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Taxonomy – how organisms are grouped

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Page 1: Taxonomy – how organisms are grouped. Taxonomy Defined: Discipline of classifying organisms and assigning each organism a universally accepted name. In

Taxonomy – how organisms are grouped

Page 2: Taxonomy – how organisms are grouped. Taxonomy Defined: Discipline of classifying organisms and assigning each organism a universally accepted name. In

TaxonomyDefined:

Discipline of classifying organisms and assigning each

organism a universally accepted name.

In other words, naming things.

Page 3: Taxonomy – how organisms are grouped. Taxonomy Defined: Discipline of classifying organisms and assigning each organism a universally accepted name. In

Why common names don’t workCommon names vary among languages.

Example:

United Kingdom – Buzzard refers to a hawk

United States – Buzzard refers to a vulture

Red-tailed Hawk Honey Buzzard Turkey Vulture

Page 4: Taxonomy – how organisms are grouped. Taxonomy Defined: Discipline of classifying organisms and assigning each organism a universally accepted name. In

History

• Aristotle – grouped organisms by basic characteristics– Ex blood or no blood

• Scientists would describe the appearance of an organism in great detail.– Very long process

• Modern naming of animals – Carolus Linnaeus

Page 5: Taxonomy – how organisms are grouped. Taxonomy Defined: Discipline of classifying organisms and assigning each organism a universally accepted name. In

Carolus Linnaeus (1707 – 1708)

• Created the system of naming we use today.– Developed Binomial Nomenclature (a system that used 2

latin words to describe an organism.– The First word is the GENUS of the organism.– The second is the SPECIES of the organism.

• In taxonomy, a group or level of organization is called a taxonomic category or taxon.

Page 6: Taxonomy – how organisms are grouped. Taxonomy Defined: Discipline of classifying organisms and assigning each organism a universally accepted name. In

Using your name, what would be your name in Binomial

nomenclature?

• Ex: Mrs. Beard’s first name is Amy, so her scientific name is – Beard amy

• Yours:

Page 7: Taxonomy – how organisms are grouped. Taxonomy Defined: Discipline of classifying organisms and assigning each organism a universally accepted name. In

Example of Binomial Nomenclature• Polar Bear is Ursus maritimus

• Ursus: genus

Ursus contains 5 other kinds of bears

• maritimus: species

The Latin word, maritimus, refers to the sea.

Polar bears often live on pack ice that floats in the sea.

Page 8: Taxonomy – how organisms are grouped. Taxonomy Defined: Discipline of classifying organisms and assigning each organism a universally accepted name. In

Examples of Binomial Nomenclature

• Polar Bear = Ursus martimus

• Grizzly Bear = Ursus arctos horribilus

• Black Bear = Ursus americanus

Page 9: Taxonomy – how organisms are grouped. Taxonomy Defined: Discipline of classifying organisms and assigning each organism a universally accepted name. In

In addition to Genus and Species, each organism

has other categories it can belong to. These

categories are called TAXA(plural) or TAXON

(singular)

Page 10: Taxonomy – how organisms are grouped. Taxonomy Defined: Discipline of classifying organisms and assigning each organism a universally accepted name. In

Each organism has its own…

DomainKingdom

PhylumClass

OrderFamily

GenusSpecies

Page 11: Taxonomy – how organisms are grouped. Taxonomy Defined: Discipline of classifying organisms and assigning each organism a universally accepted name. In

How to remember:Da King Phillip Came Over For Green Salad

Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

Page 12: Taxonomy – how organisms are grouped. Taxonomy Defined: Discipline of classifying organisms and assigning each organism a universally accepted name. In

Definitions to know• SpeciesSpecies: group of similar organisms that can

breed and reproduce

• GenusGenus: group of closely related species

Page 13: Taxonomy – how organisms are grouped. Taxonomy Defined: Discipline of classifying organisms and assigning each organism a universally accepted name. In

• FamilyFamily: Group of genera that share many characteristics

• OrderOrder: Group of similar families

• ClassClass: Group of similar orders

• PhylumPhylum: Group of closely related classes

• KingdomKingdom: Largest taxonomic group, consisting of closely related phyla.

Page 14: Taxonomy – how organisms are grouped. Taxonomy Defined: Discipline of classifying organisms and assigning each organism a universally accepted name. In

Here We Go…Polar Bear

Species: maritimusGenus: Ursus

Family: UrsidaeOrder: CarnivoraClass: MammaliaPhylum: ChordataKingdom: AnimiliaDomain: Eukarya

What do these mean?...lets see

Page 15: Taxonomy – how organisms are grouped. Taxonomy Defined: Discipline of classifying organisms and assigning each organism a universally accepted name. In

What they mean

Species: maritimus (lives in marine environment)

Genus: Ursus (kind of bear)

Family: Ursidae (larger category of bears)

Order: Carnivora (meat-eating animals)

Class: Mammalia (warm-blooded, hair, & milk)

Phylum: Chordata (vertebrates)

Kingdom: Animilia (there are 6 kingdoms)

Page 16: Taxonomy – how organisms are grouped. Taxonomy Defined: Discipline of classifying organisms and assigning each organism a universally accepted name. In

Phylum

Chordata

Class

Mammalia

Order

Carnivora

Family

Ursidae

Genus Ursus

Speciesmaritimus

Page 17: Taxonomy – how organisms are grouped. Taxonomy Defined: Discipline of classifying organisms and assigning each organism a universally accepted name. In
Page 18: Taxonomy – how organisms are grouped. Taxonomy Defined: Discipline of classifying organisms and assigning each organism a universally accepted name. In

For humans…this is their taxonomic classification:

• Domain: Eukarya• Kingdom: Animalia• Phylum: Chordata

– Subphylum: Vertebrata

• Class: Mammalia• Order: Primate• Family: Hominidae• Genus: Homo• Species: sapiens

Page 19: Taxonomy – how organisms are grouped. Taxonomy Defined: Discipline of classifying organisms and assigning each organism a universally accepted name. In

Ways to identify organisms

• Dichotomous Key– Statements that describe organisms to help

identify them– Always start with the first 2 statements

• Cladogram– A diagram that shows the evolutionary

relationships among a group of organisms.

Page 20: Taxonomy – how organisms are grouped. Taxonomy Defined: Discipline of classifying organisms and assigning each organism a universally accepted name. In
Page 21: Taxonomy – how organisms are grouped. Taxonomy Defined: Discipline of classifying organisms and assigning each organism a universally accepted name. In

Classification Using Cladograms

Page 22: Taxonomy – how organisms are grouped. Taxonomy Defined: Discipline of classifying organisms and assigning each organism a universally accepted name. In

Crustaceans

Using Cladograms, you can see that crabs and barnacles share similar characteristics

because they both molt & are segmented

Gastropods

Molted Exoskeleton

Segmentation

Free swimming Larva

Page 23: Taxonomy – how organisms are grouped. Taxonomy Defined: Discipline of classifying organisms and assigning each organism a universally accepted name. In
Page 24: Taxonomy – how organisms are grouped. Taxonomy Defined: Discipline of classifying organisms and assigning each organism a universally accepted name. In

Where do viruses go?Viruses: Are particles of nucleic acid, protein,

and in some cases lipids that can reproduce ONLY by infecting living cells.

Viruses are made of a core of either DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat.

These are T4 Bacteriophage

A bacteriophage is a virus which infects

bacteria

Page 25: Taxonomy – how organisms are grouped. Taxonomy Defined: Discipline of classifying organisms and assigning each organism a universally accepted name. In

Where do viruses go? (continued)Viruses are not considered alive because they

don’t have ALL the characteristics of life.

Example: They can’t reproduce independently

These are the Influenza Viruses

Influenza or "flu" is an infection of the respiratory

tract that can affect millions of people every year.

Page 26: Taxonomy – how organisms are grouped. Taxonomy Defined: Discipline of classifying organisms and assigning each organism a universally accepted name. In

The End.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:EscherichiaColi_NIAID.jpg

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