Bones and Muscles realtionship on

humanbody, mainly antagonist muscles

and joints

By: María Paula Sanabria Cardona

MUSCLE TYPES• The body has many paired

muscles, some voluntary that are attached to the skeleton and help the body move, some involuntary that work the internal organs and cannot be controlled.

• Muscles and posture also go hand in hand, where regular exercise tones muscle and improves your posture to reduce strain on other parts of the body

INVOLUNTARY MUCLES

The body's  involuntary  muscles work our internal organs. They are outside our control.

The heart is made of a unique muscle type known as cardiac and it never tires. 

VOLUNTARY MUSCLES

•Voluntary muscles make the body move.

•Voluntary muscles are attached to the skeleton and can be controlled.

Voluntary muscles have fast twitch and slow twitch fibres.

VOLUNTARY MUSCLESSLOW TWITCH FIBRES

•Contract slowly, but use oxygen well and keep going for a long time. •Endurance athletes tend to have more 'slow twitch' fibres.

FAST TWITCH FIBRES

•Contract quickly, but do not use oxygen well and tire quickly. •Top sprinters have more 'fast twitch' fibres.

 Key voluntary muscles used in sport 

Origin And Insertion Of Muscles 

•The origin is the end of a muscle which is attached to a fixed bone. •The insertion is the end of the muscle that is attached to the bone which moves.

The point of attachment for each muscle are termed the origin and the insertion

Muscles and MovementMuscles contract when they work

If create movementAnisotonic Cont

raction

If no resulting movementIsometric Contr

action

Can be Can be

Concentric

Which is where the muscle shortens as the fibres contract

Eccentric

Where The Fibres Contract As The Muscle Lengthens

Muscle pairs

• Antagonistic pairs of muscles create movement when one (the prime mover) contracts and the other (the antagonist) relaxes. Examples of antagonistic pairs working are:

• the quadriceps and hamstrings in the leg

• the biceps and triceps in the arm.

Antagonists

in rotatio

n of

head:

PLATYSMA• ACTION

Depresses and wrinkles skin of lower face and mouth. Aids forced depression of mandible

Antagonists

to those at

left:

BICEPS FEMORIS• ACTION

Flexes and laterally rotates knee. Long head extends hip

SEMITENDINOSUS

• ACTIONFlexes and medially rotates knee. Extends hip.

SEMIMEMBRANOSUS

• ACTIONFlexes and medially rotates knee. Extends hip

Synergists in

plantar

flexion:

PERONEUS LONGUS

• ACTIONPlantar flexes and everts foot. Supports lateral longitudinal and transverse arches

GASTROCNEMIUS

• ACTIONPlantar flexes foot. Flexes knee

SOLEUS

• ACTIONPlantar flexes foot (aids venous return)

PLANTARIS

• ACTIONPlantar flexes foot and flexes knee

TIBIALIS POSTERIOR

• ACTIONPlantar flexes and inverts foot. Supports medial longitudinal arch of foot

Muscle tone and posture• Muscle tone can be seen when

muscles are in a state of slight tension and they are ready for action. Regular training tones muscles and helps to create good posture. In addition, muscles will hypertrophy (increase in size) and develop better endurance.

• Muscle tone developed by regular exercise makes daily tasks such as shopping and gardening easier. It also helps to prevent injury as good posture reduces the strain on muscles, tendons and ligaments.

Muscle tone and posture

• Good posture helps with sporting performance as special positions are often crucial to success, eg the position throughout the golf swing.

• People with good posture also feel better about themselves. An upright body position is often a sign of self confidence. People who are less confident will sometimes show this in their body language, for example by adopting a slouched posture.

REFERENCES

• http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/pe/appliedanatomy/3_anatomy_muscles_rev5.shtml

• http://webanatomy.net/anatomy/muscle_actions.htm