MTAT 03 231MTAT.03.231Business Process Management (BPM)

(for Masters of IT)(for Masters of IT)

Lecture 2: Introduction to BPMN

Marlon Dumas

marlon.dumas ät ut . ee

Process Modelling → Management

2

What is a Model?

Prepareshipment

Shipgoods

Registerorder

Receive

(Re)sendbill

Archiveorder

payment

Contactcustomer

PurchaseRequisition

Requirementfor materialhas arisen

Requisition PurchaseRequisitionreleased

for schedulingagreement

schedule/SA release

Purchaserequisitionreleased

for purchaseorder

Purchasing

Inbounddeliveryentered

Goodsreceived

Goodsi t

GoodsReceipt

Purchaseorder

created

Materialis released

Warehouse/Stores

receiptposted

Invoicereceived

3TO item

confirmedwithout

differences

Transferorderitem

is confirmed

Paymentmust

be effected

InvoiceVerification

Purposes of Process ModelingPurposes of Process Modeling

Process Compliance /

ProcessDocumentation

KnowledgeManagement

Improvementp

Risk Management

Process CostEnterpriseAnalysis/Simulation

pSystems

WorkflowManagement

EnterpriseArchitecture

Document SoftwareDocumentManagement

SoftwareEvaluation/Selection

4© Michael Rosemann

Popular Process Modelling PurposesPopular Process Modelling Purposes

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5Recker et al. (2005)

Process Modeling Intention:

(Wreden, 1999)

As-Is versus To-Be

Process models can document the present situation (As-is modelling) or describe an targeted situation ( To-be modelling)

Start

E1F1

Start

P t it ti

10

E1

E2

E3E5

Minute(s)F520Minute(s)F4

F3

F2

F6E6

Start

E1

E2

F2

F1

Present situation Targeted situation

As-is models act as a blue print for analyzing how

To-be models act as a road map for creating the mostprint for analyzing how

processes are executed todaymap for creating the most efficient processing for new business initiatives

6

Process Modelling Viewpoints

Who?Organization

Who?

When?

What?Function When?

Process

Function

Which?

D t / S i / P d t7

Data / Service / Product

Process Modelling ViewpointsProcess Modelling Viewpoints

Wh t (f ti l ti )What (functional perspective)What tasks/function are happening in the process

Who (resource perspective)Who does these activities

When (control-flow perspective)In what order do they occur

Which (resource and data perspective)Which resources (i.e. materials, technology) is used in the processprocessWhich data is created/produced by the process

8

Process Model Granularity

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Process Model GranularityProcess Model Granularity

• Main process (area):• Business process:

Personnel managementPersonnel recruitment

• Partial process:• Work step:

Select applicantEnter applicant data

• Elementary activity: Assign applicant number

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Process Modeling Languages

• For business analystsB i P M d lli N t ti (BPMN)– Business Process Modelling Notation (BPMN)

– Event-driven Process Chains (EPC)– IDEF0, IDEF3– Flowcharts, data-flow diagrams (system analysis)– UML Activity Diagrams (system analysis)

• For business programmers– Business Process Execution Language (BPEL)– Yet Another Workflow Language (YAWL)– State machines and variants

And many, many more…11

d a y, a y o e

Purposes of Process Modeling

Abstract Models

OrganizationalAnalysis

Abstract Models

EPC, BPMN

Communication,

“AS IS”Process Models

simulation, activity-based costing…Process

Analysis & Design“TO BE”

Process Models

ures

for

vem

ent

PP

Mea

suIm

prov

ues Detailed ModelsProcess

ImplementationProcess

Evaluation

elsTa

rget

Val

u Detailed Models

BPEL, State Machines…

Data types, conditions, data f

Process Exec

utab

le

oces

s M

ode

Process

mappings, fault handling…

Integration, testing, deployment…

12Enactment & Monitoring

EPr

oProcess Metrics

Process Modeling Notations: EPCProcess Modeling Notations: EPC

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Process Modeling Notations: BPMNProcess Modeling Notations: BPMN

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Process Specification Language: YAWLProcess Specification Language: YAWL

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Executable Process Specification Language: BPEL

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BPMNBPMN

• Business Process Modeling Notationg• Originally developed by Business Process Management

Initiative (BPMI)• Handed over to Object Management Group (OMG) in 2005• Inspired by cross-functional flowcharts

S t d b t l• Supported by many tools:– IBM Websphere Business Modeler– ARIS, Oracle BPAS, O– Telelogic System Architect (now IBM)– ITP Commerce Process Modeler for Visio

O (htt //b t h i i t d d /O )– Oryx (http://bpt.hpi.uni-potsdam.de/Oryx)– Savvion, Lombardi, BizAgi, ...

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BPMN from 10 000 milesBPMN from 10 000 miles…

• A process model in BPMN is called a Business Process Diagram (BPD)

• A BPD is essentially a graph consisting of four types of elements (among others):yp ( g )

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ExampleExample

OAn Order Management process is triggered by thereception of a purchase order from a customer. Thepurchase order has to be checked against the stock repurchase order has to be checked against the stock rethe availability of the product(s) requested. Dependingon stock availability the purchase order may beconfirmed or rejected If the purchase order isconfirmed or rejected. If the purchase order isconfirmed, the goods requested are shipped and aninvoice is sent to the customer.

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Order Management Process in BPMNOrder Management Process in BPMN

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A little bit more on GatewaysA little bit more on Gateways …• Exclusive Decision / Mergeg

– Indicates locations within a business process where the sequence flow can take two or more alternative paths.O l f th th b t k– Only one of the paths can be taken.

– Depicted by a diamond shape that may contain a marker that is shaped like an “X”.p

• Parallel Fork / Join– Provide a mechanism to synchronize parallel flow and to

create parallel flow.– Depicted by a diamond shape that must contain a marker

that is shaped like a plus signthat is shaped like a plus sign.

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Revised Order Management ProcessRevised Order Management Process

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Organisational modellingOrganisational modelling

• In general, organisational modelling encompasses:– People, departments, units, services, partners, clients, p , p , , , p , ,

suppliers…– Roles, entities, actors, …– Responsibilities, duties, skills, …

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Organisational Elements in Process Models

Basic abstractions:• Resource (participant, actor, user, agent)

A t t i t k f t iA resource can execute certain tasks for certain cases.Human and/or non-human (e.g. printer): limited capacity.Resource class: Set of resources with similar characteristics• Resource class: Set of resources with similar characteristics

A resource class is typically either a:R l ( kill t lifi ti )• Role (skill, competence, qualification)Classification based on what a resource can do or is expected to doexpected to do

• Group (department, team, office, organizational unit)Classification based on the organization.

24

g

Roles vs GroupsRoles vs. GroupsEindhoven AmsterdamSalesPurchase Amsterdam

groups

Kees KoosMies

SjaakPim Truus IvoneAd

Kevin Jan Anita Frank

Secretary Sales_clerk Office_workerManager roles

25© Wil van der Aalst

Organisational Modelling in BPMNOrganisational Modelling in BPMN

Bad news:• BPMN does not support the concepts previously

discussed• Organisational modelling in BPMN =

– LanesLanes– Pools– Performers

• So: Use pools and lanes to capture resource classes

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BPMN Elements PoolsBPMN Elements – PoolsPools represent business process participants. They are used to

Pool

participants. They are used to partition a set of activities from other pools.

Horizontal vs. verticalCan be a business entity or abusiness role.Each BPD contains at least one pool.

A Pool acts as the container for the Sequence Flow between activities. The Sequence Flow cannot crossThe Sequence Flow cannot cross the boundaries of a Pool.The interaction between Pools, e.g., between two collaboratingbetween two collaborating organizations, is shown through Message Flow.

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BPMN Elements – Message FlowsgMessage Flow

Depicted by a dashed line with an openDepicted by a dashed line with an open arrowhead.Represent the flow of messages between two separate process participants that areseparate process participants that are prepared to send and receive them.

A Message Flow can connect directly to theA Message Flow can connect directly to the boundary of a Pool.

Represents an informative message to that participant.participant.

A Message Flow can cross the boundaries and connect directly to a Flow Object within that Poolthat Pool.

Represents a message that triggers certain action.

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Order Management example (ctd )Order Management example (ctd.)

• The Order Management process now includes the customer as a process participant...

The Order Management process is started when acustomer places a purchase order. The purchase

d h t b h k d i t th t k thorder has to be checked against the stock re theavailability of the product(s). Depending on stockavailability the purchase order may be confirmed oravailability the purchase order may be confirmed orrejected. If the purchase order is confirmed, thegoods requested are shipped and an invoice is sentg q ppto the customer. The customer makes then makes thepayment.

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Order Management BPD with SwimlanesOrder Management BPD with SwimlanesC

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uppl

ie

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BPMN Elements – Swimlanes

Lanes represent sub-partitions within a p ppool. They are used to organize and categorize activities.

Horizontal vs verticalHorizontal vs. verticalMeaning is not specified by BPMN, Lanes are often used for internal roles (e.g., Manager, Associate), systems (e.g., an enterpriseAssociate), systems (e.g., an enterprise application), an internal department (e.g., shipping, finance), etc.

Both Sequences Flow and Message FlowBoth Sequences Flow and Message Flow can cross the boundaries of Lanes.Lanes can be nested:

E g an outer set of Lanes for companyE.g., an outer set of Lanes for company departments and then an inner set of Lanes for roles within each department.

31

Order Management example (ctd )Order Management example (ctd.)

The process now includes two departments• The process now includes two departments within the supplier organization...

Th h d i d b th S l &The purchase order received by the Sales &Distribution department has to be checked against thestock The order details are sent to the Warehousestock. The order details are sent to the Warehousedepartment that returns an availability notification. Ifthe purchase order is confirmed, the Warehousepdepartment collects the shipping details from thecustomer and ships the goods. The Sales &Di t ib ti d t t d i i t thDistribution department sends an invoice to thecustomer who then makes the payment.

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Corresponding BPDCorresponding BPD

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butio

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uppl

ier

Sal

es &

Dis

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Su

War

ehou

se

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BPMN ArtifactsBPMN Artifacts

• Data Objects are a mechanism to show how data is required or produced by activities.

– Are depicted by a rectangle that has its upper-right corner folded over.corner folded over.

– Represent input and output of a process activity.• Annotations are a mechanism for the modeller to

provide additional text information to the diagram readerreader.

– Are depicted by open-ended rectangles.– Text annotations do not affect the flow of the process.

• Groups are a visual mechanism to logically groupGroups are a visual mechanism to logically group diagram elements informally.

– Are depicted by a rounded corner rectangle with a dashed line.

– The grouping does not affect the sequence flow and– The grouping does not affect the sequence flow and does not change the meaning of the elements contained within the group.

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BPMN ConnectionsBPMN Connections

• Associations are used to link artifacts such as text or data objects with flow objects.j j

– Are depicted by a dotted line.– Can be directed or undirected.

• They can be used to show inputs and outputs ofThey can be used to show inputs and outputs of activities.

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Order Management example (ctd )Order Management example (ctd.)

• Let’s have a look at some artifacts...The Purchase Order document serves as an input to the stockavailability check Based on the outcome of this check theavailability check. Based on the outcome of this check, thestatus of document is updated, either to “approved” or “rejected”.

Include the relevant documents in the process model. Also, forvisualization purposes, all parts of the processes that use orupdate the purchase order should be highlighted.update the purchase order should be highlighted.

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Order Processing Model with ArtifactsOrder Processing Model with Artifacts

Send invoice

Confirm order

PurchaseOrder

Check stock availability Ship goodsUpdate PO: [approved]

Update PO: [rejected]

Order handling

Reject order

Order handling

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BPMN Main Elements - RecapBPMN Main Elements Recap

Connections SwimlanesConnections

Message

Swimlanes

Message

Flow

Flow Objects Artifactsj

Gateway

Text Annotation

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BPMN Flow Elements – Recap

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