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Life on the James Judging Water Quality Based on Macroinvertebrates

About this Lesson This lesson is an excellent introduction to the concept of pollution and how it affects macroinvertebrates and therefore determines water quality in freshwater lakes, streams, and creeks.

This lesson is included in the LTF Middle Grades Module 8.

Objectives Students will:

Use the provided identification sheets to identify each macroinvertebrate species and count the number of each organism present at each site

Calculate the water quality of the site by multiplying the number of species found by the species value

Level Middle Grades: Earth Science

Common Core State Standards for Science Content

LTF Science lessons will be aligned with the next generation of multi-state science standards that are currently in development. These standards are said to be developed around the anchor document, A Framework for K–12 Science Education, which was produced by the National Research Council. Where applicable, the LTF Science lessons are also aligned to the Common Core Standards for Mathematical Content as well as the Common Core Literacy Standards for Science and Technical Subjects.

Code Standard Level of Thinking

Depth of Knowledge

(LITERACY) RST.9-10.3

Follow precisely a multistep procedure when carrying out experiments, taking measurements, or performing technical tasks, attending to special cases or exceptions defined in the text.

Apply II

(MATH) A_CED.4

Rearrange formulas to highlight a quantity of interest, using the same reasoning as in solving equations.

Apply II

Copyright © 2012 Laying the Foundation®, Inc., Dallas, Texas. All rights reserved. Visit us online at www.ltftraining.org.

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Connections to AP* AP Environmental Science:

I. Interdependence of Earth’s Systems: Fundamental Principles and Concepts B. The Cycling of Matter 1. water II. Renewable and Nonrenewable Resources: Distribution, Ownership, Use, Degradation A. Water 1. fresh

*Advanced Placement and AP are registered trademarks of the College Entrance Examination Board. The College Board was not involved in the production of this product.

Materials

Each lab group will need the following: 1 set copy of organism cards

Assessments

The following assessments are located on the LTF website Middle Grades Earth: Hydrology Assessment

2012 8th grade Posttest, Free Response Question 2

Teaching Suggestions Life on the James: Judging Water Quality Based on Macroinvertebrates has students use pictures of macroinvertebrate samples to evaluate water quality at several sites from the fictitious town of Aquaville.

Benthic macroinvertebrates are invertebrates (animals without a backbone) that live on the bottom of streams during all or part of their life cycle. “Benthic” means bottom dwelling, and “macro” indicates that benthic macroinvertebrates are large enough to be seen with the naked eye. While many macroinvertebrates can be seen with the naked eye, most macroinvertibrates are small. Although benthic macroinvertebrates often go unnoticed because of their size and habitat, they are an extremely important part of river ecosystems, and serve as a link in the food web between decomposing leaves and algae, and fish and other vertebrates.

Many benthic macroinvertebrates are the larval forms of flying insects, such as mayflies, stoneflies, and caddisflies. Some are small animals like crayfish. Many can travel between water and moist terrestrial environments, such as fresh water snails.

Fish, birds, turtles, salamanders, newts, and frogs all feed on macroinvertebrates during different stages of their life.


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Several characteristics of benthic macroinvertebrates that make them useful indicator species include: their populations fluctuate depending on physical and chemical changes in their habitat they include a great diversity of species they do not move far during their time in the stream, and cannot move out of degraded

areas they are easily collected in streams and rivers they provide a large number of species that occur in every conceivable aquatic habitat

To prepare for this lab you must produce seven sample packets for the students to rotate. These packets will represent the organisms found at each site labeled on the map. Photocopy master pages containing the organisms for each site are provided on the following pages. Make one copy of each page on cardstock. Laminating them before you cut them out will increase their life span.

Once the students have read their student instruction pages, give one packet to each group of four students. Allow them five minutes to survey their site packet and then have the groups pass their packet to the next group. Rotate through all 7 packets.

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Map of Aquaville

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Packet for Site 1


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Packet for Site 2


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Packet for Site 3


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Packet for Site 4


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Packet for Site 5


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Packet for Site 6


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Packet for Site 7


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POSSIBLE ANSWERS TO THE CONCLUSION QUESTIONS AND SAMPLE DATA Site 1 Data Sheet Key

Sensitive Somewhat Sensitive Tolerant

8 Stonefly Larva

Riffle Beetle adult

8 Mayfly Larva

2 Water Penny Larva

2 Gilled Snail

Planarian

4 Caddisfly Larva

Hellgrammite

4 Crayfish

Alderfly Larva

Dragonfly Larva

Watersnipe Fly Larva

Crane Fly Larva

2 Riffle Beetle Larva

2 Scud

Whirligig Beetle Larva

Damselfly Larva

Sowbugs

Fishfly Larva

Clam or Mussel

Aquatic Worm

Lunged Snail

Blackfly Larva

Leech

12 Midge Fly Larva

Number of boxes checked × 3 = __15__ index value

Number of boxes checked × 2 = __6___ index value


Total Index Value Water Quality

sum of all three index

values = ___22___

Excellent (>22)

Good (17-22)

Fair (11-16)

Poor (<11)

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Site 2 Data Sheet Key


2 Stonefly Larva

Riffle Beetle adult

Mayfly Larva

1 Water Penny Larva

Gilled Snail

Planarian

1 Caddisfly Larva

Hellgrammite

3 Crayfish

Alderfly Larva

Dragonfly Larva


2 Crane Fly Larva

Riffle Beetle Larva

Scud


Damselfly Larva

Sowbugs

3 Fishfly Larva

Clam or Mussel

4 Aquatic Worm

Lunged Snail

Blackfly Larva

Leech

9−12 Midge Fly Larva

Number of boxes checked × 3 = ___9__ index value





values = __17___

Excellent (>22)

Good (17-22)

Fair (11-16)

Poor (<11)

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2 Stonefly Larva

Riffle Beetle adult

Mayfly Larva

Water Penny Larva

Gilled Snail

Planarian

Caddisfly Larva

Hellgrammite

5 Crayfish

Alderfly Larva

Dragonfly Larva


Crane Fly Larva

Riffle Beetle Larva

Scud


3 Damselfly Larva

Sowbugs

2 Fishfly Larva

Clam or Mussel

3 Aquatic Worm

Lunged Snail

Blackfly Larva

Leech

4 Midge Fly Larva






values = ___11___

Excellent (>22)

Good (17-22)

Fair (11-16)

Poor (<11)

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Stonefly Larva

Riffle Beetle adult

Mayfly Larva

Water Penny Larva

Gilled Snail

Planarian

Caddisfly Larva

Hellgrammite

Crayfish

Alderfly Larva

Dragonfly Larva


2 Crane Fly Larva

Riffle Beetle Larva

Scud


Damselfly Larva

Sowbugs

Fishfly Larva

Clam or Mussel

4 Aquatic Worm

3 Lunged Snail

5 Blackfly Larva

2 Leech

4 Midge Fly Larva






values = ___7___

Excellent (>22)

Good (17-22)

Fair (11-16)

Poor (<11)

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Stonefly Larva

Riffle Beetle adult

Mayfly Larva

Water Penny Larva

Gilled Snail

Planarian

Caddisfly Larva

Hellgrammite

Crayfish

Alderfly Larva

Dragonfly Larva


Crane Fly Larva

Riffle Beetle Larva

Scud


Damselfly Larva

Sowbugs

Fishfly Larva

Clam or Mussel

11 Aquatic Worm

2 Lunged Snail

9 Blackfly Larva

Leech

14 Midge Fly Larva






values = ___4___

Excellent (>22)

Good (17-22)

Fair (11-16)

Poor (<11)

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4 Stonefly Larva

Riffle Beetle adult

5 Mayfly Larva

2 Water Penny Larva

1 Gilled Snail

Planarian

8 Caddisfly Larva

Hellgrammite

2 Crayfish

Alderfly Larva

Dragonfly Larva


2 Crane Fly Larva

Riffle Beetle Larva

Scud

1 Whirligig Beetle Larva

Damselfly Larva

Sowbugs

3 Fishfly Larva

Clam or Mussel

Aquatic Worm

Lunged Snail

Blackfly Larva

Leech

Midge Fly Larva






values = ___23__

Excellent (>22)

Good (17-22)

Fair (11-16)

Poor (<11)

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8 Stonefly Larva

Riffle Beetle adult

7 Mayfly Larva

1 Water Penny Larva

4 Gilled Snail

Planarian

8 Caddisfly Larva

2 Hellgrammite

2 Crayfish

Alderfly Larva

Dragonfly Larva


2 Crane Fly Larva

Riffle Beetle Larva

Scud

1 Whirligig Beetle Larva

Damselfly Larva

Sowbugs

1 Fishfly Larva

Clam or Mussel

Aquatic Worm

Lunged Snail

Blackfly Larva

Leech

Midge Fly Larva






values = ___26__

Excellent (>22)

Good (17-22)

Fair (11-16)

Poor (<11)

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Life on the James

Macroinvertebrates That Are Sensitive to Pollution

Stonefly Larva

Riffle Beetle Adult

Mayfly Larva

Water Penny Larva

Gilled Snail

Planarian

Caddisfly Larva

Hellgrammite


Life on the James

Macroinvertebrates That Are Somewhat Sensitive to Pollution

Crayfish

Alderfly Larva

Dragonfly Larva


Crane Fly Larva

Riffle Beetle Larva

Scud Whirligig Beetle Larva

Damselfly Larva

Sowbug

Fishfly Larva

Clam or Mussel


Life on the James

Macroinvertebrates That Are Tolerant of Pollution

Aquatic Worm

Lunged Snail

Black Fly Larva

Leech

Midge Fly Larva


Life on the James


There is a whole world of life in rivers and lakes. Some of the tiny animals living in the water are benthic, meaning they live in the bottom of the body of water. Some are called macroinvertebrates because they are large and have no backbone. The most common of macroinvertebrates include insects, clams, snails, crayfish, and worms. Some live their whole lives in the water, others leave the water as adults to feed and reproduce.

Macroinvertebrates are important as food to all the creatures living in the water. Some are considered by scientists to be indicator species and are a way of telling whether or not a river or lake is polluted. In rivers, macroinvertebrates live attached to rocks and plants where there is fast flowing water. They are good indicators of water quality because they do not move around and are easy to collect. The moving water gives them food and oxygen. If the water is polluted, there is less food and oxygen for the aquatic macroinvertebrates. Some types of macroinvertebrates are harmed and even killed by the presence of pollutants in the water. Those that are killed by the pollutants are said to be pollution sensitive. Those that can survive in polluted water are said to be pollution tolerant. If the water contains pollution sensitive macroinvertebrates, then it is a good indication that the water is clean enough and of high enough quality for these sensitive individuals to survive. If there are mostly pollution tolerant macroinvertebrates in the water, this may indicate that the water is polluted because those types of species are able to survive the water conditions.

Water pollution can occur in two different ways, as point source pollution and as non-point source pollution. Point source pollution occurs at a specific place such as a leaky barrel of pesticide or a pipe discharging sewage. Nonpoint source pollution occurs over a large area and its cause cannot be pinpointed to a specific or easily identified place. Pollution such as runoff from a parking lot or pesticides on a lawn washed into a sewer system would be considered nonpoint source pollution. The severity of both point source and nonpoint source pollution can be judged by determining the types of macroinvertebrates that are found in the body of water.

PURPOSE In this activity you will explore how macroinvertebrates are used to determine the quality of water in lakes, streams, creeks, and any body of freshwater.

MATERIALS

Each lab group will need the following: 1 set copy of organism cards


Life on the James

PROCEDURE In this activity your team of water quality specialists has been chosen by Mayor Sam “Pops” Waterson to analyze macroinvertebrate specimens taken from the James River in the nearby town of Aquaville. Seven different sites have been chosen and specimens were collected from each site. Using the “specimens” provided, the map of the James River and the town of Aquaville, and the Bug Picking data sheets, determine the water quality of the James River at all seven collection sites.

1. Obtain the first sample packet from your teacher.

2. Organize the macroorganisms according to species.

3. Use the provided identification sheets to identify each species (check the appropriate boxes) and count the number of each organism present at your site.

4. Record your site data on the appropriate data sheet provided in your student answer pages.

5. Calculate the water quality of the site by multiplying the number of species found by the species value, as given on your data sheets. For example, if there were 5 different species of pollution sensitive organisms you would multiple 5 times 3 (the species value for pollution sensitive).

6. When your teacher indicates that time is up, rotate your packet to the next group.

7. After collecting data for all seven sites, record your results on the James River data table and answer the conclusion questions.

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Collection sites #1 - #7N

SewageTreatmentPlant

James River

Map of Aquaville

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Life on the James


ANALYSIS Site 1 Data Sheet


Stonefly Larva

Riffle Beetle adult

Mayfly Larva

Water Penny Larva

Gilled Snail

Planarian

Caddisfly Larva

Hellgrammite

Crayfish

Alderfly Larva

Dragonfly Larva


Crane Fly Larva

Riffle Beetle Larva

Scud


Damselfly Larva

Sowbugs

Fishfly Larva

Clam or Mussel

Aquatic Worm

Lunged Snail

Blackfly Larva

Leech

Midge Fly Larva

Number of boxes checked × 3 = _____ index value





values = ______

Excellent (>22)

Good (17-22)

Fair (11-16)

Poor (<11)


Life on the James

Site 2 Data Sheet


Stonefly Larva

Riffle Beetle adult

Mayfly Larva

Water Penny Larva

Gilled Snail

Planarian

Caddisfly Larva

Hellgrammite

Crayfish

Alderfly Larva

Dragonfly Larva


Crane Fly Larva

Riffle Beetle Larva

Scud


Damselfly Larva

Sowbugs

Fishfly Larva

Clam or Mussel

Aquatic Worm

Lunged Snail

Blackfly Larva

Leech

Midge Fly Larva






values = ______

Excellent (>22)

Good (17-22)

Fair (11-16)

Poor (<11)


Life on the James

Site 3 Data Sheet


Stonefly Larva

Riffle Beetle adult

Mayfly Larva

Water Penny Larva

Gilled Snail

Planarian

Caddisfly Larva

Hellgrammite

Crayfish

Alderfly Larva

Dragonfly Larva


Crane Fly Larva

Riffle Beetle Larva

Scud


Damselfly Larva

Sowbugs

Fishfly Larva

Clam or Mussel

Aquatic Worm

Lunged Snail

Blackfly Larva

Leech

Midge Fly Larva






values = ______

Excellent (>22)

Good (17-22)

Fair (11-16)

Poor (<11)


Life on the James

Site 4 Data Sheet


Stonefly Larva

Riffle Beetle adult

Mayfly Larva

Water Penny Larva

Gilled Snail

Planarian

Caddisfly Larva

Hellgrammite

Crayfish

Alderfly Larva

Dragonfly Larva


Crane Fly Larva

Riffle Beetle Larva

Scud


Damselfly Larva

Sowbugs

Fishfly Larva

Clam or Mussel

Aquatic Worm

Lunged Snail

Blackfly Larva

Leech

Midge Fly Larva






values = ______

Excellent (>22)

Good (17-22)

Fair (11-16)

Poor (<11)


Life on the James

Site 5 Data Sheet


Stonefly Larva

Riffle Beetle adult

Mayfly Larva

Water Penny Larva

Gilled Snail

Planarian

Caddisfly Larva

Hellgrammite

Crayfish

Alderfly Larva

Dragonfly Larva


Crane Fly Larva

Riffle Beetle Larva

Scud


Damselfly Larva

Sowbugs

Fishfly Larva

Clam or Mussel

Aquatic Worm

Lunged Snail

Blackfly Larva

Leech

Midge Fly Larva






values = ______

Excellent (>22)

Good (17-22)

Fair (11-16)

Poor (<11)


Life on the James

Site 6 Data Sheet


Stonefly Larva

Riffle Beetle adult

Mayfly Larva

Water Penny Larva

Gilled Snail

Planarian

Caddisfly Larva

Hellgrammite

Crayfish

Alderfly Larva

Dragonfly Larva


Crane Fly Larva

Riffle Beetle Larva

Scud


Damselfly Larva

Sowbugs

Fishfly Larva

Clam or Mussel

Aquatic Worm

Lunged Snail

Blackfly Larva

Leech

Midge Fly Larva






values = ______

Excellent (>22)

Good (17-22)

Fair (11-16)

Poor (<11)


Life on the James

Site 7 Data Sheet


Stonefly Larva

Riffle Beetle adult

Mayfly Larva

Water Penny Larva

Gilled Snail

Planarian

Caddisfly Larva

Hellgrammite

Crayfish

Alderfly Larva

Dragonfly Larva


Crane Fly Larva

Riffle Beetle Larva

Scud


Damselfly Larva

Sowbugs

Fishfly Larva

Clam or Mussel

Aquatic Worm

Lunged Snail

Blackfly Larva

Leech

Midge Fly Larva






values = ______

Excellent (>22)

Good (17-22)

Fair (11-16)

Poor (<11)


Life on the James

James River Water Quality Analysis

Site Score (Total Index Value) Water Quality

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2

3

4

5

6

7

CONCLUSION QUESTIONS

1. What does it mean for a macroinvertebrate to be pollution sensitive? What does it mean for a macroinvertebrate to be pollution tolerant?

2. Could a pollution tolerant macroinvertebrate live in clean water? Why?

3. Which site, or sites, (number and description of location) of the James River is the most polluted?

4. What are some possible causes of the pollution of the James River?


Life on the James

5. Can you be positive that the pollution is coming from this site and not from a location upstream? Why or why not?

6. Why could the Chicken Factory be a source of pollution? Give a point source and nonpoint source example.

7. Which is a better indication of the water quality, the number of organisms (for example 12 crayfish are found at one site) or the type of organisms (water penny larvae are found with lots of lunged snails and leeches) found at a site? Why?

8. In addition to taking macroinvertebrate specimens as a water quality test, Mayor “Pops” has requested chemical analysis of the water. Why is this a good idea?

9. Which direction (north or south) is the water of the James River traveling? Justify your answer.


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