medieval europe at its height chapter 13 7/2/20151 john 3:16

Medieval Europe at Its HeightMedieval Europe at Its Height

Chapter 13Chapter 13

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Chapter ThemesChapter Themes

Cultural diffusion: The Crusades increase Cultural diffusion: The Crusades increase European contact with other areasEuropean contact with other areas

Innovation: Advances in commerce, Innovation: Advances in commerce, learning, and the arts change Europelearning, and the arts change Europe

Conflict: England and France battle whole Conflict: England and France battle whole their monarchs gain powertheir monarchs gain power

Conflict: The Church faces a split from Conflict: The Church faces a split from within and opposition from without within and opposition from without

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The CrusadesThe Crusades


Section 1Section 1

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Main IdeaMain Idea

The Crusades had a variety of impacts on The Crusades had a variety of impacts on medieval societymedieval society

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Terms to DefineTerms to Define

The CrusadesThe Crusades

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People to MeetPeople to Meet

The Seljuk TurksThe Seljuk Turks

Pope Urban IIPope Urban II

SaladinSaladin

Richard IRichard I

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Places to LocatePlaces to Locate

JerusalemJerusalem

ConstantinopleConstantinople

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OverviewOverview

Middle Ages: decentralized, warfare, Middle Ages: decentralized, warfare, cultural isolation, famine, wretched living cultural isolation, famine, wretched living conditionsconditions

By A.D. 1100, conditions improveBy A.D. 1100, conditions improve

Monarchs build strong central Monarchs build strong central governmentsgovernments

Towns and trade appearTowns and trade appear

The Church held high sway over peopleThe Church held high sway over people

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Overview Overview

Transformation begins with holy war over Transformation begins with holy war over the city of Jerusalemthe city of Jerusalem

European Christians undertake nine European Christians undertake nine military expeditions to recover holy land military expeditions to recover holy land from Muslims from Muslims

The Crusades: Latin word for “crux” The Crusades: Latin word for “crux” meaning “cross”meaning “cross”

Crusaders: vowed to “take up the cross”Crusaders: vowed to “take up the cross”

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Call for a CrusadeCall for a Crusade

Jerusalem was a holy Jerusalem was a holy city for people of city for people of three faiths: Jews, three faiths: Jews, Christians, and Christians, and MuslimsMuslims

Jews treasured it as Jews treasured it as Zion, God’s won city Zion, God’s won city and site of Solomon’s and site of Solomon’s templetemple

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Christians revered as Christians revered as the place where the place where Christ was crucified Christ was crucified and resurrectedand resurrected

According to Muslim According to Muslim tradition, Muhammad tradition, Muhammad ascended to heaven ascended to heaven from Jerusalemfrom Jerusalem

JerusalemJerusalem

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Muslims referred to Muslims referred to Jerusalem as their Jerusalem as their third most important third most important city followingcity following– MakkahMakkah– MadinahMadinah

JerusalemJerusalem

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Call for a Crusade Call for a Crusade

Jerusalem and the entire region of Jerusalem and the entire region of Palestine fell to Arab invaders in the A.D. Palestine fell to Arab invaders in the A.D. 600s; 600s; – Mostly Muslims, the Arabs tolerated people of Mostly Muslims, the Arabs tolerated people of

other religionsother religions– Christians and Jew OK: people paid taxesChristians and Jew OK: people paid taxes– Traders and religious pilgrimages acceptedTraders and religious pilgrimages accepted

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In late A.D. 1000s, the In late A.D. 1000s, the Seljuk Turks-Seljuk Turks--a -a Muslim people from central Asia--took Muslim people from central Asia--took JerusalemJerusalem– Palestine in chaosPalestine in chaos– Hazards of pilgrimages increasedHazards of pilgrimages increased

Seljuks threatened Byzantine EmpireSeljuks threatened Byzantine Empire– Constantinople threatenedConstantinople threatened

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The Byzantine The Byzantine emperor wrote to the emperor wrote to the pope in A.D. 1095 pope in A.D. 1095 requesting military aidrequesting military aid

One big concern was One big concern was for the safety of for the safety of Christian pilgrimsChristian pilgrims

Byzantine EmpireByzantine Empire

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First CrusadeFirst Crusade

Pope Urban II called Pope Urban II called for a volunteer army for a volunteer army to take Jerusalem and to take Jerusalem and Palestine from the Palestine from the Seljuk Turks: “I Seljuk Turks: “I exhort you…to strive exhort you…to strive to expel that wicked to expel that wicked race from our race from our Christian lands…Christian lands…Christ commands it.”Christ commands it.”

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““Deus vult!” (God wills Deus vult!” (God wills it) shouted the crowd it) shouted the crowd in response to the in response to the pope’s pleapope’s pleaKnights and peasants Knights and peasants alike vowed to join the alike vowed to join the expedition to the Holy expedition to the Holy LandLand

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First Crusade First Crusade

For knights, they had For knights, they had a chance to employ a chance to employ their fighting skillstheir fighting skills

For peasants, it For peasants, it meant freedom from meant freedom from feudal bonds while on feudal bonds while on the Crusadethe Crusade

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All were promised All were promised immediate salvation if immediate salvation if they were killed they were killed freeing the Holy Landfreeing the Holy Land

Adventure and wealth Adventure and wealth were other reasonswere other reasons

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The First Crusade The First Crusade marked the onset of a marked the onset of a long period of long period of Christian persecution Christian persecution of the Jewsof the Jews

Existing hatred of Existing hatred of non-Christiannon-Christian

Siege of AntiochSiege of Antioch04/19/2304/19/23 2020John 3:16John 3:16


Three armies of Three armies of Crusader knights and Crusader knights and volunteers traveled to volunteers traveled to the eastern the eastern MediterraneanMediterranean– On the way, many of On the way, many of

them killed Jews and them killed Jews and massacred Jewish massacred Jewish communitiescommunities

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Led by French nobles, three armies reach Led by French nobles, three armies reach ConstantinopleConstantinople in A.D. 1097 and move on in A.D. 1097 and move on to to JerusalemJerusalem

After a siege of almost two months, After a siege of almost two months, Jerusalem fellJerusalem fell

Most of the Muslim and Jewish inhabitants Most of the Muslim and Jewish inhabitants were massacredwere massacred

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The success of the First Crusade The success of the First Crusade reinforced the authority of the church and reinforced the authority of the church and strengthened the self-confidence of strengthened the self-confidence of western Europewestern EuropeContact between the Crusaders and the Contact between the Crusaders and the civilizations of the Byzantines and Muslims civilizations of the Byzantines and Muslims continued for the next 100 yearscontinued for the next 100 years– Became a major factor in ending the cultural Became a major factor in ending the cultural

isolation of western Europe isolation of western Europe

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Second Crusade Second Crusade

Less than 50 years after the First CrusadeLess than 50 years after the First CrusadeSeljuks conquered part of the states of Seljuks conquered part of the states of PalestinePalestinePope Eugenius IV called for Second Pope Eugenius IV called for Second CrusadeCrusadeKing Louis VII of France and Holy Roman King Louis VII of France and Holy Roman Emperor Conrad III led armies but Emperor Conrad III led armies but quarreled quarreled Easy defeated by the Seljuks Easy defeated by the Seljuks

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Third CrusadeThird Crusade

Diplomat and forceful leader Saladin united the Diplomat and forceful leader Saladin united the Muslim forces and captured Jerusalem in A.D. Muslim forces and captured Jerusalem in A.D. 11871187– People of Western Europe stunned and horrified People of Western Europe stunned and horrified

Three European kings launched a Third CrusadeThree European kings launched a Third Crusade– Holy Roman Emperor Frederick Barbarossa of Holy Roman Emperor Frederick Barbarossa of

Germany, King Philip Augustus of France, and King Germany, King Philip Augustus of France, and King Richard I of EnglandRichard I of England

Barbarossa died on the journey and Augustus Barbarossa died on the journey and Augustus returned to France before reaching Jerusalemreturned to France before reaching Jerusalem

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Third Crusade Third Crusade

Richard continued on aloneRichard continued on alone

Although Richard’s army won many Although Richard’s army won many battles, he could not win a decisive victorybattles, he could not win a decisive victory

Saladin would not turn over Jerusalem but Saladin would not turn over Jerusalem but allowed Christian pilgrims accessallowed Christian pilgrims access

The Third Crusade was unsuccessfulThe Third Crusade was unsuccessful

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Other CrusadesOther Crusades

As other Crusades were organized in the A.D. As other Crusades were organized in the A.D. 1200s, western Europeans lost sight of the 1200s, western Europeans lost sight of the religious goal of the Crusades and focused religious goal of the Crusades and focused instead on political and economic gaininstead on political and economic gain

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Other CrusadesOther Crusades

Fourth Crusade of A.D. 1204 resulted in Fourth Crusade of A.D. 1204 resulted in Crusaders bypassing Jerusalem and attacking Crusaders bypassing Jerusalem and attacking ConstantinopleConstantinople– Ransacked the city destroying many facilitiesRansacked the city destroying many facilities– Bitterness between Eastern Orthodox world and Bitterness between Eastern Orthodox world and

western Europe. western Europe. – Made possible Muslim advances and weakened the Made possible Muslim advances and weakened the

Byzantine Empire Byzantine Empire

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Effects of the CrusadesEffects of the Crusades

Although Western European failed to gain Although Western European failed to gain control of Palestine, the Crusades helped control of Palestine, the Crusades helped to break down feudalism and increase the to break down feudalism and increase the authority of kingsauthority of kings– Kings levied taxes, raised armies and Kings levied taxes, raised armies and

cooperated on large scalecooperated on large scale– Nobles didn’t return and lands passed to Nobles didn’t return and lands passed to

kingskings– Serfs won freedom to become freeholders or Serfs won freedom to become freeholders or

artisansartisans

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Effects of the Crusades Effects of the Crusades

Contact with more advanced Byzantine and Contact with more advanced Byzantine and Muslim civilizations broadened European views Muslim civilizations broadened European views of the worldof the world

Enriched European cities such as Genoa and Enriched European cities such as Genoa and Venice Venice

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Effects of the CrusadesEffects of the Crusades

Heightened demand at home for Eastern Heightened demand at home for Eastern luxury goods, e.g. spices, sugar, melons, luxury goods, e.g. spices, sugar, melons, tapestries, silk, etc.tapestries, silk, etc.

Crusaders learned many useful skills, e.g. Crusaders learned many useful skills, e.g. make better ships, use compass, improve make better ships, use compass, improve weapons, etc. The Muslims became weapons, etc. The Muslims became united against a common enemy united against a common enemy

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DiscussionDiscussion

What were the positive aspects of the What were the positive aspects of the Crusades?Crusades?

What were the negative aspects of the What were the negative aspects of the Crusades?Crusades?

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Economic and Cultural Economic and Cultural RevivalRevival


Section 2Section 2

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Main IdeaMain Idea

The growth of towns affected the society The growth of towns affected the society of medieval Europeof medieval Europe

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Money economyMoney economyGuildGuildMasterMasterApprenticeApprenticeJourneymanJourneymanCharterCharterScholasticismScholasticismTroubadourTroubadourVernacularVernacular

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Peter AbelardPeter Abelard

Thomas AquinasThomas Aquinas

Dante AlighieriDante Alighieri

Geoffrey ChaucerGeoffrey Chaucer

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VeniceVenice

FlandersFlanders

ChampagneChampagne

BolognaBologna

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OverviewOverview

The Crusades accelerated the The Crusades accelerated the transformation of western Europe from a transformation of western Europe from a society that was crude, backward, and society that was crude, backward, and violent—showing little cultural and violent—showing little cultural and technological advancement—to a technological advancement—to a civilization that exhibited some early civilization that exhibited some early features of modern Western civilization. features of modern Western civilization.

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Economic ExpansionEconomic Expansion

The economy of western Europe began to The economy of western Europe began to show vigor around A.D. 1000, with show vigor around A.D. 1000, with increased agricultural production, trade increased agricultural production, trade opportunities, and growth of new townsopportunities, and growth of new towns

Expanding trade caused revival of towns Expanding trade caused revival of towns while the revival of towns caused a rapid while the revival of towns caused a rapid expansion of trade—one fed the other expansion of trade—one fed the other

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Agricultural AdvancesAgricultural Advances

Heavier, better plows allowed them to cut Heavier, better plows allowed them to cut the soil deeper, producing more food and the soil deeper, producing more food and improved land cultivationimproved land cultivation

Nobles and freeholders (peasants not tied Nobles and freeholders (peasants not tied to the land) moved to new areas, clearing to the land) moved to new areas, clearing forests, draining swamps, and building forests, draining swamps, and building villages villages

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Agricultural AdvancesAgricultural Advances

Collar harnesses replaced the ox yoke Collar harnesses replaced the ox yoke allowing horses to plow fields instead of allowing horses to plow fields instead of oxen. Horses plow fasteroxen. Horses plow faster

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Expansion of TradeExpansion of Trade

Revival of towns Revival of towns causes rapid causes rapid expansion of tradeexpansion of tradeRepaired and rebuilt Repaired and rebuilt Roman road system Roman road system helped move traders helped move traders in and out of Europein and out of Europe

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Expansion of TradeExpansion of Trade

Italian towns such as Italian towns such as Venice, Pisa, and Venice, Pisa, and Genoa controlled the Genoa controlled the Mediterranean trade Mediterranean trade after A.D. 1200after A.D. 1200Flanders, in northern Flanders, in northern France, became France, became center of trade for center of trade for Europe’s northern Europe’s northern coastcoast

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Expansion of Trade Expansion of Trade

Merchandise became Merchandise became more varied, more varied, especially during especially during trade fairstrade fairs

The most famous The most famous trade fair was in trade fair was in Champagne in Champagne in eastern Franceeastern France

ChampagneChampagne

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BankingBanking

Early merchants Early merchants would use the barter would use the barter system for conducting system for conducting businessbusiness– Barter is the trade of Barter is the trade of

goods without using goods without using money—using other money—using other goods or services of goods or services of valuevalue

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BankingBanking

Some merchants Some merchants would accept only would accept only money for some money for some goods (e.g. silk), goods (e.g. silk), however, and the however, and the need for a common need for a common medium of exchange medium of exchange arosearose

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Banking Banking

The rise of a money economy, or an The rise of a money economy, or an economy based on money, had far economy based on money, had far reaching consequences.reaching consequences.

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BankingBanking

Money….Money….– Led to the rise of Led to the rise of

banksbanks– Traders carried Traders carried

different currencies different currencies with different valueswith different values

– Moneychangers, often Moneychangers, often Jews, would exchange Jews, would exchange one currency for one currency for anotheranother

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Banking Banking

Money put the feudal Money put the feudal system in an system in an economic squeeze economic squeeze Kings, nobles, and Kings, nobles, and clergy became clergy became dependent on money dependent on money from banks to pay from banks to pay their expensestheir expenses

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BankingBanking

Money was Money was demanded to pay for demanded to pay for traditional feudal traditional feudal servicesservicesAs serfs were able to As serfs were able to buy their freedom, the buy their freedom, the feudal system feudal system declineddeclined

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Growth of TownsGrowth of Towns

The number of towns in western Europe The number of towns in western Europe grew tremendously in the A.D. 1000s and grew tremendously in the A.D. 1000s and 1100s, many of them surrounded by walls1100s, many of them surrounded by walls

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Growth of TownsGrowth of Towns

Medieval towns had little sanitation, Medieval towns had little sanitation, causing the rise of diseases such as causing the rise of diseases such as diphtheria, typhoid, influenza, and malariadiphtheria, typhoid, influenza, and malaria– The worst was the bubonic plague, ravaging The worst was the bubonic plague, ravaging

Europe A.D. 1348-1350 Europe A.D. 1348-1350

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GuildsGuilds

Merchants and artisans organized into Merchants and artisans organized into “guilds” which was to help maintain the “guilds” which was to help maintain the monopoly of the local market for its monopoly of the local market for its membersmembers– Restricted trading by foreigners and enforced Restricted trading by foreigners and enforced

uniform pricing and employmentuniform pricing and employment

Craft guilds (like unions) regulated the Craft guilds (like unions) regulated the work of artisanswork of artisansWomen had their own trade unionsWomen had their own trade unions

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Guilds Guilds

““Masters” controlled craft guilds who Masters” controlled craft guilds who mastered their crafts after serving as mastered their crafts after serving as apprenticesapprentices

““Apprentices” worked for a master without Apprentices” worked for a master without paypay

An apprentice then became a An apprentice then became a “journeyman” and received pay“journeyman” and received pay

Guilds would approve these promotionsGuilds would approve these promotions

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Rise of the Middle ClassRise of the Middle Class

The medieval town, or The medieval town, or burg, created the burg, created the name for a new class name for a new class of peopleof people– In Germany, they were In Germany, they were

called “burghers”called “burghers”– In France, they were In France, they were

called “bourgeoisie”called “bourgeoisie”– In England, they were In England, they were

called “burgesses”called “burgesses”

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Rise of the Middle ClassRise of the Middle Class

The name originally The name originally referred to anyone referred to anyone who lived in a townwho lived in a townCame to mean people Came to mean people who made money who made money though developing a though developing a money economymoney economy– Merchants, bankers, Merchants, bankers,

artisans—no longer artisans—no longer needed landneeded land

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Rise of the Middle Class Rise of the Middle Class

Businessmen created councils to Businessmen created councils to administer town affairs and gained political administer town affairs and gained political power for themselvespower for themselves

Kings began to depend on middle class for Kings began to depend on middle class for loans and for the income from taxes paidloans and for the income from taxes paid

Lending merchants and bankers became Lending merchants and bankers became advisers to lords and kingsadvisers to lords and kings

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Town GovernmentTown Government

Conflict gradually developed between the feudal Conflict gradually developed between the feudal classes and townspeople, who wanted to run classes and townspeople, who wanted to run their own affairs and have their own courts and their own affairs and have their own courts and lawslawsCity dwellers did not fit into feudal system and City dwellers did not fit into feudal system and did not owe taxes to lordsdid not owe taxes to lordsLords began to enforce feudal laws to keep the Lords began to enforce feudal laws to keep the burghers in lineburghers in lineThe towns ultimately were too rich and kings and The towns ultimately were too rich and kings and nobles granted towns “charters” which let them nobles granted towns “charters” which let them run their own affairsrun their own affairs

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EducationEducation

During the Early Middle Ages, most people During the Early Middle Ages, most people were illiterate; education was controlled by were illiterate; education was controlled by the clergythe clergyAs towns grew, there was a need for more As towns grew, there was a need for more education in a wider array of subjectseducation in a wider array of subjectsStudents and teachers began to meet in Students and teachers began to meet in other places than cathedral schools. They other places than cathedral schools. They formed organizations that became known formed organizations that became known as universities around A.D. 1150as universities around A.D. 1150

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UniversitiesUniversities

The university began as a guild of scholars The university began as a guild of scholars organized for learning, with rules organized for learning, with rules specifying the obligations of students and specifying the obligations of students and teachersteachersStudents took notes on slatesStudents took notes on slatesBy A.D. 1200s, universities had spread By A.D. 1200s, universities had spread throughout Europe. Most southern throughout Europe. Most southern universities were modeled after the law universities were modeled after the law school at Bologna (buh*LOH*nyuh), Italy school at Bologna (buh*LOH*nyuh), Italy

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New LearningNew LearningMedieval scholars studied Roman law, the works Medieval scholars studied Roman law, the works of Aristotle, and Muslim writingsof Aristotle, and Muslim writings

Many church leaders opposed the study of the Many church leaders opposed the study of the works of Aristotle fearing that his ideas works of Aristotle fearing that his ideas threatened Christian teachings. Others thought threatened Christian teachings. Others thought the new ideas supported Christian teachingsthe new ideas supported Christian teachings

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New LearningNew Learning

ScholarsScholars– They applied They applied

Aristotle’s philosophy Aristotle’s philosophy to theological to theological questions and questions and developed a system of developed a system of thought called thought called “scholasticism”“scholasticism”

AristotleAristotle04/19/2304/19/23 6262John 3:16John 3:16

New LearningNew Learning

Aristotle’s scholasticismAristotle’s scholasticism

Emphasized reason Emphasized reason as well as faith in the as well as faith in the interpretation of interpretation of Christian doctrine. Christian doctrine. Believed all Believed all knowledge could be knowledge could be integrated into a integrated into a coherent wholecoherent whole

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New Learning (cont)New Learning (cont)

Peter Abelard was a scholastic teacher Peter Abelard was a scholastic teacher who collected statement from the bible who collected statement from the bible and tried to show both sides of and tried to show both sides of controversial issuescontroversial issuesThomas Aquinas was the most important Thomas Aquinas was the most important scholastic teacher scholastic teacher – His work “Summa Theologica”-- reason was His work “Summa Theologica”-- reason was

God’s gift that provides answers to questionsGod’s gift that provides answers to questions– Pointed to orderliness of creation and naturePointed to orderliness of creation and nature

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Medieval Literature and ArtMedieval Literature and Art

French epics called “songs of high deeds” French epics called “songs of high deeds” celebrated the courage of feudal warriors; celebrated the courage of feudal warriors; romances about knights and ladies sung romances about knights and ladies sung by “troubadours” were also popularby “troubadours” were also popular

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Epics and RomancesEpics and Romances

Anglo-Saxon epic Anglo-Saxon epic BeowulfBeowulf was a tale of was a tale of grim battle and grim battle and gloomy scenery--gloomy scenery--reveals harshness of reveals harshness of life in northern Europelife in northern Europe

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Anglo-Saxon warrior, Anglo-Saxon warrior, Beowulf, defeats a Beowulf, defeats a horrible monster horrible monster named Grendelnamed Grendel

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Handed down by oral Handed down by oral traditiontradition

Finally written down Finally written down by unknown poetby unknown poet

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Romances about knights and ladies were Romances about knights and ladies were also popularalso popular

Traveling poet-musicians called Traveling poet-musicians called “troubadours” composed lyric poems and “troubadours” composed lyric poems and songs about love and the feats of knights songs about love and the feats of knights

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Vernacular LiteratureVernacular Literature

By late Middle Ages, most literature was By late Middle Ages, most literature was written in the “vernacular”—language of written in the “vernacular”—language of everyday speecheveryday speech– Instead of Latin, most literature was written in Instead of Latin, most literature was written in

English, German, French, Italian, or SpanishEnglish, German, French, Italian, or Spanish

Dante Alighieri wrote “The Devine Dante Alighieri wrote “The Devine Comedy” which was about an imaginary Comedy” which was about an imaginary journey from hell to heaven in Englandjourney from hell to heaven in England

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Vernacular Literature Vernacular Literature

Geoffrey Chaucer produced “The Geoffrey Chaucer produced “The Canterbury Tales”—poems that describe a Canterbury Tales”—poems that describe a varied group of pilgrims who tell stories to varied group of pilgrims who tell stories to amuse one another on their way to amuse one another on their way to Thomas a Becket’s shrine in CanterburyThomas a Becket’s shrine in Canterbury

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Medieval ArtMedieval Art

Early medieval churches were built on a Early medieval churches were built on a style called Romanesque, which was style called Romanesque, which was combined feature of Roman and Byzantine combined feature of Roman and Byzantine structuresstructures

Romanesque art had thick walls, close-set Romanesque art had thick walls, close-set columns, heavy curved arches, and small columns, heavy curved arches, and small windows windows

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Medieval Art Medieval Art

A.D. 1150 French architects began to build A.D. 1150 French architects began to build in a new style called “Gothic”in a new style called “Gothic”– Heavy walls were replaced with low arches Heavy walls were replaced with low arches

and flying buttresses and flying buttresses – The extended stone beams, extended out The extended stone beams, extended out

from the walls, took the weight of the building from the walls, took the weight of the building off the walls. Allowed walls to be thinner with off the walls. Allowed walls to be thinner with space for stain glass windowsspace for stain glass windows

– Inside ceiling allowed for architects to build Inside ceiling allowed for architects to build higher ceilings and more open areashigher ceilings and more open areas

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Strengthening of MonarchyStrengthening of Monarchy


Section 3Section 3

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Main IdeaMain Idea

European monarchs strengthened their European monarchs strengthened their powers during the Middle Agespowers during the Middle Ages

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CortesCortes

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Joan of ArcJoan of Arc

Louis XILouis XI

Richard IIIRichard III

Henry VIIHenry VII

Ferdinand of AragonFerdinand of Aragon

Isabella of CastileIsabella of Castile

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CrecyCrecy

AgincourtAgincourt

BurgundyBurgundy

CastileCastile

AragonAragon

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OverviewOverview

During the Middle Ages, Europe’s During the Middle Ages, Europe’s monarchs set up stronger central monarchs set up stronger central governments. governments.

Monarchs won the loyalty of their people Monarchs won the loyalty of their people and began to limit the powers of clergy and began to limit the powers of clergy and nobles. and nobles.

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OverviewOverview

Gradually educated Gradually educated common people and common people and laymen became royal laymen became royal advisers. advisers.

At the outset, At the outset, however, violent however, violent warfare engulfed warfare engulfed western Europewestern Europe

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The Hundred Years WarThe Hundred Years War

Grew from a dispute Grew from a dispute about landabout land

French finally French finally claimed victoryclaimed victory

A.D. 1337 to A.D. A.D. 1337 to A.D. 14531453

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CausesCauses

William of Normandy William of Normandy conquered Englandconquered England– Normandy, part of Normandy, part of

FranceFrance

William’s successors William’s successors believed the ruled believed the ruled Normandy and Normandy and EnglandEngland

Henry II married Henry II married Eleanor of AquitaineEleanor of Aquitaine– Heir to lands in FranceHeir to lands in France– Henry now controlled Henry now controlled

more French land than more French land than the French kingthe French king

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CausesCauses

French monarch French monarch Philip II regained Philip II regained most landmost land– Defeats Eleanor’s son, Defeats Eleanor’s son,

King John King John

French kings wanted French kings wanted all claimed land, all claimed land, however however

French king Philip French king Philip diesdies– King Edward III of King Edward III of

England is Philip’s England is Philip’s grandson and declares grandson and declares himself king of Francehimself king of France

– Philip of Valois, Philip of Valois, French successor, French successor, prepares for war prepares for war against Edwardagainst Edward

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Major BattlesMajor Battles

England won at Crecy and AgincourtEngland won at Crecy and Agincourt– Victories due to the weapons they usedVictories due to the weapons they used– Longbow was particularly effectiveLongbow was particularly effective– Capable of piercing heavy armor at 300 yardsCapable of piercing heavy armor at 300 yards– French crossbow men retreat at longbow French crossbow men retreat at longbow

impactsimpacts– At Crecy, first use of cannon-like weaponAt Crecy, first use of cannon-like weapon– Things look bad for France—enter Joan of Things look bad for France—enter Joan of

ArcArc

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Born 3 years before Born 3 years before AgincourtAgincourt

Grew up in small Grew up in small French VillageFrench Village

Peasant girlPeasant girl

Couldn’t read or writeCouldn’t read or write

Left home at 17Left home at 17


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Insisted she received Insisted she received messages from God messages from God to save France from to save France from the Englishthe English

Persuaded Charles to Persuaded Charles to give her troops give her troops


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Orleans Orleans (awr*lay*AHN) had (awr*lay*AHN) had been besieged by the been besieged by the English for monthsEnglish for months

French troops French troops inspired by her piety inspired by her piety and sincerity, defeat and sincerity, defeat the Englishthe English

““Maid of Orleans”Maid of Orleans”


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After her victory, she After her victory, she was captured by was captured by rivals of French king rivals of French king and sold to the and sold to the EnglishEnglishEnglish burned her at English burned her at the stakethe stake


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Her courage inspired Her courage inspired the French to rally the French to rally around their king and around their king and they expelled the they expelled the English from their English from their lands lands War ended in 1453War ended in 1453Port of Calais was Port of Calais was only remaining only remaining English land English land

Joan of Arc Joan of Arc 04/19/2304/19/23 8989John 3:16John 3:16

Effects of the WarEffects of the War

The war deeply effected the peoples of The war deeply effected the peoples of France and EnglandFrance and EnglandFrance had suffered more severelyFrance had suffered more severelyVictory gave France a new sense of unityVictory gave France a new sense of unityIn the short run, English defeat led to In the short run, English defeat led to bitterness among nobles who had lost bitterness among nobles who had lost French landsFrench lands In the long run, England could now focus In the long run, England could now focus on problems at home—a good thingon problems at home—a good thing

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Effects of the War Effects of the War

Hastened the decline of feudalismHastened the decline of feudalismUse of firearms and longbows made Use of firearms and longbows made warfare with castles and mounted knights warfare with castles and mounted knights outdatedoutdatedMonarchs replaced feudal armies with Monarchs replaced feudal armies with national armies of hired soldiersnational armies of hired soldiersMonarchs raised taxes to maintain the Monarchs raised taxes to maintain the armyarmyPeople willingly paid for the security People willingly paid for the security

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FranceFrance

During the 1400s, France’s monarchy won During the 1400s, France’s monarchy won much power and prestigemuch power and prestige

Louis XI strengthened the bureaucracy, Louis XI strengthened the bureaucracy, kept the nobles under control, and kept the nobles under control, and promoted trade and agriculturepromoted trade and agriculture

He worked to unite all French feudal lands He worked to unite all French feudal lands under his crown, in particular the under his crown, in particular the prosperous area of Burgundy prosperous area of Burgundy

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EnglandEngland

New struggle in New struggle in England: Wars of England: Wars of the Rosesthe Roses– House of House of

Lancaster: red Lancaster: red roserose

– House of York: House of York: white rosewhite rose

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England England

Edward, Duke of Edward, Duke of York, overthrew the York, overthrew the weak Lancaster weak Lancaster dynasty and became dynasty and became King Edward IVKing Edward IV

Upon his death, Upon his death, Edward’s two sons Edward’s two sons were in line to the were in line to the thronethrone

King Edward IVKing Edward IV

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EnglandEngland

His brother made His brother made himself King Richard himself King Richard IIIIII

He put his two He put his two nephews in the Tower nephews in the Tower of London where they of London where they were probably were probably murdered murdered

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England England

Richard tried to rule Richard tried to rule but lacked supportbut lacked support

King Henry VII, the King Henry VII, the first Tudor king, first Tudor king, defeated him defeated him

King Richard IIIKing Richard III04/19/2304/19/23 9696John 3:16John 3:16

EnglandEngland

King Henry VII King Henry VII strengthened the strengthened the monarchymonarchy

Eliminated royal Eliminated royal claimants to throneclaimants to throne

He had few He had few challengerschallengers

Tudor dynasty lasted Tudor dynasty lasted 100 years 100 years

King Henry VII King Henry VII 04/19/2304/19/23 9797John 3:16John 3:16

SpainSpain

During late 1400s, During late 1400s, Spain emerged as Spain emerged as European powerEuropean power

Before Pope Urban II Before Pope Urban II called for crusades, called for crusades, Spain was involved in Spain was involved in reconquistareconquista – Reconquest of land Reconquest of land

taken by Muslims taken by Muslims – Ferdinand of AragonFerdinand of Aragon

Ferdinand of AragonFerdinand of Aragon04/19/2304/19/23 9898John 3:16John 3:16

SpainSpain

Even before the Crusades, the Christian Even before the Crusades, the Christian rulers of Spain had been fighting for the rulers of Spain had been fighting for the re-conquest of Muslim areas in Spainre-conquest of Muslim areas in Spain– Only Granada in the south remained in the Only Granada in the south remained in the

hands of the Moors, or Spanish Muslimshands of the Moors, or Spanish Muslims

During the late A.D. 1400s, Spain During the late A.D. 1400s, Spain emerged as a leading European power emerged as a leading European power

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Spain Spain

In A.D. 1469 In A.D. 1469 Ferdinand of Aragon Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile and Isabella of Castile were married were married Two kingdoms Two kingdoms maintained separate maintained separate governmentsgovernments

Ferdinand and IsabellaFerdinand and Isabella

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SpainSpain

Assemblies known as Assemblies known as “cortes,” in which “cortes,” in which nobles were powerful, nobles were powerful, had the right to review had the right to review royal policiesroyal policies

IsabellaIsabella04/19/2304/19/23 101101John 3:16John 3:16

SpainSpain

The two monarchs The two monarchs worked together to worked together to strengthen royal strengthen royal powerpowerSet up special courts Set up special courts in the countryside to in the countryside to enforce royal power enforce royal power

FerdinandFerdinand

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Spain Spain

In A.D. 1492 their In A.D. 1492 their armies forced the armies forced the surrender of the last surrender of the last Moorish stronghold at Moorish stronghold at GranadaGranada

FerdinandFerdinand

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SpainSpain

They ended religious toleration. They They ended religious toleration. They wanted all Spanish to be Catholicswanted all Spanish to be Catholics– Spanish Jews and Moors were ordered to Spanish Jews and Moors were ordered to

convert or to leave Spainconvert or to leave Spain– The departure of the Jews and the moors The departure of the Jews and the moors

weakened Spain’s economy weakened Spain’s economy

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Spain Spain

Set up inquisition to Set up inquisition to try Jews and moors try Jews and moors suspected of suspected of practicing their practicing their religion. religion.

Strengthened the Strengthened the monarchymonarchy

Limited contacts with Limited contacts with other parts of worldother parts of world

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The Troubled ChurchThe Troubled Church


Section 4Section 4

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Main IdeaMain Idea

The Church came under pressure to The Church came under pressure to reformreform

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PilgrimagePilgrimage

SimonySimony

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Pope Clement VPope Clement V

John WycliffeJohn Wycliffe

The LollardsThe Lollards

Jan HusJan Hus

The HussitesThe Hussites

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AvignonAvignon

BohemiaBohemia

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OverviewOverview

Many people turned to the Church for Many people turned to the Church for comfort and help during difficult timescomfort and help during difficult times

Ceremonies multiplied and many went on Ceremonies multiplied and many went on “pilgrimages”—journeys to holy places“pilgrimages”—journeys to holy places

Monarchies weakened the temporal Monarchies weakened the temporal (worldly) influence of the Church(worldly) influence of the Church

Growing middle class began to question Growing middle class began to question the authority and teachings of the Churchthe authority and teachings of the Church

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Babylonian CaptivityBabylonian Captivity

During the early A.D. During the early A.D. 1300s, the papacy 1300s, the papacy came under the came under the influence of the influence of the French monarchyFrench monarchy– A French archbishop A French archbishop

was elected Pope was elected Pope Clement V Clement V

Pope Clement V Pope Clement V

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A few years later, the A few years later, the pope moved his court pope moved his court from Rome to from Rome to Avignon (southern Avignon (southern France) where it France) where it remained until A.D. remained until A.D. 1377. 1377.

Attempt to escape Attempt to escape Italian civil warsItalian civil wars

Pope Clement VPope Clement V04/19/2304/19/23 113113John 3:16John 3:16

Babylonian Captivity Babylonian Captivity

The long period of the The long period of the exile of the popes at exile of the popes at Avignon came to be Avignon came to be known as the known as the Babylonian Captivity, Babylonian Captivity, after the period of the after the period of the exile of the Jews in exile of the Jews in BabylonBabylon

Pope Clement VPope Clement V

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People started People started believing the pope believing the pope had become had become corrupted by society corrupted by society and dominated by and dominated by French monarchsFrench monarchs

Pope Gregory XIPope Gregory XI04/19/2304/19/23 115115John 3:16John 3:16


““Here reign the successors of the poor Here reign the successors of the poor fisherman from Galilee; they have fisherman from Galilee; they have strangely forgotten their origin. I am strangely forgotten their origin. I am astounded to see these men loaded with astounded to see these men loaded with gold and clad in purple, boasting of the gold and clad in purple, boasting of the spoils of princes and nations”spoils of princes and nations”– Petrarch, Italian poetPetrarch, Italian poet

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The Great SchismThe Great Schism

In A.D. 1377, Pope In A.D. 1377, Pope Gregory XI returned to Gregory XI returned to RomeRome– After his death, Roman After his death, Roman

mobs forced College of mobs forced College of Cardinals to elect Italian Cardinals to elect Italian popepope

Protection towers for papal Protection towers for papal decisions decisions

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After being forced by After being forced by Roman mobs to elect Roman mobs to elect an Italian as pope, the an Italian as pope, the College of Cardinals College of Cardinals declared the election declared the election invalid and elected a invalid and elected a second pope, who second pope, who settled in Avignon settled in Avignon

Pope Gregory XI returns to Pope Gregory XI returns to Rome Rome

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The world now had The world now had two popes, one in two popes, one in Avignon and one in Avignon and one in RomeRome

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The Great Schism The Great Schism

Lasted from A.D. 1378 to 1471Lasted from A.D. 1378 to 1471

Undermined the pope’s authorityUndermined the pope’s authority– People wondered how a Divinely chosen People wondered how a Divinely chosen

leader could be more than one personleader could be more than one person

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Calls for a CouncilCalls for a Council

Kings, princes, and church scholars called Kings, princes, and church scholars called for church reform for church reform

The most popular proposed remedy to the The most popular proposed remedy to the Great Schism was a general church Great Schism was a general church councilcouncil

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Political decisions made it almost Political decisions made it almost impossible to reach agreement on the impossible to reach agreement on the nature of the councilnature of the council– Different rulers supported different popes Different rulers supported different popes

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Calls for a Council Calls for a Council

A.D. council met in Pisa, Italy to unite A.D. council met in Pisa, Italy to unite Church behind the popeChurch behind the popeResulted in the election of a third pope—Resulted in the election of a third pope—the others would not resignthe others would not resign

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In A.D. 1414, a council in Germany forced In A.D. 1414, a council in Germany forced the resignation of all three popes and the resignation of all three popes and elected Pope Martin Velected Pope Martin VNow, disillusioned with the church, many Now, disillusioned with the church, many people felt closer to their monarchs than people felt closer to their monarchs than the church the church

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Calls for Reform Calls for Reform

Many Europeans disliked abuses within Many Europeans disliked abuses within the Church, including the clergy’s means the Church, including the clergy’s means of raising moneyof raising money

People particularly disliked “simony”—the People particularly disliked “simony”—the selling of Church positionsselling of Church positions

Princely lifestyles of the clergy displeased Princely lifestyles of the clergy displeased people as wellpeople as well

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Scholar at Oxford Scholar at Oxford University, wanted to University, wanted to remove church remove church officials who were officials who were immoral or corruptimmoral or corrupt

Claimed the Bible Claimed the Bible was the sole authority was the sole authority for religious truth—for religious truth—began to write English began to write English versionversion John WycliffeJohn Wycliffe

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Some of his followers, Some of his followers, the Lollards, angrily the Lollards, angrily criticized the Churchcriticized the Church– Destroyed images of Destroyed images of

saints, ridiculed the saints, ridiculed the Mass, and ate Mass, and ate communion bread with communion bread with onions to show that it onions to show that it was no different from was no different from ordinary breadordinary bread

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Jon Wycliffe Jon Wycliffe

Widespread antipapal feelings made it Widespread antipapal feelings made it difficult for the English government to difficult for the English government to suppress Lollards suppress Lollards

A supporter, Bohemian-born Queen Anne, A supporter, Bohemian-born Queen Anne, the wife of King Richard IIthe wife of King Richard II– She sent copies of Wycliffe’s writings to her She sent copies of Wycliffe’s writings to her

homeland in the Holy Roman Empire, where homeland in the Holy Roman Empire, where they influenced another great religious they influenced another great religious reformer—Jan Hus reformer—Jan Hus

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Jan HusJan Hus

A popular preacher and professor, led a A popular preacher and professor, led a violent wave of Czech religious reformviolent wave of Czech religious reformWanted to throw off German controlWanted to throw off German controlWanted Church reforms Wanted Church reforms The church council in Constance The church council in Constance demanded he appear to explain his views demanded he appear to explain his views – He was promise safe passage by the Holy He was promise safe passage by the Holy

Roman EmperorRoman Emperor

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Jan HusJan Hus

When Hus was When Hus was burned at the stake burned at the stake as a heretic, his death as a heretic, his death caused many Czechs caused many Czechs to rally around their to rally around their new martyrnew martyr

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Jan Hus Jan Hus

Holy Roman Emperor Holy Roman Emperor promised him safe promised him safe passage to the passage to the Council of Constance, Council of Constance, but didn’t happenbut didn’t happenBecame a martyrBecame a martyr

Jan Hus Jan Hus

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Jan HusJan Hus

Supporters of Hus Supporters of Hus resisted the Churchresisted the Church– Called HussitesCalled Hussites– Five crusades were Five crusades were

launched against themlaunched against them

Hussites defeat the Hussites defeat the Church crusadesChurch crusades

Jan Hus executionJan Hus execution

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Jan Hus Jan Hus

In A.D. 1436 representatives of the Pope In A.D. 1436 representatives of the Pope and the Holy Roman emperor reached a and the Holy Roman emperor reached a compromise with the Hussite leaders, compromise with the Hussite leaders, giving them certain religious liberties in giving them certain religious liberties in return for their allegiance to the church return for their allegiance to the church

Hus ideas did not go awayHus ideas did not go away

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ReviewReview

What are major features of the High What are major features of the High Middle Ages worth noting?Middle Ages worth noting?– High Middle Ages, around A.D. 1000, sparked High Middle Ages, around A.D. 1000, sparked

giant leap forward in improved conditions in giant leap forward in improved conditions in Europe.Europe.

– Great cathedrals still standing today mark the Great cathedrals still standing today mark the development of great citiesdevelopment of great cities

04/19/2304/19/23 John 3:16John 3:16 134134

ReviewReview

Significance of High Middle Ages…Significance of High Middle Ages…– Major labor unions of today are related to Major labor unions of today are related to

guilds of the Middle Agesguilds of the Middle Ages– Institutions of higher learning mark the Institutions of higher learning mark the

beginning of universitiesbeginning of universities

04/19/2304/19/23 John 3:16John 3:16 135135

ReviewReview

High Middle Age features most High Middle Age features most noteworthy…noteworthy…– The development of national languagesThe development of national languages– The development of the middle class, playing The development of the middle class, playing

a key role todaya key role today– Better agricultural technologies for more food Better agricultural technologies for more food

productionproductionFood growth produced increased population and Food growth produced increased population and rise of towns/citiesrise of towns/cities

04/19/2304/19/23 John 3:16John 3:16 136136

ReviewReview

Features of High Middle Ages worth Features of High Middle Ages worth noting…noting…– The revival of trade, expansion of cities, and The revival of trade, expansion of cities, and

development of money opened new doors for development of money opened new doors for people to make a livingpeople to make a living

Lives of people were expanded and enrichedLives of people were expanded and enriched

Created the foundation for mostly urban industrial Created the foundation for mostly urban industrial societysociety

04/19/2304/19/23 John 3:16John 3:16 137137

ReviewReview

Features of the High Middle Ages worth Features of the High Middle Ages worth noting…noting…– Cultural revival led to new centers of learningCultural revival led to new centers of learning

—universities, etc.—universities, etc.– The use of reason to better study law and The use of reason to better study law and

theologytheology– Development of vernacular literature, Development of vernacular literature,

appealing to knights and peasantsappealing to knights and peasants– Increase in number and size of churches Increase in number and size of churches

04/19/2304/19/23 John 3:16John 3:16 138138

medieval europe at its height chapter 13 7/2/20151 john 3:16

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