Motion Motion PicturePicture

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What is Motion What is Motion PicturePicture

• Motion picture: also called film or Motion picture: also called film or movie, series of still photographs on movie, series of still photographs on film, projected in rapid succession film, projected in rapid succession onto a screen by means of light. onto a screen by means of light. Because of the optical phenomenon Because of the optical phenomenon known as persistence of vision, this known as persistence of vision, this gives the illusion of actual, smooth, gives the illusion of actual, smooth, and continuous movement.and continuous movement.

• The motion picture is a remarkably The motion picture is a remarkably effective medium in conveying drama and effective medium in conveying drama and especially in the evocation of emotion. especially in the evocation of emotion.

• The art of motion pictures is exceedingly The art of motion pictures is exceedingly complex, requiring contributions from complex, requiring contributions from nearly all the other arts as well as countless nearly all the other arts as well as countless technical skills (for example, in sound technical skills (for example, in sound recording, photography, and optics). recording, photography, and optics).

• Emerging at the end of the 19th century, Emerging at the end of the 19th century, this new art form became one of the most this new art form became one of the most popular and influential media of the 20th popular and influential media of the 20th century and beyond.century and beyond.

Types of FilmsTypes of Films• Feature FilmsFeature Films• Animated FilmsAnimated Films• DocumentariesDocumentaries

Feature FilmFeature Film• A feature film is a film (also called a movie or A feature film is a film (also called a movie or

motion picture) with a running time long enough motion picture) with a running time long enough to be considered the principal or sole film to fill to be considered the principal or sole film to fill a program. The notion of how long this should a program. The notion of how long this should be has varied according to time and place.be has varied according to time and place.

• According to the Academy of Motion Picture According to the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, American Film Institute, and Arts and Sciences, American Film Institute, and British Film Institute, a feature film runs for 40 British Film Institute, a feature film runs for 40 minutes or longer.minutes or longer.

Narrative FilmsNarrative Films• Narrative film or Fictional film, is a film that Narrative film or Fictional film, is a film that

tells a fictional or fictionalized story, event tells a fictional or fictionalized story, event or narrative. In this style of film, believable or narrative. In this style of film, believable narratives and characters help convince narratives and characters help convince the audience that the unfolding fiction is the audience that the unfolding fiction is real.real.

AnimatedAnimated• A motion picture produced by A motion picture produced by

photographing a series of gradually photographing a series of gradually changing drawings, etc. which give the changing drawings, etc. which give the illusion of movement when the series is illusion of movement when the series is projected rapidlyprojected rapidly

• In 1920s the development of animation In 1920s the development of animation movies started by Walt Disney and his movies started by Walt Disney and his brother Roy.brother Roy.

• The famous animated character The famous animated character “Steamboat Willie”“Steamboat Willie”

• First full-length animated film was “Snow First full-length animated film was “Snow white and the Seven Dwarfs”white and the Seven Dwarfs”

DocumentariesDocumentaries• A A documentary filmdocumentary film is a nonfictional is a nonfictional

motion picture intended to document motion picture intended to document some aspect of reality, primarily for the some aspect of reality, primarily for the purposes of instruction or maintaining a purposes of instruction or maintaining a historical record.historical record.

• Robert Flaherty- first documentary Robert Flaherty- first documentary filmmakerfilmmaker

• Frank Capra- Hollywood movie director Frank Capra- Hollywood movie director who produced powerful propaganda who produced powerful propaganda movies for the U.S war effort in World War movies for the U.S war effort in World War IIII

Historical PerspectiveHistorical Perspective

Throughout the evolution of film making, studio Throughout the evolution of film making, studio executives, directors and inventors have worked executives, directors and inventors have worked

to keep the medium relevant with continual to keep the medium relevant with continual adaptationadaptation

Eadweard Eadweard MuybridgeMuybridge

(1830-1904)

British photographer, known for early use of multiple cameras to capture motionand his Zoopraxiscope, a device for projecting motion pictures that pre-dated celluloid film strip.

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Muybridge invented the Zoopraxiscope, a machine that Muybridge invented the Zoopraxiscope, a machine that projected images to show realistic motion.projected images to show realistic motion.Considered to be a precursor to the development of the Considered to be a precursor to the development of the motion picturemotion picture

Muybridge’s Motion Study for Leyland Stanford 1872-78 Muybridge’s Motion Study for Leyland Stanford 1872-78

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Eadweard Eadweard Muybridge, 1872 - Muybridge, 1872 -

1878 1878 Hired by Leland Stanford to prove whether during horse's gallop, all 4 hooves were off the ground at the same time.

Findings: Hooves all leave the ground but not at the point of full extension forward and back, as illustrators imagined, but when all the hooves are tucked under the horse, as it switches from "pulling" from the front legs to "pushing" from the back legs

Photos show each hoof hits the ground just as another is leaving it. At full gallop it gets traction from one hoof at a time.

Series of photos, taken for Stanford University “The Horse in Motion”

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George Eastman George Eastman (1854-1932)

Roll Film, 1888

Developed dry plates, film with flexible backing, roll holders for the flexible film

Kodak camera: camera for novice, and an amateur motion-picture camera.

Kodak: “You press the button, we do the rest.”

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Thomas EdisonThomas Edison

Inspired by Muybridge’s work, Edison decided to develop a motion picture camera. He bought 90 Muybridge Motion Study Images.

1889 he filed a patent for his Kinetoscope to view moving pictures

Although Edison conceived of the idea, most agree that it was his assistant William Dickson who did most of the experimentation and work for the device.

Edison had idea to etch pictures on photographic cylinders.Dickson switched to celluloid film to demonstrate synchronized motion with sound.

Eastman and Edison

The Kinetoscope: A single-viewer peep-show device. The Kinetoscope: A single-viewer peep-show device. Film was moved past a lightFilm was moved past a light

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Thomas Edison/William Thomas Edison/William DicksonDickson

KinetographKinetographEdison's Kinetograph was a

motion picture camera developed by William Dickson, 1892

Kinetograph uses rapid intermittent film movement to record the movement of images by taking pictures in quick succession. Played back it creates illusion of motion.

To record it uses a motor to run gelatin film over a photographic lens.

Thomas Edison

William Dickson

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Thomas Edison - Thomas Edison - KinetographKinetograph

Developed by Edison and William Dickson, 1892

Together they produced the first preserved motion picture Ott's Sneeze.

Their early movies showed dancers, clowns or other entertainers.

Fred Ott’s SneezeOne of the earliest films

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Edison’s early movies showed dancers, clowns or other entertainers. Edison’s patent did not cover Europe.

Robert Paul fitted the camera with a hand crank that allowed portable set-so filming could be done outside studio

Edison/Dickson Early FilmsEdison/Dickson Early Films

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Lumiere Lumiere BrothersBrothers

Auguste and Louis Lumiere, 1895

1894 brothers invented camera that could make films, process and project movies- 35mm film at 16 frames per second Named it Cinematographie shortened to cinema

1896 they opened theatres in London, Brussels, Belgium and New York to show films.

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Lumiere Brothers 1895

One of the first films was Workers Leaving the factory.

Appeal of people "caught in the act of living,”

Edison's movies were staged productions of fiction, the

Lumiere's were everyday people

What people really wanted was a combination of both

fictionalized films in the real world

Lumiere brothers

Everyday scenes

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George MeliesGeorge MeliesSpecial Effects, 1902

Made a movie A Game of Cards in 1896

His movies were surreal films inspired by his experiences as a magician

Considered the founder of special effects.

Most famous is 10 minute

A Trip to the Moon

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Action-Adventures

D.W. Griffith

The Birth of a Nation, 1915

First Full-Length Feature

Tremendous Cost

Ku Klux Klan Revitalized

National Protests

Creation of United Artists, 1919

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Documentary

Robert Flaherty

Nanook of the North 1913

A Canadian Inuit's struggle example of early documentary work.

First great nonfiction film. Nanook and his friends and family &

Flaherty re-created an Eskimo culture that no longer existed in a series of

staged scenes.

Controversy over staging

Conflict between the explorer-scientist

Flaherty began a tradition of participatory filmmaking which

continues today.Robert Flaherty

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Synchronizing Synchronizing SoundSound

Vitaphone vs Phonofilm

1920s two competing types of sound were being used

Vitaphone was sound on disc

Phonofilm was sound on film

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First Dialogue:

Vitaphone (Disc): Warner Bros.

The Jazz Singer, 1927

Only 4 sequences have sound and only a few moments of dialogue)

About the Jewish experience-the conflict between aged cantor and his young, assimilated son who wants to enter show business.

Actor who plays his role in blackface.

Story of assimilation and Americanization, but it contains a highly offensive racial image.

Racism combined with the expropriation of African American identity.

Al Jolson speaks: The Jazz Singer

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The Silent Era

Movies Became a Business

Directors Learned the Craft Mack Sennett & Hal Roach Cecil B. DeMille & Sergei Eisenstein Charlie Chaplin & Buster Keaton

Star System Established in California

Mary Pickford: $1 Million a Picture or $10 Million in Today's Dollars

Numerous Scandals Pickford/Fairbanks & Roscoe Arbuckle

Academy Awards Established, 1929 as a public relations move to dignify the industry

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ColorFirst full length color film was The

World, the Flesh and the Devil, 1914

First three color process was 1926Disney used it early

Technicolor in 1937 with A Star is Born and in 1939 Gone with the Wind

   

Snow White & Seven Dwarfs 1937

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Color

Tinted: Great Train Robbery, 1903

Kinemacolor: The World, the Flesh and the Devil, 1914

Technicolor: The Black Pirate, 1926

Cartoons: Flowers and Trees, 1933

Public's Acceptance:The Wizard of Oz, 1939

   

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Cold War fears of Communism, led to Sci-Fi, Atom Bomb, and

Teenage Angst Movies3D and "B" Movies for Drive-Ins

Fall of Single Theaters

Hollywood Adapts

Rise in Television ProductionEffects of Online and multimedia

Walt DisneyWalt Disney• Walt Disney (December 5, 1901 – December 15, 1966) was an American

entrepreneur, animator, voice actor and film producer• A pioneer of the American animation industry, he introduced several

developments in the production of cartoons.• Walt Disney created the Disney franchise with a squeaky mouse

“Steamboat Willie” in a synch-sound cartoon in 1928• In 1937 Disney experimented with full-feature animated film “ Snow white and

the Seven Dwarfs”

Steven SpielbergSteven Spielberg• Steven Allan Spielberg born December

18, 1946, is an American director, producer and screenwriter. Spielberg is considered one of the founding pioneers of the New Hollywood era.

• His first professional TV job came when he was hired to direct one of the segments for the 1969 pilot episode of Night Gallery

• Based on the strength of his work, Universal signed Spielberg to do four TV films

• Studio producers Richard D. Zanuck and David Brown offered Spielberg the director's chair for Jaws, a thriller-horror film based on the Peter Benchley novel about an enormous killer shark.

CinemaCinema• The cinema of the United States, often generally

referred to as Hollywood, has had a profound effect on cinema across the world since the early 20th century.

• The dominant style of American cinema is Classical Hollywood Cinema, which developed from 1917 to 1960 and characterizes most films to this day.

Hollywood StudioHollywood Studio• Studio system: It is a method of film production and

distribution dominated by a small number of "major" studios in Hollywood.

• Hollywood is dominated by six movie studios, all engaged in both producing and distributing movies.

o Paramounto Disneyo Columbiao 20th Century-Foxo Universalo Warner

PARAMOUNTPARAMOUNT• Paramount is the fifth oldest surviving Paramount is the fifth oldest surviving

film studio in the world, and America's film studio in the world, and America's oldest running studio, founded in 1912oldest running studio, founded in 1912

• It is the last major film studio still It is the last major film studio still headquartered in the Hollywood district headquartered in the Hollywood district of Los Angeles.of Los Angeles.

• Hungarian-born founder, Adolph Zukor, Hungarian-born founder, Adolph Zukor, who had been an early investor in who had been an early investor in nickelodeons, saw that movies appealed nickelodeons, saw that movies appealed mainly to working-class immigrants. he mainly to working-class immigrants. he planned to offer feature-length films planned to offer feature-length films that would appeal to the middle class that would appeal to the middle class

• Its first film was “Les Amours de la Its first film was “Les Amours de la reine Élisabeth” reine Élisabeth”

• Star System: the practice of promoting or Star System: the practice of promoting or otherwise favoring individuals who have otherwise favoring individuals who have become famous and popular, in particular in become famous and popular, in particular in the motion-picture industry.the motion-picture industry.

• So it introduced with the invention of So it introduced with the invention of ParamountParamount

• Paramount is the Hollywood’s survivorParamount is the Hollywood’s survivor• The end of the studio system came when The end of the studio system came when

large conglomerates bought the studios and large conglomerates bought the studios and imposed new bottom-line expectations, Zukor imposed new bottom-line expectations, Zukor remained the chairman of board until his remained the chairman of board until his death in 1976, at age of 103.death in 1976, at age of 103.

• Today it is also working in television Today it is also working in television programs, and it is the only major studio still programs, and it is the only major studio still located in Hollywood.located in Hollywood.

DISNEYDISNEY• It wasn’t just Mickey Mouse. it was Disney's It wasn’t just Mickey Mouse. it was Disney's

unmatched animated cartoons, however that unmatched animated cartoons, however that launched the company and propelled it into a launched the company and propelled it into a distinctive role among major Hollywood studios.distinctive role among major Hollywood studios.

• In 1954 Walt Disney struck a deal with the ABC In 1954 Walt Disney struck a deal with the ABC network to produce an original television series.network to produce an original television series.

• The program Disneyland, a Sunday-night ritual The program Disneyland, a Sunday-night ritual for millions of viewersfor millions of viewers

• Disney also launched Mickey Mouse Club on ABCDisney also launched Mickey Mouse Club on ABC• It had become a brand name for family It had become a brand name for family

oriented entertainment oriented entertainment

Other major studiosOther major studios• Columbia: Columbia: It has moved It has moved

through high visibility through high visibility ownership, including Coca-ownership, including Coca-Cola and the Japanese Cola and the Japanese electronics company Sony.electronics company Sony.

• 2020thth Century-Fox: Century-Fox: This This studio is part of the global studio is part of the global media empire of Rupert media empire of Rupert Murdoch’s News Corp. Murdoch’s News Corp. whose roots are in whose roots are in Australia.Australia.

• Universal: Universal: Earlier, Universal was Earlier, Universal was part of Canadian-based part of Canadian-based Seagram, known mostly as a Seagram, known mostly as a distiller. The GE acquisition put distiller. The GE acquisition put the NBC television network and the NBC television network and Universal under the same Universal under the same corporate umbrella.corporate umbrella.

• Warner: Warner bros became Warner: Warner bros became part of the Time Inc. media part of the Time Inc. media empire in a 1989 acquisition empire in a 1989 acquisition prompting the parent company prompting the parent company to rename itself Time Warner. to rename itself Time Warner.

Theaters: Rise and Theaters: Rise and DeclineDecline

• Exhibition: the movie exhibition has been Exhibition: the movie exhibition has been boom and bust. The beginnings, early in boom and bust. The beginnings, early in the 1900s, were modest. Images were the 1900s, were modest. Images were projected onto a white sheet spread across projected onto a white sheet spread across a wall in low-rent storefronts and onto a wall in low-rent storefronts and onto white-sashed plywood hoisted upright in white-sashed plywood hoisted upright in circus tents.circus tents.

• By 1912, there was a new standard By 1912, there was a new standard ”STRAND”- 3,300 seat theater that rivaled ”STRAND”- 3,300 seat theater that rivaled the world’s best opera housesthe world’s best opera houses

• The advent of network television The advent of network television in the 1950s cut into movie in the 1950s cut into movie attendance. A lot of marquees attendance. A lot of marquees went dark, some permanently, went dark, some permanently, some at least a few nights a some at least a few nights a week.week.

• Beginning in the 1970s, movie Beginning in the 1970s, movie house chains followed their house chains followed their customers to the suburbs and customers to the suburbs and built a new form of movie house- built a new form of movie house- the multiscreen multiplex.the multiscreen multiplex.

• Attendance was strong at Attendance was strong at multiplexes, some with as many multiplexes, some with as many as 30 screens, State-of-art sound as 30 screens, State-of-art sound systems were installed.systems were installed.

Rise of Little MoviesRise of Little Movies• Film Festivals: Every January in Park Film Festivals: Every January in Park

City, Utah, Hollywood dispatches City, Utah, Hollywood dispatches teams to audition films by teams to audition films by independent filmmakers at the independent filmmakers at the Sundance Film Festival. Sundance Film Festival.

• Exhibition Niches: For half a century, Exhibition Niches: For half a century, major cities and college towns have major cities and college towns have had arthouses, small movie houses had arthouses, small movie houses that show mostly foreign films.that show mostly foreign films.

• Demographic Niches: Hollywood has an Demographic Niches: Hollywood has an uneven history of gearing movies to uneven history of gearing movies to demographic niches, except for teem demographic niches, except for teem flicks whose low budgets consistently flicks whose low budgets consistently yield solid returns. Many niches are yield solid returns. Many niches are tricky and fickle.tricky and fickle.

• Foreign Movies: Abroad, local-language Foreign Movies: Abroad, local-language movies are taking a large slice of home movies are taking a large slice of home markets. The result: more homegrown markets. The result: more homegrown competition for Hollywood-produced competition for Hollywood-produced films in foreign countries.films in foreign countries.

Top 10 moviesTop 10 movies

ConclusionConclusion• Movies have great impact on society since their

inventions.• There should be restrictions and policies on

some motion pictures, setup of proper board.• Movie makers should focus on quality script

instead of money making scheme.• There should be more festivals and exhibitions• Bigwigs are investing their money with movie

makers for award sectors

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