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    1. ABSTRACTIris technology is an emerging research area, providing positive identification of an individual

    without contact or invasion, at extremely high confidencelevels. Iris scan has been developing an

    identification/verification system capable of positively identifying and verifying the identity ofindividuals without physical contact or human intervention.It is a new technology, using the

    unique patterns of the human iris, shows promise of overcoming shortcomings. .

    The video-based system locates the eye and iris; evaluates the degree of occlusion by eyelid and

    spectral reflection; determines the quality of image focus; and determines the center and

    boundary of the pupil and the limbus (outer edge of the iris) for processing. The iris is zoned, and

    the features therein measured and encoded into a 512-byte Iris Code for enrollment or

    identification. The presented biometric is compared to an extensive database for identification, or

    to a referenced Iris Code for verification. Computations and decisions are accomplished at

    extremely high rates of speed, resulting in processing times of less than two seconds.

    The multiple features produce a non-duplicable organ with more than 400 degrees of freedom, or

    measurable variables. of these to create a code which can be compared to an entire database in

    milliseconds, producing a positive identification with imposter odds as high as 1 in 1034.

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    2..INTRODUCTION

    Iris recognition is the process of recognizing a person by analyzing the random pattern of the iris.

    The automated method of iris recognition is relatively young, existing in patent only since 1994.

    The iris is a muscle within the eye that regulates the size of the pupil, controlling the amount oflight that enters the eye. It is the colored portion of the eye with coloring based on the amount of

    melatonin pigment within the muscle Although the coloration and structure of the iris is

    genetically linked, the details of the patterns are not. The iris develops during prenatal growth

    through a process of tight forming and folding of the tissue membrane. Prior to birth,

    degeneration occurs, resulting in the pupil opening and the random, unique patterns of the iris.

    Although genetically identical, an individuals irides are unique and structurally distinct, which

    allows for it to be used for recognition purposes.

    Many millions of persons in several countries around the world have been enrolled in iris

    recognition systems, for convenience purposes such as passport-free automated border-crossings,

    and some national ID systems based on this technology are being deployed. A key advantage of

    iris recognition, besides its speed of matching and its extreme resistance to False Matches, is the

    stability of the iris as an internal, protected, yet externally visible organ of the eye.

    Not to be confused with another, less prevalent, ocular-based technology, retina scanning, iris

    recognition uses camera technology with subtleinfrared illumination to acquire images of the

    detail-rich, intricate structures of the iris. Digital templates encoded from these patterns by

    mathematical and statistical algorithms allow the identification of an individual or someone

    pretending to be that individual. Databases of enrolled templates are searched by matcher engines

    at speeds measured in the millions of templates per second per (single-core) CPU, and with

    infinitesimally small False Match rates.

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retina_scanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infraredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infraredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retina_scan
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    3. LITERATURE SURVEY

    In 1936, ophthalmologist Frank Burch proposed the concept of using iris patterns as a method to

    recognize an individual. In 1985, Drs. Leonard Flom and Aran Safir, ophthalmologists, proposed

    the concept that no two irides are alike, and were awarded a patent for the iris identificationconcept in 1987. Dr. Flom approached Dr. John Daugman to develop an algorithm to automate

    identification of the human iris. In 1993, the Defense Nuclear Agency began work to test and

    deliver a prototype unit, which was successfully completed by 1995 due to the combined efforts

    of Drs. Flom, Safir, and Daugman. In 1994, Dr. Daugman was awarded a patent for his

    automated iris recognition algorithms. In 1995, the first commercial products became available.

    In 2005, the broad patent covering the basic concept of iris recognition expired, providing

    marketing opportunities for other companies that have developed their own algorithms for iris

    recognition. The patent on the IrisCodes implementation of iris recognition developed by Dr.

    Daugman (explained below) will not expire until 2011.

    The US Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and the Intelligence Technology Innovation

    Center (ITIC) co-sponsored a test of iris recognition accuracy, usability, and interoperability

    referred to as the Independent Testing of Iris Recognition Technology (ITIRT)

    (http://www.biometricscatalog.org/itirt/ITIRTFinalReport.pdf), the results of which were

    released in May 2005. The scenario test evaluated enrollment and matching software, and

    acquisition devices. The ITIRT's primary objective was to evaluate iris recognition performance

    in terms of match rates, enrollment and acquisition rates, and level of effort required from the

    user.

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    4. MERITS AND DEMERITS

    MERITS

    It is an internal organ that is well protected against damage and wear by a highlytransparent and sensitive membrane (the cornea). This distinguishes it from fingerprints,

    which can be difficult to recognize after years of certain types of manual labor.

    The iris is mostly flat, and its geometric configuration is only controlled by twocomplementary muscles (the sphincter pupillae and dilator pupillae) that control the

    diameter of the pupil. This makes the iris shape far more predictable than, for instance,

    that of the face.

    The iris has a fine texture thatlike fingerprintsis determined randomly duringembryonic gestation. Like the fingerprint, it is very hard (if not impossible) to prove that

    the iris is unique. However, there are so many factors that go into the formation of these

    textures (the iris and fingerprint) that the chance of false matches for either is extremely

    low. Even genetically identical individuals have completely independent iris textures.

    An iris scan is similar to taking a photograph and can be performed from about 10 cm toa few meters away. There is no need for the person being identified to touch any

    equipment that has recently been touched by a stranger, thereby eliminating an objection

    that has been raised in some cultures against fingerprint scanners, where a finger has to

    touch a surface, or retinal scanning, where the eye must be brought very close to an

    eyepiece (like looking into a microscope).

    DEMERITS

    Many commercial iris scanners can be easily fooled by a high quality image of an iris orface in place of the real thing.

    The scanners are often tough to adjust and can become bothersome for multiple people ofdifferent heights to use in succession.

    The accuracy of scanners can be affected by changes in lighting Iris scanners are significantly more expensive than some other forms of biometrics,

    password or prox card security systems

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corneahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornea
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    5. APPLICATIONS :

    national border controls: the iris as a living passport computer login: the iris as a living password cell phone and other wireless-device-based authentication secure access to bank accounts at cash machines ticketless travel; authentication of rights to services premises access control (home, office, laboratory, etc) driving licenses; other personal certificates entitlements and benefits authorisation forensics; birth certificates; tracing missing or wanted persons credit-card authentication automobile ignition and unlocking; anti-theft devices anti-terrorism (e.g. security screening at airports) secure financial transactions (electronic commerce, banking) Internet security; control of access to privileged information "Biometric-Key Cryptography" (stable keys from unstable templates) any existing use of keys, cards, PINs, or passwords

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    6. CONCLUSION

    The need for secure methods of authentication is becoming increasingly important in the

    corporate world today. Passwords, token cards and PINs are all risks to the security of an

    organization due to human nature. Our inability to remember complex passwords and tendencyto write these down along with losing token cards or forgetting PINs all contribute to the possible

    breakdown in security for an organization.

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    7. REFERENCES :

    [1] http://www.technicalsymposium.com/Iris_Recognition.html

    [2] http://www.biometrics.gov/Documents/irisrec.pdf

    [3] http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/iris-recognition

    [4] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iris_recognition