Memory• The brain’s system for filing away new

information and retrieving previously learned data– A constructive process

• 3 types of memory– Sensory memory

• Lasts a few seconds

– Short-term (working) memory• 30-90 seconds

– Long-term memory• Indefinite time period

Information Processing Model

• Encoding– Sensory information is

converted into a form that can be stored

• Storage– Encoded information is placed

into memory

• Retrieval– Previously stored information is

moved form long-term memory to working

Memory

Types of Memory• Sensory Memory

– Iconic Memory• Visual stimuli

– Eidetic Memory• Ability to remember detailed stimuli• Short period of time

– Echoic Memory• Auditory stimuli

Types of Memory• Short-term (Working) Memory

- Encoding– Attention

• The act of applying the mind to a sense or thought

– Conscious encoding• Encoding information that you pay

specific attention to

– Unconscious encoding• Automatic processing

– Visual/ Auditory encoding– Semantic encoding

• Attaching meaning to a memory

Types of Memory• Short-term (Working)

Memory - Storage– Chunking

• Process of organizing large pieces of information into smaller chunks

– Rote Rehearsal• Repeating information with

the intent of learning that info

• Interference Task

Types of Memory• Short-term (Working)

Memory - Retrieval– Serial Position Effect

• The ability to recal information in a list depending on the position of the information on that list

• Recency Effect– The recall of information that

was most recently stored

• Primacy Effect– The recall of information learned

first

Types of Memory• Long-Term Memory - Encoding

– Explicit memories• Memories of which you are

consciously aware

– Implicit memories• Memories of which you are NOT

consciously aware

– Episodic memories• Memories in which you remember

an entire sequence of events

– Procedural memories• Memories of movement (usually)

Types of Memory• Long-Term Memory - Encoding

– Flashbulb memories• Memories that are immediately

stored in LTM and caused by emotional events

– Elaborative rehearsal• The process in which you give

meaning to information for the purpose of storing it

– Mnemonics• Memory aids that give rhyme and

reason to lists or other pieces of information

Memory• Long-Term Memory – Storage

– Levels of Processing Model• Shallow Processing• Deep Processing

– The Brain• Hippocampus• Frontal Lobe• Cerebellum• Basal Ganglia

Types of Memory• Long-term Memory - Retrieval

– Rehearsal• Connect meaning• Deep thinking

– Retrieval• Using cues• Recall

– General cue– Essay Question

• Recognition– Specific cue– Multiple Guess Question

PICK OUT THE 7 DWARFS

• BASHFUL• CRANKY• DOC• DUMPY• ZIPPO• HARPO• MOODY• DOPEY

• HAPPY

• PEPPY

• ROWDY

• SLEEPY

• SNEEZY

• SNIPPY

• YIPPY

• GRUMPY

Encoding Specificity Principle

• Retrieval improves when conditions of encoding are the same as conditions of recovery

• Context Dependent– Same seat to take test

• Mood Congruence– Be in the same mood

• State-Dependent – Be in the same state

Forgetting• Interference Theory

– Retroactive Interference• New info interferes with old info

– Proactive Interference• Old info interferes with new info

• Forgetting Curve– Decays over time biologically

Forgetting

• Motivated Forgetting– We have reason to forget

• Encoding Failure– We do not encode information properly

• Retrieval Failure– Synaptic connections have failed to retrieve

the information

Forgetting

• Amnesia – Memory Loss– Anterograde

• An inability to form new memories

– Retrograde• A loss of past memories