human migrations. migration e.g. ravenstein established several “laws” of migration most people...
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Human Migrations
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Migration• E.G. Ravenstein established
several “laws” of migration
• Most people migrate foreconomic purposes…but theymight migrate for cultural or environmental reasons as well.
• Most migrants relocate a short distance and remain within the same country
» Distance Decay
• Long-distance migrants to other countries head for major centers of economic activity
• Most long distance migrants are adult maleswithout families.
• In flows of migrants also create out flows.
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Migrations
• Migrations occur because of social, economic, political, and environmental factors and have influenced cultural landscapes.
• Modern transportation and communication are encouraging higher levels of cultural interaction worldwide.
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Emigrant vs. Immigrant
• Emigration is migration from a location
• Emigrants Exit
___________________________________________
• Immigration is migration to a location
• Immigrants go Into
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Push vs. Pull• People decide to migrate
because of push and pull factors.
• Push factors induce people to move out of their present location
• Pull factors induce people to move into a new location
• There are three major kinds of push and pull factors
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Economic * (most people migrate b/c of this)PUSH
• No Jobs– No natural resources – Jobs with little pay
PULL
• Economic opportunity – Natural resources – New industry (jobs)– Better jobs – more $$$
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Environmental PUSH
• Overpopulation• Agricultural decline• Water
– Too much – floodplain– Too little – desert (sahel)
• Natural hazards – Tornadoes – Earthquakes– Tsunamis – Hurricanes– Typhoons – Volcanoes
PULL
• Land availability
• Arable farmland
• Physically attractive • Mountains• Oceans• Warm Climates
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Cultural PUSH
• Religious Persecution• Political Persecution• War• Slavery • Refugee
– 35 million in 2001
PULL
• Religious Freedom• Political Freedom• Ethnic and/or
Family ties – Chain Migrations
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Refugees • Refugees are people who are forced
to migrate from their home country and cannot return for fear of persecution because of their race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or political opinion.
• The distinction between economic migrants and refugees is important, because many countries treat the two groups differently.– Cuba – 1959 communist revolution – Fidel
Castro– Haiti – throughout 80s & after 1991 political
coup – Vietnam – after the War ended in 1975
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Cuban Refugees
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Migration Transition• Geographer Wilber Zelinsky has identified
migration transition, which consists of changes in a society comparable to those in the demographic transition.
• Stage 1 – unlikely to migrate permanently – high seasonal and/or daily mobility in search of food
• Stage 2 – international migration – in search of economic opportunities
• Stage 3 & 4 – internal migration
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International Migration• International Migration –
Permanent movement from one country to another – 3% of the world’s people are
international migrants• The country with by far the largest
number is the USA
• Voluntary migration – migrant has chosen to move for economic improvement
• Forced migration – migrant has been compelled to move by cultural factors
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Internal Migration
• Internal Migration - Permanent movement within the same country
• Much less traumatic• Familiar language, food,
broadcasts, literature, music, and other social customs
• Shorter distances (easier, cheaper)
• USA & RUSSIA could be long-distance within
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Internal Migration
• Two Types– Interregional migration
– one region to another
• Rural to Urban Areas – search of jobs
• Recently – urban areas to environmentally attractive areas
– Intraregional migration – within one region
• Within urban areas• Older cities to newer suburbs
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Intervening Obstacles• Where migrants go is not always
their desired destination.
• They may be blocked by an intervening obstacle.
• In the past, intervening obstacles were primarily environmental
• Mountain, Ocean, Desert
• Today, the challenge is government , politics, &technology!
• Passport is needed to legally emigrate• Visa is needed to legally immigrate• ALSO ECONOMIC – can’t afford to
move
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Undocumented Immigration: USA • People who enter a country without proper
documentation and/or enter illegally are known as undocumented immigrants (unauthorized).
• No one knows how many of these individuals are in the US (7-20 million)
• Approximately half of the undocumented residents legally enter the country as students or tourists and then remain after they are suppose to leave.
• The other half simply slip across the border without showing a passport and visa to a border guard.
• The Border Patrol apprehends more than a million persons annually – more than 95% from Mexico.
• Once in the US, undocumented immigrants can become “documented” by purchasing forged documents for as little as $25, including a birth certificate, alien registration card, and social security number.
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Chain Migration
• Immigrants cluster in communities where people from the same country previously settled.– Family– Friends– Common Culture
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Migration Facts• Historically – males were more likely to be
employed & willing to travel for work – In the 1990s it reversed – 55% of US
immigrants are women– Most migrants around the world are still
males
• Young, single adults migrate rather than children, elderly people, or families (40% - 25-39)
– More children are migrating to the US due to the larger number of women migrating here.
• Countries have adopted two policies to control the arrival of foreigners
• Quota systems – USA • Guest worker programs – Western
Europe & Middle East
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U.S. Quota Laws• The era of unrestricted immigration to the US
ended when Congress passed the Quota Act in 1921 & the National Origins Act in 1924.
• Quota Laws were designed to assure that most immigrants to the US continued to be European.
• Quotas for individual countries were eliminated in 1968 and replaced with hemispheric quotas.
• Hemispheric quotas were replaced in 1978 with a global quota of 290,000, including a max. of 20,000 per country.
• Currently, the global quota is 620,000 annually with no more than 7% (approx. 43,000) from one country but numerous qualifications & exceptions can alter the limit considerably.
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Brain Drain• Some of today’s immigrants are young, well-
educated people lured to economically growing countries.
• Scientists, Researchers, Doctors, and other professionals migrate to countries where they can make better use of their abilities.
• Foreigners studying in US colleges find many more job opportunities that fit their level of education in our country so the stay rather than returning to their homeland.
• Brain Drain – Large scale emigration by talented people
• Today, the average immigrant has received more education than the typical American
• ¼ of legal immigrants have attended graduate school; 1/10 native born Americans
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Attitude towards Immigrants• Americans have always regarded new arrivals
with suspicion
• During the 19th Century this suspicion was tempered as immigrants helped to settle the frontier.
• By the 20th Century and the frontier closed, opposition to immigration intensified.
• N.I.N.A. – no Irish need apply
• Many believed that immigrants were racially and culturally inferior to **native americans**
• Anti-Immigration sentiment still exists as many Americans enact harsher immigration laws and deny basic rights to
undocumented immigrants.
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Migration of Vietnamese
Boat People
Many Vietnamese fled by sea as refugees after the
war with the U.S. ended in 1975. Later boat people were often considered economic migrants.
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Guest Workers• Guest workers are citizens of
poor countries who obtain jobs in Western Europe & the Middle East.
• ½ labor force in Luxembourg• 1/6 in Switzerland• 1/10 in Austria, Belgium, & Germany
• Guest workers take low-status and low-skilled jobs that local residents won’t accept.
• Driving buses, collecting garbage, repairing streets, washing dishes
• Protected by minimum wage laws, labor union contracts, etc…
• USA – mainly seasonal agricultural jobs
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Guest Workers
• Low pay by European standards – guest workers earn far more than they would a home
• The economy of the guest worker’s native country also benefits.
• Reduces unemployment• Money sent home
stimulates the local economy
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Attitude toward Guest Workers• In Europe, many guest workers
suffer from poor social conditions.
• Many Western Europeans dislike the guest workers and oppose government programs to improve their living conditions.
• In the Middle East, petroleum-exporting countries fear that the increasing numbers of guest workers will spark political unrest and abandonment of traditional Islamic customs.