MEEN 632- PROJECT REPORT

Design of a Portable Electron Beam Facility

Authors:Siva Praneeth VAYUGUNDLA

Behzad ABDOLLAHI

Muhammed SAYRAC

Presented to:Dr. David STAACK

Prof. Yuval DORON

December 15, 2014

Abstract

Contaminated soil at the oil drilling sites can be easily treated by an electron beam of sufficientintensity and energy releasing profitable by-products like oil. The increasing number of such sitesand the need for the remediation of the soil calls for a portable electron beam facility. This projectdetails the design of such facility, which can be transported to the desired location, and can be setup within three days. The design includes an electron accelerator of variable power, which alongwith the variable-speed portable conveyors, allows for the control of the dose received by the soil.The backscattered electrons and the Bremsstrahlung radiation are shielded by thick walls madeby sandwiching soil in between thin sheet-metal walls. The oil vapors produced as a by-productare extracted using a suction fan. Designing was done in the 3D-modelling software (SolidWorks)and stress analysis was performed on the structural components, to validate the design. The entiredesign fits on one oversized trailer and two standard trailers. Preliminary calculations indicate that,with the proposed design, irradiation of more than 50 metric tons of soil per day can be achievedat the highest power capacity (245 kW) of the accelerator used.

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Contents

1 Introduction 1

2 Background 3

3 Objectives 5

4 Facility Design 74.1 Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

4.1.1 Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94.1.2 Dose Rate and Conveyance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124.1.3 Shielding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144.1.4 Miscellaneous Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

4.2 Structural Analysis (FEA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

5 Future Work 22

6 Conclusions 24

A Appendix 25A.1 Works Cited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27A.2 Works Consulted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

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List of Figures

2.1 Types of accelerators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.2 A medical device treatment facility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

3.1 Process flowchart of the facility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

4.1 2D layout of the facility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84.2 3D sectional view of the facility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94.3 Soil penetration depth (cm) vs beam energy (MeV) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104.4 Accelerator assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114.5 Top view and front perspective view of the separation junction . . . . . . . . . . . 134.6 Shielding thickness h(m) vs Beam energy (MeV ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144.7 3D model showing the sheet-metal walls along with their supports . . . . . . . . . 164.8 3D view of hydraulic jacks designed in SolidWorks and Generator from Generac . 174.9 3D view of the chamber and, Transparent view of the chamber showing the weldment

frame, suction fan and the scan horn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174.10 Von-Mises stresses for the sheet-metal wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194.11 Iso clipping plot of FOS for the sheet-metal wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194.12 Von-Mises stresses for the trailer bed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214.13 Iso clipping plot of FOS for the trailer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

A.1 Temperature Rise of Materials Due to Irradiation[2] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

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List of Tables

4.1 Specifications of the electron beam accelerator [5] and a custom sized scan horn . . 104.2 Constants to calculate the necessary shielding with beam energy . . . . . . . . . . 15

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1. Introduction

Pollution of water, land, and air is a widespread concern of global proportions. In many countries,

the government laws require the pollution levels to be controlled to safe values. Any violation of

these laws is a severe crime causing health concerns. Of particular concern is the soil contamination

which is very common in the oil industries. Drilling of the ground for oil extraction inevitably

results in some oil spilling at the location of drilling. This soil needs extraction, contamination

treatment, and dumping back at the same location. There are several treatment procedures existing

today to address this problem. One of the common procedures is thermal treatment of the soil,

but more energy and time efficient procedures are available now with the advent of technology.

Electron beam (eBeam) technology is one such promising modern technology used to irradiate the

soil with electron beams and separate the liquid wastes like water and oil from the contaminated

soil.

Currently, a facility with eBeam and X-ray irradiation equipment at Texas A&M is owned and

managed by National Center for Electron Beam Research [1]. This facility is housed in a 16,000

sq-feet area on campus. It has two vertically mounted 10 MeV1, 15 kW2 eBeam Varian linear

accelerators and one horizontally mounted 5MeV, 18 kW X-Ray Varian linear accelerator. Both

fundamental and translational projects are pursued by the center. Various programs in “Vaccine

Development, Pasteurization, Sterilization, Environmental Treatment Technologies, Material Transformations,

1unit Mega Electron Volt2unit: Kilo Watt

1

Fundamental Biological Responses and Quantifying Public Health Benefits” are currently in progress

funded by both federal and private sources.

For soil remediation, there is a need to set up a facility at the desired location of treatment to

save time and fuel in transportation of the soil. Once the soil at the site has been remediated, the

facility needs to be dismantled which is impossible for an immobile facility without destruction.

This calls for a portable facility that can be transported from one place to another and be set up in

few days. This project details a design of such portable eBeam soil treatment facility that can be

carried to the contamination site on two trailer platforms. Shielding of radiation while maintaining

the portability is the major task of the project apart from the structural design. In this report,

Chapter 2 gives a background about the technology. Chapter 3 explains the process flow and lists

the objectives of the project. Chapter 4 details the design process from the design phase to analysis

phase of the components. The future work and conclusions are presented in the Chapters 6 & 7

respectively. The last chapter contains the references used for the project. Most of these references

are web-based sources as this is a design project.

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2. Background

Irradiation of soil involves exposing soil to ionizing radiation to destroy the harmful microorganisms

like bacteria, viruses, or insects and also produce by-products like oil if the soil is contaminated

with oil. There are several ionizing radiations from the sources like cobalt 60, x-ray beam and

electron beam that could be used to treat the soil. For this project, electron beam source was used.

This is also called as electron beam processing. Electron beam processing is used in industry for

various other applications like sterilization of medical and pharmaceutical goods, cross-linking

of polymer-based products, irradiation of food products, etc. Electron beam accelerators use an

on-off technology, with a common design being similar to that of cathode ray telivision. The exact

principle behind their working might vary depending on the type of accelerator: linear or circular

shown in Figure 2.1(a) and Figure 2.1(b) respectively.

A typical electron beam facility (Figure 2.2) includes an electron beam accelerator, a conveyor

system and shielding walls to shield the radiation. This figure shows cargos being scanned by two

beams, one electron beam and other X-Ray. Dual beam treatment is very common in sterilization

of medical products and also sterliation of foods. For this project, only electron beam treatment is

considered due to its low shielding requirements compared to other sources.

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(a) Linear Accelerator: Dynamitron (b) Circular Accelerator: Rhodotron

Figure 2.1: Types of accelerators

Figure 2.2: A medical device treatment facility containing a circular accelerator, roller conveyors,and concrete shielding walls

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3. Objectives

The main objective of this project is to design a portable eBeam soil treatment facility. Figure 3.1

shows the process schematic of the facility that needs to be designed. Specific objectives of the

project are listed below:

• Be able to transport to site and setup in three days.

• Be electrically powered.

• Have input conveyance of soil particles 0.1 mm3 to 1 cm3, with a density of 1.3 kg/m3.

• Process soils at a minimum rate of 5000 kg/day.

• Have outputs for treated soil, produced gases and liquids.

• Handle product gases as warm as 500oC.

• Operate E-beam treatment 24 hr/day at 400kJ/kg input to soil.

• Be radiation shielded with soil/water that are available on site.

• Use steel for structural components

The process path followed to achieve the above objectives is discussed in the Chapter 4, where

the facility layout, each of the component designs and their validations are illustrated in detail.

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4. Facility Design

Pre-design decision making is very important for any design project. So, first the designs of various

off-the-shelf 1 that need to be sourced were identified; second, their specifications and dimensions

were obtained. After the concept generation for the pre-design tasks, a layout of the system was

designed. Electron beam accelerator, conveyors, diesel generator, air-suction fans and hoppers

were sourced from commercial suppliers. Shielding walls and structures to hold the conveyors, and

the accelerator were designed in SolidWorks and all the components were assembled by using the

pre-designed layout. Each of these component designs will be discussed in detail in the Section 4.1.

Structural analysis was done on the designed components to validate the designs and is discussed

in Section 4.2

4.1 Layout

The general layout of the facility can be found below in the Figure 4.1. And the 3D Model of it is

shown in the Figure 4.2. It is designed to fit an electron beam accelerator, conveyor system, and

shielding. It is a single entry single exit system, where the soil is loaded in the hopper of the first

conveyor and the treated soil coming out of the process chamber is collected in a hopper to dispose

off.

1available commercially; not specially designed or custom made

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Figure 4.1: 2D layout of the facility-1) Accelerator 2) Scan horn location 3) Shielding walls 4)Input conveyor 5) Output conveyor

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Figure 4.2: 3D sectional view of the layout-1) Accelerator 2) Scan Horn 3) Shielding walls, 4)Hydraulic jacks and trailer 5) Conveyors

4.1.1 Source

The selected electron beam source is produced by IBA Industrial. This company is located in

Newyork and is a global leader in electron accelerator industry. More than 250 accelerators have

been installed worldwide till now. They produce a variety of electron accelerators, linear and

circular, with beam outputs from 550 keV to 10 MeV. Treating the soil uniformly, is a primary

requirement. Lower energy beams require less shielding but distribute energy non-uniformly in

the soil. So, higher energy beams were chosen for uniform dose.

The type of electron beam production considered for this soil irradiation was a circular accelerator,

Rhodotron TT 300. It produces electrons in a range of 1-10 MeV. Higher the energy of electrons,

higher is their penetration depth into the soil. The 90% penetration depth is governed by the energy

dose equation (4.1) below,

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Table 4.1: Specifications of the electron beam accelerator [5] and a custom sized scan horn

Accelerator Energy 2 to 10 MeVRhodotron TT 100 Maximum Guaranteed Power 245 kW

Maximum Guaranteed Current 35 mADiameter 3 mHeight 2.4 mWeight 11 ton

Scan Horn Scan Length 30 cmScan Width 12 cm

R90 = 0.307∗E/ρ , (4.1)

where R90 is the 90% penetration depth in cm, E is the beam energy in MeV and ρ is the density

of the soil in g/cm3. Figure 4.3 shows the depths of the soil at which 90% of energy of electrons

is deposited. Energy distribution is assumed to be uniform up to 90% of the energy deposition

and the rest 10% energy is deposited non-uniformly over a larger thickness, which can be ignored.

From the Figure4.3 it can be seen that at 10 MeV, a considerable penetration of 2.5 cm can be

achieved. The electron beam released by the accelerator is horizontal and hence is bent 90o to

irradiate the soil. The bent beam is scanned over the soil through a two-staged scan horn system

that produces a non-diverging beam output, maintaining an uniform dose delivery rate. Table 4.1

shows the specifications of the accelerator and the scan horn.

Figure 4.3: Soil penetration depth (cm) vs beam energy (MeV)

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Figure 4.4: Accelerator assembly-1) Accelerator 2) Scan horn 3) Location where hydraulic jackcan be inserted to lift the assembly 4) Structure holding the accelerator

The design of the accelerator involves how it will be located and positioned in the facility. The

considerations involved in the design include the elevation of the accelerator from the ground. To

make the level of the accelerator controllable and flexible for scan horns of different dimensions, a

system of synchronous hydraulic jacks were used (discussed in Section 4.1.4. During the transportation,

the accelerator is firmly bolted to the main beams of the trailer. On site, it is unbolted from the

trailer to be free to change the level. Figure 4.4 shows the 3d model of the accelerator resting on

the structure which can be lifted by hydraulic jacks. The ability of accelerator to produce a beam

between 1 and 10 MeV allows for different dose rates and amount of energy deposited in the soil.

This will allow for remediation of soil of different densities, different composition and also varying

throughput rates as per the requirement. The scan horn essentially means that the soil is passing

through a 30 cm wide plane of electrons that are being scanned over a range of 12 cm at a high

frequency forming a rectangular area of irradiation on the soil.

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4.1.2 Dose Rate and Conveyance

An appropriate amount of dose (400 kGy2 needs to be given to the soil for the removal of organic

compounds adhered to it. In order to obtain the values of the parameters like conveyance speed,

an analytical method was employed. Before starting the calculations, several assumptions had to

be made. For the highest throughput, the accelerator needs to be operated at its maximum beam

voltage (10 MeV) and power (245 kW). The electron beam is assumed to be uniformly producing

10 MeV electrons over the scan area.Also, assumption was made that the contour of the surface of

the soil that is being irradiated is planar. A 30 cm wide conveyor belt was assumed supplied by a

commercial provider Miniveyor [6], a portable conveyor producer. For a depth of penetration of

2.5 cm (Figure 4.3, and a 30 cm wide conveyor, the conveyance speed for the required dose rate of

400 kGy can be obtained as shown below:

mD = P (4.2)

(ρAv)D = P, (4.3)

where m is the mass flow rate of the soil, D is the dose into the soil, P is the power of the beam,

A is the area of cross-section of the soil passing through the beam, v is speed of the conveyor belt.

So, from the above equation,

v =245kW

1300kg/m3 ∗ (30cm∗2.5cm)∗400kJ/kg= 3.77m/min (4.4)

This calculation also gives a rough idea of the throughput of the product. Substituting the value of

the speed in the equation (4.2), a mass-rate of 2,205 kg/hr or 52,930 kg/day can be obtained. This

result is for the maximum power of the accelerator and hence for maximum throughput. For any

different throughput requirements, the power required can be reverse-calculated using the same

2unit: kilo Gray or kJ/kg

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Figure 4.5: Top view and front perspective view of the separation junction

equation (4.2).

The energy dose (90 %) is uniformly distributed in the soil up to 2.5 cm depth. The rest of

energy is deposited in the conveyor belts if the soil layer thickness is only 2.5 cm. To use the energy

dose effectively and to protect the conveyor belts from over heating, the soil layer was assumed

to be 10 cm (4 times the penetration depth). While in operation, there is always a constant input

of soil of 2.5 cm thickness from the input conveyors and a constant output of soil of same layer

thickness. In steady state, every conveyor except the input and the exit conveyor will have 10 cm

of soil on them. To achieve this while maintaining 10 cm layer under the beam, a mechanical

separator was used. The separator is attached to penultimate conveyor and has two main functions,

a clearance to let the 7.5 cm soil to pass through and, a belt to sweep the top layer (2.5 cm) to the

sides. This soil falls down in the hopper of the exit conveyor. Steady state is reached after four

cycles on the conveyor (10 cm soil). In the steady state, the soil before the beam is 75 % treated

while the soil after the beam is 100 % treated. The figures shown below above the function of the

separator.

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4.1.3 Shielding

The safety of the workers near the facility was a major criterion for this design. To meet this

objective while maintaining the portability of the entire setup meant designing effective shielding

walls that are not massive to transport in a truck, but which still allowed fast installation after

reaching the site. Transporting the walls contradicts the very idea of the portability, as the shielding

walls are very heavy. Usage of materials like Earth or Water which are available on-site is practical

for our purpose.

Earth has many admirable qualities as a shielding material. The principal constituent of dry

earth is silicon dioxide (SiO2) making it an effective shielding material for photons. Earth varies in

density, depending upon the soil type, water content, and the degree of compaction from 1.7 g/cm3

to as high as 2.2 g/cm3. Any other material is not available on site and needs to be transported.

Concrete can still be used to build dense and compact shielding walls, but, disposal of concrete

would be a problem. So, earth was chosen as the shielding material.

Figure 4.6: Shielding thickness h(m) vs Beam energy (MeV )

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Table 4.2: Constants to calculate the necessary shielding with beam energy

Beam Energy (MeV) Constant to calculaterequired shieldinga kg/m2

0.5 17001 24003 41505 540010 7600

Shielding thickness, h, in line with the beam (θ = 0 − 90o) is given as h = a/ρ and for

reflected radiation (θ = 90o − 180o) as h = a/2ρ , where ρ is the shielding material density and

factor, a, is given in the Table 4.2 for various beam energies. The Bremsstrahlung radiation is

emitted when electrons are decelerated when they are fired at the target. When the energy of the

electrons is in the order of MeV or more, the radiation is in the x-ray region of the electromagnetic

spectrum. Figure 4.6 shown below plots the values in the Table 4.2 to get the shielding thickness

required vs. beam energy variation for soil of density 2000kg/m3. At 10 MeV, it can be observed

that a shielding thickness of 3.5 m is required for inline radiation while only 1.75m is required for

reflected radiations.

One challenge that needs to be addressed is the building of the shielding walls using the soil.

Sheet-metals strengthened with the weldment channels were designed as walls, to contain the soil.

To ensure the static stability of the walls while loading and unloading of the soil, a robust support

was provided in the form of a stand. This stand can be opened and closed about a hinge bracket

attached to the back of the wall. Figure 4.7 shows a perspective view of the walls standing on the

ground.

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Figure 4.7: 3D model showing the sheet-metal walls along with their supports-1) Steel SheetMetal 2) Structural support 3) Stands 4) Ground

4.1.4 Miscellaneous Components

The main components of the design were discussed in the previous sections of this chapter. Hydraulic

jacks are needed to lift the 11 ton accelerator to a desired height. The jacks have a capacity of 18

tons and operate synchronously with the help of the control system that comes pre-installed from

the provider, Interstate Mobile Column Lifting Systems[7]. Electric power on site is provided by

a diesel generator of capacity 500 kW [8] owing to the 60% efficiency of the accelerator[5]. The

generator is produced by Generac, a leader in generator systems for home and industry; it can be

carried on a separate trailer to the site. The below figures show the hydraulic jacks and generators

used in the design.

The materials of the every component used were chosen to be ASTM 36 steel. The conveyor

belts are made of hinged steel links. Steel provides the best structural strength among the available

materials and is the most common material used for designing structures. An oversized trailer bed

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Figure 4.8: 3D view of hydraulic jacks designed in SolidWorks and Generator from Generac

was designed using I-beams to carry the accelerator. Stress analysis of the bed is shown in the next

section (4.2).

Suction fan was installed to extract the vapors generated during the process. To contain and

extract the gases from the irradiated soil, a chamber was designed. It is composed of a weldment

frame and sheet metals as shown in Figure 4.9. Volume flowrate of gases was calculated assuming

1) the vapors are 1% by mass flowrate of the soil being treated 2) ideal gas assumption at 500o C

Figure 4.9: 3D view of the chamber and, Transparent view of the chamber showing the weldmentframe, suction fan and the scan horn

17

(here, acetylene was assumed as the vapor, any other gas composition can be assumed if the actual

gases produced is known). To extract these vapors, a suction fan of capacity 500 m3/hr was used

[10].

4.2 Structural Analysis (FEA)

Stress-strain analysis must be done on any designed parts to validate the model. It helps in ensuring

the safety of the facility and also a reduction in the weight of material by designing the components

to exact safety requirements. Stress-strain analysis prevents the overdesign (more weight than

required) or under design (unsafe and prone to failure) of the parts. The main component that was

designed in SolidWorks was the shielding walls to contain the soil. Since they need to hold tons

of soil in between them, they need to be sufficiently strong. The designing of the walls was done

iteratively, strengthening the structure by adding members until the desirable factor of safety was

achieved.

In order to perform the analysis on the walls, a lateral active earth pressure was assumed as

the wall is leaning away from the soil [9]. Active earth pressure with an assumed friction angle

of 30o[9] is 1/3rd of the vertical pressure acting on the soil at that level. SolidWorks Simulation

package was used, and this pressure was applied on the walls laterally. After applying default mesh

settings and required fixtures to hold the wall, stress plot as shown in the Figure 4.10 was obtained.

The highest amount of stresses (shown in green color) are observed near the hinges on the C-beams

and at the bottom of the I-beams. This is expected as the largest amount of load is supported by

the hinges and the lower part of the wall. The figure shows the structural elements attached a thin

wall of thickness 1/4 inch. The dimensions of the wall are 20 ft by 10 ft and weighs two tons. The

minimum FOS 3 is 0.90. An Iso clipping plot in the Figure 4.11 shows the region with Factor of

3Factor of Safety

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Safety less than 1.5. It is a very small region with high stress concentrations and can be ignored

according to the St. Venant’s Principle.

Figure 4.10: Von-Mises stresses for the sheet-metal wall

Figure 4.11: Iso clipping plot of FOS for the sheet-metal wall

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Other component that needs validation is the custom trailer bed we designed. The stress plot

4.12 and iso plot 4.13 from SolidWorks are shown below. The Iso clipping plot gives more insight

into the weak regions. The minimum FOS is 1.30 and the region with FOS < 4 is very small and

occurs at the end of the main frame beams. This shows that the structure is strong enough to hold

the accelerator under static loads. However, this may not be true for the dynamic loads. A much

stronger structure with thicker beams would be needed for dynamic loads to maintain a good FOS.

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Figure 4.12: Von-Mises stresses for the trailer bed

Figure 4.13: Iso clipping plot of FOS for the trailer

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5. Future Work

The facility layout needs more work and analysis for an accurate and comprehensive design. The

project requires expertise from Nuclear, Civil and Electrical engineers to enhance the design and

functionality of the facility. The current design is not production ready and needs contribution from

the engineers in the above-mentioned disciplines to enhance the design and make it production

ready. The byproducts of the process oil vapors need to be collected, and condensed. A suction

fan needs to be installed without compromising the shielding safety of the facility.

One area of that needs more work is the shielding. It is the most important aspect of the

design as it ensures the safety of the workers from radiation. The shielding in the current facility

was designed based on rough empirical parameters. The shielding thickness is approximately

estimated using those parameters. For accurate design of shielding labyrinth, effective simulations

like MCNP1 need to be used. The current design requires the installation of the sheet metal walls

first and then filling the space between them with earth. Improvement is required in the design of

the sheet metal walls to facilitate a simpler yet robust assembly.

Another area that needs focus is the maintenance of the facility. Any area prone to failure

must be easily accessible to the operation personnel so that the repair time is less. This area needs

to be considered in the future design. The repair of any component should not require the removal

of shielding walls or disturb any structures as it would result in a long downtime of the facility.

1Monte Carlo N-Particle Transport Code

22

Future work is also needed in the integration of the different components of the facility like

conveying speed, dose rate, beam power and the electric generator. There are several variables that

come into the picture and integrating all these variables with the help of control systems would

prevent the requirement for manual calculations. It would save a lot of time and prevent any

human error when a different type and different quantity of soil needs to be treated.

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6. Conclusions

In this report, a design for a portable soil irradiation facility has been presented. The key components

of the design are the source, conveyors, and the radiation shielding. The entire facility can be

transported to the desired location on two trailers and be set up within three days. The facility was

designed for a maximum throughput rate of 50 tons/day with a 24 hr continuous operation at a

power input of 245 kW. A high energy accelerator, Rhodotron TT300 was selected mainly to attain

a near uniform dose-rate in the soil and higher depth of penetration. The soil will pass under the

beam via a conveyor belt made of steel. Steel was selected for the conveyor belt since it is highly

radiation resistant and can carry high temperature soils. Safety towards radiation was ensured

with the help of shielding walls of appropriate thickness made by sandwiching soil between sheet

metal walls. These walls will attenuate the Bremsstrahlung radiation produced from the electron

collisions and their deceleration in the soil. Owing to the 60% efficiency of the accelerator, the

facility will be powered by a generator (500 kW) contained on a trailer [5]. An oversized trailer

was designed to transport the accelerator due to its large dimensions (3m in diameter). Such a

trailer would need an Oversize Trucking Permit from the government. A portable facility could

travel to any location and be set up easily and removes the requirement for the transport of the

soil to a fixed facility and re transport of it back to the site for disposal. Though the concept

of portability is not new in electron beam irradiation systems, there is no implemented existing

facility working currently.

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A. Appendix

The below table shows the temperature rise in the materials with the energy dose. Though metals

undergo a high temperature change than polymers, they have higher melting point and are strong,

hence were chosen as materials.

Figure A.1: Temperature Rise of Materials Due to Irradiation[2]

The below figure shows the initial idea of modular shielding walls shown in the book by

National Council of Radiation and Protection [3]. But this idea was dropped as the number of

containers needed to transport were very high.

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Bibliography

A.1 Works Cited

[1] National Center for Electron Beam Research; http://ebeam.tamu.edu/

[2] Industrial Radiation Processing with Electron Beams and X-Rays. International Atomic

Energy Agency. Vienna, Austria; 2011. p. 33. www.iaea.org.

[3] NCRP Report No.144, Radiation Protection for Particle Accelerator Facilities, National

Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements; 2005. p. 163.

[4] Datasheet- Rhodotron TT200-300-400; http://www.iba-industrial.com/sites/

default/files/ressources/Datasheet%20%20TT200-300-400.pdf

[5] Rhodotron E-beam Accelerator; http://www.iba-industrial.com/sites/default/

files/ressources/Brochure%20Rhodotron%20-August%202010_0.pdf

[6] Miniveyor: Portable Conveyor Systems; http://www.miniveyor.com/miniveyor.html

[7] Mobile Column Lifting Systems: Interstate Lift and Equipment Company; http://www.

interstatelift.com/mobile_column_lifting_systems.html

[8] Generac Standby Generators; http://www.generac.com/all-products/generators/

business-standby-generators/diesel-generators/500kw

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[9] A presentation on Lateral Earth Pressure; http://www.engr.uconn.edu/~lanbo/

CE240LectW113lateralpressure1.pdf

[10] High Temperature Exhaust Fan; http://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/

high-temperature-exhaust-fan_716950980.html

A.2 Works Consulted

1. International Atomic Energy Agency. “Radiation safety of Gamma and Electron Irradiation

Facilities.”Safety Series. No 107. 1992

2. IAEA Bulletin Vol.20, No.1; http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Magazines/Bulletin/Bull201/20105706466.pdf

3. US Department of Transportation, Dockets and Regulations; http://www.dot.gov/regulations.

html

4. United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Fact Sheet on commercial Irradiators; http:

//www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/factsheets/commercial-irradiators.

html

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