mycology (bio 594, special topics) m. marshall, 2013 shippensburg university (see last slide for...
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Mycology (Bio 594, Special Topics)M. Marshall, 2013Shippensburg University(See last slide for additional credits)
Ustilaginomycetes, The Smut fungi
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Agaricomycotina Mushrooms, puffballs, shelf fungi, jelly fungiUstilaginomycotina Smut fungi and allied taxaPucciniomycotina Rust fungi and allied taxa
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Begerow et al. 2006. Mycologia 98: 906-916
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Subphylum Ustilaginomycotina• 1500 species, 80 genera
• Mostly plant pathogenic fungi (biotrophs)– Infect > 4000 species of plants in 75 families of
angiosperms
• Group united by:– Sequence analysis of large subunit rDNA– Host/parasite zone of interaction– Septal pores lacking parenthesomes, but some with
dolipore– Parasitic dikaryotic phase and saprotrophic haploid phase• Many taxa dimorphic, with yeast-like haploid phase
and mycelial dikaryotic phase
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Interaction zones and septal pores in Ustilaginomycetes. From Bauer et al. 2001. The Mycota VII. Part B. Chapter 3.
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• Ustilaginomycetes– Ustilaginales – Urocystales
• Exobasidiomycetes (we won’t cover)– Tilletiales– Malasseziales– Exobasidiales– Georgefischeriales– Entylomatales– Doassansiales– Microstomatales
• Entorrhizomycetes– Entorrhizales
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The Smut Fungi
• “Smut” term comes from the dark masses of teliospores formed by many members of the group
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Smut Fungi
• Economically important pathogens include:– Ustilago maydis (corn smut)– Tilletia controversa (dwarf bunt of wheat)– Tillieta tritici and T. laevis (common bunt)– Tilletia indica (Karnal bunt of wheat)– Urocystis agropyri (flag smut)
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From Casselton and Olesnicky, 1998
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Mating Systems in Smut Fungi• Heterothallic/tetrapolar (e.g., Ustilago maydis)– Two unlinked mating type (MAT) loci a and b• a locus
– 2 alleles: a1 and a2– Includes pheromone and pheromone receptor genes that
control cell-to-cell signaling– controls fusion of haploid cells to form dikaryon
• b locus – multiple alleles (25 in U. maydis)– regulates filamentous growth of dikaryon – is a main determinant of pathogenicity
• Heterothallic/bipolar (e.g., Ustilago hordei)– a and b loci are physically linked on one chromosome
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Teliospore germination
Basidiospores
Basidium
Ustilago-type Tilletia-type
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Basidial types in. From Bauer et al. 2001. The Mycota VII. Part B. Chapter 3. Ustilaginomycetes
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Dikaryon formation
• Conjugation of primary or secondary basidiospores
• Conjugation of basidium cells
H-body
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Secondary Basidiospores (Tilletia)
Forcibly discharged, formed from sterigma-like structure
Passively dispersed
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Sorus (pl. sori)
• Teliospores are formed in sori• Composed of host and fungal tissues• Formed in host ovaries, stems, leaves, or roots
depending on the smut taxon• Characters of taxonomic importance include:– Thread-like structures (fungal)– Sterile cells– Columella (host)– Peridium (host or fungus)
• Persistent = covered smut• Thin, breaking down to expose spores = loose smut
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Teliospores
• Formed singly or in spore balls• Mostly globose, pigmented, with thick,
ornamented walls• Size ranges from 3.5 to 60 µm diam• Resistant structures, in some species can
survive up to 10 years in soil, and 25 years or more under optimal conditions
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Teliospores
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Smut Diseases
• Based on location of sorus in host:– Inflorescence smuts– Leaf smuts– Stem smuts– Root smuts
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Common types of smut diseases
• Bunt– Ovary-infecting species
of Tilletia that infect cereals
• Stinking Bunt– Diseases caused by
Tilletia species that produce foetid (fishy) odor
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Common types of smut diseases
• Partial Bunt– Only a portion of seed or
inflorescences are bunted, only part of seed is replaced by sorus
Karnal bunt (Tilletia indica)Tilletia walkeri infecting Lolium multiflorum
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Ustilago
• Sori in reproductive organs or vegetative tissues of host
• Teliospores formed singly, usually pigmented with sculptured walls
• Sterile cells absent• Ustilago-type
germination
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Common types of smut diseases
• Covered smut – Well-developed,
persistent peridium surrounding sorus
• Loose smut– Thin, delicate
peridium that ruptures easily to expose teliospores
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Tilletia• Sori usually in reproductive
organs of host• Teliospores formed singly,
usually pigmented with ornamented walls
• Sterile cells present in sorus• Teliospores with foetid odor
due to production of trimethylamine
• Tilletia-type germination
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Corn Smut, Ustilago maydis
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Loose Smut of Wheat, Ustilago nuda, and U. tritici
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Covered Smut of wheat, Telletia carries, T. foetida.
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Smut “groups”- Overall Chart
This outline is just provided as a convenience for study purposes - Obtained from Pl. Path. Dept., U. of Nebraska
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Smut groups
sheet A
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Smut Groups sheet B
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Ignore the remainder
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Entyloma
• Sori in vegetative organs of host
• Teliospores formed singly, permanently embedded in host tissue
• Teliospores with pale, smooth walls
• Tilletia-type germination
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Urocystis
• Sori mostly in leaves, stems, forming streaks, swellings or galls
• Spore balls with pigmented teliospores surrounded by hyaline sterile cells
• Tilletia-type germination
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Thecaphora• Sori in various parts of host,
mostly reproductive organs• Spore balls comprising
several to many, pigmented, wedge-shaped teliospores with sculptured outer walls
• Germination by formation of septate metabasidium, cells form hyphae that fuse to establish dikaryon
http://www.redepapa.org/thecaphora.jpg
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Order Exobasidiales
• Plant parasitic fungi• Form holobasidia on leaves, no teliospores
formed• Basidiospores become septate during
germination• Dimorphic• Four families, two will be covered:– Exobasidiaceae– Graphioloceae
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Exobasidiaceae: Exobasidium
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Graphiola
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Credits
This presentation has been modified from one posted on the web by Dr. Lori Carris, Washigton State University Plant Pathology Dept. from her course: Plant Path 521, Mycology.