Modals – Ch. 9

Warm Up – Exercise 1, p. 1571. She can see it.2. She can see it.3. She can see it.4. She can see it.5. Can you pass the rice, please?6. Can you see it?7. They can't go there.8. They aren't able to pay their rent. (phrasal modal - be able to + verb)

Exercise 2 p. 159

1. I2. you3. I4. you5. I6. you7. you

Polite Requests with “I”

Could I ..? & May I..? – May I..? (more formal) both polite requests

Can I…? – – informally used to request permission especially if

speaking to someone you know well

Can I borrow your car?

Polite Requests with “you”

• Would you /Will you..?– would you- is more common and polite

• Could you…?– same meaning as would you, equally polite.

Differences:– Would you – do you want to do this?– Could you – is it possible for you to do this?

• Can you…?– used informally/sounds less polite than could you or would you

Exercise 6

1. Can I use your phone?2. May I leave class early today?3. Could you pass them out to the class?4. Could I come in? 5. Could/May I make an appointment to see Dr. North? 6. Could you please hold it open?

“Would you mind if…”

Asking permission:Would you mind if I + simple past

(informal use present simple) - No, I don’t mind. Neg- Yes!– Would you mind if I closed the door?

Asking Someone to Do Something:Would you mind + verb + ing – Would you mind closing the door?

Homework - Exercise 6, p. 161

2. if I stayed3. if I opened/opening 4. if I asked 5. if I smoked6. speaking7. if I changed/changing

Homework – Ex. 11

1. Would you mind erasing the board?2. Could I get a window seat? 3. Could I get some coffee? 4. Could I get another box of cereal?5. Can you call me later? (to a friend)6. Could I get another size?

Exercise 9, p. 162 - Sample Answers

2. you give us a little more time3. I get a ride4. rescheduling/ if I reschedule, if we

reschedule5. you take a look6. if we moved

Expressing Necessity:

• Must: is stronger than have to and can indicate urgency or stress importance.

• Because it is a strong word; its rare in conversation – it’s usually found in legal or academic writing.

Must and have to – express necessity

• have to – is used more commonly (both formal & informal)

• must – is stronger and can indicate urgency or stress importance (very important!)

• have got to – informal (used in spoken English)Student Youtube video

Past necessity – had to

• had to = needed to

– I had to study last night. – I needed to study last night.

• There’s no past form for must or have got to (when it means necessity).

have to & must

Lack of Necessity: • do not have to – expresses lack of necessity

Prohibition: • must not – prohibition (Do not do this!)

– *very strong!Visitors must not take pictures in the museum.

Bc it’s so strong, you can also express with: • Imperatives:

– Don’t tell• Other modals

– You can’t tell – You had better not tell

Exercise 15, p. 165

2. must not3. don’t have to4. doesn’t have to 5. must not6. don’t have to 7. don’t have to 8. doesn’t have to

Advisability – Should, Ought to, Had better

1. Should/ought to – express advisability• a suggestion (This is a good idea) • responsibility or duty (This is an important thing to do)

2. Ought to – /otta/ in informal speech3. Had better – close to should/ought to in meaning

• It’s usually stronger. It usually implies a warning or a threat of possible bad consequence.

Ex: We had better stop at the next gas station because the gas tank is almost empty.

Homework – Ex. 16

1. must be well educated2. has to be…3. doesn’t have to…4. doesn’t have to…5. must have…6. must not use…7. must not ignore…8. has to be…

Exercise 19 p. 167

1. You should take them back. You shouldn't wear them. You should exchange them.2. You'd better get a ticket today.3. You'd better hurry.4. You should drink some water. You ought to hold your breath.5. You'd better throw them away.

Exercise 21, p. 168

Sample Answers:2. A: My doctor said I should quit smoking, but I still smoke. B: Well, I think you had better listen to your doctor. 3. B: I know. You should study more. 4. A: Do you think I ought to go to class or stay home today?B: I think you’d better go to class. If you don’t, you will lose hours. 5. A: I feel tired. B: Maybe you should take a nap. Or have you thought about sleeping early.

Exercise 23 p. 169

3. must/have to4. have to/must (have to is preferred bc the situation is not urgent)5. should6. should (also possible have to/must)7. should or must/have to (if it's required by the school.)8. must/has to9. should10. must

Should - Past form 1. should have + past participle– I should have studied, but I didn’t do it.

Means ~ studying was a good idea, but I didn’t do it. I made a mistake.

2. Should not have + past participle – My back hurts. I should not have carried that

heavy TV. Means ~ I did something and it turned out to be a bad idea or mistake. (means - regret)

Exercise 26 - Advice (a or b?) 1. Your sister is broke now because she spent all

her money carelessly. 2. Your friends went to Hawaii over vacation.

They had a good time. You didn’t go with them, and now you are sorry.

3. Jack had too much coffee, and he can’t sleep now.

4. The little girl told a lie. She got into a lot of trouble.

Exercise 28, p. 171

1. I should have worn a jacket.2. I should have returned his coat.3. I shouldn't have opened the window.4. I should have gone to the grocery store.5. I shouldn't have bought candy.6. He should have married her7. He shouldn't have married her.8. You should have gone out.9. She shouldn't have lent her my car.10. I should have set my alarm clock.

Ex. 29, p. 172USE ONLY PAST: SHOULD/SHOULDN’T + HAVE + PAST PART.

a. Kazu should not have accepted the job without talking to Julie.

b. c. d.

2. e. Hugo should have saved his money. f. g. h.

Obligation:

1. Be supposed to + verb – expresses that someone expects something to happen or about scheduled events or correct ways.– The game is supposed to begin at 10:00.– The group is supposed to vote by secret ballot.

• Also expresses expectations about behavior:– The children are supposed to put away their toys before

they go to bed.– Students are supposed to do their homework.

2. Past - Be + supposed to – expresses unfulfilled expectations.– Jack was supposed to call me last night, but he didn’t.

Meaning: I expected Jack to call, but he didn’t.

Homework – Ex. 31 (on paper!)be + supposed to + verb

1. I am supposed to stop. OR I am supposed to call my insurance company.

2. I am supposed to turn off my cell phone.

Exercise 32, p. 174

1. a2. a3. a4. b5. b6. a

Exercise 33, p. 174

modal + verb1. The tour guide should have enough information

about a place. 2. An engineer must use chemicals carefully. 3. A nurse doesn’t have to be a doctor.4. A taxi driver must not lose his driver’s license. 5. A salesperson has to be friendly. 6. A plumber had better not break a water pipe.7. An artist shouldn’t copy another artist’s idea.8. A vet is supposed to like animals.

Unfulfilled Intentions

1. am/is/are going to – intentions for future activities:– I’m going to go to the party tomorrow.

2. was/were going to – is used to talk about past intentions, but activities someone intended to do but did not do. – Jack was going to go to the party, but he changed his

mind. – He was planning to go, but he didn’t go.

Use plan, hope, intend, and think about in the past progressive or past perfect for unfulfilled intentions: – I was planning to go, but I didn’t.– I had planned to go, but I didn’t.

Exercise 36, p. 176

1. I had planned to stay home…I was intending to stay home..

2. I had planned to surprise you..I was intending to surprise you…

3. I had planned to reply…I was intending to reply…

Ex. 37, p. 176

1. …, but I was too tired. 2. …, but I had to study. 3. …, but I didn’t know where you live. 4. …, but I left before you. 5. …, but we didn’t know their cell phone

number. 6. …, but I forgot. Sorry! 7. …, but we already saw it on DVD.

Making Suggestions: Let’s, Why Don’t, Shall I/We?

1. Let’s + = let us (Means I have a suggestion for us)– Let’s + simple verb Let’s go to a movie.– Let’s + not + simple verb Let’s not go to a movie. Let’s stay home

instead.2. Why don’t… is used mostly in spoken English to make a

friendly suggestion. – Why don’t we/you/I….?

3. Shall is used with I or we in a question – – a suggestion and asking another person if s/he agrees with this

suggestion. – It’s VERY infrequent in American English.

4. Tag Questions – after let’s – Let’s go, shall we?– More informally—Let’s go, okay?

Exercise 39 p. 177Use your own words…. Examples:

2. B. Why don't we go to Irvine Spectrum?A. What time shall we meet? 3. Shall we eat dinner or watch a movie first?Let's watch a movie first; then we can take our time over dinner.Why don't we stay in and cook dinner? 4. Let's go to the beach....Why don't we go camping? Let's stay at a hotel.

Making Suggestions: Could vs. Should

1. Suggestions or other possibilities/options – We could go on a picnic! – Might is also possible, but “could” is more

common.2. Advice• Should – strong advice– You should talk to your teacher.

• Could – soft advice– You could talk to your teacher

Could vs. Should (Past Form)

1. Should have – “hindsight” advice– You should have talked to your teacher about being

absent.– Meaning~ It was important for you to talk to the

teacher, but you didn’t do it. You made a mistake.2. Could have – “hindsight” possibilities.– You could have talked to your teacher, or you could

have asked a classmate to help with the homework. – Meaning ~ You had the chance to do this or that. It

was possible for this or that to happen. You missed some good opportunities.

Ch. 9 – Modal Review

1. Polite Requests– May/Could I, Can I– Would/Could you, Can you– Would you mind + if I + simple past…? Would you mind +verb +ing

2. Necessity– must, have to, have got to

3. Lack of Necessity & Prohibition– don’t/doesn’t have to (lack of necessity) – must (prohibition)

4. Advisability– should, ought to, had better

5. Past – Should (for past mistakes)– should have + past participle/ shouldn’t have + past

participle

6. Obligation: (for expectations or past -unfulfilled expectations)– be supposed to

7. Unfulfilled Intentions– was/were going to – past perfect and past progressive (intend, plan…)

8. Making Suggestions– Let’s, Why don’t we…?, Shall I/we…?

9. Making Suggestions Could/Should– could/should– Past form:

» could have + past participle» should have + past participle