Mod. 8 Hypnosis & Drugs HYPNOSIS Hypnosis definition procedure in which a researcher, clinician, or hypnotists suggests that a person will experience changes in sensation, perceptions, thoughts, feelings, or behaviors Who can be hypnotized? not correlated with introversion, extraversion, social position, intelligence, willpower, sex, compliance, gullibility, being highly motivated, HYPNOSIS (CONT.) Who is susceptible? individuals with the remarkable ability to respond to imaginative suggestions. In other words those who can visually imagine images or concepts. best known test: Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale asks individuals to carry out a series of both simple and complex suggestions high scorers are usually easily hypnotized HYPNOSIS (CONT.) How is someone hypnotized? hypnotic induction refers to inducing hypnosis by first asking a person to either stare at an object or close his or her eyes and then suggesting that the person is becoming very relaxed HYPNOSIS (CONT.) Theories of hypnosis Altered States Theory of Hypnosis holds that hypnosis puts a person into an altered state of consciousness, during which the person is disconnected from reality, which results in being able to experience and respond to various suggestions Sociocognitive Theory of hypnosis behaviors observed during hypnosis result not from being hypnotized, but rather from having the special ability of responding to imaginative suggestions and social pressures HYPNOSIS (CONT.) Behaviors Hypnotic analgesia refers to a reduction in pain reported by clients after they had undergone hypnosis and received suggestions that reduced their anxiety and promoted relaxation Posthypnotic suggestion given to the subject during hypnosis about performing a particular behavior to a specific cue when the subject comes out of hypnosis HYPNOSIS (CONT.) Behaviors Posthypnotic amnesia not remembering what happened during hypnosis if the hypnotist suggested that, upon awakening, the person would forget what took place during hypnosis Age regression refers to subjects under hypnosis being asked to regress, or return in time, to an earlier age, such as early childhood Imagined perception refers to experiencing sensations, perceiving stimuli, or performing behaviors that come from ones imagination HYPNOSIS (CONT.) Medical and therapeutic applications Medical and dental use used to reduce pain through hypnotic analgesia, to reduce fear and anxiety by helping individuals relax, or to help patients deal with a terminal disease by motivating them to make the best of a difficult situation Therapeutic and behavioral uses useful in helping clients reveal their personalities, gain insights into their lives, and arrive at solutions to their problems DRUGS Drug Abuse Substance abuse: The excessive use of a substance, especially alcohol or a drug. (There is no universally accepted definition of substance abuse.) A definition of substance abuse that is frequently cited is that in DSM- IV: A. A maladaptive pattern of substance use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress, as manifested by one (or more) of the following, occurring within a 12-month period: 1.Recurrent substance use resulting in a failure to fulfill major role obligations at work, school, or home (e.g., repeated absences or poor work performance related to substance use; substance-related absences, suspensions or expulsions from school; neglect of children or household) 2.Recurrent substance use in situations in which it is physically hazardous (e.g., driving an automobile or operating a machine when impaired by substance use) 3.Recurrent substance-related legal problems (e.g., arrests for substance-related disorderly conduct 4.Continued substance use despite having persistent or recurrent social or interpersonal problems caused or exacerbated by the effects of the substance (e.g., arguments with spouse about consequences of intoxication, physical fights) DRUGS Some Facts: Estimated Drug profits each year totals $300 Billion 3% of worlds population takes illegal drugs 180 million people Abuse of alcohol, cigarettes and other drugs costs Americans $240 plus billion a year -34 billion spent on health care -$1000 per person in U.S. U.S. Dept. of Labor: 10% of labor force in U.S. is working high or inebriated each day DRUGS Reasons for use include obtaining pleasure, joy, and euphoria; meeting social expectations; giving in to peer pressure; dealing with or escaping stress, anxiety, and tension; avoiding pain; and achieving altered state of consciousness Psychoactive drugs affect nervous system may alter consciousness and awareness, influence how we sense and perceive things, and modify our moods, feelings, emotions, and thoughts DRUGS : OVERVIEW (CONT.) Addiction a person has developed a behavioral pattern of drug abuse that is marked by an overwhelming and compulsive desire to obtain and use the drug; even after stopping, the person has a strong tendency to relapse and begin using the drug again Tolerance after a person uses a drug repeatedly over a period of time, the original dose of the drug no longer produces the desired effect so that a person must take increasingly larger doses of the drug to achieve the same behavioral effect DRUGS : OVERVIEW (CONT.) Dependency refers to a change in the nervous system so that a person now needs to take the drug to prevent the occurrence of painful withdrawal symptoms Withdrawal symptoms painful physical and psychological symptoms that occur after a drug-dependent person stops using the drug DRUGS : OVERVIEW (CONT.) Effects on nervous system drugs affect neurotransmitters Neurotransmitters chemical keys that search for and then either open or close chemical locks to either excite or inhibit neighboring neurons, organs, or muscles Mimicking some drugs produce their effects by mimicking the way the neurotransmitters work Reuptake some drugs block reuptake DRUGS : OVERVIEW (CONT.) Effects on nervous system drugs affect brains reward/pleasure center includes the nucleus accumbens and ventral tegmental area (VTA) and involves dopamine some drugs directly activate the brains reward/pleasure center also activated when one eats food, has sex, and does other pleasurable activities STIMULANTS Definition stimulants, including cocaine, amphetamines, caffeine, and nicotine, increase activity of the central nervous system and result in heightened alertness, arousal, euphoria, and decreased appetite and fatigue STIMULANTS Amphetamines Methamphetamine close to amphetamine in both chemical makeup and its physical and psychological effects can be smoked, or snorted produces almost instant high causes marked increase in blood pressure and heart rate produces feelings of enhanced mood, alertness, and energy STIMULANTS (CONT.) Amphetamines increases the release of dopamine and also blocks reuptake Dangers later, euphoria is replaced with depression, agitation insomnia, and development of true paranoid feelings STIMULANTS (CONT.) Cocaine from coca leaves cocaine can be sniffed or snorted absorbed by many of the bodys membranes concentrated cocaine is called crack effects are very similar to amphetamines higher doses can produce anxiety, emotional instability, and suspiciousness STIMULANTS (CONT.) Cocaine blocks reuptake of dopamine excites dopamine receptors to produce pleasure/euphoria and glutamate to produce cravings for more drug increased physiological and psychological arousal STIMULANTS (CONT.) Cocaine Dangers Moderate doses Short acting high (10-30 minutes); includes bursts of energy, arousal, and alertness Heavy doses results in serious physical and psychological problems, which may include hallucinations and feelings of bugs crawling under the skin as well as addiction STIMULANTS (CONT.) Caffeine mild stimulant, produces moderate physiological and psychological arousal, including decreased fatigue and drowsiness, feelings of alertness and improved reaction times What it does to the Nervous system blocks certain receptors (adenosine receptors) in the brain Dangers mild to heavy doses of caffeine can result in addiction and dependency similar to those produced by alcohol, nicotine, and cocaine (two cups of coffee) higher doses result in depression, tension, and anxiety Caffeine Some Facts: 90% of Americans consume caffeine each day and is quickly absorbed into blood and brain Caffeine artificially increases the bodys production of adrenaline Increases the intensity of premenstrual symptoms Clinical increase of forgetfulness and disorientation found during studies of caffeine Drinking more than 600 mg may have profound negative effects STIMULANTS (CONT.) Nicotine stimulant that triggers the brains reward/pleasure center to produce good feelings low doses improve attention, concentration, and short term memory regular use causes addiction and dependency nervous system Dangers stimulates the production of dopamine very addicting causes sexual problems including impotency withdrawal symptoms range in severity and include nervousness, irritability, difficulty in concentrating, sleep disturbances, and strong craving Nicotine Some Facts: Nicotine/Cigarette Smoking is primary entrance drug into drug abuse Known to be addicting since > Spanish archbishop Bartolome Cuzco wrote of the inability to stop smoking 1699> Told to be more dangerous than hemlock, and deadlier than opium 1828> Nicotine discovered in tobacco Nicotine Some Facts: 90% of those who smoke, do it on their own 89% of all smokers know it is harmful and may kill them Takes 8 seconds for nicotine to reach the brain OPIATES Opium, morphine, heroin opiates such as opium, morphine, and heroin produce three primary effects: analgesia (pain reduction) opiate euphoria (state between waking and sleeping) Constipation Opiates effect our nervous system so profoundly because: brain has naturally occurring receptors for opiates brain also produces morphine like chemicals called endorphins OPIATES (CONT.) Dangers 1. brain will produce less of its own endorphins 2. because it relies on outside opiates 3. person becomes addicted withdrawal symptoms, include hot and cold flashes, sweating, muscle tremors, and stomach cramps overdose results in depressed neural control for breathing and death from respiratory failure OPIATES Some Facts: Survey for 10 years in 1990s: -95% of all opiate addicts reported committing crimes most of them felonies -600,000 opiate-dependent people in the U.S. -75% of new-HIV b/c of opiate use Methadone Treatment Methadone is a rigorously well-tested medication that is safe and efficacious for the treatment of narcotic withdrawal and dependence. For more than 30 years this synthetic narcotic has been used to treat opioid addiction. Heroin releases an excess of dopamine in the body and causes users to need an opiate continuously occupying the opioid receptor in the brain. Methadone occupies this receptor and is the stabilizing factor that permits addicts on methadone to change their behavior and to discontinue heroin use. HALLUCINOGENS Hallucinogens: are psychoactive drugs that can produce strange and unusual perceptual, sensory, and cognitive experiences, which the person sees or hears but knows are not occurring in reality. LSD d-lysergic acid diethylamide drug produces hallucinogenic experiences at very low doses visual hallucinations, perceptual distortions, increased sensory awareness, and intense psychological feelings HALLUCINOGENS LSD resembles serotonin LSD binds to receptors that normally respond to serotonin, and the net effect is increased stimulation of the these neurons involved in receiving sensations, creating perceptions, thinking, and imagining http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2MFMB7dPk-khttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2MFMB7dPk-k http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DxDZW6n69-0http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DxDZW6n69-0 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mbI4f1WvN9w LSD was first synthesized in 1938 by a chemist working for Sandoz Laboratories in Switzerland. His name was Dr. Albert Hofmann. There is a 'foundation' named after him and many websites are dedicated to him for inventing this drug, just an FYI. LSD was initially developed as a circulatory and respiratory stimulant. However, no real benefits of the compound were identified and its study was discontinued. In the 1940s, interest in the drug was revived when it was thought to be a possible treatment for schizophrenia. Because of LSDs structural relationship to a chemical that is present in the brain and its similarity in effect to certain aspects of psychosis, LSD was used as a research tool in studies of mental illness. HALLUCINOGENS The late Timothy Leary gave LSD its fame after being kicked out from Harvard University for using students and other volunteers to study the effects of LSD on the brain. He later became an advocate of the drug, promoting its mind expanding qualities. LSD as a cultural phenomenon in the 1960s and 1970s has been a subject for much literature, such as Tom Wolfe's The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test. During the late 1960s and early 1970s, the drug culture adopted LSD as the psychedelic drug of choice. The infatuation with LSD lasted for a number of years until considerable negative publicity emerged on bad trips -- psychotic psychological traumas associated with the LSD high -- and flashbacks, uncontrollable recurring experiences. As a result of these revelations and effective drug law enforcement efforts, LSD dramatically decreased in popularity in the mid-1970s. Scientific study of LSD ceased around 1980 as research funding declined. HALLUCINOGENS HALLUCINOGENS (CONT.) Dangers psychological effects partially depend on the setting and the persons state of mind if a person is tense or anxious or in an unfamiliar setting, he or she may experience a bad trip severe trips may lead to psychotic reactions (especially paranoid feelings) that require hospitalization users may experience flashbacks (after the experience) occur for no apparent reason HALLUCINOGENS (CONT.) Psilocybin magic mushrooms (Psilocybe Mexicans) possession or use of psilocybn is illegal psilocybin in low doses produces pleasant and relaxed feelings medium doses produce perceptual distortions in time and space high doses produce distortions in perceptions and body image and sometimes hallucinations Dangers potential for inducing psychotic states that may persist long after the experience is expected to end HALLUCINOGENS Mescaline peyote cactus contains about 30 psychoactive chemicals most potent is mescaline possession of mescaline is illegal for all except those who belong to the Native American Church high doses: produce very clear and vivid visual hallucinations HALLUCINOGENS (CONT.) Mescaline reaches maximum concentration in the brain about minutes after someone eats buttons of peyote cactus increases the activity of neurotransmitters norepinephrine and dopamine produces physiological arousal: increased heart rate, temperature, and sometimes vomiting Dangers can last 6-8 hours Users may experience headaches and vomiting Ecstasy: Drug used to produce powerful physical experiences. = HALLUCINOGENS (CONT.) Designer drugs: Ex: ecstasy manufactured or that are designed to resemble already existing illegal psychoactive drugs and produce or mimic their psychoactive effects heightens sensations, gives a euphoric rush, raises body temperature, and creates feelings of warmth and empathy causes large amounts of dopamine and serotonin to be released Dangers Include: panic, rapid heart beat, high body temperature, paranoia, and psychotic-like symptoms DEPRESSANTS Depressants: are psychoactive drugs slow down or suppresses the activity of the nervous system. Depressants include the most widely used drug, alcohol, as well as sedatives such as barbiturates and tranquilizers. The risks barbiturates: Barbiturates have many risks, dependence can develop and sudden withdrawal from high doses can result in death. effects of withdrawal are irritability, nervousness, delirium, sleeplessness, fainting, sickness, twitching and even fits. Overdose is an easy mistake caused by just a few extra tablets as a normal dose is very close to a lethal dose.. very dangerous when mixed with alcohol ALCOHOL History and use first brewery appeared in Egypt in about 3700 B.C. What it does ethyl alcohol is a psychoactive drug classified as a depressant depresses activity of the central nervous system alcohol seems like a stimulant but later depresses physiological and psychological responses Specifically targets neurotransmitter GABA ALCOHOL Who drink s the most per volume: 1.Luxembourg 2.France 3.Ireland 4. Hungary 5.Czech Republic 20.United States ALCOHOL Some Facts: Average American drinks gallons of pure ethanol alcohol each year Low Alcohol Use= Long life, Heart Disease risk is elevated by daily alcohol use Stroke and Cancer risk increases with use High Mortality assoc. w/cirrhosis a/w/a wet brain 97% of y.o. drank less than one alcoholic drink per month ALCOHOL Some Facts: Alcohol is unique in that it Happens to ALL across all social classes Alcohol is both water & fat soluble; so it is completely absorbed into your GI tract Alcohol Myopia> diminished care for others or other moral issues 65% of all murders > w/a BAC.05 and up 88% of all knifings > w/a BAC.05 and up ALCOHOL (CONT.) Nervous system stimulates GABA neural receptors, leads to feeling less anxious and less inhibited also impairs the control of motor actions drinkers fail to recognize their impaired motor performance (driving) high doses: depresses vital breathing reflexes in the medulla (brain stem) may lead to death ALCOHOL (CONT.) Risks : repeated and heavy drinking can result in tolerance, addiction, and dependency withdrawal symptoms such as: shaking, nausea, anxiety, diarrhea, hallucinations, and disorientation other serious problems, blacking out which occurs after heavy and repeated drinking in which person seems to behave normally but does not remember what happened when sober repeated and heavy drinking can also result in liver damage, alcoholism, and brain damage ALCOHOL (CONT.) Risk factors of 109 million people who drink alcohol, 10 to 14 million will develop alcoholism MARIJUANA Use and effects Most widely used illegal drug gateway effect says that using marijuana leads young people to try harder drugs YouTube - Marijuana Brain Scans Prove Damage Anti- Marijuana Video PSAYouTube - Marijuana Brain Scans Prove Damage Anti- Marijuana Video PSA http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_j_qhPSwmz4 medical marijuana can be effective in treating nausea and vomiting associated with chemotherapy, appetite loss in AIDS patients, eye disease (glaucoma), muscle spasticity in patients with multiple sclerosis, and some forms of pain MARIJUANA (CONT.) Effects: psychoactive drug whose primary active ingredient is THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) found in leaves of the cannabis plant THC is rapidly absorbed by the lungs (while smoking) 5-10 minutes produces a hit that lasts for several hours depending on the users state of mind, marijuana can either heighten or distort pleasant or unpleasant experiences, moods, or feelings MARIJUANA (CONT.) Why does it effect the nervous system? THC receptors are located throughout the brain, including the hippocampus, cerebral cortex, limbic system, cerebellum, and basal ganglia Dangers can cause temporary changes in cognitive functioning can temporarily decrease secretion of various hormones and effectiveness of the immune system respiratory problems like bronchitis and asthma high doses: may cause toxic psychoses, including delusions, paranoia, and feelings of terror Marijuana Some Facts : 1 joint equals 17 cigarettes -users have high percentage of cancer Has been linked to destruction of acetycholine neurons in the hippocampus after long-term use Has been linked to Alzheimer's Recent studies show a strong link in males between marijuana and testicular cancer