midterm exam answer fall

8/3/2019 Midterm Exam Answer fall

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INTA 2030 Fall 2010

Midterm Exam

(1) Write your name on this sheet.(2) Write your name on the Scantron sheet.

(3) Hand in this sheet AND your Scantron sheet. Good Luck!

Part ISelect the bestanswer for each of the following questions. Each question is worth 1 point.

1. Cosmopolitanism

a. Is a tradition in ethics that sees human beings as a single moral community wherethere are some rules that apply to all

b. Is the only tradition in ethics that sees see humans as a collection of separatecommunities with no common morality

c. Is a tradition in ethics that sees humans as a collection of separate communities withsome minimally shared standards

d. Is a tradition in ethics that upholds the sanctity of life

2. What is sovereignty?a. The right to intervene in another states domestic affairsb. The right to autonomy and independence

c. The duty of self-sufficiencyd. The right to deny anothers legitimacye. The right to declare ones self-worth

3. Under what conditions can one discriminate in a moral argument?

a. When the harm done is particularly egregiousb. When one is in a slippery slope situationc. When the discrimination is shown not to be unacceptably arbitraryd. When lives are at stakee. None of the above

4. In our class reading, to whom does Carr refer as utopian?a. International relations scholars between WWI and WWIIb. International relations scholars after WWIIc. Adolf Hitlerd. Thomas Hobbes

e. Hans Morgenthau

5. According to Carr, the morality of states treatment of other states differs from states treatmentof individuals

a. Because states are group persons and are the supreme holders of powerb. Because individuals are the supreme holder of powerc. Because states have the law on their sided. Because individuals can revolt against the state

e. None of the above


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6. According to George Kennan, The US shoulda. First and foremost seek to attain its moral ideals internationallyb. Pursue its national interest with moral fervorc. Never seek to attain its national interestd. Keep commitments in line with capabilities

7. Realism

a. Sees the primacy in political life of authoritarianism and sovereigntyb. Sees the capacity for creativity in all humansc. Sees the primacy in political life of power and security seekingd. Sees no value in democracy

8. Why does Morgenthau conclude that there must be an international morality?a. Because states never fight each otherb. Because states interact in a diplomatic culture

c. Because states rarely seek to eliminate one anotherd. Because states swear to interact in accordance with the UN Charter

9. What is substantive justice?a. Recognition of rules that confer specific rights and dutiesb. The ability to substantiate a claim of injusticec. The application of substantive rules to like personsd. Equality and morality in generale. The right to a specific portion of the benefit

10. What is arithmetical justice?a. Recognition of rules that confer specific rights and dutiesb. The ability to substantiate a claim of injustice

c. The application of reciprocal rules to ones allyd. Equality and morality in generale. The right to a specific portion of the benefit

11. Which form of justice best describes the reciprocal observation of treaties between states?a. Distributive justiceb. Proportionate justicec. Commutative justice

d. Collaborative justicee. Arithmetical justice

12. States with a per capita income of greater than $25,000 should give a portion of their wealth tostates with per capita incomes less than $1,000. This sentence expresses

a. Distributive justiceb. Collaborative justicec. Perambulatory justiced. Commutative justicee. Democratic justice


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13. What is the revolutionist view of the relationship between justice and order?a. Order is commutative with justiceb. Order is always primary to justicec. An order that is not anarchical must be established to allow for a just global society to

flourishd. Order is distributive with justicee. Sovereign states can cooperate with each other in a society without government

14. Why does Bull turn away from the Hobbesian idea of the state of nature?a. Because states are not living beingsb. Because a state doesnt have a conscience like an individual does in the state of naturec. Because state war is total and war between individuals is not

d. Because states are productive and have laws even under anarchy

15. What two practices does Hedley Bull think support the rationalist view about internationalsociety?

a. Hundreds year old legal theory about international society and the practice of powerbalancing

b. Distributive justice and commutative justicec. Commemorative justice and arithmetical justiced. Just war and just peacee. The practice of fighting for ones nation and of revolting against an unjust state

16. Which of the following is an example of how international society is notlike Hobbes state ofanarchy?

a. There is an ever-present potential for fighting to erupt internationally

b. The reluctance of the United States and North Korea to have direct diplomatic relationsc. The use of all of a states income on weaponry

d. The free trade agreement between the United States and Mexicoe. None of the above

17. Which of the following is an example of solidarist international politics?a. Reciprocal relations of sovereigntyb. The norm of noninterventionc. Agreement on minimal purposes

d. International belief in and enforcement of international laws against slavery

18. According to Immanuel Kants theses on history,

a. There is a teleology to nature. Teleology tells us that there is an end state to whichdevelopment is destined

b. There is no teleology to naturec. All of nature is destined to eternally remain the samed. None of the above


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19. Why, according to Kant, can only humans produce beyond what nature has already mechanicallyorganized?

a. Because only humans have the ability to process information quicklyb. Because other animals are too fearfulc. Because humans are bipedald. Because humans have the capacity for reason independent of instincte. Because humans have opposing thumbs

20. For Kant, which if the following is the means by which human capacities can be developed?a. Fear b. Antagonismc. Mutual aidd. Lovee. Pity

21. How does Kant think individuals enter into society?a. Through their free will

b. Through a love for Godc. Through coerciond. Through reasone. Through temptation

22. What is enlightenment?

a. Gaining insightb. Having a notion of gestalt about cosmopolitanismc. Emergence from self-imposed immaturity

d. Achieving a consciencee. None of the above

23. How can a perfect global civil constitution exist for Kant?a. Through a world stateb. Through a federation of peoplesc. Through a direct democracyd. Through a legislature of noblemene. Through the persistent effort of a philosopher king

24. For Kant, when is immaturity self-imposed?a. When we turn a blind eye to new information and are stuck living in the past

b. When we cant understand the world we live in without conducting experimentsc. When we believe in god(s)d. When we use new knowledge only for our own personal benefite. When we lack the courage to use our understanding without guidance from another

25. According to Kant, what is freedom?a. The capacity to do whatever we likeb. The ability to impose our preferences upon others less well endowed than usc. The desire to change to better peopled. The room to use reason publicly in all matters


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c. Inhospitable parts of the globe have certain natural resources, like oil in the desertd. Kings send humans to cultivate new landse. None of the above

32. What are the two opposing forces that make perpetual peace possible, according to Kant?a. Democracy that pulls us apart and theocracy that draws us togetherb. Law that draws us together and order that pulls us apartc. Separate language and religions that pull us apart, and trade that draws us togetherd. Love of war that us apart and love of law that draws us togethere. All of the above

33. According to Kants secret articlea. Senators will always listen to the people no matter what they sayb. Kings will always impose the law no matter how despoticc. Decision-makers will never listen to the people

d. Decision-makers will listen to philosophers views on governancee. Private citizens will never say anything of use to decision-makers

34. Why is politics about more than prudence for Kant?a. Because states have no decision-making capacitiesb. Because states are incapable of prudential reasoningc. Because decision-makers are inherently immorald. Because states swear to interact in accordance with universal morals

e. Because individuals are not yet sufficiently enlightened to fully predict the effects ofactions

35. What is the difference between Kants moral politician and political moralist?

a. A political moralist is only interested in the morality of her actionsb. There is no difference, both recognize their own prejudicesc. There is no difference, neither recognize their own prejudices

d. Only a moral politician acts so as to will that the principle behind the action become auniversal law

36. When is a kingdom of ends attained?a. When everyone behaves so as to treat with equal respect the dignity of reason and moral

choice in every human beingb. When everyone behaves so as to attain their own personal endsc. When everyone behaves so as to end life

d. When everyone behaves so as to end inefficiencies in the current monetary systeme. None of the above

37. Which of the following does Nussbaum offer as a reason for thinking of oneself as a citizen of theworld?

a. We can avoid partisan loyalties by solving our problems if we face ourselves as worldcitizens

b. We see ourselves more clearly when we see our ways in relation to those of otherreasonable people


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c. Only through understanding ourselves as world citizens do we understand what isfundamental about us

d. All of the abovee. None of the above

38. Which of the following is the central focus of communitarianism?

a. The single community of all of humanityb. Authoritarian statesc. Political communitiesd. Human individualitye. Global community issues, like the environment

39. Which of the following would be a just cause for going to war according to Walzer?a. An unjustified military interventionb. Intervening to stop a dictator from poorly managing the extraction of a vital natural

resourcec. A popular revolution

d. Going to war to ensure continued access to a natural resourcee. Fighting against religious foes

40. What is the meaning if jus ad bellum?a. The power of balancingb. The justice of going to warc. The power of coerciond. Justice in ware. The laws of reciprocal interstate relations

41. What is the meaning of jus in bello?a. The power of balancingb. The justice of going to warc. The power of coerciond. Justice in ware. The laws of reciprocal interstate relations

42. What two rules make up the war convention, according to Walzer?a. When soldiers can kill in war and why they can killb. Which soldiers are allowed to kill in war and how they can killc. Which states can declare war and how they can declare war

d. When soldiers can kill in war and who they can kill in ware. The best time to declare war and the best way to do so

43. Why, according to Walzer, is state aggression different from individual aggression?a. State aggression is worse than individual aggressionb. States have bigger weapons than individualsc. States are collective actorsd. States can declare war while individuals cannot

e. State aggression is undifferentiated and there are different degrees of individualaggression


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44. To what extent does Walzer say states have a moral standing?a. To the extent that they are sovereignb. To the extent that they follow universal lawsc. To the extent that they protect the common life of their communitiesd. To the extent that they are committed to noninterventione. States never have moral standing

45. Which of the following is nottrue. For Walzer, state boundariesa. Establish a habitable worldb. Can separate the space in which members are safe from attack from the space in which

they are not safec. Are likely to have been made by ignorant, drunken, or corrupt mapmakersd. When disputed, are always a reason for ware. Can make for good neighbors, if they are well considered

46. What is a siege?a. Attack on any army barracksb. A surprise attack upon soldiers as they rest (such as the ancient attack on Troy)c. Military use of a building(s) that results in the exposure of civilians to soldiers risksd. The defense of a fortress that causes a large amount of structural damage

47. Are sieges morally defensible, according to Walzer?a. Yes, alwaysb. No, neverc. It depends on whether the civilians came to be in the area of battle by consent or coerciond. Only when the principle of double effect is not at playe. It depends on whether or not women and children are present

48. According to Walzer, terrorisma. Is always wrong but worse when directed against civiliansb. Is always justifiablec. Is sometimes morally justifiabled. Is worse when directed against government officialse. Is worse when directed against soldiers

49. What is the core tension between cosmopolitanism and communitarianism, according toCochran?

a. The justice of international politicsb. Increasing human freedom

c. Whether the state or the individual is subject of international ethicsd. Sovereigntye. Power balancing

50. What is particularism?a. The view that political principles can apply to everyone everywhereb. The view that the particular subject of international ethics is the state


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c. The view that the particular subject of international ethics is the world

d. The view that political principles can only be justified if limited to shared values within acommunity

e. The view that cosmopolitanism and communitarianism is at an impassePart II

Expect to write at around 6 lines for each of the following short answer questions. Each question is

worth 5 points, and partial credit will be given. You can use the back of the sheet if you need extra

space.

51. What is enlightenment, according to Kant? Define enlightenment, specify what freedom underenlightenment means, and describe the role of the prince in the age of enlightenment. Are weenlightened today?Enlightenment is the emergence of humans from their self-imposed immaturity

a. Immaturity is self-imposed by humans when we lack the courage to use ourunderstanding without guidance from another

If the public is allowed freedom, it will almost inevitably enlighten itselfb. Freedom is to be understood here as the room to use reason publicly in all matters

(distinction between pastor as private teacher and public cleric)c. The role of the prince is to prevent anyone from forcibly interfering with anothers work

and to see to it that improvements are resonant with civil orderd. Caesar is not above the grammarians

52. Provide any 5 of the articles (preliminary or definitive) that Kant advises for attaining perpetualpeace.

Six preliminary articles:1. No treaty of peace that tacitly reserves issues for a future war shall be held valid2. No independent nation may be acquired by another nation. A nation is not a possession3. Standing armies shall be gradually abolished, but citizens should still be prepared to fight4. No foreign debts are to be permitted. Owning loans works like having a war chest5. No nation should forcibly interfere with the constitution and government of another6. Nations shall not conduct war in a manner such that (assassination, breach of surrender,

instigation of treason) mutual trust in the future becomes impossibleThree definitive articles:1. The civil constitution of every nation should be republican

a) Founded on the principles of freedom, dependence and equalityb) Republicanism is the only foundation for perpetual peace

2. The right of nations shall be based on a federation of free statesa) Not a nation of nations, but a league of peace conducted through the moral legislative

power of reason3. Cosmopolitan right shall be limited to conditions of universal hospitality

53. Why does Kant say that perpetual peace is guaranteed? Describe what providence is and how thisconcept fits into Kants guarantee of perpetual peace. What two opposing forces make perpetualpeace possible, and how are these forces opposing?

Nature is purposive, and when we reflect on natures purposiveness, we become aware ofprovidence

Providence is not understood by thought alone, but by the attribution of the actualexistence of objects in the world through thought.


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Thoughtfulness upon objects leads to transcendental ideas as theories, and the applicationof theories as duties leads to dogmas.

Dogmatic ideas properly establish reality

Theory is separated from theology when we reach out to the world to understand nature ratherthan introspectively establishing the character of providence

Nature has despotically chosen that humans live everywhere, even in the most inhospitableregions of the world

This choice is fulfilled by war, and our motivation for war is ingrained in human nature War ensures that people form themselves into nations to meet military threats

Now, the challenge is not to impose duties upon humans to abolish war, but to socially organizeour natural inclination for social organization and law

The particular organization needed is one that cancels out each persons desire forexemption from law

Once nations are formed, two opposing forces make perpetual peace attainable

The forces of separate languages and religions keep peoples separated

The spirit of trade unites peoples and eventually comes to dominate them, taking theplace of war

Together, the centrifugal forces of religion and language and the centripetal force of tradepractically guarantees perpetual peace by virtue of humans natural inclinations

54. Provide 3 of the 5 outcomes on the morality of sieges given by Walzer.

1. Soldiers are responsible for the death of civilians coerced to remain under siege2. Soldiers are cleared of responsibility of civilians who choose to remain and be defended by them3. Soldiers are criminals when they coerce civilians to stay and then kill them4. Soldiers may be justified when they attack civilians by double effect without coercion to remain

under siege5. Soldiers are justified in attacking civilians who choose to stay without surrendering

55. What are the three issues that Cochran claims follow from the core tension of the cosmopolitan-communitarian debate? Provide the issues and state whether each is ontological orepistemological. Define ontology and epistemology. One of these issues is epistemological describe the two epistemological positions that make up this issue.

Three issues follow from the core tension in the cosmopolitan-communitarian debate

What is a person?

What is the moral relevance of states?

These first two are ontologicalissues

Can we form political principles that are

Universal, meaning that they apply to everyone everywhere

Particular, meaning that they can only be justified if they are limited to the sharedvalue practices within a community

This is an epistemologicalissueOntology: the study of being and what isEpistemology: the study of the meaning of knowledge and how knowledge is gained


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56. Define the following terms:a. Blockade

i. The subjection of whole populations to siege conditions, done by denying themaccess to means of livelihood

b. Rationalism (as described by Hedley Bull)i. The view that there is no necessary conflict between order and justice. The

present order can be made more justc. Communitarianism

i. The view that states are the subject (the moral agent) of international ethics, ORii. The view that protecting the autonomy of the political community is the most

important thing in international ethicsd. Realism

i. The position that states humans make up a collection of separate communitieswith no common morality, OR

ii. The position that there is a Hobbesian state of international anarchy in whichthere is no productivity or trade, no law, and an ever-present potential forfighting, OR

iii. The view that order has priority over justice and the two are in inherent conflicte. Pragmatism

i. The view that claims should be justified on the basis of weak foundations andenforced contingently

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