asia. Pages 35-60 in B. Gopal, W. J. Junk, and J. A. Davis, editors. Biodiversity in wetlands: assessment, function, and conservation. Backhuys Publishers, The Hague, The Netherlands.

Dudgeon, D. 2000c. Riverine biodiversity in Asia: a challenge for conservation biology. Hydrobiologia 418:1-13.

Ehrlich, P.R. and E.O. Wilson, 1991. Biodiversity studies science and policy. Sci., 253: 758-762.

Nelson, J.S., 2006. Fishes of the World, 4th Edition. John Wiley and Sons, Inc, pp: 601. Fish Biodiversity of Pravara River at Pravara Sangam District Ahmednagar, (M.S.) India Pravara River at Pravara Sangam District Ahmednagar, (M.S.) IndiaWorld Journal of Zoology 4

(3): 176-179, 2009 Shinde S.E., Pathan T.S., Raut K.S., Bhandare R.Y. and Sonawane D.l. Fish Biodiversity of Wichert, G.A., Rapport, D.J., 1998. Fish community structure as a measure of degradation

and rehabilitation of riparian systems in an agricultural drainage basin. Environ. Manage. 22 (3), 425–443. Springer-Verlag New York Inc.

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8. SOCIO-ECONOMIC-CULTURAL

8.1 Preamble Ganga River resources are unique in nature in promoting cultural (social capital), ecological and economic prosperity of India. The river Ganga is very sacred in India. The influence of Ganga on Hindus and their cultural believes are enormous. It is believed that a holy dip (punya/pavitra snan) in the Ganga purifies one’s soul, intake of few drops (theerth) of holy water cures all diseases and immersion of ashes (deceased one’s) in the river rests the departed soul in the heaven. Hindus store holy water at their houses and serve a few drops with holy basil to the dying human which helps him to attain moksha. The stored holy water is also used for special pujas (Sathyanarayan Vratam). On the other hand, she also provides a lot of river resources for human (fishery, irrigation, ferry, rafting, etc.) as well as natural (habitat for species, landscapes, etc.) livelihoods. Hence, citizens of India shall have incentives to establish institutional mechanisms which promote efficient allocation of river resources in order to sustain cultural, ecological and economic prosperity of intra and inter generations of India.

The current problems with the Ganga river basin may be largely attributed to the growing population and concomitant economic activities along the basin. It is thus imperative to understand the size, trend and composition of population in the entire river basin, livelihood patterns and their possible impact. On the basis of the past trend of population, a projection for the future may provide insight into our perspective towards resource demand in future and its implications for the river basin management. Besides, varied settlement patterns in the basin are said to have created varied impacts both on the quantity and quality of river water. The river basin management plan should thus aim at capturing the population dynamics and settlement patterns in detail in order to design appropriate plans.

The river basin encompasses the activities under all the three broad sectors namely agriculture, industry and services. The resource use depends on the types and nature of agricultural practices, industries and services. The discharge of solid and liquid waste varies across the sectors. It is important to understand economic and social implications of disposal of waste in the basin and discharge of wastes directly into the main channel of river Ganga and also in the main channels of the tributaries of the river Ganga.

Land and water use patterns vary across regions and so do the impact. Land and water can be put to several uses within and across sectors and between urban and rural areas. It is important to understand how land use pattern has undergone

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changes over the years and what bearing do they have on river basin management. Moreover, a projection of the demand for land and water use is equally pertinent along with the projection of population.

River basin is very closely linked to the livelihood patterns of the people. It is important to know about the current sources of livelihood and their implications towards river basin management. Any attempt to devise basin management plan may require alteration in existing livelihood patterns, which should be economically rewarding, socially acceptable and physically executable. There is thus a need to study the livelihood patterns to understand the nature and extent of dependency of the people on the river basin and suggest necessary intervention options in the event of refusal to or possible changes in the current sources of livelihood.

In order to source Ganga water and peripheral services on a sustainable basis, it is necessary to use the resources economically. At the same time, resource conservation and management involve enormous costs, which primarily are drawn from the public exchequer. A prudent use of a scarce resource of this kind requires proper pricing mechanism and incentive and disincentive structures. If properly determined, these tools may act as deterrents to improper and wasteful use of water resources and may in turn bring about lasting solution to the problems. It may thus require development of proper pricing models for various resource users, subsidy and tax structure as well as suitable institutions for management. A detailed economic analysis of different users including especially industries and urban households would be useful in determining these economic tools, which would go a long way in minimizing, if not achieving zero, discharge of pollution into Ganga River.

Implementation of Ganga river basin management plan would involve huge social and economic costs. At the same time, it is expected to generate significant benefits, both marketed and non-marketed. It is important to know whether the benefits exceed the cost of the management plan so that the economy and the society at large remain net beneficiaries. A cost-benefit analysis of the project should thus be an integral part.

8.2 Objective The major thrust will be socio-economic analysis of the Ganga River Basin region with focus on socio-economic issues and cultural engagement of different groups with River Ganga.

8.3 Tasks The thematic group on socio-economic-cultural aspects will work on tasks including, but not limited to the following and will work closely with thematic

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groups on Environmental Quality and Pollution, Water Resource Management, Ecology and Biodiversity, and Policy, Law and Governance.

Task 1: District-wise analysis of the current and trends of total income of people engaged in professions directly related to the river and estimation of total population dependent on such income.

Task 2: District-wise analysis of the current and trends of total income of people engaged in tourism-related professions and estimation of total population dependent on such income.

Task 3: Region-wise analysis of the threats to the livelihood of the people engaged in above professions due to the current state of the rivers.

Task 4: Specification of the minimum water flow (depth and width) and water quality of the river(s) desirable at various locations for mitigation of above threats to the livelihood as specified above.

Task 5: Inventory of all minor and major religious congregation events with frequency of their occurrence and preparation of specification of the desired channel conditions (depth and width of water, and velocity of water) and condition of the surrounding river bed.

Task 6: Analysis of threats and interventions necessary to sustain congregations listed in the report of Task 5 above with implications of financial resources required.

Task 7: Inventory of all rituals carried out at various locations along the river Ganga from Gangotri to Gangasagar with involvement of people from various regions within and outside the Ganga River Basin.

Task 8: Initiation of System of Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting for Water Resources (SEEWA) in the Ganga River Basin so as to provide a framework to compile water accounts in particular as an integral component of System of Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting (SEEA).

Task 9: Prepare reports on requirements of financial resources for the intervention schemes prepared by various thematic groups.

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8.4 The Team

S No Name Affiliation Role 1 Pushpa Trivedi IIT Bombay Member

2 K N Jha IIT Delhi Member

3 Seema Sharma IIT Delhi Member

4 V Upadhyay IIT Delhi Member

5 Vibha Arora IIT Delhi Member

6 P Murali Prasad IIT Kanpur Member

7 Bhagirath Behera IIT Kharagpur Member

8 Narayan Chandra Nayak IIT Kharagpur Member 9 Pulak Mishra IIT Kharagpur Member

10 Taraknath Majumdar IIT Kharagpur Member

11 Prema Rajagopalan IIT Madras Member

12 Sudhir Chella Rajan IIT Madras Member

13 A J Mishra IIT Roorkee Member

14 D K Nauriyal IIT Roorkee Member

15 S P Singh IIT Roorkee Member

16 Vinay Sharma IIT Roorkee Member 17 Mamta R Singh Delhi College of Engineering Member

18 Ravi Chopra PSI, Dehradun Member

8.5 Important Note Due to unavailability of some experts/advisors for the thematic group workshop organized at IIT Delhi during June 18-19, the team as well as the proposal with specific deliverables could not be fully developed. It is expected that deliverables will be based on the tasks mentioned in Section 8.3.

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9. POLICY, LAW AND GOVERNANCE

9.1 Preamble The preparation of Ganga River Basin Management Plan (GRBMP) is not only a massive but complex challenge. While rectifying the existing damage done by earlier interventions and pollution, equally important is to curtail, reduce, and to the extent possible, eliminate the processes that cause damage to Ganga. In rectifying the existing damage along with technological interventions, policy interventions play an equally critical role. While policy is a framework, law provides the legitimacy to it and its implementation rests with the institutions of governance. The sub theme on “policy, law and governance” shall deal with this important task of formulating a plan for this in Ganga Basin.

The diverse causative factors that create the pollution and other harmful processes (such as flood-plain farming, encroachments by buildings) damaging the river are addressed. For this purpose, these damaging or harmful processes can be seen as emerging from diverse human activities in the catchment of the Ganga river system. In sectoral terms, these processes can be seen as taking place in diverse sectors, including, agriculture, mining, hydropower, forestry, water resource management, sanitation, public health, urban and regional development. These processes can also be traced to different types of causative factors, such as planning failures, technical failures, technical mis-matches, conflict of jurisdiction and enforcement related failures, resource shortages, socio-cultural and behavioural factors, institutional failures and vacuums, policy defects and policy gaps, capacity and knowledge gaps.

Thus, in order to address these causative factors, along with technical interventions, interventions in the areas of policy, governance, and institutions are necessary. While the vastness of the basin of the Ganga river system indicated scale of this exercise, the complexity of the challenge of dealing with the causative factors leading to harmful processes need not be stressed here. The complexity created by the diverse causative factors, different sectors, and diverse harmful processes is further aggravated by multiplicity of policy instruments, multiple legislative provisions, multiplicity of governing agencies, their overlapping jurisdictions, contradicting provisions as well as contradictory incentives and disincentives provided in the policy instruments.

Such a massive and complex challenge requires a really comprehensive response involving not only scientific and technological approaches, but also policy, law and governance approaches. The policy environment and legislative provision (including

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laws) plays a key role in shaping perceptions and behaviour of the stakeholders. In this process necessary inputs from and joint deliberations with other core groups, appropriate precautionary and restorative mechanisms and processes are to be developed within the constitutional and other proposed legislative paradigms.

9.2 Objective • To identify and map out—geographically and sectorally—the policy, legal, and

governance deficiencies and gaps • To evolve corrective measures addressing these gaps and deficiencies • To identify the potential opportunities for policy, legal, and governance

instruments to contribute to better management of GRB considering the fact that river Ganga (i) is a national river with socio-cultural heritage, (ii) has a unique ecosystem and biodiversity supporting variety of services and functions, and (iii) is regarded as mother and very sacred to most Indians.

9.3 Methodology (i) Review of literature including documents such as reports, parliamentary

debates, commentaries and critiques (ii) Study and review of river basin management systems/approaches adopted

elsewhere in the world, e.g. Murray Darling Basin in Australia, Mekong Basin in Far East, Rhine Basin in Europe, Nile Basin in Africa, as a source of information for picking up ideas relevant to the Ganga Basin

(iii) Review of National Water Policy (2002), National Environment Policy (2006) along with national and state policies related to development sectors like agriculture, industry, urban development, navigation, tourism, etc.

(iv) Review of the local, state and central laws applicable relating to domestic and business establishment, sanitation and public health, industrial clusters and establishment, rural and urban planning, forestry, agriculture, mining, and flood plain and hydropower

(v) Interviews and group discussions with a broad range of stakeholders (vi) Consultation meetings and workshops with stakeholders and experts (vii) Field Visits, Field Work (Questionnaire Surveys, Participatory Research

Methods)

9.4 Activities The activities under this project are divided in two phases. The activities in this project are organized around certain major Areas of Concerns (such as Water Resources Management’, Pollution, Sanitation, Ecosystem Management) in the context of the five states from GRB (Himachal Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal). The first phase involves exploratory studies of Key Problems in the major Areas of Concerns. This Scoping Exercise will bring out a series of short

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reports at the end of the first phase. Each short report will elaborate the policy, legal, and governance deficiencies and gaps related to the Key Problems in each of the Area of Concerns for one state. An analysis of these reports will throw up various issues related to the theme, especially, the quantitative and qualitative contribution of these to the problems of GRB. A study using ’80-20’ technique will bring out the dominant contributors to the problems of GRB. This will help focus and identify the issues of detailed study for Phase II. The Phase II will have Short Term (5 months’ duration) and Medium Term (10 months; duration) studies mostly undertaken by IIT faculty. The report of these studies and ensuing recommendations will form the output of the second phase. This will also point to the detailed studies and research themes for sustainable management of GRB. Figure 9.1 illustrates the sequence of activities.

9.5 Deliverables Phase I

• About 20 Short Reports on Key Problems in selected Areas of Concerns pertaining to five states from GRB

• Identification of Key Themes for in-depth analysis in Phase II

Phase II • About 10 Detailed Reports, with Policy Recommendation at the end of the

Short Term Studies (of 5 months’ duration) • About 10 Detailed Reports, with Policy Recommendation at the end of the

Medium Term Studies (of 10 months’ duration) • Proposed changes in the institutional and governance framework exploring

mechanisms/processes for effective public participation, rather mass movement, and use of Panchayat Raj Institutions.

• Recommend amendment and proposed legislations if required.

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Figure 9.1: Sequence of Activities of Policy, Law and Governance Group

Initial Consultation

Workshop

Scoping Study (Covering 5

states and Areas of X Concern)

Steps in Scoping Study • Common methodology • Adaptation for /Areas • Execution by State

Consultant • Monitoring &Compilation

of 5 x X reports/chapters • Comment by experts • Finalization of 5 x X

reports of scoping studies

Responsibility of Faculty • Monitoring of State

consultants • Compilation of Reports

Methodology for SS • Identification of Areas of

Concern (X) • Identification of Key issues

in each X in each State • Identification of Critical

dimension/aspects of each Key Issue

• Initial elaboration by consultant

Output of Scoping Study • Identification of ‘y’ types of

issues • Scope, nature of the

issues • Quantitative + Qualitative

contribution to problem in management of Ganga River Basin

Phase II Studies on Research Themes Short Term (5 months), Medium Term (10 months)

Output of Research Studies • Short-Term (5 months) + Long-term (10

months) studies on “Issues” • Reports on L & S Term studies • Policy and other Recommendation

Phase III Detailed Studies or Complex Research

Themes

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9.6 The Team

S No Name Affiliation Role

1 NC Narayanan IIT Bombay Leader

2 Shyam Asolekar IIT Bombay Member

3 Subodh Wagle IIT Bombay Member

4 P Murali Prasad IIT Kanpur Member

5 Dipa Dube IIT Kharagpur Member

6 Indrajit Dube IIT Kharagpur Member

7 Uday Sankar IIT Kharagpur Member

8 Ashu Khanna IIT Roorkee Member

9 S N Rangnekar IIT Roorkee Member

10 S P Singh IIT Roorkee Member

11 U B Chitranshi IIT Roorkee Member

12 Vivek Kumar IIT Roorkee Member

13 Sudhir Chella Rajan IIT Madras Member

14 G N Kathpalia Independent Advisor

15 Paritosh Tyagi Independent Advisor

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10. GEO-SPATIAL DATABASE MANAGEMENT

10.1 Preamble The Ganga river basin management plan is an ambitious and unique proposal. It has been conceived to understand and rectify the various environmental issues that have cropped up due to the continuing expansion of human habitat in the basin. In order to achieve the goals of the project, scientists from different fields need to work in a synergistic manner. A crucial component of the entire exercise will be an integrated geo-spatial database management system to be used by all thematic groups and policy makers. The system will provide data storage, retrieval, visualization and search capabilities. In addition, it will provide relevant interfaces that can be used by the different thematic groups for simulation, prediction and analysis of data.

The enhancement of sensor technologies coupled with the advent of advanced geographic information systems (GIS) provide myriad and virtually limitless opportunities to applications for assessment and evaluation of natural resources in a sustainable manner. However, such systems require the capabilities of robust and large databases in order to be successful in the long run. Thus, the proposed data centre is an ideal and crucial cog, on which the smooth running of the Ganga basin project wheel depends.

Several themes have been outlined for managing the different aspects of the plan. A major common effort will be to collect myriad types of data ranging from climate, soil conditions, bio-diversity, land usage and socio-economic practices. While the sources from where these data will be available are different, it will be beneficial from both a scientific as well as a management point of view to store all the various types of data in a central repository. The proposed repository or data centre will provide the additional benefit of linking the data from different themes to get an overall perspective.

As the data has been (and will be) collected over a period of time across different spatial sites in the Ganga basin, it will be spatio-temporal in nature. Designing a geo-spatial database management system is, therefore, crucial to the entire project.

10.2 Objectives We envision four important aspects of the system:

• A database (henceforth referred to as a data centre) that can house and inter-connect the different types of data,

• Query, visualization, and retrieval capabilities of the stored data,

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• Interfaces that will make the data available to simulation tools, and • Data mining, pattern recognition and knowledge modelling. • Creation of a data centre using open source technologies and tools with the aim

of migrating to such a system eventually. It is expected that in the initial stages proprietary software and tools may have to be used since most end users are generally familiar with them and will require time and training to migrate.

A unified database that has access to all sorts of data is necessary not only to serve as a central repository, but also to establish the connections across the different spatial sites, periods and sources of data. Moreover, these will help the thematic groups to link their own sources of data to other related data for better understanding of the problems they work on. However, since the database is supposed to cover every bit of data collected or produced by every thematic group, the amount of data will be very large. Such voluminous and continuously increasing data calls for sophisticated query processing and indexing techniques. The database must support improved ways of searching and retrieval in order to be practically useful to the domain scientists. Since the data can have various attributes, multi-dimensional indexing techniques along with suitable similarity measures need to be developed. Another important feature of the data centre is visualization and representation of data in different forms that are more suitable and amenable to the needs of the domain specialists. It is important that the provenance of each piece of data can be tracked and can be displayed on a map of the Ganga basin with the exact time period when it was collected. For a particular site, a time-series of each type of data needs to be displayed. This will also help in dissemination of information about the progress of the project and the status of the river to the general viewers.

Models will require various abstraction layers on top of the raw data, e.g., a flow abstraction that projects the flows into and out of a chosen object (such as the main stem of the Ganga or one of its tributaries) giving point and extended source flows. The comprehensive data gathering and modelling exercise, both qualitative and quantitative, will also reveal gaps in the existing data and help guide future data collection efforts.

Another very important aspect of the system will be the data mining and pattern recognition components. Since the amount of data is extremely large, it is not possible to sift through them manually and find patterns. Specialized machine learning techniques need to be applied for pattern discovery and trend analysis. Statistical methods and models can be incorporated to identify data that is statistically unlikely and, therefore, points to some unusual physical phenomena that warrants further exploration. Due to the large area of the Ganga basin, it may not be possible to collect data from all the spatial sites at all times. Thus, building

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an appropriate generative model that describes the different data sources will be a boon. The model will also help to simulate different situations such as flood, drought, etc. and predict the future values of various physical parameters. This will be a valuable resource for policy makers and scientists alike. Since the data will be from different sources, linking the metadata is important to understand the relationships among the various types of data. Therefore, the construction of knowledge models and ontologies are vital as well.

Research on pattern recognition and statistical analysis can provide value addition as well as support research of other thematic groups. This research will be long term and will evolve over time with interactions between other thematic groups to understand their data and identify their requirements. These include, but are not limited to the following ideas. Sensitivity tolerance and confidence levels can be added to the models developed by other thematic groups using statistical analysis. Pattern recognition on remote sensing data will be an important aspect to develop maps on surface water, glacier extent (and monitoring), soil composition, land-use, forest cover (and monitoring), etc. Relevant processed data at different times can feed models of other thematic groups to make better and/or additional parameter predictions.

10.3 Scope The scope of the project extends to the entire Ganga basin management plan. The data centre will include all the data requirements of all the thematic groups. It will also include a portal cum qualitative knowledge map (Gangapedia) that will sub-serve the communication needs of the project.

10.4 Types of Data The collection of data is external to the project. It is assumed that the different thematic groups will feed the data collected or generated by them to this group. Some of the typical sources of data that are expected from them are:

a) Data from water sources b) River water levels c) Pollution levels d) Rainfall e) Ground water levels f) Ground water pollution levels g) Glacier sizes and melt rates h) Bio-diversity maps i) Chemical substance levels j) Data from land sources

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k) Land use maps l) Pollution levels m) Bio-diversity maps n) Remote-sensing data o) Topographic data p) Soil composition data

10.5 Methodology The data objects, attributes, sources, views and interfaces will be identified in close consultation with representatives of all thematic groups. A consultative group with representation from each thematic group will be formed to understand the data requirements of each group and the database group will design and implement the necessary requirements. It is expected that these requirements will evolve over the course of the project. The steps below give a more detailed picture of the approach that will be taken:

a) Identify the objects in the entire system. b) Identify the attributes for each object - in particular the spatial and temporal

aspects. c) Identify the type and structure of data elements and the interfaces needed. d) Identify the meta data tags for the data elements in the system. e) Design data mining techniques to access the raw and processed data in different

ways. f) Create a communication portal for within project and external communication

needs. g) Create qualitative knowledge models showing dependencies and nature of

dependencies. h) Design a security policy for access to data. i) Identify the hardware and software needs (e.g., servers, database, GIS and

visualization software, network bandwidth for connectivity, etc.). j) Design and implement a system that meets the requirements from (a) to (h)

above. k) Design pattern recognition techniques to identify trends and anomalies. l) Research on other aspects of mapping, modeling, prediction and support to

other thematic groups.

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10.6 Work Plan

10.7 Deliverables Data centre with appropriate querying, retrieval, visualization, API interfaces and data abstraction facilities. The data will be acquired by the individual thematic groups and given to the database group.

10.8 The Team

S No Name Affiliation Role

1 Alka Bhushan IIT Bombay Member

2 N L Sarada, IIT Bombay Member

3 Smita Sengupta IIT Bombay Member

4 Umesh Bellur IIT Bombay Member

5 A K Gosain IIT Delhi Member

6 A K Mittal IIT Delhi Member

7 Arnab Bhattacharya IIT Kanpur Member

8 Bharat Lohani IIT Kanpur Member

9 Harish Karnick IIT Kanpur Member

10 Krithika Venkataramani IIT Kanpur Leader 11 Onkar Dikshit IIT Kanpur Member

12 Purnendu Bose IIT Kanpur Member

13 Rajiv Sinha IIT Kanpur Member

14 T V Prabhakar IIT Kanpur Member

15 Vinod Tare IIT Kanpur Member

Activity 0-3

Months3-6

Months6-9

Months9-12

Months 12-15 Months

15-18 Months

Setup of the basic data centre (items (i), (iv) and (viii) with basic/standard data access capabilities).

Development of specialized interfaces for simulation and modeling; visualization; other abstraction layers; creation of qualitative knowledge models.

Initiate research into data intensive modeling and prediction - data mining, pattern recognition, machine learning, knowledge modeling, and ontology creation.

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11. COMMUNICATION

11.1 Preamble For any large project the number one factor is good communication among the project team members. Everybody claims that they are good communicators and we surely have the technology to maintain constant communication with land-phones and cell-phones and email, but it is true that they are not used to their maximum ability.

For example, when there is an issue, which needs to be communicated to multiple people, usually one will email to a number of people who should really be involved. It is extremely annoying and breaks the communication chain when somebody replies only to the sender of the email without including the rest of the members. Preparation of GRBMP is a project that involves participation from several institutions and organizations including the seven IITs. Each IIT has its own characteristics and traits. As such, constant integration among the teams is of paramount importance.

Not only constant communication is important, but GOOD communication is important. People must be very clear about what they are talking about. Good and effective communication support is essential when dealing with complex multi-thematic processes that may have small to large overlap, spanning through several institutions and organizations, and involving anywhere from fifty to hundreds of contributors to the project.

In order to achieve this type of good communication team members should have their workplaces physically close, which is not possible for this project. Therefore, a communication thematic group is proposed.

11.2 Roles and Responsibility • Prepare a communication Plan (Internal and External) • Setup necessary Project Internet Website to support ongoing interaction and

hosting of evolving project documents from different thematic groups. • Engage a professional communication agency for all managed external

communication through press conferences, press releases, announcements, communication workshops to special groups as needed.

• Evolve a project branding and standards - Project Logo, Document Templates, Project Brochure, etc.

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11.3 Typical Communication Plan

What Who/Target Purpose When/Frequency Type/Method(s)

Initiation Meeting All stakeholders* Gather information for Initiation Plan

First Before Project Start Date

Meeting

Distribute Project Initiation Plan All stakeholders*

Distribute Plan to alert stakeholders of project scope and to gain buy in.

Before Kick Off Meeting Before Project Start Date

Electronic distribution through email and posting on GangaPedia website.

Project Kick Off All stakeholders*

Communicate plans and stakeholder roles/responsibilities. Encourage communication among stakeholders.

At or near Project Start Date Meeting

Status Reports All stakeholders and Project Office

Update stakeholders on progress of the project.

Regularly Scheduled. Monthly is recommended

Electronic distribution through email and posting on GangaPedia website.

Thematic Group Meetings

Entire Project Team. Individual meetings for sub-teams, technical team, and Functional teams as appropriate.

To review detailed plans (tasks, assignments, and action items).

Regularly Scheduled. Weekly is recommended for entire team. Weekly or bi-weekly for sub-teams as appropriate.

Meeting

Coordination Committee Meetings

Project Advisory Group and Project Manager

Update Project Advisory Group on status and discuss critical issues. Work through issues and change requests here before escalating to the Sponsor(s).

Regularly Scheduled. Monthly is recommended.

Meeting and/or Tele / Video Conference call

Mission Management Board Meetings

Mission Management Board and Mission Coordinator

Update Management Board Members on status and discuss critical issues. Seek approval for changes to Project Plan.

Regularly scheduled Recommended at the start and quarterly, and also as needed when issues cannot be resolved or changes need to be made to project plan.

Meeting

Project Office Audit/Review

Project Office, Project Manager, select stakeholders, and possibly Sponsor(s) if necessary.

Review status reports, issues, and risks. To identify and communicate potential risks and issues that may effect the schedule, budget, or deliverables.

Monthly Scheduled by the Project Office

Meeting/Report Project Office will produce report using their template.

Post Project Review

Project Office, Project Manager, key stakeholders, and sponsor(s).

Identify improvement plans, lessons learned, what worked and what could have gone better. Review accomplishments.

End of Project or end of major phase

Meeting/Report Project Office will produce report.

Quarterly Project Review

Project Office, Project Manager, and key stakeholders.

Review overall health of the project and highlight areas that need action.

Quarterly depending on size and criticality of the project. Scheduled by the Project Office.

Meeting/Report Project Office will produce report using internal template.

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What Who/Target Purpose When/Frequency Type/Method(s)

Presentations to Special Interest Groups

Examples: NGOs, Religious Interest Groups etc.

To update external groups to promote communication a create awareness of project interdependencies.

At project milestones so as to communicate with other interested parties of changes that will be introduced outside of the Project Team.

Presentation/Demonstration

GANGAPedia Blackboard Site

ALL GRBMP and Thematic Group Team Members.

Central location to house Status Reports, meeting minutes, Project description, and Project Plan. For any communications that can be shared with all GRBMP contributors.

Update monthly with Status Reports; otherwise, as necessary.

Electronic Communications Venue

Other… To be determined by the GRBMP Team General communications As needed Seminars,

Workshops etc.

11.4 Work Packages

WP1: Build and configure GangaPedia Website to facilitate group discussion and host project working documents, status reports and project deliverables; Train end users to use the site

WP2: Select and engage a PR agency; Evolve external communication plan and standards

WP3: Build Project Branding and Standards

11.5 Work Plan

Activity Description Months M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 M9 M10-M18

WP1-Phase-1

GangaPedia - Implement Core

Functionality

WP1 – Phase-2

GangaPedia – Implement Extended

Functionality

WP1 – Phase-3

On going GandgaPedia

Operations

WP2 – Phase-1

Select and Engage PR Agency

WP2 – Phase-2

Build External Communication

Plan

Table continued to next page … … …. … … …

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… … … … … Table continued to next page

Activity Description Months M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 M9 M10-M18

WP2 – Phase-3

Comm. Plan Execution

WP3 –Phase-1

Select and Engage Creative Art Agency

WP3 – Phase-2

Build Project Branding and

Standards

WP3 – Phase-3

Implement evolving requirements and

refinements

11.6 The Team

S No Name Affiliation Role

1 A K Gosain IIT Delhi Member

2 Atul Mittal IIT Delhi Member

3 Arnab Bhattacharya IIT Kanpur Member

4 Harish Karnick IIT Kanpur Member

5 Krithika Venkataramani IIT Kanpur Member

6 T V Prabhakar IIT Kanpur Leader

7 Vinod Tare IIT Kanpur Member

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12. DELIVERABLES

• Main Report: Vision, Mission, Goals, Activities, Tasks, Implications – Ecological, Environmental, Societal, Demographic, Institutional, Economic and Financial

• Status reports and simulated future scenarios on various aspects (e.g. surface and ground water resources; ecological resources; river flows; pollutant loads – point/non-point, domestic/industrial, toxic/hazardous; cultural; livelihood; agriculture; urbanization, industrialization, etc.) of the Ganga Basin with atlases, databases, modeling tools, etc.

• Reports on suggested Sub-Missions for the Mission on Restoration of the River Ganga for consideration by NGRBA with phase wise implementation, financial and other implications, and measurable and verifiable indicators.

The preparation of the main report and the report on suggested sub-missions may go well beyond first phase of this project which is planned to be completed in 18 months. However, following specific items are expected to be completed within the first phase.

• Gangapedia - Project Internet Website to support ongoing interaction and hosting of evolving project documents from different thematic groups.

• Lessons from the past • Map and associated GIS representation showing current (2010) pollution load

generation from domestic and industrial sources and other related information (i.e., population, drainage pattern, sanitation levels, etc.) for each district in the Ganga River Basin

• Maps and associated GIS representations showing estimated pollution generation and other related information in all districts of the Ganga River Basin from 2015-2055 at 10 year increments.

• A map and associated GIS representation showing current (2010) water quality parameters and associated risks in all major rivers of the Ganga River Basin.

• Maps and associated GIS representations showing water quality parameters and associated risks in all major rivers of the Ganga River Basin in 10 year increments from 2015 – 2055, assuming that the recommended action plan is implemented.

• ‘Action Plan(s)’, consisting of a series of projects (including infrastructure and water quality monitoring and surveillance projects) to be taken up in a specified chronological order, such that the water quality objectives of the GRBMP are achieved.

• Assessment of present and future (say 2051) water needs of the system for irrigation, domestic consumption, industry, power generation, salinity, inland

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navigation, fisheries, pollution dispersion and dilution, ecological balance, social and religious needs.

• Virgin, unregulated, water resources availability across the Ganga River Basin for the time horizon 2011-2051.

• Scenario generation for assessment of impacts of major and medium scale interventions on water quantity as well as quality over a time horizon extending upto 2051 on account of: present interventions, ongoing development, and proposed development

• Sustainability studies of the suggested alternative development paths • Geomorphic map of the Ganga River • Stream power distribution pattern of the Ganga river • Assessment of environmental flow using geomorphic criteria • Assessment of sediment supply and its effect on river morphology and flow

characteristics • Assessment of geomorphic impact of the existing and future engineering

projects • Hydrology-geomorphology-ecology relationship as a generic tool for

sustainable river management • Report on ecologically sensitive/significant sites/zones which exist/existed

naturally or due to construction of hydraulic structures or other natural/anthropogenic processes with analysis of threats to such systems and suggestions for conservation/restoration.

• Report on biodiversity hotspots, e,g, impoundments, wetlands and other areas in the basin with analysis of threats and suggestions for conservation/restoration.

• Report on few key native species (i.e., fishes, reptiles, amphibians, mammals, birds, etc.) at or near the top of the food chain in each stretch which are severely stressed or no longer present due to loss of habitat, pollution, insufficient flow or other reasons, but whose presence will be highly desirable.

• Report on few key native species (i.e., fishes, reptiles, amphibians, mammals, birds, etc.) at or near the top of the food chain in each impoundment, wetland, etc., which are severely stressed or no longer present due to loss of habitat, pollution, insufficient flow or other reasons, but whose presence will be highly desirable.

• Stretch-wise specification of the minimum acceptable conditions, i.e., channel depth, width and velocity, and water quality etc. for the native species to be viable.

• Specification of conditions, i.e., water availability, water quality and other considerations for continued and long-term viability of selected native species in impoundments, wetlands, etc. identified earlier.

• Documentations on ingress of flora in the region of river flood plain which will not otherwise survive due to inundation in normal annual wet weather flow.

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• District-wise analysis of the current and trends of total income of people engaged in professions directly related to the river and estimation of total population dependent on such income.

• District-wise analysis of the current and trends of total income of people engaged in tourism-related professions and estimation of total population dependent on such income.

• Region-wise analysis of the threats to the livelihood of the people engaged in above professions due to the current state of the rivers.

• Specification of the minimum water flow (depth and width) and water quality of the river(s) desirable at various locations for mitigation of above threats to the livelihood as specified above.

• Inventory of all minor and major religious congregation events with frequency of their occurrence and preparation of specification of the desired channel conditions (depth and width of water, and velocity of water) and condition of the surrounding river bed.

• Analysis of threats and interventions necessary to sustain socio-cultural congregations with implications of financial resources required.

• Inventory of all rituals carried out at various locations along the river Ganga from Gangotri to Gangasagar with involvement of people from various regions within and outside the Ganga River Basin.

• Proposed changes in the institutional and governance framework • Recommended amendment in proposed legislations if required. • Data centre with appropriate querying, retrieval, visualization, API interfaces

and data abstraction facilities.

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13. EXECUTION

The work on preparation of Ganga River Basin Management Plan (GRBMP) will be done in a Mission Mode on the lines of Technology Development Missions (TDMs) supported by the GOI and executed by various IITs. This mission will be coordinated by the Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur. The mission coordination committee will consist of Thematic Leaders drawn from various institutes/organizations/ universities including IITs. The organizational chart is presented in Figure 13.1.

The work of each theme will be supervised by the team leader and peer reviewed. The coordination committee will monitor the progress of the project as well formulate strategy for interaction amongst various thematic groups for overlapping tasks and exchange of information amongst the groups.

Start-up workshops will be organized to plan activities, distribution of work and evolve mechanism/process for review within the thematic groups.

The Mission Management Board will oversee the entire project and have regular meetings at least once in three months in addition to the first meeting after the start-up workshop.

In addition, MOEF and IITs may appoint a committee for proper coordination and review of progress. MOEF may also nominate an officer to be a member of each of the thematic team.

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Figure 13.1: Organizational Chart for Mission on Preparation of Ganga River Basin Management Plan (GRBMP)

Mission Management

Board Chairman:

Director, IIT Bombay

Geo-spatial Database Management [Dr Krithika Venkataramani, IIT Kanpur]

Communication [Dr T V Prabhakar, IIT Kanpur]

NRCD, MOEF, GOI

Mission Coordinator:

Dr Vinod Tare, IIT Kanpur

Water Resources Management [Dr A K Gosain, IITDelhi]

Fluvial Geomorphology [Dr Rajiv Sinha, IIT Kanpur]

Ecology and Biodiversity [To be decided]

Socio-Economic-Cultural [To be decided]

Policy Law and Governance [Dr N C Narayanan, IIT Bombay]

Environmental Quality and Pollution [Dr Vinod Tare, IIT Kanpur]

Con

sulta

nts,

Adv

isor

s, A

genc

ies/

Org

aniz

atio

ns a

nd S

uppo

rt S

taff

Coordination Committee

Consisting of Thematic Leaders

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14. FINANCIAL

The overall financial layout for the preparation of the Ganga River Basin Management Plan (GRBMP) Rs 1,600.02 lacs as given in Table 14.1. The funds will be received as grant-in-aid and the coordinating IIT i.e IIT Kanpur will be responsible for submission of Utilization Certificate.

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Table 14.1: Break-up of Funds Required under Various Heads by Different Thematic Groups (Amount: Rupees in Lakhs)

Budget Head Theme

EQP WRM FGM ENB SEC PLG GDM COM PIC TOTAL

Manpower 74.00 76.00 51.00 30.00 32.00 65.00 40.00 30.00 30.00 428.00

Data Acquisition 27.50 15.00 10.00 4.50 57.00 Travel (meetings/workshops/conferences/ field work) 74.00 24.00 15.75 25.00 32.00 20.30 8.00 4.00 10.00 213.05 Training workshop and review meetings 12.00 6.00 30.00 48.00

Contingency 27.35 13.00 8.00 20.00 7.00 3.00 2.00 3.00 10.00 93.35

Consumables 56.30 19.00 7.25 10.00 5.00 4.00 2.00 103.55

Equipment 42.00 40.00 46.00 10.00 5.00 40.00 10.00 193.00

Software 2.00 100.00 102.00

Consultants expenses 15.00 4.00 19.00

Miscellaneous 15.00 30.00 10.00 21.40 76.40 SUB TOTAL 273.65 229.50 159.00 125.00 101.00 100.80 194.00 49.00 101.40 1333.35

Institute Overheads (IOH) @ 20 % of Sub Total 266.67 GRAND TOTAL 1600.02

EQP: Environmental Quality and Pollution; WRM: Water Resources Management; FGM: Fluvial Geomorphology; ENB: Ecology and Biodiversity; SEC: Socio-Economic-Cultural; PLG: Policy, Law and Governance; GDM: Geo-Spatial Database Management; COM: Communications; PIC: Project Implementation and Coordination; IOH: Institute Over-Heads

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15. TIME SCHEDULE

The time required for the completion of the mission will be 18 months from the date of receipt of the grants from MoEF. However, all efforts will be made to achieve the deliverables within 12 months as stipulated by MoEF. This will be possible if all relevant information and data is made available to the IIT team in a time bound manner as is envisioned in the proposal made by various thematic teams detailed in Chapters 4 to 11. The schedule for various activities to be undertaken by various thematic teams is given as work plan by various teams in Chapters 4 to 11. The mission will be considered completed on achieving the deliverables to the satisfaction of NRCD, MoEF, GoI.

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16. THE TEAM

Theme I: Environmental Quality and Pollution

Alappat, Babu J Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Delhi Ph.D. (Environmental Engineering, IIT Bombay) alappat@civil.iitd.ac.in | +91-11-26596254

Asolekar, Shyam R Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering, IIT Bombay B.E. (Chemical, UICT, Bombay University); M.S. (Chemical, IISc Bangalore); M.S. (Environmental Engineering, Syracuse University, USA); Ph.D. (Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa) asolekar@iitb.ac.in | +91-22-25767851

Bassin, J K NEERI Zonal Lab, Delhi B.Sc. (Engg.) (Electronics & Communications, KNIT, Kurukshetra); M.E. (Environmental Engineering, MNIT, Jaipur) jk_bassin@neeri.res.in | +91-11-25892749

Bose, Purnendu Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Kanpur B.E. (Civil, Jadavpur University); M.Tech (Environmental Engineering, IIT Kanpur); Ph.D. (Environmental Engineering, University of Massachusetts, USA) pbose@iitk.ac.in | +91-512-2597403

Chakrapani, Govind Joseph Department of Earth Sciences, IIT Roorkee M.Sc. (IIT Bombay); M.Phil (JNU, Delhi); Ph.D. (JNU, Delhi); Post Doc (USA) gjcurfes@iitr.ernet.in | +91-1332-285080

Doble, Mukesh Department of Biotechnology, IIT Madras B.Tech (Chemical, IIT Madras); M.Tech (Process Control, IIT Madras); Ph.D. (Process Control, University of Aston, Birmingham, UK) mukeshd@iitm.ac.in | +91-44-22574107

Ghangrekar, Makarand Madhao Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Kharagpur B.Tech (Civil, Government College of Engineering, Karad); M.Tech (Environmental Engineering, VNIT Nagpur); Ph.D. (Environmental Science and Engineering, IIT Bombay) ghangrekar@civil.iitkgp.ernet.in | +91-3222-283440

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Goel, Sudha Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Kharagpur B.E. (Environmental Engineering, L.D. College of Engineering, Gujarat University); M.S.E. (Environmental Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, USA); Ph.D. (Environmental Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, USA) sudhagoel@civil.iitkgp.ernet.in | +91-3222-283436

Guha, Saumyen Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Kanpur B.E. (Civil, B.E. College, Shibpur); M.Tech (Environmental Engineering, IIT Kanpur); Ph.D. (Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, USA) sguha@iitk.ac.in | +91-512-2597917

Gupta, Ashok Kumar Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Kharagpur B.Tech (Civil, GBPUAT, Pantnagar); M.E. (Environmental Engineering, Government Engineering College, Jabalpur), Ph.D. (Environmental Science and Engineering, IIT Bombay) agupta@civil.iitkgp.ernet.in | +91- 9434018623

Habib, Gazala Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Delhi B.Tech (Civil, NIT Raipur); M.Tech (Environmental Engineering, VNIIT Nagpur); Ph.D. (Environmental Engineering, IIT Bombay); Post Doc (Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, USA and University of California San Diego, USA) gazalahabib@gmail.com | +91-9311632587

Joshi, Himanshu Department of Hydrology, IIT Roorkee B.E. (Civil, University of Roorkee); M.Tech (Environmental Engineering, IIT Kanpur); Ph.D. (Environmental Engineering, University of Roorkee) joshifhy@iitr.ernet.in | +91-1332-285390

Kalamdhad, Ajay Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Guwahati kajay@iitg.ernet.in |

Kazmi, Abssar Ahmed Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Roorkee B.Sc. (Engg.) (Civil, Aligarh Muslim University); M.E. (Environmental Engineering, Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand); Ph.D. (Environmental Engineering, University of Tokyo, Japan) kazmifce@iitr.ernet.in | +91-1332-285725

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Kumar, Pradeep Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Roorkee B.E. (Civil, University of Roorkee); M.E. (Public Health Engineering, University of Roorkee); Ph.D. (Civil, University of Roorkee) pkumafce@iitr.ernet.in | +91-1332-285446

Kumar, Arun Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Delhi B.Tech. (Civil, IIT Kanpur); M.Tech (Environmental Engineering and Management, IIT Kanpur) Ph.D. arun1215@yahoo.com |

Kumar, Rakesh NEERI Mumbai Center M.Tech (Environmental Science & Engineering, IIT Bombay); Ph.D. (Environmental Engineering) r_kumar@neeri.res.in | +91-22-24926859

Kumar, Vivek Department of Paper Technology, IIT Roorkee B.E. (Pulp & Paper, University of Roorkee); M.E. (Chemical Engineering, University of Roorkee); Ph.D. (IIT Delhi) vivekfpt@iitr.ernet.in | +91-132-2714348

Mall, Indra D Department of Chemical Engineering, IIT Roorkee B.Sc. (Chemical, BHU); M.Sc. (Chemical, BHU); Ph.D. (Chemical, BHU) invigfch@iitr.ernet.in | +91-1332-285319

Mehrotra, Indu Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Roorkee M.Sc. (Chemistry, Agra University); Ph.D. (Chemsitry, IIT Kanpur) indumfce@iitr.ernet.in | +91-1332-285451

Mishra, Indra M Department of Chemical Engineering, IIT Roorkee B.Sc. (Chemical, BHU); M.Sc. (Chemical, BHU); Ph.D. (Chemical, BHU); Post Doc (Bio-chemical, University of Hannover, Germany) imishfch@iitr.ernet.in | +91-1332-285715

Mittal, Atul K Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Delhi B.Sc. (Engg.) (Civil, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh); M.Tech (Environmental Engineering, IIT Kanpur); Ph.D. (Environmental Science & Engineering, IIT Bombay) akmittal@civil.iitd.ac.in | +91-11-26591239

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Mukherji, Suparna Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering, IIT Bombay B.Tech. (Energy, IIT Kharagpur); M.S. (Civil and Environmental Engineering, Clarkson University, USA); Ph.D. (Environmental Engineering, The University of Michigan USA) mitras@iitb.ac.in | +91-22-25767854

Prasad, Basheshwar Department of Chemical Engineering, IIT Roorkee bashefch@iitr.ernet.in | +91-1332- 285323

Shiva Nagendra, S M Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Madras B.E. (Civil, University of Mysore); M.Tech (Environmental Engineering, University of Mysore); Ph.D. (Environmental Engineering, IIT Delhi) snagendra@iitm.ac.in | +91-44-22574290

Singh, Prabhat Department of Civil Engineering, IT BHU B.E. (Civil, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh); M.Tech.( Environmental Engineering, IIT Kanpur); Ph.D. (IIT Kanpur) dr_pksingh1@rediffmail.com | +91-542-2307016

Srivastava, Vimal Chandra Department of Chemical Engineering, IIT Roorkee vimalfch@iitr.ernet.in | +91-9410372170

Majumder, Chandrajit Balo Department of Chemical Engineering, IIT Roorkee bashefch@iitr.ernet.in | +91-1332- 285321

Mondal, Prasenjit Department of Chemical Engineering, IIT Roorkee pmondfch@iitr.ernet.in |

Nema, Arvind Kumar Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Delhi B.E. (Civil, Rani Durgavati University, Jabalpur); M.E. (Environmental Engineering, Rani Durgavati University, Jabalpur); Ph.D. (Environmental Science & Engineering, IIT Bombay) aknema@civil.iitd.ac.in | +91-11-26596423

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Philip, Ligy Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Madras B.Tech. (Civil, M.G. University); M.Tech (Environmental Engineering, IIT Kanpur); Ph.D. (Environmental Engineering, IIT Kanpur) ligy@iitm.ac.in | +91-44-22574274

Rao, C V Chalapati Air Pollution Control Division, NEERI, Nagpur B.E. (Civil, Andhra University); M.E. (Public and Health Engineering,Andhra University); Ph.D. (NEERI, Nagpur University) cvc_rao@neeri.res.in | +91-712-2249895 Ravi Krishna, R Department of Chemical Engineering, IIT Madras B.Tech (Osmania University, Hyderabad); M.Tech (IIT Madras); Ph.D. (Louisiana State University, USA) rrk@iitm.ac.in | +91-44-22574175

Singh, Anju National Institute of Industrial Engineering, Mumbai Ph.D. (Environmental Science and Engineering, IIT Bombay) dranjusingh@gmail.com | +91-9867537419 Sreekrishnan, T R Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, IIT Delhi Ph.D. (IIT Delhi) sree@dbeb.iitd.ac.in | +91-11-26591014

Suresh, Sumathi Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering, IIT Bombay M.Sc. (Life Sciences, Central University of Hyderabad); Ph.D. (Biochemistry, IISc Bangalore); Post Doc (Microbiology, University of Urbana-Champaign, USA, Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, USA) sumathis@iitb.ac.in | +91-22-25767859

Tare, Vinod Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Kanpur B.Tech (Civil, SGSITS, Indore); M.Tech (Environmental Engineering, IIT Kanpur); Ph.D. (Environmental Engineering, IIT Kanpur); Post Doc (Environmental Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, USA) vinod@iitk.ac.in | +91-512-2597792

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Theme II: Water Resources Management Narasimhan, Balaji Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Madras B.E. (Agriculture, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University); M.S. (Biosystems Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada); Ph.D. (Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Texas A&M University) nbalaji@iitm.ac.in | +91-44-22574293

Chahar, B R Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Delhi B.E. (Civil, University of Jodhpur); M.Tech (Water Resources, IIT Kharagpur); Ph.D. (Water Resources, IIT Roorkee) chahar@civil.iitd.ac.in | +91-11-26591187

Chaube, Umesh Chand Department of Water Resources Development and Management, IIT Roorkee B.Tech (Civil, IIT Kanpur); M.Tech (Water Resources, IIT Kanpur); Ph.D. (Water Resources, IIT Delhi) chaubfwt@iitr.ernet.in | +91-1332-285767

Dhar, Anirban Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Kharagpur B.E. (Civil, JGEC, North Bengal University); M.Tech (Water Resources, IIT Kanpur); Ph.D. (Water Resources, IIT Kanpur), Post Doc (James Cook University, Australia) anirban@civil.iitkgp.ernet.in | +91-3222-283432

Dutta, Subashisa Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Guwahati B.E. (Civil, Sambalpur University); M.E. (Irrigation and Hydraulics Engineering, Sambalpur University); Ph.D. (Computational Hydraulics, IIT Kharagpur) subashisa@iitg.ernet.in | +91-9435104598

Goel, N K Department of Hydrology, IIT Roorkee goelnfhy@iitr.ernet.in | +91- 1332- 285814

Gosain, Ashvin K Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Delhi B.Sc. (Engg.) (Civil, PEC Chandigarh); M.Tech (Water Resources, IIT Delhi); Ph.D. (Hydrology, IIT Delhi) gosain@civil.iitd.ac.in | +91-11-26591241

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Gupta, S K Department of Civil Engineering, IT BHU B.Tech (IIT Delhi); M.Tech (IIT Delhi); Ph.D. (IIT Delhi) sunkrg@yahoo.com | +91-542-2307016(39)

Hariprasad, K S Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Roorkee B.E. (Civil, Bengal Engineering College, Shibpur); M.Tech (Geoinformatics, IIT Kanpur); Ph.D. (Remote Sensing, University of Roorkee) suryafce@iitr.ernet.in | +91-1332-285405

Jain, M K Department of Hydrology, IIT Roorkee mjainfhy@iitr.ernet.in | +91- 1332-285845

Jain, Sharad K Department of Water Resources Development and Management, IIT Roorkee B.E. (Civil, University of Roorkee); M.Tech (Hydraulics & Water Resources, IIT Kanpur); Ph.D. (Water Resources, University of Roorkee) jainsfwt@iitr.ernet.in | +91-1332-285551

Kansal, M L Department of Water Resources Development and Management, IIT Roorkee mlkgkfwt@iitr.ernet.in | +91-1332-285749

Kartha, Suresh A Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Guwahati B.Tech (University of Calicut); M.E. (Anna University); Ph.D. (Water Resources, IIT Kanpur) kartha@iitg.ernet.in | +91-361-2582422

Kaushal, Deo Raj Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Delhi B.Sc. (Engg.) (Civil, AMU, Aligarh); M.Sc. (Engg.) (Civil, AMU, Aligarh); Ph.D. (Water Resources, IIT Delhi) kaushal@civil.iitd.ac.in | +91-11-26591216

Keshari, A K Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Delhi B.Sc. (Engg.) (Civil, MITM); M.Tech (Engineering Geology and Remote Sensing, IIT Kanpur); Ph.D. (Hydraulics and Water Resources Engineering, IIT Kanpur); Post Doc (Geoenvironmental Sciences, KNU, South Korea) akeshari@civil.iitd.ac.in | +91-11-26581268

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Khare, Deepak Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Roorkee kharefwt@iitr.ernet.in | +91- 1332 - 285393 Khosa, Rakesh Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Delhi B.Tech (Civil, BITS Pilani); M.Tech (Water Resources, IIT Delhi); M.S. (Hydrology, National University of Ireland); Ph.D. (Water Resources, IIT Delhi) rkhosa@civil.iitd.ac.in | +91- 9810457772 Mohapatra, Pranab Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Kanpur B.E. (Civil, Utkal University); M.Tech (Water Resources, IIT Kanpur); Ph.D. (Water Resources, IIT Kanpur) pranab@iitk.ac.in | +91-512-2597044

Murthy, B S Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Madras B.E. (Civil, University of Madras); M.E. (Civil, IISc Bangalore); Ph.D. (Civil, Washington State University, USA) bsm@iitm.ac.in | +91-44-22574262

Ojha, Chandra Shekhar Prasad Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Roorkee B.E. (Civil, Gorakhpur University); M.E. (Civil, IISc Bangalore); Ph.D. (Civil, Imperial College, London, UK) cojhafce@iitr.ernet.in | +91-1332-285494

Panda, Sudhindra Nath Department of Agricultural and Food Engineering; Head of the Department, School of Water Resources, IIT Kharagpur B.Tech (Agriculture, OAUT, Orissa); M.Tech (Soil and Water Engineering, PAU, Ludhiana); Ph.D. (PAU, Ludhiana) snp@agfe.iitkgp.ernet.in | +91-9434009156

Pandey, Ashish Department of Hydrology, IIT Roorkee ashisfwt@iitr.ernet.in | +91- 1332-285872

Perumal, M Department of Hydrology, IIT Roorkee B.E. (Civil, University of Madras); M.Sc. (Engg.) (Hydrology, National University of Ireland); Ph.D. (Civil, University of Roorkee) perumfhy@iitr.ernet.in | +91-1332-285817

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Sen, Dhrubajyoti Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Kharagpur B.Tech (Civil, IIT Kharagpur); M.Tech (Water Resources Engineering, IIT Delhi); Ph.D. (Computational Hydraulics, IIT Delhi) djsen.iit@gmail.com | +91-9434721888

Singh, Pratap INRM Consultants Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi B.Sc. (Bareilly College); M.Sc. (Bareilly College); Ph.D. (University of Roorkee) pratapsingh.iitd@gmail.com | +91-11-20900989

Singh, Virendra Engineering & Technology, IT BHU B.Tech (Civil, IIT Kharagpur); M.Tech (Geotechnical, IIT Kharagpur); Ph.D. (BHU) vsingh@bhu.ac.in | +91-542-2307016(38)

Srivastava, Rajesh Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Kanpur rajeshs@iitk.ac.in | +91-512-2597755 Tripathi, S K Department of Water Resources Development and Management, IIT Roorkee B.Sc. (Agriculture, Allahabad University); M.Sc. (Agronomy, Allahabad University); Ph.D. (Agriculture, Allahabad University) sankufwt@iitr.ernet.in | +91-1332-285780

Theme III: Fluvial Geomorphology

Bandyopadhyay, Jayanta Department of Centre for Development and Environmental Policy, IIM Kolkata B.E. (Engineering, Calcutta University); M.Tech (Engineering, IIT Kanpur); Ph.D. (Engineering, IIT Kanpur) jayanta@iimcal.ac.in | +91-33-2467-8300(04)

Chakraborty, Tapan Geological Studies Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata B.Sc. (Geology, Calcutta University); M.Sc. (Geology, Calcutta University); Ph.D. (Geology, Jadavpur University) tapan@isical.ac.in | +91-9830345695

Ghosh, Parthasarthi Geological Studies Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata M.Sc. (Geology, Calcutta University); Ph.D. (Fluvial Sedimentology, Calcutta University) pghosh@isical.ac.in | +91-9432400301

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Jain, Vikrant Department of Geology, University of Delhi B.Sc. (Geology, Kumaun University); M.Tech (Applied Geology, IIT Roorkee); Ph.D. (Geomorphology, IIT Kanpur) vjain@geology.du.ac.in | +91-11-27667725

Kothiyari, Umesh C Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Roorkee umeshfce@iitr.ernet.in | +91-361- 285496

Kumar, Bimlesh Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Guwahati B.Sc.(Engg.) (Civil, Muzaffarpur Institute of Technology, Bihar); M.E. (Civil, IISc Bangalore); Ph.D. (IISc Bangalore) bimk@iitg.ernet.in | +91-361-2582420

Mukherjee, Saumitra Geology and Remote Sensing, School of Environmental Sciences, JNU B.Sc. (Geology, BHU); M.Sc. (Geology, BHU); Ph.D. (Geology, BHU); Post Doc (Remote Sensing, University of Liverpool, UK) saumitra@mail.jnu.ac.in | +91-11-26704312

Pati, Jayanta Kumar Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Allahabad B.Sc. (Geology, Sambalpur University); M.Tech (Applied Geology, University of Roorkee); D.Phil (University of Allahabad) jkpati@gmail.com | +91-532-2461504

Prakash, Kuldeep Department of Geology, IT BHU B.Sc. (University of Allahabad); M.Sc. (Applied Geology, University of Allahabad); D.Phil (Igneous petrology, Remote Sensing & GIS, University of Allahabad) kuldeep_prakash@yahoo.com | +91- 542-6701379

Prasad, Kriteshwar Department of Geology, Patna University kriteshwar.geopat@gmail.com | +91-612-2662587

Rudra, Kalyan Project on Status of Rivers in West Bengal, WBPCB, West Bengal B.A. (Geography, Calcutta University); M.A. (Geography, Calcutta University); Ph.D. (Geography, Calcutta University) rudra.kalyan@gmail.com | +91-9433007176

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Sarkar, Soumendra Nath Geological Studies Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata B.Sc. (Geological Science, Jadavpur University); M.Sc. (Applied Geology, Jadavpur University); Ph.D. (Science, Jadavpur University) soumendra@isical.ac.in | +91-33-2418-0383

Shekhar, Shashank Department of Geology, University of Delhi B.Sc. (Geology, University of Delhi); M.Sc. (Geology, University of Delhi); Ph.D. (Geology, University of Delhi) shashankshekhar01@gmail.com | +91-11-27667073

Sharma, Nayan Water Resources Development and Management, IIT Roorkee nayanfwt@iitr.ernet.in | +91-1322- 285781

Shukla, Ramesh Department of Geology, Patna University B.Sc. (Geology, Ranchi University); M.Sc. (Geology, Ranchi University); Ph.D. (Geochemistry, Patna University) rshuklapat@gmail.com | +91-612-2660348

Sinha, Rajiv Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Kanpur B.Sc. (Geology, Patna University); M.Tech (Applied Geology, University of Roorkee); Ph.D. (Fluvial Geomorphology and Sedimentology, University of Cambridge, UK) rsinha@iitk.ac.in | +91-512-2597317

Tandon, Sampat Kumar University of Delhi B.Sc. (Geology, Punjab University); M.Sc. (Geology, Punjab University); Ph.D. (University of Delhi) sktand@rediffmail.com | +91-9810437365

Theme IV: Ecology and Biodiversity Behera, Mukunda Dev Oceans, Rivers, Atmosphere and Land Sciences, IIT Kharagpur B.Sc. (Botany, Utkal University); M.Sc. (Botany, Behrampur University, Orissa); M.Phil. (Vikram University, Ujjain); Professional Masters (Advanced Geoinformatics, University of Paris, France); Ph.D. (Remote Sensing, IIRS, Dehradun) mdbehera@coral.iitkgp.ernet.in | +91- 9434086859

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Behera, Sandeep WWF-India B.Sc. (Zoology, Ranchi University) ; M.Sc. (Zoology, Jiwaji University) ; Ph.D. (Jiwaji University) sbehera@wwfindia.net | +91-9015498137 Bora, Utpal Department of Biotechnology, IIT Guwahati B.Sc. (Agriculture, Assam Agricultural University); M.Sc. (Agricultural Biotechnology, Assam Agricultural University); Ph.D. (Biotechnology, GGS Indraprastha University, Delhi) ubora@iitg.ernet.in | +91-361- 2582215 Gopal, Brij School of Environmental Sciences, JNU M.Sc. (Botany, Agra University); Ph.D. (Ecology, BHU) brij@nieindia.org | +91-11-26704324 Nautiyal, Prakash Department of Zoology, H.N.B. Garhwal University, Sri Nagar M Sc. (Zoology, Bhopal Univ); Ph.D. (Zoology, Garhwal University) lotic.biodiversity@gmail.com | +91-1346-211262 Nautiyal, Rachna Department of Zoology, Govt. (PG) College, Dak-pathar, Uttarakhand (Affiliated to H.N.B. Garhwal University) M Sc (Zoology, Garhwal University); Ph.D. (Zoology, Garhwal University) rachnanautiyal@gmail.com | +91-9412057391 Pathania, Ranjana Department of Biotechnology, IIT Roorkee rpathfbs@iitr.ernet.in | +91-1332- 285324

Prasad, Ramasare Department of Biotechnology, IIT Roorkee rapdyfbs@iitr.ernet.in | +91-1332- 285791

Singh, R P Department of Biotechnology, IIT Roorkee rpsbsfbs@iitr.ernet.in | +91-1332-285792

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Theme V: Socio-Economic-Cultural Arora, Vibha Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, IIT Delhi B.A. (Sociology, University of Delhi); M.A. (Sociology, University of Delhi); M.Phil (Sociology, University of Delhi); D.Phil (Social Anthropology, University of Oxford, UK) aurora@hss.iitd.ac.in | +91-11-26591381

Behera, Bhagirath Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, IIT Kharagpur B.A. (Economics, Utkal University, Orissa); M.A. (Economics, University of Hyderabad); M.Phil (Economics, University of Hyderabad); Ph.D. (University of Bonn, Germany) bhagirath@hss.iitkgp.ernet.in | +91-9933077258

Chella Rajan, Sudhir Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, IIT Madras B.Tech (Aero, IIT Bombay); MS (Meteorology, SDSM&T); DEnv (UCLA, Environmental Science and Engineering) scrajan@iitm.ac.in | +91-044-22574525 Chopra, Ravi People’s Science Institute, Dehradun B.Tech (Metallurgy, IIT Bombay); MS (Metallurgy, Stevens Institute of Technology, USA); Ph.D. (Metallurgical & Materials Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, USA) psiddoon@gmail.com | +91- 9411135976 Jha, Kumar Neeraj Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Delhi B. Tech (Civil, REC Calicut); M.Tech (Construction Engineering and Management, IIT Delhi); Ph.D. (Construction Engineering and Management, IIT Delhi) knjha@civil.iitd.ac.in | +91-11-26596255

Mazumder, Tarak Nath Department of Architecture and Regional Planning, IIT Kharagpur B. Arch (IIT Kharagpur); M.Tech (City Planning, IIT Kharagpur); Ph.D. (Architecture and Regional Planning, IIT Kharagpur) taraknm@arp.iitkgp.ernet.in | +91- 9434 039581

Mishra, Anindya Jayanta Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, IIT Roorkee anindfhs@iitr.ernet.in | +91-1332-285355

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Mishra, Pulak Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, IIT Kharagpur B.Sc. (Economics, Vidyasagar University, West Bengal); M.Sc. (Economics and Rural Development, Vidyasagar University, West Bengal); M.Phil (Applied Economics, JNU); Ph.D. (Vidyasagar University, West Bengal) pmishra@hss.iitkgp.ernet.in | +91- 9434702587

Murali Prasad, P Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, IIT Kanpur B.A. (S.V. University, Tirupati); M.A. (Economics, S.V. University, Tirupati); M.Phil (Economics, S.V. University, Tirupati); Ph.D. (Economics, University of Hyderabad) pmprasad@iitk.ac.in | +91-512-2597693

Nauriyal, Dinesh Kumar Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, IIT Roorkee dknarfhs@iitr.ernet.in | +91-1332-285387 Nayak, Narayan Chandra Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, IIT Kharagpur B.A. (Economics, Utkal University, Orissa); M.A. (Economics, Utkal University, Orissa); M.Phil (Economics, Utkal University, Orissa); Ph.D. (Economics, Utkal University, Orissa) ncnayak@hss.iitkgp.ernet.in | +91-3222-283696

Prema, Rajagopalan Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, IIT Madras B.A. (Sociology, Stella Maris College, Chennai); M.A. (Sociology, Madras University); M.Phil (Sociology, Madras University); Ph.D. (IIT Kanpur) prema@iitm.ac.in | +91-044-22574513 Sharma, Seema Department of Management Studies, IIT Delhi Ph.D. (IIT Delhi) seemash@dms.iitd.ac.in | +91-11-26596352 Sharma, Vinay Department of Management Studies, IIT Roorkee vinayfdm@iitr.ernet.in | +91-1332-

Singh, Mamta R Delhi College of Engineering.

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Singh, S P Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, IIT Roorkee singhfhs@iitr.ernet.in | +91-1332- 285337

Trivedi, Pushpa L Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, IIT Bombay M.A. (Economics, University of Mumbai); Ph.D. (Economics, University of Mumbai) trivedi@hss.iitb.ac.in | +91-22-25767351

Upadhyay, V B Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, IIT Delhi Ph.D. (University of McMaster, Canada) upadhyay@hss.iitd.ac.in | +91-11-26591375

Theme VI: Policy, Law and Governance

Asolekar, Shyam R Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering, IIT Bombay B.E. (Chemical, UICT, Bombay University); M.S. (Chemical, IISc Bangalore); M.S. (Environmental Engineering, Syracuse University, USA); Ph.D. (Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa) asolekar@iitb.ac.in | +91-22-25767851

Chella Rajan, Sudhir Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, IIT Madras B.Tech (Aero, IIT Bombay); MS (Meteorology, SDSM&T); DEnv (UCLA, Environmental Science and Engineering) scrajan@iitm.ac.in | +91-044-22574525 Chitransi, U B Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Roorkee udayafce@iitr.ernet.in | +91- 1332-285459

Dube, Dipa Rajiv Gandhi School of Intellectual Property Law, IIT Kharagpur LLB (Calcutta University); LLM (University of Pune); Ph.D. (Calcutta University) dipadube@rgsoipl.iitkgp.ernet.in | +91-3222-281734 Dube, Indrajit Rajiv Gandhi School of Intellectual Property Law, IIT Kharagpur LLB (Calcutta University); LLM (University of Pune); Ph.D. (Calcutta University) indrajit@rgsoipl.iitkgp.ernet.in | +91-3222-281732

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Kathpalia, G N Alternative Futures B.E. (Civil, University of Roorkee); M.E. (Soil Mechanics, University of Roorkee) gnkathpalia@gmail.com | +91-11-29230119

Khanna, Ashu Department of Paper Technology, IIT Roorkee ashukfpt@iitr.ernet.in | +91- 9756972391

Kumar, Vivek Department of Paper Technology, IIT Roorkee vivekfpt@iitr.ernet.in | +91- 1332-714348

Murali Prasad, P Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, IIT Kanpur B.A. (S.V. University, Tirupati); M.A. (Economics, S.V. University, Tirupati); M.Phil (Economics, S.V. University, Tirupati); Ph.D. (Economics, University of Hyderabad) pmprasad@iitk.ac.in | +91-512-2597693

Narayanan, N C CTARA, IIT Bombay M.Sc. (Geology, University of Kerala); M.Phil (Applied Economics, JNU); Ph.D. (Development Studies, Institute of Social Studies, The Netherlands) ncn@iitb.ac.in | +91-22-25767842

Rangnekar, Santosh N Department of Management Studies, IIT Roorkee snrgnfdm@iitr.ernet.in | +91- 1332-285014

Shankar, Uday Rajiv Gandhi School of Intellectual Property Law, IIT Kharagpur LLB (University of Delhi); LLM (University of Delhi ); Ph.D. (University of Delhi) uday@rgsoipl.iitkgp.ernet.in | +91- 9475884472 Singh, S P Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, IIT Roorkee singhfhs@iitr.ernet.in | +91- 1332-285337

Tyagi, Paritosh IDC Foundation; Former Chairman, CPCB B.E. (Civil, IIT Roorkee); M.E. (Public Health Engineering, AIIPHE); Ph.D. paritoshtyagi@gmail.com | +91-9810823131

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Wagle, Subodh CTARA, IIT Bombay and Trustee, Prayas B.Tech (Mechanical, IIT Bombay); Ph.D. (Public Policy, University of Delaware, USA) subodh@prayaspune.org | +91-22-25767873

Theme VII: Geo-spatial Database Management Bellur, Umesh Department of Computer Science and Engineering, IIT Bombay B.E. (Electronics, Bangalore University); Ph.D. (Computer Engineering, Syracuse University, USA) umesh@it.iitb.ac.in | +91-22-25767865

Bhattacharya, Arnab Department of Computer Science and Engineering, IIT Kanpur B.E. (Computer Science and Engineering, Jadavpur University); M.S. (Computer Science, University of California, USA); Ph.D. (Computer Science, University of California, USA) arnabb@iitk.ac.in | +91-512- 2597650

Bhushan, Alka Department of Computer Science and Engineering, IIT Bombay B.E. (Computer Science, Ch. Charan Singh Univ., Meerut); M.Tech (Computer Science and Engineering, IIT Guwahati); Ph.D. (Computer Science and Engineering, IIT Guwahati) abhushan@iitb.ac.in | +91- 22-25764920

Bose, Purnendu Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Kanpur B.E. (Civil, Jadavpur University); M.Tech (Environmental Engineering, IIT Kanpur); Ph.D. (Environmental Engineering, University of Massachusetts, USA) pbose@iitk.ac.in | +91-9956575604

Dikshit, Onkar Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Kanpur B.Tech (Civil Engineering, University of Roorkee, Roorkee); M.Tech (Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry, Civil Engineering, University of Roorkee, Roorkee); Ph.D. (Remote Sensing, University of Cambridge, UK) onkar@iitk.ac.in | +91-512-2597937

Gosain, Ashvin K Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Delhi B.Sc. (Engg.) (Civil, PEC Chandigarh); M.Tech (Water Resources, IIT Delhi); Ph.D. (Hydrology, IIT Delhi) gosain@civil.iitd.ac.in | +91-11-26591241

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Karnick, Harish Department of Computer Science and Engineering, IIT Kanpur BTech (Chemical Engg., IIT Bombay); MTech (Nuclear Engineering and Technology, IIT Kanpur); Ph.D. (Computer Science and Engineering, IIT Kanpur). hk@iitk.ac.in | +91-512-2597601

Lohani, Bharat Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Kanpur B.E. (Civil, MMMEC, Gorakhpur); M.E. (Remote Sensing & Photogrammetric Engineering, University of Roorkee); Ph.D. (Remote Sensing & Environmental Science, ESSC, The University of Reading, UK) blohani@iitk.ac.in | +91-512- 2597413

Mittal, Atul K Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Delhi B.Sc. (Engg.) (Civil, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh); M.Tech (Environmental Engineering, IIT Kanpur); Ph.D. (Environmental Science & Engineering, IIT Bombay) akmittal@civil.iitd.ac.in | +91-11-26591239

Prabhakar, T V Department of Computer Science and Engineering, IIT Kanpur B. Tech (Electrical, REC Warangal); M. Tech (Electrical, IIT Kanpur); Ph.D. (Computer Science, IIT Kanpur) tvp@iitk.ac.in | +91-512-2597618

Sarda, Nand Lal Department of Computer Science and Engineering, IIT Bombay B.E. (Electrical, Nagpur University); M.Tech (Computer Science and Engineering, IIT Bombay); Ph.D. (Computer Science and Engineering, IIT Bombay) nls@cse.iitb.ac.in | +91-22-25767710

Sengupta, Smita Department of Computer Science and Engineering, IIT Bombay B.A. (Calcutta University); M.A. (Geography, Calcutta University); Ph.D. (Geography, Gujarat University) smitas@cse.iitb.ac.in | +91-9820430648

Sinha, Rajiv Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Kanpur B.Sc. (Geology, Patna University); M.Tech (Applied Geology, University of Roorkee); Ph.D. (Fluvial Geomorphology and Sedimentology, University of Cambridge, UK) rsinha@iitk.ac.in | +91-512-2597317

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Tare, Vinod Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Kanpur B.Tech (Civil, SGSITS, Indore); M.Tech (Environmental Engineering, IIT Kanpur); Ph.D. (Environmental Engineering, IIT Kanpur); Post Doc (Environmental Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, USA) vinod@iitk.ac.in | +91-512-2597792

Venkataramani, Krithika Department of Computer Science and Engineering, IIT Kanpur B.E. (Electronics and Communication, IIT Roorkee); M.S. (Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, USA); Ph.D. (Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, USA) krithika@iitk.ac.in | +91-512-2596693

Theme VIII: Communication

Bhattacharya, Arnab Department of Computer Science and Engineering, IIT Kanpur B.E. (Computer Science and Engineering, Jadavpur University); M.S. (Computer Science, University of California, USA); Ph.D. (Computer Science, University of California, USA) arnabb@iitk.ac.in | +91-512- 2597650

Gosain, Ashvin K Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Delhi B.Sc. (Engg.) (Civil, PEC Chandigarh); M.Tech (Water Resources, IIT Delhi); Ph.D. (Hydrology, IIT Delhi) gosain@civil.iitd.ac.in | +91-11-26591241

Karnick, Harish Department of Computer Science and Engineering, IIT Kanpur BTech (Chemical Engg., IIT Bombay); MTech (Nuclear Engineering and Technology, IIT Kanpur); Ph.D. (Computer Science and Engineering, IIT Kanpur). hk@iitk.ac.in | +91-512-2597601

Mittal, Atul K Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Delhi B.Sc. (Engg.) (Civil, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh); M.Tech (Environmental Engineering, IIT Kanpur); Ph.D. (Environmental Science & Engineering, IIT Bombay) akmittal@civil.iitd.ac.in | +91-11-26591239

Prabhakar, T V Department of Computer Science and Engineering, IIT Kanpur B. Tech (Electrical, REC Warangal); M. Tech (Electrical, IIT Kanpur); Ph.D. (Computer Science, IIT Kanpur) tvp@iitk.ac.in | +91-512-2597618

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Tare, Vinod Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Kanpur B.Tech (Civil, SGSITS, Indore); M.Tech (Environmental Engineering, IIT Kanpur); Ph.D. (Environmental Engineering, IIT Kanpur); Post Doc (Environmental Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, USA) vinod@iitk.ac.in | +91-512-2597792

Venkataramani, Krithika Department of Computer Science and Engineering, IIT Kanpur B.E. (Electronics and Communication, IIT Roorkee); M.S. (Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, USA); Ph.D. (Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, USA) krithika@iitk.ac.in | +91-512-2596693

Project Implementation and Co-ordination

Bose, Purnendu Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Kanpur B.E. (Civil, Jadavpur University); M.Tech (Environmental Engineering, IIT Kanpur); Ph.D. (Environmental Engineering, University of Massachusetts, USA) pbose@iitk.ac.in | +91-512-2597403

Hait, Subrata Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Kanpur B.E. (Civil, JGEC, North Bengal University); M.E. (Environmental Engineering, Bengal Engineering and Science University, Shibpur, West Bengal) subrata.hait@gmail.com | +91-9415511208

Mishra, Rakesh Chandra Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Kanpur B.A. (CSJM University, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh); M.A. (Economics, CSJM University, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh) rmishraz@yahoo.com | +91-9935805656

Mittal, Atul K Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Delhi B.Sc. (Engg.) (Civil, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh); M.Tech (Environmental Engineering, IIT Kanpur); Ph.D. (Environmental Science & Engineering, IIT Bombay) akmittal@civil.iitd.ac.in | +91-11-26591239

Tare, Vinod Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Kanpur B.Tech (Civil, SGSITS, Indore); M.Tech (Environmental Engineering, IIT Kanpur); Ph.D. (Environmental Engineering, IIT Kanpur); Post Doc (Environmental Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, USA) vinod@iitk.ac.in | +91-512-2597792

… … … … … To be expanded