migration chapter 3. migration from where to where geographers study from where people migrate and...
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MigrationCHAPTER 3
Migration Geographers study from where people migrate
and to where they migrate
They also study why they migrate
Migration- a permanent move to a new location
Type of relocation diffusion (spread of a characteristic through the bodily movement of people)
continuedEmigration- migration from a location
Immigration- migration to a location
Net migration- the difference between the number of immigrants and the number of emigrants If the number of immigrants is higher, net migration
is positive—known as net in-migration If the number of emigrants is higher, net migration
is negative– net out-migration
Why Do People Migrate?
E. G. Ravenstein wrote 11 “laws” of migration in 19th century
Serves as basis for modern migration study “laws” concerned three areas of study A] Why migrants move
B] The distance they typically move
C] The characteristics of migrants
Certain laws of social science have been proposed to describe human migration.
The following was a standard list after Ravenstein's proposals during the time frame of 1834 to 1913. The laws are as follows:
Most migrants only go a short distance at one time.
Long distance migrations are for those who come from large cities.
Most migration is from rural areas to urban areas.
Most international migrants consist of young males between the ages of 20 and 45.
Most migrations proceed in step-by-step processes.
Each migration flow produces at least one counterflow.
Females remain more migratory than the males within their country.
Migration increases in volume as industries develop and transportation improves.
Major causes of migration are for economic reasons.
Reasons for Migrating
Push factor- induces people to move out of their current location
Pull factor- induces people to move into a new location
Both factors usually play a role 3 major kinds of push and pull factors
1. Economic
2. Cultural
3. Environmental
Lee’s Push Pull Theory
Economic Push and Pull Factors Most common reason for migrating
Move to places that seem to have opportunity and out of places that have very little
US and Canada historically have had many immigrants come for opportunity
Relative attractiveness of a region can shift with economic change
Cultural Push and Pull Factors
Forced international migration is a cultural push factor– examples are slavery and political instability
Ethnic segregation and wars cause people to migrate
Refugees- people who have been forced to migrate from their homes and cannot return for fear of prosecution due to their race, religion, nationality, or political opinion
continued Refugees have no home unless another country agrees
to take them in
2 largest refugee groups are Palestinians and Afghans Palestinians left Israel after it was created in 1948 or
after it expanded in 1967
2 largest groups of internal refugees are the Sudanese (civil war) and the Columbians (drug lords and guerrillas)
Political conditions can also be a pull factor
Lure of freedom
Environmental Push and Pull Factors Pushed out of hazardous regions– pulled into attractive
ones
Attractive areas would include: mountains, beach, and warm climates
Too little or too much water is a major push factor
Drought and floodplainsAn area subject to flooding during a specific
number of years
Intervening ObstaclesDefinition environmental or cultural factor that
hinders migration
Historically, primarily environmentalHard to travel across inhospitable environments
Ocean, mountains, desert
Modern transportation has made this much easier
Government and politics are obstacles todayNeed passports to cross borders
Distance of Migration Ravenstein said:
most migrants only move a short distance and remain within the same country
Long-distance migrants to other countries head major economic centers
2 types of internal migration
1. Interregional migration- movement from one region of a country to another
2. Intraregional migration- movement within one region
Historically, interregional migration has been mostly rural to urban (but now environmentally attractive rural areas are becoming popular)
Intraregional is usually within urban areas – city to suburbs
Internal MigrationDefinition.- permanent movement within the
same country
Adheres to the idea of distance decayThe farther away a place is located, the less
likely people will migrate thereExplains why there are more internal migrants
than international migrants
Easier because there is less culture shock
International Migration
Definition.- permanent movement from one country to another
2 types
1. Voluntary migration- migrant has chosen to move for economic improvement
2. Forced migration- migrant has been compelled to move by cultural factors
Zelinsky’s Migration TransitionDefinition.- change in the migration pattern in a
society that results from industrialization, pop. growth, and other social and economic changes that also produce the demographic transition
International migration is primarily a function of stage 2 (people leave to go to stage 3 or 4 countries)
Internal migration is more important in stages 3 and 4 (cities to suburbs)
Characteristics of Migrants Historically, males were more likely than females to
migrant internationally
Because men worked more than women and left to find job opportunities
Since the 1990s, female migrants are on the rise (about ½ in the US)
Most long distance migrants are young adults seeking work –not children or elderly
40% of US immigrants are between 25 and 39 (that demographic is only 23% of entire US population.)
Only 5% of immigrants are over 65
16% are under 15 – this number is on the rise
Global Migration Patterns Asia, Latin America, and Africa have net-out migration
North America, Europe, and Oceania have net-in migration
3 biggest migration flows are form Asia to Europe, Asia to North America, Latin America to North America Reflects the importance of migration from LDCs to
MDCsPeople want the prospect of better jobs and
higher pay
US has more than 35 million people born in other countries
More than half from Latin America ¼ from Asia
12% of US population are immigrants
We have more immigrants than anybody But, ¼ of Australian pop are immigrants 1/6 of Canadian
½ the population of the Middle East are immigrants United Arab Emirates – 74%, Kuwait- 68%
People from poorer areas of Middle East migrate to get jobs in Oil exporting industry
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