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2. (Nano Safety) 1 .. 2553 500 ........................... II P 1-4.indd 2 24/2/2554 15:57:36 3. III (Nanotechnology) (nanosafety) (precautionary principle) . (NANOTEC) 2553 P 1-4.indd 324/2/2554 15:57:37 4. 11 212 3 20 431 5 45 50 52 IV P 1-4.indd 424/2/2554 15:57:37 5. 1 1.1 ? (The International Organization for Standardization: ISO) (Nanotechnology) 1 National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI) 1 100 2 1The application of scientific knowledge to manipulate and control matter in the nanoscale to make use of size- and structure-dependent properties and phenomena distinct from those associated with individual atoms or molecules or with bulk materials ( TC229 JWG 1 Terminology and Nomenclature Convener Report, : http://www.packaginglaw.com/3052_.shtml) 2Nanotechnology is the understanding and control of matter at dimensions between approximately 1 and 100 nanometers, where unique phenomena enable novelapplications. (: http://www.nano.gov/html/facts/whatIsNano.html) P 1-56 new.indd 124/2/2554 15:58:55 6. ( 1-100 ) ( , 2550) 1.2 ? ISO (nano-object) 1 100 (nanoaerosol) (nanoparticle) (nanoplate) (nanofiber) (nanomaterial) (engineered/manufactured nanomaterial) 2 P 1-56 new.indd 2 24/2/2554 15:58:55 7. 3 (nanoproduct) 3 1.3 ? (Nanometer) (10-9) 1 1 1 6,000 1-1 1-1 3 P 1-56 new.indd 324/2/2554 15:58:56 8. 1.4 ? ( ) ( 1-2) 1 6 1027 (109 1 ) 6,000 1-2 (surface plasmon resonance: SPR) ( 520 ) (ruby red) 1-3 4 P 1-56 new.indd 4 24/2/2554 15:58:57 9. 5 1-3 () () () () () (grain size) P 1-56 new.indd 5 24/2/2554 15:58:58 10. 5 1.5 4 (integrated circuit) (memory unit) Millipede Chip (Atomic Force Microscope: AFM) 1,000-4,000 (nano-indentation) 4 6 P 1-56 new.indd 6 24/2/2554 15:58:58 11. 7 (optoelectronics) Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED) ( 1-4) 1-4 OLED (energy) Light Emitting Diode (LED) QCS (Quantum Caged Atoms) (drug) (controlled release) Nano Electro-Mechanical (NEM) P 1-56 new.indd 7 24/2/2554 15:58:59 12. 1-5 (cosmetics) ( ) (titanium dioxide) 1-6 (medicine) (nanomedicine) 8 P 1-56 new.indd 824/2/2554 15:59:03 13. 9 (molecular diagnostics) 3 (nanodiagnostics and imaging) (targeted drug delivery and controlled release) (regenerative medicine) (Quantum Dot) X-ray MRI (Nanoprobe) 5 (food and food packaging) ( ) 3 nanocomposite (nano clay) 5 http://www.whatgroupthai.com/whatelec/37/nanomedicine.html P 1-56 new.indd 924/2/2554 15:59:04 14. 1-7 (textile and garment) ( ) ( ) () ( ) . . . . 1-8 10 P 1-56 new.indd 10 24/2/2554 15:59:05 15. 11 (sport equipments) high performance ski wax (carbon nanotubes) clay polymer nanocomposite 1-9 (Roger Federer) 5-10 (sensor) (robotics) (self-assembly) (replication) P 1-56 new.indd 11 24/2/2554 15:59:06 16. (Nanomaterial) 2 (1) (2) 1 (nanofilm) 2 (nanowire) (nanofiber) 3 5 1. 2. 3. 4. () 5. () 2.1 (Fullerene) (buckyball) (HIV) 12 P 1-56 new.indd 1224/2/2554 15:59:07 17. 13 Apoptosis (nanoelectronics) (semiconductor) (superconductor) 2-1 2.2 (Carbon nanotube) 3 ( ) ( ) 60 20 P 1-56 new.indd 13 24/2/2554 15:59:09 18. (semiconductor) ( ) (logic gate) 2-2 2.3 (Quantum dot) (Quantum dot) (nanocrystal) (semiconductor) (CdSe) (PbS) 100-1,000 2-10 ( 10-50 ) 2 4,000,000 14 P 1-56 new.indd 14 24/2/2554 15:59:10 19. 15 (Quantum confinement) (bioimaging) (biological sensors) 2-3 2.4 (Silver nanoparticles) (silver, Ag) (silver colloid) sulphydryl (-SH) 600 P 1-56 new.indd 1524/2/2554 15:59:11 20. E.coli Staphylococcus aureus 100% 1 1 2-4 100 2.5 (Titanium dioxide nanoparticles) 50 2 2 16 P 1-56 new.indd 1624/2/2554 15:59:12 21. 17 (Volatile Organic Compounds VOCs) (CFC) P 1-56 new.indd 1724/2/2554 15:59:13 22. 2-5 2.6 5 6 2 2 2549 http://www.nanotec.or.th/th/doc/88n8zQFC3nanotec_info_feb_2006.pdf18 P 1-56 new.indd 18 24/2/2554 15:59:14 23. 19 7 http://www.medicthai.com/admin/news_cpe_detail.php?id = 616 P 1-56 new.indd 19 24/2/2554 15:59:15 24. (asbestos) (translocation) 3-2 20 P 1-56 new.indd 2024/2/2554 15:59:16 25. 21 (engineered nanomaterials) (surface coating) (silver nanomaterials) 3-1 3-1 (life-cycle perspective) P 1-56 new.indd 2124/2/2554 15:59:17 26. (toxicology) (exposure assessment) (environmental fate) 8 8 Engineered Nanoparticles: Review of Health and Environmental Safety (ENRHES) (2010) Edinburgh Napier University, Institute of Occupational Medicine (ION), Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Institute for Health and Consumer Protection of the European Commissions Joint Research Centre (JRC), and the Institute of Nanotechnology (IoN), Professor Vicki Stone http://nmi.jrc.ec.europa.eu/documents/ pdf/ENRHES%20Review.pdf22 P 1-56 new.indd 22 24/2/2554 15:59:17 27. 23 3.1 (aerosol nanoparticles) / (agglomeration) 3.1.1 (MWCNT) (Muller et al., 2005; Poland et al., 2008; Takagi et al., 2008) (biopersistent) (mesothelioma) (Deng et al. 2007) 3.1.2 (Takenaka et al. 2001; Sung et al. 2009;Ji et al. 2007) Sung et al. (2009) 90 P 1-56 new.indd 2324/2/2554 15:59:18 28. (Ag+) 3.1.3 500 1 ( Hippocampus olfactory bulb) (Wang et al. 2008a, 2008b) ( 20-30 ) ( 100 ) (Ferin et al. 1992; Renwick et al. 2004; Chen et al. 2006; Inoue et al. 2008) Warheit et al. (2007) 3.2 / 24 P 1-56 new.indd 2424/2/2554 15:59:18 29. 25 3.2.1 (MWCNT) (Deng et al. 2007) 5 160 (SWCNT) (MWCNT) (Shve- dova et al. 2003; Monteiro-Riviere et al. 2005a; Zhang et al. 2007) 3.2.2 (colloidal silver) (Wadhera and Fung 2005; Chang et al. 2006) (Argyria) ( 3-2) (Kim et al. 2008) silver sulfadiazine (Trop et al. 2006; Arora et al. 2008) P 1-56 new.indd 2524/2/2554 15:59:18 30. 3-2 3.2.3 Wang et al. (2007) ( 25 80 ) 2 Trouiller et al. (2009) (genetic damage) / (in vivo) (in vitro) 26 P 1-56 new.indd 2624/2/2554 15:59:19 31. 27 (Stratum Corneum) (Mavon et al. 2007; Schulz et al. 2002; Kiss et al. 2008; Gamer et al. 2006; Pflucker et al. 1999; Dussert et al. 1997) 3.3 ( ) ( ) ( ) 3.3.1 (environmental fate) () (Escherichia coli) (Cheng et al. 2007; Smith et al. 2007; Roberts et al. 2008; Kennedy et al. 2008; Zhu et al. 2008b; Mouchet et al. 2008; Kang et al. 2008; Scott Fordsmand et al. 2008) (impurities) P 1-56 new.indd 27 24/2/2554 15:59:20 32. 3.3.2 Benn and Westerhoff (2008) 6 1 Geranio, Heuberger and Nowack (2009) 9 1 45 ( 75) 450 (Danio rerio) (Griffitt et al. 2008; Asharani et al. 2008; Yeo and Kang 2008) (Griffitt et al. 2008) (Griffitt et al. 2008; Navarro et al. 2008) (Nitrifying bacteria) Pseudomonas fluorescens (Choi and Hu 2008;28 P 1-56 new.indd 2824/2/2554 15:59:20 33. 29 Choi et al. 2008; Fabrega et al. 2009) (Choi et al. 2008; Yeo and Kang 2008) 3.3.3 Kaegi et al. (2008) ( 2 ) 10 20-300 (Zhang et al. 2007; Sun et al. 2007) - (Vevers and Jha 2008; Zhu et al. 2008a; Federici et al. 2007) ( ) (C. elegans) (Wang, Wick and Xing 2009) P 1-56 new.indd 29 24/2/2554 15:59:21 34. 3.4 (fine and ultrafine powders) (British Standard Institute, 2007)30 P 1-56 new.indd 3024/2/2554 15:59:21 35. 31 (British Standard Institute, 2007) 4.1 / (SDS) / // P 1-56 new.indd 3124/2/2554 15:59:22 36. / / / (Safety Data Sheet: SDS) 3 (1) (hazard assessment) (2) (exposure assessment) (3) (risk assessment) 4.1.1 4 1 (Fibrous): 2 (CMAR): (carcinogenetic toxin) (mutagenic toxin) (asthmagenic toxin) (reproductive toxin) 3 (Insoluble): 1 2 4 (Soluble): 1 232 P 1-56 new.indd 32 24/2/2554 15:59:23 37. 33 4.1.2 ( ) 4-1 ( ) 4.1.3 P 1-56 new.indd 33 24/2/2554 15:59:23 38. 4.2 (precautionary principle) 6 1 : 2 : (Safe Work Australia, 2009) (Fullerene) (C60) (carboxylation) (hydroxylation) (C60(OH)20) 34 P 1-56 new.indd 34 24/2/2554 15:59:23 39. 35 4-1 P 1-56 new.indd 3524/2/2554 15:59:24 40. (Carbon nanotube) (cytotoxicity) (SWCNT) sidewall functionalisation surfactant-stabilisation (Quantum dot) (polymer coatings) (neutral organic coatings) / (Metal/metal oxide) () dopants 3 : (spray drying process) () 4 : (extract ventilation) 36 P 1-56 new.indd 36 24/2/2554 15:59:25 41. 37 5 : / 6 : (Personal protective equipment, PPE) P3 FFP3 (Powered Air Purifying Respirator, PAPR) ( 4-2) (fit test) / ( Tyvek) (Safe Work Australia, 2009) P 1-56 new.indd 3724/2/2554 15:59:25 42. 4-2 4.3 / / (British Standard Institute, BSI) 4 () 1 BSI (asbestos) 0.01 3 1 5,000 phase contract optical microscopy 38 P 1-56 new.indd 3824/2/2554 15:59:26 43. 39 (0.01 ) scanning transmission electron microscopy 2 (CMAR) CMAR 0.1 x material WEL (Workplace Exposure Limits) 3 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health: NIOSH) 1.5 ( 0.1 ) 0.1 (time-weighted average) BSI 0.066 x WEL Benchmark 20,000-50,000 4 BSI 0.5 x WEL BSI 4 4-1 4-1 P 1-56 new.indd 3924/2/2554 15:59:27 44. 4-1 () 40 P 1-56 new.indd 4024/2/2554 15:59:27 45. 41 4.4 (workplace exposure limit, WEL) (Safety Data Sheet: SDS) (WEL) 4.5 (BSI 2007; Ostiguy et al. 2009) 1. Method ASTM E2019-99 Method ASTM E1266-00 500 2. / P 1-56 new.indd 4124/2/2554 15:59:28 46. / 3. 4. ( ) (ignition source) / 5. () 6. 4.6 42 P 1-56 new.indd 42 24/2/2554 15:59:28 47. 43 / HEPA 4.7 BSI P 1-56 new.indd 4324/2/2554 15:59:29 48. (Hallock et al. 2009) 44 P 1-56 new.indd 4424/2/2554 15:59:29 49. 45 5.1 substance (REACH) 1 (supply chain)9 (CLP) 2552 10 (nano) 11 2553 9http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/sectors/chemicals/reach/nanomaterials/index_en.htm 10 : REGULATION (EC) No 1272/2008 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 16 December 2008 on classification, labelling and packaging of substances and mixtures, amending and repealing Directives 67/548/ EEC and 1999/45/EC, and amending Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 11http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/News/2009/November/27110901.asp P 1-56 new.indd 4524/2/2554 15:59:30 50. (nano) 12 (Environmental Protection Agency: EPA) 2550 (Pesticide) Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) ( ) EPA 5.2 .. 2535 ( ) 5-1 12 http://www.eeb.org/index.cfm/news-events/news/nano-food-european-parliament-puts- safety-first/; http://www.eubusiness.com/news-eu/food-cloned-animals.707/46 P 1-56 new.indd 46 24/2/2554 15:59:30 51. 47 ( ) .. 2548 2553 (.) P 1-56 new.indd 4724/2/2554 15:59:31 52. 48 5-1 P 1-56 new.indd 4824/2/2554 15:59:32 53. 5-1 () P 1-56 new.indd 49 4924/2/2554 15:59:33 54. : Nanotechnology Citizen Engagement Organization, http://www.nanoceo. net/nanorisks/risks-reviews Nanowerk, http://www.nanowerk.com/ OECD Working Party on Manufactured Nanomaterials (WPMN). Publications in the Series on the Safety of Manufactured Nanomaterials OECD Working Party on Manufactured Nanomaterials (WPMN). (July 2008). List of Manufactured Nanomaterials and List of Endpoints for Phase One of the OECD Testing Programme OECD Working Party on Manufactured Nanomaterials (WPMN). (November 2007). Current Developments/Activities on the Safety of Manufactured Nanomaterials: Tour de table at the 3rd Meeting of the WPMN Safe Work Australia. (2009). Engineered nanomaterials: A Review of the Toxicology and Health Hazards. http://www.safework- australia.gov.au/NR/rdonlyres/47D5968D-4A11-45A0-8121- 8C992E111447/0/ToxicologyReview_Nov09.pdf Stone, Vicki (Project Coordinator) (2010). Engineered Nanoparticles: Review of Health and Environmental Safety (ENRHES). (2010). Edinburgh Napier University, Institute of Occupational Medicine, Technical University of Denmark, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection of the European Commissions Joint Research Centre (JRC), and the Institute of Nanotechnology (IoN). http://nmi.jrc.ec.europa.eu/documents/pdf/ENRHES%20Review.pdf50 P 1-56 new.indd 5024/2/2554 15:59:33 55. 51 : American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)(Released March 2010)-07 Standard Guide for Handling Unbound Engineered Nanoscale Particles in Occupational Settings, ASTM E2535 GoodNanoGuide: Interactive forum to exchange ideas on how to safely handle nanomaterials in the workplace (International Sponsors) http://www.goodnanoguide.org/ International Council on Nanotechnology (ICON). A partnership for nanotechnology stewardship and sustainability. http://icon.rice.edu/ Massachusetts Office of Technical Assistance (MOTA). (2010). Nanotechnology--Considerations for Safe Development. http://www. mass.gov/Elwd/docs/dos/nano/OTA nanotech guidance doc.pdf NanoSafe: Safe Production and Use of Nanomaterials (Europe) http://www.nanosafe.org/ National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health (NIOSH) Nanotechnology Page (United States) NIOSH. (March 2009). Approaches to Safe Nanotechnology-Managing the Health and Safety Concerns Associated with Engineered Nanomaterials. http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2009-125/pdfs/ 2009-125.pdf Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Database on research into the safety of manufactured nanomaterials (International). Safe Work Australia. (2009). Engineered nanomaterials: Evidence on the effectiveness of workplace controls to prevent exposure http://www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au/NR/rdonlyres/E3C113AC- 4363-4533-A128-6D682FDE99E0/0/EffectivenessReport.pdf SafeNano. United Kingdoms independent source on nanotechnology Hazard & Risk. 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(2007). Biological interactions of functionalized single-wall carbon nanotubes in human epidermal keratinocytes. International Journal of Toxicology. Vol. 26, 2, 103-113. Zhu, X.S. et al. (2008a). Comparative toxicity of several metal oxide nanoparticle aqueous suspensions to Zebrafish (Danio rerio) early developmental stage. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A-Toxic/hazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering. Vol. 43, 3, 278-284. Zhu, X.S. et al. (2008b). Oxidative stress and growth inhibition in the freshwater fish Carassius auratus induced by chronic exposure to sublethal fullerene aggregates. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. Vol. 27, 9, 1979-1985. P 1-56 new.indd 5524/2/2554 15:59:36 60. (Nano Safety) . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 56 P 1-56 new.indd 5624/2/2554 15:59:36