classification taxonomy: the science of naming or classifying organisms. taxonomy: the science of...
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CLASSIFICATIONCLASSIFICATION
•TaxonomyTaxonomy: The science : The science
of naming or classifying of naming or classifying
organisms.organisms.
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CLASSIFICATIONCLASSIFICATION
•ClassifyClassify – To – To groupgroup things things together based on together based on similaritiessimilarities..
•TraitTrait – feature that a living – feature that a living thing hasthing has
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• AristotleAristotle (2000+ years ago) – Greek (2000+ years ago) – Greek
scientist, first person to classify lifescientist, first person to classify life
• Two main groups: Two main groups:
• PLANTSPLANTS
• ANIMALSANIMALS
• More specificMore specific
• Trees Trees *Land*Land
• Shrubs Shrubs *Water*Water
• HerbsHerbs *Air*Air
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FOR EXAMPLE: ANIMALSFOR EXAMPLE: ANIMALS
• Cat / DogCat / Dog• LandLand
• FlyFly• Air / LandAir / Land
• BearBear• LandLand
• Shark Shark • WaterWater
• ButterflyButterfly• Land / AirLand / Air
• HawkHawk• Air / LandAir / Land
• LizardLizard• LandLand
• Sea OtterSea Otter• Water / LandWater / Land
• FishFish• WaterWater
• MosquitosMosquitos• Water / Air / LandWater / Air / Land
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• Carolus Linnaeus Carolus Linnaeus (1735) – Developed a new (1735) – Developed a new
systemsystem
• Two main groups called Two main groups called KingdomsKingdoms
• Kingdom Kingdom AAnimalianimalia
• Kingdom Kingdom PlantaePlantae
• Then he created more specific groupsThen he created more specific groups
• GenusGenus
• speciesspecies
• He gave organisms two names that were based He gave organisms two names that were based
on their on their traitstraits• Homo sapiens Homo sapiens or or Homo sapiensHomo sapiens
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BINOMIAL BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURENOMENCLATURE
• Scientific name = Scientific name = Genus and species Genus and species namename
• Genus name is Genus name is ALWAYSALWAYS capitalized. capitalized.
• Species name is Species name is NEVERNEVER capitalized. capitalized.
• Both are Both are ALWAYSALWAYS italicized or underlined. italicized or underlined.
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EXAMPLESEXAMPLES
• Timber rattlesnakeTimber rattlesnake
– – Crotalus horridusCrotalus horridus
• Electric eel Electric eel – –
Electrophorus Electrophorus
electricuselectricus
• Bengal tiger Bengal tiger – –
Panthera tigrisPanthera tigris
• Wild cherry tree Wild cherry tree – –
Prunus aviamPrunus aviam
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WHY DO WE USE SCIENTIFIC WHY DO WE USE SCIENTIFIC NAMES?NAMES?
1.1. No No mistakesmistakes about what living thing is about what living thing is being observed or described. Each type of being observed or described. Each type of living thing has its living thing has its ownown name. name.
2.2. Scientific names Scientific names rarelyrarely change. change.
3.3. Written in the same language all around the Written in the same language all around the world:world:
LATINLATIN
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• Today, we have 7 groups for classifying living Today, we have 7 groups for classifying living
things.things.
1.1. KingdomKingdom AnimaliaAnimalia
2.2. PhylumPhylum ChordataChordata
3.3. ClassClass MammaliaMammalia
4.4. OrderOrder PrimatesPrimates
5.5. FamilyFamily HominidaeHominidae
6.6. GenusGenus HomoHomo
7.7. speciesspecies sapienssapiensKing Philip Came Over For Good spaghetti
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KINGDOMSKINGDOMS• Kingdom = Largest group of living thingsKingdom = Largest group of living things
Kingdom Kingdom Monera Monera
Kingdom Kingdom ProtistaProtista
Kingdom Kingdom FungiFungi
Kingdom Kingdom PlantaePlantae
Kingdom Kingdom AnimaliaAnimalia
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SIX KINGDOMSSIX KINGDOMS
http://rmascience.weebly.com/uploads/9/2/2/3/9223506/1268234_orig.jpg
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CLASSIFICATIONCLASSIFICATION
• Organisms are classified based on the following ways:Organisms are classified based on the following ways:
1.1. How related they areHow related they are
2.2. AncestryAncestry
3.3. Body StructuresBody Structures
4.4. DNADNA
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1. CLASSIFYING BY 1. CLASSIFYING BY RELATEDNESSRELATEDNESS
Classifying the House CatGroup GROUP NAME Group trait
ANIMALIA Many cells/eats food
CHORDATA Rod-like structure along back for support
MAMMALIA Nurse young, hair
CARNIVORE Eats meat, large teeth
FELIDAE Sharp claws, large eyes
FELIS Small cats
CATUS Tame
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Comparing House Cat and Lion
House Cat Lion Comparison
Kingdom Animalia Animalia
Phylum Chordata Chordata
Class Mammalia Mammalia
Order Carnivore Carnivore
Family Felidae Felidae
Genus Felis Panthera
species catus leo
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Comparing House Cat and Shark
House Cat Shark Comparison
Kingdom Animalia Animalia
Phylum Chordata Chordata
Class Mammalia Chondrichthyes
Order Carnivore Lamniformes
Family Felidae Lamnidae
Genus Felis Carcharodon
species catus carcharius
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Comparing House Cat and Button Mushroom
House Cat Mushroom Comparison
Kingdom Animalia Fungus
Phylum Chordata Basidiomycota
Class Mammalia Homobasidiomycete
Order Carnivore Agaricales
Family Felidae Agaricaceae
Genus Felis Agaricus
species catus bisporis
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2. CLASSIFYING BY ANCESTORS2. CLASSIFYING BY ANCESTORS
• Ancestor – related organism that lived Ancestor – related organism that lived
some time in the pastsome time in the past
• Which 2 do you think would have the most Which 2 do you think would have the most
ancestors in common?ancestors in common?
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3. CLASSIFYING BY BODY 3. CLASSIFYING BY BODY STRUCTURESTRUCTURE
• Homologous structures – similar in Homologous structures – similar in structurestructure but differ in but differ in functionfunction
ExamplesExamplesLimbs of:Limbs of:HumansHumans
CatsCatsWhalesWhales
BatsBats
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• DNA comparisons – Comparing the DNA sequences of DNA comparisons – Comparing the DNA sequences of
organisms can show how closely related they are.organisms can show how closely related they are.
4. CLASSIFYING BY DNA4. CLASSIFYING BY DNA
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CLADISTICSCLADISTICS
• PHYLOGENYPHYLOGENY: Evolutionary history of a species: Evolutionary history of a species
• CLADISTICSCLADISTICS: system of taxonomy that reconstructs : system of taxonomy that reconstructs
phylogenies. (determines the sequence in which phylogenies. (determines the sequence in which
different groups of organisms evolved)different groups of organisms evolved)
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MAKING A CLADOGRAMMAKING A CLADOGRAM
Derived characteristics
Plants Seeds Vascular system
Horsetails No Yes
Liverworts No No
Pine trees Yes Yes
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MAKING A CLADOGRAMMAKING A CLADOGRAM
1.1. Identify the out-group.Identify the out-group.
• LiverwortsLiverworts
2.2. Name the least common derived traitName the least common derived trait
• SeedsSeeds
3.3. List the order in which the in the table would be List the order in which the in the table would be
placed on a cladogramplaced on a cladogram
• Liverworts – Horsetails – Pine treesLiverworts – Horsetails – Pine trees
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MAKING A CLADOGRAMMAKING A CLADOGRAM
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DICHOTOMOUS KEYDICHOTOMOUS KEY
DICHOTOMOUS KEYSDICHOTOMOUS KEYS: :
are tools used by scientists to are tools used by scientists to
identify specific names of natural identify specific names of natural
objects, such as trees, ferns, objects, such as trees, ferns,
wildflowers or insects. wildflowers or insects.
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Dichotomous means "divided into TWO parts", so there are Dichotomous means "divided into TWO parts", so there are
always TWO choices in a step to identification, usually in the always TWO choices in a step to identification, usually in the
form of form of
YES OR NOYES OR NO
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RULES FOR USING RULES FOR USING DICHOTOMOUS KEYSDICHOTOMOUS KEYS
• Always read Always read BOTHBOTH choices, even if the first seems to be the choices, even if the first seems to be the logical one at first. logical one at first.
• Be sure you understand the meaning of the terms involved. Be sure you understand the meaning of the terms involved. DO DO NOT GUESSNOT GUESS. .
• If the choice is not clear, for whatever reason, try If the choice is not clear, for whatever reason, try BOTH BOTH DIVISIONSDIVISIONS. If you end up with two possible answers, read . If you end up with two possible answers, read descriptions of the two choices to help you decide. descriptions of the two choices to help you decide.
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DICHOTOMOUS KEY EXAMPLE
1A Object has only straight lines, go to 2
1B Object has curved line, go to 4
2A Color is blue-- Azul calamus
2B Color is not blue, go to 3
3A Object has four equal sides--Quadratis rufus
3BOpposite sides of object are equal-- Rectangulo crudus
4A Object has one continuous curving line, go to 5
4B Object has curved and straight lines--Azul undo
5A Object is red--Ovalado rufus
5B Object is green--Orbis crudus