NANOTECHNOLOGY &

ITS APPLICATIONSBy – 401/IC/13

WHAT IS NANOTECHNOLOGY

• Nanotechnology is the study of manipulating matter on an atomic scale. It deals with the size from 1-100nm range.

• Nanotechnology refers to the science of constructing and engineering of the functional systems at very micro level or we can say at a atomic level.

HOW SMALL IS NANOSCALE

DNA Sample: Approx. 2 nm

Human Hair: Approx. 1x105 nm

ORIGINS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY• Noble prize winner Richard Feynman first

conceived the idea of molecular manufacturing in his 1959 speech, “There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom." • Richard Feynman was the first scientist to

suggest that devices and materials could someday be fabricated to atomic specifications.• In 1986, K. Eric Drexler wrote "Engines of

Creation" and introduced the term Nanotechnology from there Scientific research really expanded over the last decade.

NANO FABRICATION APPROACHES

•1.)Bottom-up Method•Building complex systems by

combining simple atomic level components through self assembly of atoms or molecules into nanostructures.• Examples of molecular self assembly

are  Watson crick base pairing , nano – lithoghraphy.

NANO FABRICATION APPROACHES CONT.

•2.)Top-down Method•Creates nanostructures out of

macrostructures by breaking down matter into more basic building blocks. Frequently uses chemical or thermal methods. • Solid-state techniques can also be used to

create devices known as nanoelectromechanical systems or NEMS

TIMELINE FOR BEGINNING OF INDUSTRIAL

PROTOTYPING AND COMMERCIALIZATION

CARBON NANOTUBE• Carbon nanotubes are allotropes of carbon

with a cylindrical nanostructure.• They have length-to-diameter ratio of upto 132,000,000:1.• Nanotubes are members of the fullerene structural family.

Their name is derived from their long, hollow structure with the walls formed by one-atom-thick sheets of carbon, called graphene.

• Properties• Highest strength to weight ratio, helps

in creating light weight spacecraft's.• Easily penetrate membranes such as

cell walls. Helps in cancer treatment.• Electrical resistance changes significantly when other

molecules attach themselves to the carbon atoms. Helps in developing sensors that can detect chemical vapors.

CARBON NANOTUBE APPLICATIONS

Electronics

• CNT quantum wire interconnects

• Diodes and transistors for computing

• Data Storage

• Capacitors

• Field emitters for instrumentation

• Flat panel displays

Sensors & Bio-Tech.

• CNT based microscopy: AFM, STM…

• Nanotube sensors: bio, chemical…

• Molecular gears, motors, actuators

• Batteries (Li storage), Fuel Cells, H2 storage

• Nanoscale reactors, ion channels

• Biomedical- Nanoelectrodes for implantation- Lab on a chip - DNA sequencing through AFM imaging- Artificial muscles- Vision chip for macular degeneration,

retinal cell transplantation

NANOBOTS

• Close to the scale of 10-9 m.• Largely in R & D phase .• Nanobots of 1.5 nanometers across, capable

of counting specific molecules in a chemical sample.• Since nanorobots would be microscopic in size,

it would probably be necessary for very large numbers of them to work together to perform microscopic and macroscopic tasks.• Application:• Detection of toxic components in

environment.• In drug delivery.• Biomedical instrumentation.

APPLICATIONS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY

NANOTECHNOLOGY IN ELECTRONICS• Electrodes made from nanowires enable flat panel

displays to be flexible as well as thinner than current flat panel displays.

• Nanolithography is used for fabrication of chips.

• The transistors are made of nanowires, that are assembled on glass or thin films of flexible plastic.

• E-paper, displays on sunglasses andmap on car windshields.

NANOTECHNOLOGY IN ELECTRONICS CONT.

• One of the major applications of nanotechnology is in the area of nanoelectronics is with Mosfet's being made of small nanowires, ~10 nm in length. Here is a simulation of such a nanowire.

NANOELECTRONICS: APPLICATIONS UNDER DEVELOPMENT

• Integrating silicon nanophotonics components into CMOS integrated circuits. This optical technique is intended to provide higher speed data transmission between integrated circuits than is possible with electrical signals.• Researchers at UC Berkeley have demonstrated a low power

method to use nanomagnets as switches, like transistors, in electrical circuits. Their method might lead to electrical circuits with much lower power consumption than transistor based circuits.• Using semiconductor nanowires to build transistors and

integrated circuits.• Using nanowires to build transistors without p-n

junctions.• Nanotechnology makes smaller transistor, smaller circuitry

with increased efficiency.

NANOTECHNOLOGY IN COMPUTER PROCESSING

• Moore’s Law describes a trend of technology. It states that the number of transistors that can be put on a single chip will double every two years.

NANOTECHNOLOGY IN COMPUTER'S CONT.

• The silicon transistors in your computer may be replaced by transistors based on carbon nanotubes.

• A carbon nanotube is a molecule in form of a hollow cylinder with a diameter of around a nanometer which consists of pure carbon.

• Nanorods is a upcoming technology in the displays techniques due to less consumption of electricity and less heat emission.

• Size of the microprocessors are reduced to greater extend by employing Nanotechnology

A schematic diagram of the NIST nanowire transistor.

NANO BIO-TECHNOLOGY • Provide new options for drug delivery and drug

therapies.

• Enable drugs to be delivered to precisely the right location in the body and release drug doses on a predetermined schedule for optimal treatment.

• Attach the drug to a Nano sized carrier (Nanobot).

• Nanobots become localized at the disease site, i.e cancer tumor.

• Then they release medicine that kills the tumor.• Current treatment for cancer is through radiotherapy

or chemotherapy.

• Nanobots can clear the blockage in arteries.

GREEN NANOTECHNOLOGY • Green nanotechnology refers to the use

of nanotechnology to enhance the environmental sustainability of processes.

• Current Research in Green Nanotechnology –• 1.) NANOTECHNOLGY FOR WATER POLLUTION

TREATEMENT• Nanotechnology offers the potential of

novel nanomaterials for the treatment of surface water, groundwater, wastewater, and other environmental materials contaminated by toxic metal ions, organic and inorganic solutes, and microorganisms. Due to their unique activity toward contaminants, many nanomaterials are under active research and development for use in the treatment of water and contaminated sites

2.) SOLAR CELLS

New solar panel films incorporate nanoparticles to create lightweight, flexible solar cells.

NANOTECHNOLOGY IN INDIA• IIT Mumbai is the premier organization in the field of nanotechnology.

• Research in the field of health, environment, medicines are still on.

• Starting in 2001 the Government of India launched the Nano Science and Technology Initiative (NSTI).

• Then in 2007 the Nanoscience and Technology Mission was initiated with an allocation of Rupees 1000 crores for a period of five years. • The main objectives of the Nano Mission are:

- basic research promotion, - infrastructure development for carrying out front-ranking research, - development of nano technologies and their applications, - human resource development and - international collaborations.

FUTURE OF NANOTECHNOLOGY● Nanotechnology will redesign the future of several technologies, products and markets.

● Scientists and engineers can now work with materials at the atomic level to create stain-proof fabrics, scratch-resistant paints, more efficient fuel cells and batteries.

● Experts says that nanotechnology will likely create the next generation of billionaires and reshape global business.

● Industry Analysts Predict Revenues from Products Incorporating Nanotechnology to reach close to $3 Trillion US Dollars within 10 Years

REFERENCES• [1] Drexler, K. Eric (1986). Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of

Nanotechnology. Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-19973-2.

• [2] Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology. American Scientific Publishers. • ISSN: 1533-4880.• [3] Bio-Nanotechnology in Japan: Public Initiatives, Tokyo (JP): Euro

technology Japan, 2002. See: http://www.eurotechnology.com/• [4] Nanotechnology in Europe: The Institute of Nanotechnology, 2003. • See: http://www.nano.org.uk/• [5] What is Green Engineering, US Environmental Protection Agency• [6] Nano in medicine at NanoandMe.org• [7] Nano in computing and electronics at NanoandMe.org

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