3 NOVEMBER 2011

Overview of ATP Production

Chemical Structure of ATP

3 Phosphates

Ribose Sugar

Adenine Base

What Does ATP Do for You?

It supplies YOU with ENERGY!

How Do We Get Energy From ATP?

By breaking the high- energy bonds between the last two phosphates in ATP

When is ATP Made in the Body?

During a Process called Cellular Respiration that takes place in both Plants & Animals

6

ATP Production

In human cells, cellular respiration releases energy from energy-rich organic molecules and changes ADP into ATP.Aerobic respiration is the main ATP-

producing pathwayAnaerobic respiration produces

much less ATP (because no oxygen is involved) and can only be used for short periods of time, such as in vigorous muscle exercise.

What are the Stages of Cellular Respiration?(aerobic)

GlycolysisThe Krebs CycleThe Electron Transport Chain

Where Does Cellular Respiration Take Place?

It actually takes place in two parts of the cell:

Glycolysis occurs in the Cytoplasm

Krebs Cycle & ETC Take place in the Mitochondria

Review of Mitochondria Structure

Smooth outer Membrane

Folded inner membrane

Folds called Cristae

Space inside cristae called the Matrix

Diagram of the Process

Occurs in

Cytoplasm Occurs

in Matrix

Occurs across Cristae

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ATP From Anaerobic Pathways

Anaerobic pathways operate when oxygen is absent (or limited); pyruvate from glycolysis is metabolized to produce molecules other than acetyl-CoA.

In lactate fermentation, glycolysis produces two pyruvate, two NADH molecules, two ATP molecules, and two lactate, which tend to build up and cause temporary muscle cramps.

Comparison of aerobic and anaerobic respiration

Aerobic respiration

Anaerobic Respiration

in animals in plants and yeast

Oxygen required? yes no no

Glycolysis occurs yes yes yes

ATP yield 38ATP 2ATP 2ATP

Glucose completely broke down? yes no no

End products Carbon dioxide and water

Lactic acid

Ethanol and carbon dioxide

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The ADP/ATP Cycle

The ADP/ATP cycle is a method for renewing the supply of ATP that is constantly being used up in the cell.

Energy input couples inorganic phosphate to ADP to form energized ATP.

The ADP-ATP Cycle

ATP-ase

ATP Synthetase

MakananFungsi:

• Penyedia energi

• Pembangun tubuh

• Pelindung dan pertahanan tubuh

Karbohidrat

Mineral

Protein

Lemak

Air

Vitamin

Karbohidrat

Bahan makanan yang mengandung karbohidrat: (a) beras, (b)

gandum, (c) roti, dan (d) kentang.

Skema proses pencernaan karbohidrat.

Lemak

Bahan makanan yang mengandung lemak.

Skema proses pencernaan lemak.

Lemak Lemak emulsi

Lemak emulsi Asam lemak

& 2-monogliserida

Gliserol

Gliserida

lipase pankreas

empedu

Protein

Makanan sumber protein hewani dan protein nabati. Skema proses pencernaan protein.

Mineral

Unsur makro

Na, K, Ca, P, Mg, Cl, dan S

Unsur mikro

Mn, Zn, Cu, Co, Cr, dan Mo

Vitamin

Larut dalam air

B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B11, B12, H, dan C

Unsur mikro

A, D, E, dan K

Air

Fungsi air

• Pelarut berbagai jenis bahan makanan dan vitamin

• Menjaga tekanan osmotik sel

• Mengangkut makanan ke jaringan

• Mengangkut sisa metabolisme ke luar tubuh

• Medium berbagai reaksi kimia

• Menjaga keseimbangan suhu tubuh

Zat aditif

• Bahan pewarna

• Bahan penyedap

• Bahan pengawet

Sistem Pencernaan Manusia

Gigi

Kelenjar ludah

Apendiks

Ileum

Kolon

Pankreas

Hati

Esofagus

Faring

Lambung

Duodenum

Kolon

Jejunum

Anus

Rektum

Lidah

Proses pencernaan

• Pencernaan mekanik

• Pencernaan enzimatis

Saluran pencernaan

• Mulut

• Kerongkongan

• Lambung

• Usus halus

• Usus besar

• Anus

Mulut

Gigi

Penampang gigi. Bagian-bagian gigi: (a) gigi seri, (b) gigi taring, (c) gigi geraham depan,

dan (d) gigi geraham belakang.

Mulut

Lidah

Bagian lidah.

Kelenjar Ludah

Kelenjar ludah.

Kerongkongan

Gerak peristalsis pada kerongkongan.

Bagian-bagian lambung.

Lambung

Stomach (lambung)

Stores the food you eat

Chemically breaks it down into tiny pieces

Mixes food with digestive juices

Acid in the stomach kills bacteria

Stomach

Functions food storage

can stretch to fit ~2L food disinfect food

HCl = pH 2kills bacteria

chemical digestion pepsin

enzyme breaks down proteins

But the stomach is made out of protein!What stops the stomach from digesting itself?

mucus secreted by stomach cells protects stomach lining

Gastric Juices

Secreted by the stomach.

Acidic (pH 1.5-2.5) (HCl).

Pepsin- an enzyme that breaks down large proteins into amino acids.

Food is further broken down into a thin liquid called chyme.

Usus halus

Struktur usus halus.

Bagian-bagian usus besar.

Usus besar

Small Intestine (usus halus)

Most chemical digestion takes place here.

Simple sugars and proteins are absorbed into the inner lining.

Fatty acids and glycerol go to lymphatic system.

Lined with villi, which increase surface area for absorption, one cell thick.

Small intestine

Function chemical digestion

major organ of digestion & absorption absorption through lining

over 6 meters! small intestine has huge surface area = 300m2

(~size of tennis court) Structure

3 sections duodenum = most digestion jejunum = absorption of nutrients & water ileum = absorption of nutrients & water

Duodenum

1st section of small intestines acid food from stomach mixes with digestive juices from:

pancreas liver gall

bladder

Absorption by Small IntestinesAbsorption through villi & microvilli

finger-like projections increase surface area for absorption

VILLI

Large intestines (colon)usus besar

Function re-absorb water

use ~9 liters of water every day in digestive juices

> 90% of water reabsorbed not enough water absorbed

• diarrhea too much water absorbed

• constipation

Large IntestineSolid materials pass

through the large intestine.These are undigestible

solids (fibers).Water is absorbed.Vitamins K and B are

reabsorbed with the water.Rectum- solid wastes exit

the body.

You’ve got company!

Living in the large intestine is a community of helpful bacteria Escherichia coli (E. coli)

produce vitamins vitamin K; B vitamins

generate gases by-product of bacterial metabolism methane, hydrogen sulfide

Appendix

Rectum

Last section of colon (large intestines) eliminate feces

undigested materialsextracellular waste

• mainly cellulose from plants

• roughage or fiber masses of bacteria

Rektum

Bagian akhir saluran pencernaan

Anus

Pengeluaran zat-zat sisa hasil pencernaan