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Media (2)

Chapter 16

Xiao Huiyun

December. 2005

100s of free ppts fromwww.pptpoint.com library

http://www.pptpoint.com/http://www.pptpoint.com/

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Introduction

The growth of mass circulation news-papersin Britain was a direct result of the process of

industrialisation during the 18th and 19thcenturies.

During the 18th century, newspaperreadership had been largely confined to the

upper classes and wealthier sections of themiddle class

In the early years the newspaper industrywas subject to a great deal of govern-mental

control

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Introduction

However, in the years following the French

Revolution (1789), a radical press developed

in Britain, concerned to propagate ideas ofsocial reform and social justice.

The radical papers were developing at the

same time as the Trade Unions, and were

often used as their mouthpieces and as a

means of political education.

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National Newspapers

The GuardianThe Observer.co.ukThe Independent

The TimesThe Sunday TimesDaily TelegraphFinancial TimesDaily Express

Daily MailDaily MirrorSunday MirrorDaily StarNews of The WorldThe Sun

http://www.guardian.co.uk/http://www.observer.co.uk/http://www.independent.co.uk/http://www.the-times.co.uk/http://www.sunday-times.co.uk/http://www.ft.com/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/http://www.ft.com/http://www.express.co.uk/http://www.dailymail.co.uk/http://www.dailymail.co.uk/http://www.mirror.co.uk/http://www.sundaymirror.co.uk/http://www.megastar.co.uk/http://www.newsoftheworld.co.uk/http://www.thesun.co.uk/http://www.thesun.co.uk/http://www.newsoftheworld.co.uk/http://www.megastar.co.uk/http://www.sundaymirror.co.uk/http://www.mirror.co.uk/http://www.dailymail.co.uk/http://www.dailymail.co.uk/http://www.dailymail.co.uk/http://www.express.co.uk/http://www.ft.com/http://www.ft.com/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/http://www.ft.com/http://www.sunday-times.co.uk/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/http://www.the-times.co.uk/http://www.independent.co.uk/http://www.independent.co.uk/http://www.observer.co.uk/http://www.guardian.co.uk/

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Ownershipfrom Press Barons to

Media Moghuls Private,not public , ownership

The press in Britain, unlike broadcasting,

has always been wholly privately ownedand thus is a commercial enterprise ratherthan a public service .

At the beginning of this century

newspaper ownership was in the hands ofpowerful men, such as Lord Northcliffe,who were known as Press Barons. Theywere in the newspaper business both to

make money and, to be influential.

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Ownershipfrom Press Barons to

Media Moghuls Commercial media ownership has

increasingly tended towards concentration

and conglomeration . News International (see p 259) is one

example of a global multi - media

conglomerate.

Its owner, Rupert Murdoch, also has interests

in computer software, energy and transport,

as well as book publishing

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How the Press is Funded

The two main sources of revenue are :

the cover pr ice : the tabloids are

cheaper but, because of their widercirculation, a larger percentage of theirrevenue comes from this source;

advert is ing: this is the main source ofrevenue for most publications

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The Code of Advertising Practice

Advertising in the press has to conform to

certain standards of the Code of Advertising

Practice. The Codes basic principles require adverts

to be:

legal , honest and truthful to observe a sense of responsibility to the

consumer and society

to conform to the principles of fair

competition as generally accepted in

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Types of Newspapers -- Range

There are 10 major national daily papers and10 major Sunday papers, and about 2,000

smaller weekly papers . More national and regional daily newspapers

are sold in Britain than in most otherdeveloped countries.

Other examples are: Provincial Mornings ,Local Evenings , Local weeklies ,

Political Press , Community Press , etc

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Quality Press and Popular Press

The two types of papers are different in cost, size,

content, style and purpose. P260

Quality papers -- Telegraph, Independent,Guardian, The Times, Financial Times, Sunday

Telegraph, Observer

Popular papers --Sun, Mirror, Express, Mail, Star,

News of the World, Sunday Mirror, Sunday

Express, Mail on Sunday, Sunday People, News on

Sunday

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Quality Press and Popular Press

The quality papers are serious, with long informativearticles

The popular papers are less serious, contain lessnews and have more human interest stories.

The quality papers contain about 45 pages ), thequality papers (tabloids) about 60.

Some of the quality papers have weekend magazine

supplements, with special interest articles on food,travel and leisure activities

Tabloids often contain national bingo games Someare also famous for their photographs of toplesswomen

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Who Reads What?

Tabloid readers areusually from the

middle or lower class,only slightly moremale readers thanfemale, clerical,skilled or unskilledworkers, unemployed,old people and

pensioners

Quality paper readersare usually from the

middle-class,professional andmanagerial jobs, moremale readers thanfemale, and more livein the South ofEngland.

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Circulation of some

National Dailies

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Influences on the Press

The press differs from broadcasting in thefollowing ways:

It is a self-regulating industry with nogovernmental regulation.

There is little regulation of content, within certainlegal constraints (see below)

There is no obligation to give a balanced account

Nevertheless there are financial, professional andlegal constraints operating upon the industry (seediagram, p262)

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Influences on the Press

There is complex involvement at all levels:

Owners have financial control but also have other businessinterests.

Advertisers have control of their bought space.

Editors, appointed by owners, select stories and news

Journalists find the stories and write the articles which arethen subject to editorial review.

Editors and journalists have to take account of the laws oflibel.

Newspapers do not want to alienate their readers.

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Regulation of the Press

the Press Complaints Commission -- made up ofeditors of newspapers and magazines and people

outside the industry. It deals with complaints from the public about the

contents and conduct of the newspapers andadvises editors and journalists

It has a code of practice agreed by editorsconcerning journalists behaviour, references tocontentious issues such as race and religion andrespect for privacy.

Its aim is to try to guarantee accuracy and fairness

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The press, politics and bias

The majority of the press in Britain shows a bias towardsconservative values in general .

Because it does not have to remain neutral on political

issues it is easier to find evidence of political bias innewspapers than in broadcasting.

the national newspapers are biased towards certain politicalviews. TheDaily Telegraph, the Sun, Daily Mail, and

Daily Express usually more overtly support the

Conservative Party; theMirrorandNews on Sunday usually support the

policies of the Labour Party .

Other papers such as the Guardian,IndependentandToday occupy a middle ground in the political spectrum.

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Freedom of the press

In a free press there often arises conflict between

the principles of freedom of access to information

and its publication in the interests of the public,and the degree of reasonable protection for the

privacy of the individual or of the state.

a) Privacy and the laws of libel

the National Union of Journalists Code of

Conduct; libel laws, the Obscene Publications

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Freedom of the press

b) Freedom of information and nationalsecurity

Journalists in Britain often find that it isdifficult to report on matters of state if theGovernment feels it would be against thenational interest

The Freedom of Information Act 2000

The Official Secrets Act