the rise of medieval europe chapter 12 a.d. 500-1300 4/16/20151 john 3:16

The Rise of Medieval EuropeThe Rise of Medieval Europe

Chapter 12Chapter 12

A.D. 500-1300A.D. 500-1300

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Middle AgesMiddle Ages

Sometimes referred Sometimes referred to a the “Dark Ages”to a the “Dark Ages”

Transition between Transition between ancient and modern ancient and modern timestimes

Roman urban world of Roman urban world of was destroyedwas destroyed

Life was in the Life was in the villages villages

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Chapter ThemesChapter Themes

Movement:Movement: invasions invasions by Vikings, Magyars, by Vikings, Magyars, and Muslims and Muslims influence medieval influence medieval EuropeEuropeCooperationCooperation: Nobles, : Nobles, church officials and church officials and peasants develop ties peasants develop ties of loyalty and service of loyalty and service to one anotherto one another

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Chapter ThemesChapter Themes

UniformityUniformity: The : The Catholic Church Catholic Church affects every aspect affects every aspect of medieval lifeof medieval lifeConflictConflict: European : European kings, feudal lords, kings, feudal lords, and popes struggle and popes struggle for political for political dominance dominance

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Frankish RulersFrankish Rulers

Main Idea: Frankish rulers, like Main Idea: Frankish rulers, like CharlemagneCharlemagne, were exceptional rulers for , were exceptional rulers for their timetheir time

Terms to define: mayor of palace, countTerms to define: mayor of palace, count

People to Meet: Clovis, Charles Martel, People to Meet: Clovis, Charles Martel, Pepin the Short, Charlemagne, the VikingsPepin the Short, Charlemagne, the Vikings

Places to locate: Frankish Empire, Places to locate: Frankish Empire, Scandinavia Scandinavia

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Early Frank Rulers--Merovingian Early Frank Rulers--Merovingian RulersRulers

A.D. 400sA.D. 400s

Settled now France and Western GermanySettled now France and Western Germany

Franks emerged as strongest Germanic Franks emerged as strongest Germanic tribetribe

Earlier rulers, Merovingian Earlier rulers, Merovingian (MEHR*uh*VIHN*jee*uhn) rulers, held (MEHR*uh*VIHN*jee*uhn) rulers, held power until the early 700spower until the early 700s– Clovis, Charles Martel, Pepin the ShortClovis, Charles Martel, Pepin the Short

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ClovisClovis

King of the FranksKing of the Franks

First Germanic ruler First Germanic ruler to accept Catholicismto accept Catholicism

Military victories and Military victories and religious conversion religious conversion gave him stabilitygave him stability

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ClovisClovis

For generations, For generations, kings had passed kings had passed their kingdoms to their their kingdoms to their heirsheirs

This turned out to be This turned out to be unsuccessful due to unsuccessful due to family infightingfamily infighting

New system was New system was Mayors of the PalaceMayors of the Palace

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Mayors of the PalaceMayors of the Palace

Political power had Political power had passed from kings to passed from kings to mayors of the palacemayors of the palace

Previously, the Previously, the kingdom was divided kingdom was divided among the king’s among the king’s heirs heirs

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Charles MartelCharles Martel

A.D. 714, Charles A.D. 714, Charles Martel became mayor Martel became mayor of the palaceof the palace

When Muslim forces When Muslim forces threatened Europe in threatened Europe in A.D. 732, Charles A.D. 732, Charles (the Hammer) led the (the Hammer) led the successful defense of successful defense of Tours, in FranceTours, in France

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Charles MartelCharles Martel

Tours victory won him Tours victory won him great prestigegreat prestige

Ensured Christianity Ensured Christianity would remain the would remain the dominate religion in dominate religion in EuropeEurope

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Pepin the ShortPepin the Short

Charles Martel’s sonCharles Martel’s son

A.D. 752, became A.D. 752, became king of the Franksking of the Franks

The pope anointed The pope anointed (put holy oil) him (put holy oil) him making him a divinely making him a divinely appointed ruler in appointed ruler in eyes of peopleeyes of people

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Pepin the ShortPepin the Short

Pepin expected to Pepin expected to help pope against help pope against enemiesenemies

Pepin forced Pepin forced Lombards (Germanic Lombards (Germanic people) to leave people) to leave RomeRome

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Pippin the ShortPippin the Short

Gave pope large strip Gave pope large strip of Lombard land in of Lombard land in ItalyItaly

Pope cut Byzantine Pope cut Byzantine tiesties

Fortunes of western Fortunes of western Europe and Europe and Catholicism more Catholicism more closely tied togetherclosely tied together

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Charlemagne’s EmpireCharlemagne’s Empire

Pepin’s son--Pepin’s son--CharlemagneCharlemagne

A.D. 768, became A.D. 768, became Frankish kingFrankish king

Pictured: Pepin and Pictured: Pepin and CharlemagneCharlemagne

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Known as Known as Charlemagne or Charlemagne or Charles the GreatCharles the Great

One of Europe’s great One of Europe’s great monarchsmonarchs

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In Latin, his name is In Latin, his name is written “Carolus written “Carolus Magnus”Magnus”

Gave the name of Gave the name of CarolingianCarolingian to his to his dynastydynasty

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Nearly doubled the Nearly doubled the size of his borderssize of his borders– Germany, France, Germany, France,

northern Spain, and northern Spain, and most of Italymost of Italy

Became known as the Became known as the Frankish Empire Frankish Empire

Pictured: Pictured: Charlemagne’s Charlemagne’s coronationcoronation

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Charlemagne EmpireCharlemagne Empire

Seeking to revive Seeking to revive learning, he learning, he established a palace established a palace school at Aachen school at Aachen

School helped School helped provide western provide western Europeans with a Europeans with a common set of ideas common set of ideas

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Charlemagne (cont)Charlemagne (cont)

Studies based on the Bible and LatinStudies based on the Bible and Latin

Scholars preserved classical learning by Scholars preserved classical learning by copying ancient manuscriptscopying ancient manuscripts– Ancient manuscriptsAncient manuscripts– Roman classicsRoman classics

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A Christian RealmA Christian Realm

Western Europeans wanted the creation of Western Europeans wanted the creation of a Christian Roman Empirea Christian Roman Empire

Church leaders believed Charlemagne Church leaders believed Charlemagne could create itcould create it

A.D. 800 he came to Rome to defend the A.D. 800 he came to Rome to defend the pope against the Roman noblespope against the Roman nobles

In gratitude, the pope crowned him the In gratitude, the pope crowned him the new Roman Emperornew Roman Emperor

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A Christian Realm A Christian Realm

Charlemagne wanted the title but had Charlemagne wanted the title but had misgivings accepting the crown from the misgivings accepting the crown from the pope—were church officials superior to pope—were church officials superior to rulers?rulers?Charlemagne accepted his duties as Charlemagne accepted his duties as emperoremperorWorked to strengthen empire Worked to strengthen empire

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A Christian RealmA Christian Realm

He relied on local officials called counts to He relied on local officials called counts to assist him.assist him.– They raised armies, solved local problems, They raised armies, solved local problems,

stopped feuds, protected the weak, etcstopped feuds, protected the weak, etc

Charlemagne traveled Europe to observeCharlemagne traveled Europe to observe

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Collapse of Charlemagne’s EmpireCollapse of Charlemagne’s Empire

His forceful personality helped hold empire His forceful personality helped hold empire togethertogether

A.D. 814, his family could not hold the A.D. 814, his family could not hold the empire together; in A.D. 843 empire together; in A.D. 843 Charlemagne’s three grandsons agreed to Charlemagne’s three grandsons agreed to divide the empire’s lands divide the empire’s lands

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Collapse of Charlemagne’s Empire Collapse of Charlemagne’s Empire (cont)(cont)

Treaty of Verdun divided Carolingian landsTreaty of Verdun divided Carolingian lands– Charles the Bald: FranceCharles the Bald: France– Louis the German: GermanyLouis the German: Germany– Lothair became the Roman emperor and took Lothair became the Roman emperor and took

stretch of land from the North Sea southward stretch of land from the North Sea southward to Italy to Italy

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Invasions Increase DisunityInvasions Increase Disunity

Muslims from North AfricaMuslims from North Africa

Slavs from the EastSlavs from the East

Magyars from AsiaMagyars from Asia

The most threatening attacks came from The most threatening attacks came from the Vikings, raiders from Scandinavia from the Vikings, raiders from Scandinavia from the north the north

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Viking InvasionsViking Invasions

To go “a-viking” means to fight as a To go “a-viking” means to fight as a warriorwarrior

Explorers skilled in sailing, trading, and Explorers skilled in sailing, trading, and fighting who settled throughout Europefighting who settled throughout Europe

ShipsShips– Light for carrying over land for quick attacksLight for carrying over land for quick attacks– Shallow for navigating riversShallow for navigating rivers– Sturdy for ocean-goingSturdy for ocean-going

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Viking Invasions (cont)Viking Invasions (cont)

A.D. 800 sought richesA.D. 800 sought riches

Left homeland which was overcrowdedLeft homeland which was overcrowded

Departed lands are now Norway, Departed lands are now Norway, Denmark, and SwedenDenmark, and Sweden

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Viking TradeViking Trade

Moved along Atlantic and Mediterranean Moved along Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts of Europecoasts of Europe

Settle the North Atlantic islands of Settle the North Atlantic islands of Greenland and Iceland and reached North Greenland and Iceland and reached North AmericaAmerica

Temporarily held EnglandTemporarily held England

Settled in present-day Ukraine and RussiaSettled in present-day Ukraine and Russia

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Viking CultureViking Culture

Worshipped many deitiesWorshipped many deities

Stories of gods flourished called “Eddas”Stories of gods flourished called “Eddas”

Accepted Christianity by A.D. 1100Accepted Christianity by A.D. 1100– Began to write their letters using Roman Began to write their letters using Roman

lettersletters

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A New EuropeA New EuropePeople of Europe suffer at the hands of People of Europe suffer at the hands of Vikings and others Vikings and others Raids isolated people and weakened Raids isolated people and weakened central authoritycentral authorityEconomic collapse—lack of trade, etcEconomic collapse—lack of trade, etcDecline of monarchies resulted in nobles Decline of monarchies resulted in nobles and local officials taking over defenseand local officials taking over defenseA.D. 900s, new political and social system A.D. 900s, new political and social system brought more stabilitybrought more stability

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Medieval LifeMedieval Life

Section 2Section 2

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Main IdeaMain Idea

Loyalties were maintained even in a Loyalties were maintained even in a divided and often violent Europedivided and often violent Europe

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Terms to KnowTerms to Know

FeudalismFeudalismFiefFiefVassalVassalHomageHomageTournamentTournamentChivalryChivalryManorialismManorialismSerfSerf

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People to MeetPeople to Meet

KnightsKnights

LordsLords

LadiesLadies

PeasantsPeasants

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Overview of FeudalismOverview of Feudalism

Weakened central government/powerWeakened central government/power

Feudalism developed in western EuropeFeudalism developed in western Europe

Stressed alliances between Stressed alliances between monarchsmonarchs and and noblesnobles

Land is given to nobles in exchange for Land is given to nobles in exchange for loyaltyloyalty

Peasants came with the land to farm itPeasants came with the land to farm it

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Feudalism RelationshipsFeudalism Relationships

The tie between The tie between military service and military service and land ownership began land ownership began in A.D. 700sin A.D. 700s

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Charles Martel Charles Martel fighting Muslims who fighting Muslims who fought using cavalry fought using cavalry with stirrups/saddleswith stirrups/saddles– Martel granted fiefs—Martel granted fiefs—

estates with peasantsestates with peasants—for income to buy —for income to buy horses and equipment horses and equipment

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Feudalism Relationships (cont)Feudalism Relationships (cont)

Frankish kings later Frankish kings later enlarged this system enlarged this system by giving fiefs to by giving fiefs to countscounts and and local local officialsofficials– These nobles These nobles

assumed many assumed many government powers government powers and swore loyalty to and swore loyalty to the kingthe king

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By A.D. 900s, such By A.D. 900s, such arrangements among arrangements among nobles and monarchs nobles and monarchs emerged as feudalismemerged as feudalism– Lords were permitted Lords were permitted

to pass their lands on to pass their lands on to heirs in return for to heirs in return for providing knights for providing knights for the royal armythe royal army

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Feudalism Relationships (cont)Feudalism Relationships (cont)

Like a pyramid with king on top, lords in Like a pyramid with king on top, lords in the middle, and knights on bottomthe middle, and knights on bottom– Lords served another lord of the next higher Lords served another lord of the next higher

rankrank– Lords could also serve as vassals—a noble Lords could also serve as vassals—a noble

pledging loyalty to more than one lordpledging loyalty to more than one lord– Conflicts could arrive if a vassal served two Conflicts could arrive if a vassal served two

lords at war with each other lords at war with each other

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Feudal ObligationsFeudal Obligations

Ties between lord and vassal made official Ties between lord and vassal made official in a solemn ceremony known as “homage”in a solemn ceremony known as “homage”

In return for a fief, vassals pledged to In return for a fief, vassals pledged to perform certain duties, the most important perform certain duties, the most important was military servicewas military service– Knights usually provided for 40-60 days/yearKnights usually provided for 40-60 days/year– Provided food and lodging for lord on visitsProvided food and lodging for lord on visits– Paid ransom if lord caught in battle Paid ransom if lord caught in battle

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Castles for DefenseCastles for Defense

Because of lack of strong central Because of lack of strong central government, warfare occurred frequently government, warfare occurred frequently in feudal societyin feudal society– Therefore, every nobleman built a castle for Therefore, every nobleman built a castle for

securitysecurity

By A.D. 1100s castle were built of stone By A.D. 1100s castle were built of stone with thick walls and turrets—small towers with thick walls and turrets—small towers

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Castle for DefenseCastle for Defense

Each castle was built Each castle was built on a hill or mound on a hill or mound surrounded by a deep surrounded by a deep moatmoat

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Castles for DefenseCastles for Defense

Castle had a square Castle had a square tower called a “keep”tower called a “keep”– Contained many Contained many

roomsroomsHallHallDungeonDungeon

– Surrounding the keep Surrounding the keep was a “bailey”was a “bailey”

Buildings—barracks, Buildings—barracks, storerooms, workshops storerooms, workshops and chapeland chapel

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Castle for DefenseCastle for Defense

Castles were built for Castles were built for security and were security and were cold, dingy, and dark cold, dingy, and dark placesplaces

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Life of the NobilityLife of the Nobility

Lords, ladies, and Lords, ladies, and knights made up the knights made up the nobility of the middle nobility of the middle agesages

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Life of NobilityLife of Nobility

Within his fief, a lord Within his fief, a lord had almost total had almost total authority, collecting authority, collecting rents in goods from rents in goods from peasants and settling peasants and settling disputes between disputes between vassalsvassals

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Attempts to seize the Attempts to seize the fief were met with fief were met with violent resistance violent resistance

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Life of Nobility (cont)Life of Nobility (cont)

In contrast, a lady, or In contrast, a lady, or noblewoman, had few noblewoman, had few rightsrights– Her primary duties lay Her primary duties lay

in bringing up children in bringing up children and taking care of the and taking care of the householdhousehold

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Could be married as Could be married as early as twelve to a early as twelve to a man selected by her man selected by her fatherfather

Took pride in Took pride in needlework, turning needlework, turning out cloth, and fine out cloth, and fine embroidery embroidery

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Life of the Nobility Life of the Nobility

Women made effective medicines from Women made effective medicines from plants and herbsplants and herbs

Some shared the supervision of the castle Some shared the supervision of the castle for husbands off to warfor husbands off to war

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EntertainmentEntertainment

Tournaments, mock Tournaments, mock battlesbattles

Knights chose lady to Knights chose lady to fight forfight for– Usually married to Usually married to

gentleman of higher gentleman of higher statusstatus

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Tournaments could Tournaments could be dangerousbe dangerous

Church looked down Church looked down on them on them

Large group of armed Large group of armed men in one placemen in one place

Winning ladies hearts Winning ladies hearts was large part of itwas large part of it

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HuntingHunting– Both men and women Both men and women

learned falconry and learned falconry and archeryarchery

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Dinner featured Dinner featured several dishes of several dishes of game and fishgame and fish

Minstrels, or singers, Minstrels, or singers, might followmight follow

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Becoming a KnightBecoming a Knight

Nobleman’s son Nobleman’s son begins training for begins training for knighthood at age of knighthood at age of sevenseven

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Starts as a page, Starts as a page, assistant to a lordassistant to a lord

At 15, he becomes a At 15, he becomes a squire who assists squire who assists knights and studies knights and studies weapon and battleweapon and battle

Once proven in battle, Once proven in battle, he is knighted he is knighted

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Becoming a Knight Becoming a Knight

Behavior of knight Behavior of knight governed by code of governed by code of chivalrychivalry– Brave in battleBrave in battle– Fight fairlyFight fairly– Keep promisesKeep promises– Defend the churchDefend the church– Treat women with Treat women with

noble birth in a noble birth in a courteous mannercourteous manner

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Chivalry became Chivalry became basis of good basis of good manners in Western manners in Western societysociety

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The Manorial SystemThe Manorial System

The wealth of a feudal The wealth of a feudal lord came from the lord came from the labor of the peasants labor of the peasants who lived on and who lived on and worked the lord’s landworked the lord’s land– Since the Romans, Since the Romans,

peasants had worked peasants had worked for large land ownersfor large land owners

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Manorialism vs FeudalismManorialism vs Feudalism

Manorialism: EconomicManorialism: Economic

Economic systemEconomic system

Originated fro latifundiaOriginated fro latifundia

Lords owned landLords owned land

Serfs controlled landSerfs controlled land

Property was sharedProperty was shared

Lords headed manorsLords headed manors

Lords protected peopleLords protected people

Feudalism: PoliticalFeudalism: Political

Political SystemPolitical System

Mutual obligationsMutual obligations

Fiefs awarded to vassalsFiefs awarded to vassals

Lords minted coins and Lords minted coins and made lawsmade laws

Lords headed manorsLords headed manors

LoyaltyLoyalty

Pyramid structurePyramid structure

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The Manorial SystemThe Manorial System

By the Middle Ages, By the Middle Ages, economiceconomic life across life across Europe centered Europe centered around a system of around a system of agricultural production agricultural production called “manorialism”called “manorialism”– Provided peasants Provided peasants

with food, shelter, and with food, shelter, and protectionprotection

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The Manorial System The Manorial System

Sizes of estates varied from several Sizes of estates varied from several hundred to several thousand acreshundred to several thousand acres– Included lord’s house, pastures, crop fields, Included lord’s house, pastures, crop fields,

forests, and peasant villageforests, and peasant village

Manorialism concerns economic ties Manorialism concerns economic ties between nobles and peasantsbetween nobles and peasants

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Work on a ManorWork on a Manor

In return for the lord’s protection, peasants In return for the lord’s protection, peasants provided various services to the lordprovided various services to the lord– Farming the landFarming the land– Payments for goods, e.g. when a peasant Payments for goods, e.g. when a peasant

ground grain, a portion was left to the lordground grain, a portion was left to the lord– Road and bridge repair Road and bridge repair

Warfare made trade near impossible so Warfare made trade near impossible so manors had to produce what was neededmanors had to produce what was needed

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Work on a Manor Work on a Manor

Most peasants Most peasants farmed or herded farmed or herded sheepsheep

Some were artisans Some were artisans like blacksmiths, like blacksmiths, carpenters, millers carpenters, millers (grain grounding), (grain grounding), shoemakers, brewers, shoemakers, brewers, etc.etc.

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Black cotton dressBlack cotton dress

Work on a ManorWork on a Manor

Most peasants were Most peasants were “serfs”—could “serfs”—could not not leave the manorleave the manor without permissionwithout permission– Serfs were Serfs were not slavesnot slaves

and could not be soldand could not be sold

Cruck housesCruck houses– Wood, straw, mud, Wood, straw, mud,

manure manure

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Cruck HouseCruck House

Increased ProductionIncreased Production

Agricultural Agricultural improvements eased improvements eased the threat of faminethe threat of famine– Heavier plowHeavier plow

Deeper cutsDeeper cuts

Mould-board pushed Mould-board pushed the soil sidewaysthe soil sideways

Farmers spent less Farmers spent less time in the fieldtime in the field

Developed better Developed better method of planting method of planting

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Increased ProductionIncreased Production

Planting rotation of Planting rotation of fieldsfields– Planted fieldsPlanted fields– Fallow fieldsFallow fields– Seasonal adjustmentsSeasonal adjustments

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Peasant LifePeasant Life

Poverty and hardship Poverty and hardship characterized peasant characterized peasant lifelife– Famine, disease, and Famine, disease, and

warfare were constant warfare were constant dangersdangers

– Few peasants live Few peasants live beyond 40beyond 40

Most people rarely Most people rarely bathedbathed

Didn’t know about Didn’t know about germsgerms

Toilets were buckets Toilets were buckets emptied into rivers or emptied into rivers or streamsstreams– Same stream used for Same stream used for

cooking and drinking, cooking and drinking, tootoo

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Invading knights Invading knights trampled crops and trampled crops and burned villagesburned villagesDirt-floor houses, no Dirt-floor houses, no chimney, one or two chimney, one or two crude pieces of crude pieces of furniturefurniturePeople huddled People huddled together for warmthtogether for warmthAnimals insideAnimals inside

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Peasant Life (cont)Peasant Life (cont)

Not large variety of Not large variety of foodfood– Few vegetables from Few vegetables from

the gardenthe garden– Grain for porridgeGrain for porridge– Meat was rarityMeat was rarity

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Relaxed SundaysRelaxed Sundays– Dancing, singing, Dancing, singing,

sports like wrestling sports like wrestling and archeryand archery

– Plays, pageants, and Plays, pageants, and shows by minstrelsshows by minstrels

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Peasant Life Peasant Life

Despite differences Despite differences between nobles and between nobles and serfs, they shared an serfs, they shared an interest in the landinterest in the land

Medieval Europeans Medieval Europeans believed all were believed all were equal in the eyes of equal in the eyes of GodGod

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Each person seen as Each person seen as requiring duties to requiring duties to performperform– Very young cleared Very young cleared

stonesstones– Many died at birthMany died at birth– No schoolNo school

Peasant life: “nasty, Peasant life: “nasty, brutish, and short”brutish, and short”

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Manor HouseManor House


Although manorial Although manorial system lacked system lacked freedom and freedom and opportunity for opportunity for people, it created a people, it created a stable and secure stable and secure way of life during a way of life during a violent and uncertain violent and uncertain timetime

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The Medieval ChurchThe Medieval Church

Section 3Section 3

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Main IdeaMain Idea

The Catholic Church shaped the The Catholic Church shaped the development of medieval Europedevelopment of medieval Europe

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Terms to DefineTerms to Define

SacramentSacramentAbbotAbbotAbbessAbbessCardinalCardinalLayLayInvestitureInvestitureHeresyHeresyExcommunicationExcommunicationFriarFriar

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Places to locatePlaces to locate

Monte CassinoMonte Cassino

ClunyCluny

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Overview of SectionOverview of Section

During Middle Ages, the Catholic Church During Middle Ages, the Catholic Church was the dominant spiritual influence in was the dominant spiritual influence in western Europewestern Europe

Church was the center of their livesChurch was the center of their lives

Small number of Jews, Muslims, and non-Small number of Jews, Muslims, and non-Catholic ChristiansCatholic Christians

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Although the Church’s Although the Church’s primary mission was primary mission was spiritual, the decline spiritual, the decline of Rome in the A.D. of Rome in the A.D. 400s led the Church 400s led the Church to assume many to assume many political and social political and social taskstasks

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Pope: Strongest Pope: Strongest political leader in political leader in western Europewestern Europe

The pope claimed The pope claimed spiritual authority over spiritual authority over Christians since Peter Christians since Peter the Apostle, Rome’s the Apostle, Rome’s first bishop, was first bishop, was chosen by Jesus to chosen by Jesus to lead the Church lead the Church

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Religious RoleReligious Role

The Catholic Church The Catholic Church taught that all people taught that all people were sinners and were sinners and dependent on God’s dependent on God’s gracegrace

The only way to The only way to receive grace was to receive grace was to take part in the take part in the sacramentssacraments

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SacramentsSacraments– BaptismBaptism– PenancePenance– EucharistEucharist– ConfirmationConfirmation– MatrimonyMatrimony– Anointing of sickAnointing of sick– Holy ordersHoly orders

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The church hierarchy The church hierarchy remained largely remained largely unchanged during the unchanged during the Middle AgesMiddle Ages– Parish priests oversaw Parish priests oversaw

the spiritual life of the the spiritual life of the communitycommunity

– Bishops occasionally Bishops occasionally visited parishes to visited parishes to supervise supervise

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Religious Role Religious Role

People had limited People had limited understanding of understanding of church ritualschurch rituals– Masses said LatinMasses said Latin– Many priests poorly Many priests poorly

educatededucated– Few people could read Few people could read

or writeor write

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People would learn People would learn about their faith from about their faith from paintings, sculptors, paintings, sculptors, and stain glass and stain glass windows windows

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Church OrganizationChurch Organization

Church hierarchy Church hierarchy remained basically remained basically the samethe same People contacted People contacted mostly through priestsmostly through priestsThe pope, bishops, The pope, bishops, and priests lived in and priests lived in the world—”in the world—”in saeculo”saeculo”

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Church OrganizationChurch Organization

Regular clergy like Regular clergy like monks and nuns lived monks and nuns lived apart from society apart from society –”regula”–”regula”– Played an important Played an important

role in strengthening role in strengthening the medieval Churchthe medieval Church

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Benedict’s RuleBenedict’s Rule

A.D. 529, a Roman official named A.D. 529, a Roman official named Benedict founded a monastery that Benedict founded a monastery that became a model for other monasteriesbecame a model for other monasteries– Monte Cassino in ItalyMonte Cassino in Italy– Drew up list of rulesDrew up list of rules– Could not own goods, marry, and are bound Could not own goods, marry, and are bound

by monastic lawsby monastic laws– Poverty, chastity, and obediencePoverty, chastity, and obedience– Obey directives of abbot (monastery head) Obey directives of abbot (monastery head)

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Monastic LifeMonastic Life

Monks and nuns played a crucial role in Monks and nuns played a crucial role in medieval intellectual and social life, medieval intellectual and social life, preserving ancient religious works and preserving ancient religious works and classical writingsclassical writings

Long robes, course materialsLong robes, course materials

Rule of silenceRule of silence

Women (nuns) lived in convents under Women (nuns) lived in convents under direction of an abbessdirection of an abbess

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Monastic LifeMonastic Life

Wore simple clothes and wrapped white Wore simple clothes and wrapped white cloth around face and neck called a cloth around face and neck called a wimplewimple

Spinning, weaving, and embroidering Spinning, weaving, and embroidering items such as tapestries and bannersitems such as tapestries and banners

Taught needlework and use of herbs Taught needlework and use of herbs

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Influence of MonasticsInfluence of Monastics

Not completely isolatedNot completely isolated

Crucial role in medieval intellectual and Crucial role in medieval intellectual and social lifesocial life

Preserved ancient religious works and Preserved ancient religious works and classical writingsclassical writings

Scribes laboriously copied books by hand, Scribes laboriously copied books by hand, working in a small room with only a candle working in a small room with only a candle and window for lightand window for light

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Influence of Monastics (cont)Influence of Monastics (cont)

Monasteries and Monasteries and convents provided convents provided schools, hospitals, schools, hospitals, food, and guest food, and guest houseshouses

Taught carpentry and Taught carpentry and weaving to peasantsweaving to peasants

Pioneered agricultural Pioneered agricultural improvementimprovement

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Missionary EffortsMissionary Efforts

Pope Gregory I Pope Gregory I adopted the adopted the Benedictine Rule to Benedictine Rule to spread Christianity in spread Christianity in EuropeEurope

Sent monks and Sent monks and missionaries missionaries throughout Europethroughout Europe

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Missionary EffortsMissionary Efforts

By A.D. mid-1000s, By A.D. mid-1000s, most western most western Europeans had Europeans had become Catholicsbecome Catholics

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Power of the ChurchPower of the Church

The medieval Catholic Church helped to The medieval Catholic Church helped to govern western Europe, meting out sever govern western Europe, meting out sever penalties for violation of doctrine and penalties for violation of doctrine and moralsmorals

Even rulers could face and interdict for an Even rulers could face and interdict for an entire region or country—people could not entire region or country—people could not receive the sacraments necessary for receive the sacraments necessary for salvation salvation

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Power of the Church (cont)Power of the Church (cont)

The Church had feudal ties that boosted The Church had feudal ties that boosted its wealth and political power but often its wealth and political power but often undermined its spiritual vitalityundermined its spiritual vitality– Many high Church officials were nobles who Many high Church officials were nobles who

held land from kings in return for military held land from kings in return for military service. Church officials gave land to knights service. Church officials gave land to knights who would fight for themwho would fight for them

Many high Church officials were nobles Many high Church officials were nobles who had little devotion to their spiritual who had little devotion to their spiritual callingcalling

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Power of the Church (cont)Power of the Church (cont)

Church officials received donations from Church officials received donations from nobles wanting to receive salvationnobles wanting to receive salvation

Nobles would influence religion by having Nobles would influence religion by having relatives receive positions in the Church—relatives receive positions in the Church—they were not prepared for such dutythey were not prepared for such duty

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Church ReformChurch Reform

By the A.D. 900s, many devout Christians were By the A.D. 900s, many devout Christians were demanding reform, including the monastery of demanding reform, including the monastery of Cluny in eastern FranceCluny in eastern France– Cluny had won respect for there consistent pious Cluny had won respect for there consistent pious

work and lifework and life

Other Church leaders worked to free the Church Other Church leaders worked to free the Church from the control of feudal lordsfrom the control of feudal lords– In A.D. 1059, a church council declared that the pope In A.D. 1059, a church council declared that the pope

would be elected by a gathering of cardinals (high would be elected by a gathering of cardinals (high church officials) and that the pope would appoint church officials) and that the pope would appoint church officials church officials

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Church Reform (cont)Church Reform (cont)

Gregory VII tried to reform the Church in Gregory VII tried to reform the Church in A.D. 1215—condemned drunkenness, A.D. 1215—condemned drunkenness, dancing, feasting, etc.dancing, feasting, etc.

Criticized “lay investiture”—the giving of Criticized “lay investiture”—the giving of symbols of office, such as a ring and a symbols of office, such as a ring and a staff, by secular leaders to bishops they staff, by secular leaders to bishops they had appointed had appointed

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Fighting HeresyFighting Heresy

Heretics were threatened with excommunication, Heretics were threatened with excommunication, or expulsion from the churchor expulsion from the church

In order to seek out and punish people In order to seek out and punish people suspected of heresy, the Church set up a court suspected of heresy, the Church set up a court in A.D. 1232 known as the “Inquisition”in A.D. 1232 known as the “Inquisition”– Often tortured people to obtain confessionOften tortured people to obtain confession– Punishment ranged from imprisonment to executionPunishment ranged from imprisonment to execution– Punishments were seen as needing to save the souls Punishments were seen as needing to save the souls

of hereticsof heretics

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Friars Inspire ReformFriars Inspire Reform

Followed monastic rules but did not isolate Followed monastic rules but did not isolate themselves from the Christian communitythemselves from the Christian community– Live in towns and preached ChristianityLive in towns and preached Christianity– Best known friars were the Franciscans and Best known friars were the Franciscans and

DominicansDominicans

Francis of Assisi founded the Franciscan Francis of Assisi founded the Franciscan friars, who sought to follow the simple life friars, who sought to follow the simple life of Jesus and had respect for nature of Jesus and had respect for nature

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Friars Inspire Reform (cont)Friars Inspire Reform (cont)

Spanish priest named Dominic organized Spanish priest named Dominic organized the Dominican friars in A.D. 1215the Dominican friars in A.D. 1215– Lived a life of simplicity, poverty, and service Lived a life of simplicity, poverty, and service

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The JewsThe Jews

As the Church’s power increased in As the Church’s power increased in medieval Europe, the position of the Jews medieval Europe, the position of the Jews worsenedworsened– Many became artisans, landowners, etc, and Many became artisans, landowners, etc, and

had been valued by Christian neighborshad been valued by Christian neighbors– But by 1000s, people saw Jews as outsidersBut by 1000s, people saw Jews as outsiders– Blamed the Jews for Jesus’ deathBlamed the Jews for Jesus’ death– Anti-Semitism, hatred of the Jews, came from Anti-Semitism, hatred of the Jews, came from

those who blamed the Jews for the death of those who blamed the Jews for the death of Jesus Jesus

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The Jews (cont)The Jews (cont)

Rulers in England, France, and certain Rulers in England, France, and certain parts of central Europe expelled their parts of central Europe expelled their Jewish subjects, many of whom settled in Jewish subjects, many of whom settled in eastern Europeeastern Europe

Many settled in Poland where they were Many settled in Poland where they were accepted accepted

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Rise of European MonarchyRise of European Monarchy

Section 4Section 4

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Main IdeaMain Idea

Medieval European monarchs made great Medieval European monarchs made great achievementsachievements

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Terms to DefineTerms to Define

Common LawCommon Law

Grand juryGrand jury

Petit juryPetit jury

Middle classMiddle class

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People to MeetPeople to Meet

Alfred the GreatAlfred the Great

William the ConquerorWilliam the Conqueror

Henry IIHenry II

Thomas a BecketThomas a Becket

Eleanor of AquitaineEleanor of Aquitaine

Philip AugustusPhilip Augustus

Henry IVHenry IV

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Places to LocatePlaces to Locate

EnglandEngland

FranceFrance

GermanyGermany

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OverviewOverview

After Rome, central power had declinedAfter Rome, central power had declined

Charlemagne was the only ruler seen as a Charlemagne was the only ruler seen as a true monarch (late A.D. 700s)true monarch (late A.D. 700s)– Kings were kings in name onlyKings were kings in name only– Nobles held the powerNobles held the power

In 1100s, many European monarchs In 1100s, many European monarchs began to build strong states began to build strong states

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EnglandEngland

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EnglandEngland

After Romans After Romans abandoned Britain in abandoned Britain in the A.D. 400s, the A.D. 400s, Germanic Angles, Germanic Angles, Saxons, and Jutes Saxons, and Jutes took over much of took over much of Britain from the native Britain from the native Celts and set up Celts and set up several kingdomsseveral kingdoms

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EnglandEngland

King Alfred from King Alfred from Wessex, known as Wessex, known as Alfred the Great, Alfred the Great, united the Anglo-united the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms and Saxon kingdoms and defeated the Danes in defeated the Danes in A.D. 886. United A.D. 886. United kingdom known as kingdom known as “Angleland”, or “Angleland”, or England England

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The Anglo-SaxonsThe Anglo-Saxons

Like Charlemagne, Like Charlemagne, Alfred interested in Alfred interested in revival of learningrevival of learning– Founded schools and Founded schools and

hired scholars to hired scholars to translate books from translate books from Latin to Anglo-SaxonLatin to Anglo-Saxon

– Had scholars write Had scholars write history of England, history of England, known as the “Anglo-known as the “Anglo-Saxon Chronicle”Saxon Chronicle”

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The Anglo-SaxonsThe Anglo-Saxons

Weak kings followed AlfredWeak kings followed Alfred

When the last Anglo-Saxon king died, When the last Anglo-Saxon king died, Edward the confessor, three rivals claimed Edward the confessor, three rivals claimed the throne the throne

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The Norman ConquestThe Norman Conquest

William, the Duke of William, the Duke of Normandy (France) Normandy (France) defeated the last defeated the last Anglo-Saxon king at Anglo-Saxon king at the Battle of Hastings the Battle of Hastings (England) in A.D. (England) in A.D. 10661066

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William the ConquerorWilliam the Conqueror


William was vassal to William was vassal to the king of Francethe king of France– Strong feudal Strong feudal

organization in organization in northern Francenorthern France

Battle of Hastings Battle of Hastings won William the won William the English throne and English throne and the name, William the the name, William the ConquerorConqueror

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To keep loyalty of To keep loyalty of Norman vassals, Norman vassals, William gave land to William gave land to church leaders and church leaders and noblesnobles

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The Norman Conquest The Norman Conquest

William: landowners must swear loyalty William: landowners must swear loyalty

Set up council of nobles to advise him on Set up council of nobles to advise him on government mattersgovernment matters

Sheriffs named to collect taxesSheriffs named to collect taxes

Carried out the first census to determine Carried out the first census to determine who pays taxes and how muchwho pays taxes and how much– Every person, manor, and farm animal Every person, manor, and farm animal

became an entry in the “Domesday Book” became an entry in the “Domesday Book”

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Royal PowerRoyal Power

William’s son Henry I, ruled from A.D. William’s son Henry I, ruled from A.D. 1100-A.D. 11351100-A.D. 1135– Strengthened English monarchyStrengthened English monarchy

Exchequer (royal finances)Exchequer (royal finances)

Royal courts Royal courts

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England’s population remained largely England’s population remained largely Anglo-SaxonAnglo-SaxonOver the next 300 years, Norman French Over the next 300 years, Norman French and Anglo-Saxon ways blended to form a and Anglo-Saxon ways blended to form a new English culturenew English cultureWilliam’s successors, including Henry II, William’s successors, including Henry II, further strengthened the monarchy and further strengthened the monarchy and instituted a legal system of common law instituted a legal system of common law and juries and juries

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Royal Power Royal Power

Common law, as established by Henry II, Common law, as established by Henry II, used traveling judges to apply the law used traveling judges to apply the law equally throughout the landequally throughout the land

Judges met with a “grand jury” that Judges met with a “grand jury” that submitted names of suspectssubmitted names of suspects

A “petit jury” was developed to establish A “petit jury” was developed to establish the guilt or innocence of the accusedthe guilt or innocence of the accused

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Henry strengthened the monarchy (royal Henry strengthened the monarchy (royal government)government)

He strengthened many royal He strengthened many royal administrative and political officesadministrative and political offices– Continued the “exchequer”Continued the “exchequer”

Named after a checkered cloth where on a round Named after a checkered cloth where on a round table where tax collectors counted moneytable where tax collectors counted money

““Exchequer” named from French word for Exchequer” named from French word for chessboard chessboard

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Strengthened the courtsStrengthened the courts– Tried more cases in royal courtsTried more cases in royal courts– Took property cases from local courts to royal Took property cases from local courts to royal

courtscourts– Overall strategy was to expand the power of Overall strategy was to expand the power of

the courts at the royal level and bring more the courts at the royal level and bring more money into the king’s coffersmoney into the king’s coffers

– Common law took over from local law Common law took over from local law

Tried to take more control of church Tried to take more control of church

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The Magna CartaThe Magna Carta

Henry II, trying to impose royal control Henry II, trying to impose royal control over the church, sought to try clergy in the over the church, sought to try clergy in the royal courts. Thomas a Becket, royal courts. Thomas a Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury, claimed only Archbishop of Canterbury, claimed only church courts could try clericschurch courts could try clerics

Compromise failed and the king became Compromise failed and the king became vocal about his dislike for Becket asking, vocal about his dislike for Becket asking, “who will rid me of this priest?” “who will rid me of this priest?”

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Four knights take the king seriously and Four knights take the king seriously and murder Becket in the cathedral—the king murder Becket in the cathedral—the king had not desired thishad not desired this

Faced with public outrage at Becket’s Faced with public outrage at Becket’s death, Henry II was forced to permit the death, Henry II was forced to permit the right of appeal from English church courts right of appeal from English church courts to the papal courtto the papal court

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Henry II ruled western France and Henry II ruled western France and EnglandEngland

His wife, “Eleanor of Aquitaine” continued His wife, “Eleanor of Aquitaine” continued to influenced royal policies through their to influenced royal policies through their sons, Richard I (the lionhearted) and Johnsons, Richard I (the lionhearted) and John

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English nobles became alarmed by the growth of English nobles became alarmed by the growth of the king’s powerthe king’s powerNobles rose in rebellion during the reign of Nobles rose in rebellion during the reign of Henry’s son, King JohnHenry’s son, King JohnNobles saw their feudal rights fadingNobles saw their feudal rights fadingA group of nobles at Runnymede in A.D. 1215 A group of nobles at Runnymede in A.D. 1215 forced John to sign the Magna Carta or Great forced John to sign the Magna Carta or Great CharterCharter– The Magna Carta is one of the most important The Magna Carta is one of the most important

document in the history of representative governmentdocument in the history of representative government

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Magna Carta forced limiting government powerMagna Carta forced limiting government power

It placed clear limits on royal powerIt placed clear limits on royal power– Prevented the king from collecting taxes without the Prevented the king from collecting taxes without the

consent of the great councilconsent of the great council– Assured freemen the right of trial by jury Assured freemen the right of trial by jury

The nobles intended the Magna Carta to protect The nobles intended the Magna Carta to protect their feudal rightstheir feudal rights

Over time, it guaranteed the rights of all English Over time, it guaranteed the rights of all English peoplepeople

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The Magna Carta was a feudal documentThe Magna Carta was a feudal documentThe relationship between kings and The relationship between kings and vassals needs to be based on mutual vassals needs to be based on mutual rights and obligationsrights and obligationsUnderscored the concept the monarch Underscored the concept the monarch needs to be limited rather than absoluteneeds to be limited rather than absoluteHow did this concept carry over to the How did this concept carry over to the United States in developing our United States in developing our Constitution?Constitution?

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So, how did the Magna Carta change the So, how did the Magna Carta change the balance of power in government?balance of power in government?– It placed clear limits on royal power and It placed clear limits on royal power and

bound the king to law. Therefore, it bound the king to law. Therefore, it guaranteed the rights of the English people. guaranteed the rights of the English people. For example, the king could no longer collect For example, the king could no longer collect taxes without consent of the people’s taxes without consent of the people’s representatives, and it assured all freemen representatives, and it assured all freemen the right of trial by jurythe right of trial by jury

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Rise of ParliamentRise of Parliament

Population increase encouraged growth of Population increase encouraged growth of townstowns

New social class emerging—middle classNew social class emerging—middle class– Middle class did not fit into the medieval Middle class did not fit into the medieval

social order of nobles, clergy, and peasants social order of nobles, clergy, and peasants – Income came from business and trade, not Income came from business and trade, not

from the landfrom the land– Played an increasingly important role in Played an increasingly important role in

governmentgovernment

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Rise of Parliament Rise of Parliament

Recognizing the town’s growing power, Recognizing the town’s growing power, Henry III added knights and burgesses to Henry III added knights and burgesses to the Parliament that advised the kingthe Parliament that advised the king

As England’s government became more As England’s government became more representative, Henry’s son Edward representative, Henry’s son Edward encouraged members of Parliament to encouraged members of Parliament to advise him, submit petitions, and meet advise him, submit petitions, and meet frequentlyfrequently

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Rise of ParliamentRise of Parliament

A.D. 1400 Parliament divided into two A.D. 1400 Parliament divided into two houseshouses– Nobles and clergy met in House of LordsNobles and clergy met in House of Lords– Knights and burgesses met as the House of Knights and burgesses met as the House of

CommonsCommons

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FranceFrance

France developed strong central France developed strong central monarchymonarchy

Type of government in France that Type of government in France that developed was not like the representative developed was not like the representative government of Englandgovernment of England

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Beginnings of Central GovernmentBeginnings of Central Government

After Charlemagne, Frankish land After Charlemagne, Frankish land disintegrated into separate lands governed disintegrated into separate lands governed by feudal lordsby feudal lords

They defended their lands as independent They defended their lands as independent rulersrulers

In A.D. 987 a noble named Hugh Capet In A.D. 987 a noble named Hugh Capet seized the French throne from the weak seized the French throne from the weak Carolingian kingCarolingian king

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Beginnings of Central Government Beginnings of Central Government

The Capetian (kuh*PEE*shun) dynasty The Capetian (kuh*PEE*shun) dynasty lasted more than three centuries, lasted more than three centuries, strengthening the power of feudal lordsstrengthening the power of feudal lords– Eldest sons inherited the throneEldest sons inherited the throne

Towns grew like in EnglandTowns grew like in EnglandLouis VI became king in A.D. 1108 Louis VI became king in A.D. 1108 awarding clergy positions from towns in awarding clergy positions from towns in his government and freed towns of his government and freed towns of obligations to feudal lords. Got town obligations to feudal lords. Got town loyalty for thisloyalty for this

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Strengthening the MonarchyStrengthening the Monarchy

Philip II (Philip Augustus) doubled the area Philip II (Philip Augustus) doubled the area of his domain and further weakened the of his domain and further weakened the power of feudal lordspower of feudal lordsBarely 15 when made kingBarely 15 when made kingReigned for 43 yearsReigned for 43 yearsDouble the area of his domainDouble the area of his domainAppointed local officials loyal to him and Appointed local officials loyal to him and created a semi-permanent royal army created a semi-permanent royal army thereby weakening feudal lordsthereby weakening feudal lords

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A Saintly RulerA Saintly Ruler

Philip’s grandson became King Louis IX in Philip’s grandson became King Louis IX in A.D. 1226A.D. 1226

Decreed royal courts had dominance over Decreed royal courts had dominance over feudal courts and only the king could mint feudal courts and only the king could mint coinscoins

Very religious and chivalrousVery religious and chivalrous

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Signs of a Strong MonarchySigns of a Strong Monarchy

Louis IX’s grandson, Philip IV, thought to Louis IX’s grandson, Philip IV, thought to be so handsome he was nicknamed be so handsome he was nicknamed “Philip the Fair”“Philip the Fair”

Defeated both England and Flanders in Defeated both England and Flanders in war, raising funds by taxing clergy war, raising funds by taxing clergy

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The Holy Roman EmpireThe Holy Roman Empire

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OverviewOverview

Monarchs in France and England building Monarchs in France and England building strong central governmentsstrong central governments

German rulers remained weakGerman rulers remained weak– Disputes with the popeDisputes with the pope– Disputes with powerful German noblesDisputes with powerful German nobles

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Emperor of the RomansEmperor of the Romans

A.D. 1000 to A.D. 1100s German kings A.D. 1000 to A.D. 1100s German kings posed most threat to the popeposed most threat to the pope

King Otto I or “Otto the Great” tried to King Otto I or “Otto the Great” tried to restore Charlemagne’s empirerestore Charlemagne’s empire

Pope John XII sought Otto’s help against Pope John XII sought Otto’s help against Roman nobles who opposed the popeRoman nobles who opposed the pope

In return, the pope crowned Otto Holy In return, the pope crowned Otto Holy Roman emperor Roman emperor

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Problems of the Holy Roman Problems of the Holy Roman EmpireEmpire

Otto and his successors claimed the right Otto and his successors claimed the right to intervene in the election of popes and to intervene in the election of popes and Otto himself appointed and deposed Otto himself appointed and deposed several popesseveral popesThe pope claimed the right to anoint and The pope claimed the right to anoint and depose kingsdepose kingsDispute led to centuries of dispute Dispute led to centuries of dispute between the Holy Roman emperors and between the Holy Roman emperors and Roman Catholic ChurchRoman Catholic Church

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Problems of the Holy Roman Problems of the Holy Roman Empire (cont)Empire (cont)

Powerful German lords also prevented the Powerful German lords also prevented the Holy Roman emperors from building a Holy Roman emperors from building a strong unified statestrong unified state

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Emperor and Pope CollideEmperor and Pope Collide

During rule of Henry IV, a major quarrel During rule of Henry IV, a major quarrel broke out with Pope Gregory VIIbroke out with Pope Gregory VII– The Pope condemned lay investiture hoping The Pope condemned lay investiture hoping

to free the Church from secular controlto free the Church from secular control– The bishops supported the king who was The bishops supported the king who was

trying to reduce the influence of the feudal trying to reduce the influence of the feudal lordslords

The Pope proclaimed Henry deposed and The Pope proclaimed Henry deposed and urged German nobles to elect another urged German nobles to elect another rulerruler

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Emperor and Pope Collide Emperor and Pope Collide

Henry pleaded for mercy for three days Henry pleaded for mercy for three days outside in Winter standing before the gate outside in Winter standing before the gate of the Pope’s castleof the Pope’s castle

Gregory pardoned Henry, but problems Gregory pardoned Henry, but problems continuedcontinued

04/18/2304/18/23 150150John 3:16John 3:16

Emperor and Pope Collide Emperor and Pope Collide

Church officials and representatives of the Holy Church officials and representatives of the Holy Roman empire compromiseRoman empire compromise

The agreement known as the Concordant of The agreement known as the Concordant of WormsWorms– Allowed the emperor to name bishops and grant them Allowed the emperor to name bishops and grant them

landland– Gave the pope the right to reject unworthy candidatesGave the pope the right to reject unworthy candidates

Popes and monarchs continued to struggle for Popes and monarchs continued to struggle for power against each other leading to many power against each other leading to many changeschanges

04/18/2304/18/23 151151John 3:16John 3:16

the rise of medieval europe chapter 12 a.d. 500-1300 4/16/20151 john 3:16

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