VIDEO EDITINGBY OMER DARKUS MURATOGLU

WHY DO WE EDIT VIDEOS

• Video editing is when you take different parts of videos and place them along side each other cut parts of it out in order to create a easy to follow storyline and edit the recorded material to fit what you want such as adding different filters to what you have done this also allows for people to cut out parts of the video that they do not need for their piece of work to shorten the production it fit time restrictions given editing is also used to keep characters on scree when they move away form each other which while you don’t generally think about is an important thing for a movie or any type of video.

WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF EDITING

• One of the reasons why editing is used, is to manipulate the sense of time in a video, this is to ensure that the scenes are placed in an order that allows for the story line to be understood with easy making sure the audience will not struggle as well as this it can allow for the video to fit into the time restrictions by allowing for a director to introduce some plot points in flash backs if people are stretched for time or a plot how comes up to stop the need to edit the entire movie

• Editing can also be used to remove some features of a scene and enable the director to better make sure that the audience is able to make their own interpretations about what has happened(Sherlock 2 moriarty and Sherlock falling we decide if the live or die) this can also be done to use signs which points the audience in a certain direction while allowing for them to create their won conclusion as to what happened.

PRINCIPLES- STORY TELLING

• Storytelling – this is the story that is being told in the back ground these can be seen in pretty much every form of media and those that have a weak or lack of one do not do well for example star wars the phantom menace is criticised for having a week story line although this is not the only issue story lines can come in two different ways the first of them is linear which means that it starts at the front moves to the middle and then to the end but there is also non linear story lines which can jump around the time line to tell its story although this has to be done well or it could confuse the audience it should be noted flash backs do not count. A great show that is non linear would be baccano. A multi threaded story is where there are several mini arcs fit into the same story for example some one may have to kill several different targets which would be shown as mini section that would be watchable alone.

• Examples.• non linear story- last Friday night• Linear story- star wars a new hope• Multi threaded story- pulp fiction

PRINCIPLES COMBINATION OF SHOTS

• combination of shots – this is used to make sure people do not feel disorientated after watching their videos as if not used it forces the viewers eyes to move all over the place by changing form close to long distance in a short period of time while if it is used it will change shots gradually to allow for people to adjust this allows for people to follow the movements of people and better understand what is happening in the scenes and stop people form feeling sick when watching this is also useful as it allows for people to be brought in to see facial expressions and see tension that builds up or see the scale of a scene rather than just one type of shot which would not work as well consistently.• Example - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4316BUEVYkE this shows a Varity of shots

PRINCIPLES – CREATING PACE

• Creating pace – this is done to help create a mood or atmosphere and create tension which can be altered by how often the scene changes and is done to help create a fitting mood for the type of video being made for example a comedy video would change quite fast, while a romance scene would take much longer to change camera angle as it is better used to help build moods which can assist in setting people up to support the romances success.

• Example• Slow interrogation scene- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZtOKLcQJXxU • Fast interrogation scene- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X7LsBMA-rKg • As you can see the first one is supposed to have a calm mood so they play soft music in the back

ground and change camera angles sparingly as this allows us to follow keep up with the scene with ease while in the second clip it starts of much the same as the scene picks up they increase the frequency of changing the camra and increase the volume of the music to match this to better help the mood.

PRINCIPLES THE 180 DEGREE RULE

• The 180degree rule – this is a rule that states when 2 different actors are in a scene you should keep them on the same side of the shot e.g. the person who starts on the left should stay on the left and if you change this have to show them switching sides this is to ensure that the audience does not get confused by a character suddenly appearing on the other side of the screen which could also disorientate them this can be scene in fight scenes especially where people move all over the place.• Deadpool end fight scene even though all of the fight the rule is followed despite this

being a very high pace sequence where people get tossed around as the camera stays on the same axis the entire time and characters are shown to change sides in the fight on screen to keep people in the loop of what is happening and giving them better understanding.

TECHNIQUES – PARALLEL EDITING• Parallel editing is where a form of media swaps between two scenes that are

taking place at the same time this can be done for several reasons the first is to create contrast between the two people and what they are doing to show that they are different as well as this it can be used to help break up large plot lines allowing for a show to jump between many soap operas like EastEnders do this very often to keep people in suspense about one plot line such as cutting in a court scene to focus on smoothing less dramatic to then go back to it later to help disperse the tension more equally though out the show

• Example https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ts1x6uADFtM • In the scene above you can see two different perspectives put in place to help

and build tension and misdirect the audience to think something is going to happen that was to give an impression of shock and that something has gone wrong making the audience feel the same as the police.

TECHNIQUES – MATCH ON ACTION• Match on action this is where you edit so that you change on someone

using motion and cut to where they are at the same place to make the cut feel more natural this does not just have to be used with humans as many films use it to transition form one set to another for example when someone enters their house as they open the door it will change to the inside as the door opens this makes people feel less disorientated as they would other wise as well as this it also serves to make the scene match up with the other and show that no time has past between the too shots and it is just continuing in a new set.• Example- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mv93covb53w

TECHNIQUES - CONTINUITY• Continuity this is ensuring that your video is made so that it fits together and

items don’t suddenly go form the scene as this would ruin the emersion of the person watching as well as this it also includes not breaking rules that the series has set for example if the show has a rule magic cannot kill if the show is ended by the protagonist breaking this rule without explanation they will feel cheated, it also is used to make sure peoples costume remain the same between different shots, but this is not the only way that continuity is important as you need to keep out fits right for the time period for example if your movie is set 5 years before the invention of the watch you cannot have people wearing them.

• Examples https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CGyzv5sqNK0.• The video shows you not just small movies make mistakes but also large ones

which is why it is important to have a team working to minimise these errors so they do not ruin the movie.

TECHNIQUES – SHOT REVERSE SHOT

• Shot reverse shot this is a type of shot that is used in conversation to allow for people to see the reaction to what both people say about the conversation and let you know what is happening between them this is used in most forms of media but can be see used to best effect in detective films this is because many interrogation scenes will use this and as a way to try and let the audience tell whether they are telling the truth or not letting you try to figure out the case.

• Example- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o1Ey0a6LJRA • As you can see though out the scene it switches focus form character

to character to show the person speaking and reaction for example at the start it switches between catnice and peter even when they are not speaking to help set the mood.

TECHNIQUES- CUTAWAYS

• Cutaways are when the director decides that they want to cut around the area in order to show other peoples reaction to a different action to normal one such occasion might be that they have just done a great achievement such as winning an important game so it may cut to their friends families people who they met though the movie and show what their reaction to this is to allow us to understand the mood of the people around to give you a better picture of why it is important this can also be used to help extend the length of a scene to make the movie longer if needed.

• Example- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Hqa34dZp-E • Here you can see a conversation of on a phone between two different

people but at the end it cuts to looking at the phone which is part of the scenery but was needed for the scene to happen.

TECHNIQUES-JUMP CUT

• Jump cuts is where you reduce a long cut by editing out large sections of the film for example it may show people walking towards a large number of stairs to pan up and look at them and then cut to the people walking up the very top of the stairs getting to their destination some shows with sets such as big band theory do this very often to cut form one scene to another as this removes time where they are unable to create more humour.

• Examples- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t1yUwWG5ikE • Here is an video with examples of jump cuts as you can see they are very

disorienting as they do not fill you in with all of the information and are quite chaotic but this is the reason that they are sometimes used which is to represent the chaotic things that are happening on screen though the use of editing or to as the second example show the blanks in memory that he is experiencing.

SLOW MOTION

• slow motion is where you slow down time in a section of a movie this is done by taking each frame at a faster rate than it would be played back to make it appear slower this can be done to show actions that would be faster than we could see other wise or to empathise something • Examples- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xbuvcQrAOSk shows what we

cannot see with our eyes• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WhxbYTMNMxo this is the famous scene

form the matrix where neo dodges the bullets which we could not see but also shows just how fast neo is moving and reacting to the bullets moving

FAST MOTION

• Fast motion is film appears to have occurred at a faster speed than that at which it was filmed this can be used to show a change in time as well as this we can see that it is used often in documentaries to speed up time of the shot to where the event happens for and also to show a difference in time commonly showing the moon and sun flying across the sky to do this but also speed up a mundane action if the director does not want to cut until it is finished.• Examples- https://vimeo.com/94348214

ELLIPSIS

• An ellipsis is where you edit out a period of time or series of event allow for the audience to fill in the narrative them self using a combination of both logic and imagination which can save time on a movie which could be useful to lower its run time and remove a boring section but ellipsis is also used in order to cut out a period of time for example showing a gap of a few hours that people can tell the difference of time in.

• Example- http://megashare.sc/watch-training-day-online-T1RjPQ#• Here you can see a scene in the movie training day where two of the

characters are speaking and spending time together, it then cuts to the out side showing the sun moving though the sky before cutting back to the two people in the same location but asleep.

TRANSITION- DISSOLVE

• A dissolve transition is used to describe a gradual change from one object to another in this time both of the two images are shown the amount of time spent showing each shot can vary and is different depending on why it is used and the mood the only different a dissolve transition and a fade out transition is in a fade out transition instead of changing images their is a gradual change to a dark screen. A dissolve transition is used in several instances there is a change of time, a change in location, an emotional component, or there is a visual relation ship between the objects being swapped out.

• Example- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rt5mcZFYLng• Here you can see a dissolve transition between the ducks and the dogs as

you can see it changes from one shot to the other but leaves a small period of time when both shots are one the screen.

TRANSITIONS- FADE IN, FADE OUT

• Fade in/out this is used to show hat some degree of time has passed for example you can often find fade out shots when someone is punched in the face and the falls unconcise and fade in can be used to introduce a new scene when it is done like this it can show that a long period of time has passed which is not going to be shown as you can assume what has happened in the time that has passed for example if someone is arrested it could fade to them in holding in court or in prison and let us fill in the blanks or used at the end of the movie to end.

• Example- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WBYs8pBIQrM • Here you can see all of the endings of the original half life and it’s spinoff

games as you can see at the end of each it uses a fade to black transition to a blank black screen with an little writing before going fully black which is to show that it is now over and the game is complete.

TRANSITION WIPE

• This is where a change in scene is where it is changed by a literal wipe as if you was sliding a eraser over the screen removing it this effect is not often used due to it being gaudily and removing the emersion of the people when used so is reserved for unrealistic movies such as super hero and comics and is used so much by the star wars saga people take its use as a joke wipes do normally follow the movement of characters for example following as some one runs across the scene the wipe would follow them although this is not always the case as they can also spin around like a clock hand to show a difference in time or have the new scene emerge form the middle although rare now it can still be scene in some instances.• All wipes in star wars episode iv

HISTORY OF EDITING SLIDE 1

• The lumiere brother created the cinematographer in 1895 this was a device that allowed for people to take movies in the sense that the pictures are taken fast enough for people to take as moving and not a set of pictures that are being shown to us being able to capture and project motion picture but as film was single shots and the creator of these devices said they believed what they created would not amount to anything.

HISTORY OF EDITING SLIDE 2

• Edwin S. Porter was the person who saved the film industry by being the first person to use editing to create a story from several different shots and use this to get people exited the first film using this by him was released in 1901 as well as this he also showed editing could be used to make a film seem completely unrelated to what the original footage portrayed.

HISTORY OF EDITING SLIDE 3

• In 1920s a soviet film director discovered the kuleshov effect which showed that the adduce reacts to more than just the actor but also to their surroundings and other information that they receive to create different conclusion from the same expression he did this by taking and actor and filming them looking at something but changed what they were looking at each time form a bowl of soup a girl in a coffin and woman on a divan and despite the fact the face was the same each time people believed it was in the same order hungry, grief and desire.

HISTORY OF EDITING SLIDE 4

• Analogue editing is used to refer to editing with out the use of a computer, this is the type of editing, that was used by editors for most of the history of film. The way that it worked was by taking finished film reals, and literally cutting it where you wished for a scene to end, then pasting it to the place you want the scene to be, which is where the term cut come form, later this would be sped up with the invention of the moviola(1924) which would allow for editors to see individual frames allowing for more precise editing and then later the flat board editor.

HISTORY OF EDITING SLIDE 5

• Digital editing is editing that uses a computer which is much more efficient, easier, and faster to use. There is many different programs that can be used for editing some examples are adobe premier and final cut pro. The method used is that film is placed into the time line then It is cut and pasted into an order they like and once this is finished they can add on any special effects to enhance the movie to be better.• Example- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SR6iYWJxHqs.

HISTORY OF EDITING SLIDE 6

• In recent years as technology has became more powerful it has become possible for smart phones to both film at relatively high quality and also edit the film that you make with the use of different apps some of which may come free with your phone or other that you would have to buy for a higher quality service which would grant you a more professional finish. This has been used by aspiring film makers to try and create their own movies cheaply as they would require a phone anyway and it would be expensive to buy a camera which is nice as it allow for more people to start out and get noticed by the industry.• Example https://vimeo.com/94348214

COMPARISON OF FILM OVER LIFE

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M920yuiqtjY this is an example of a typical film around the start of the medium as you can see there is no editing and is rather dull.• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IKQRV4XKZt4 here is one of the first films to use

editing as you can see it is rather rudemity and is imprecise but shows effects.• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S_I82117oAw here is a scene form the god father

where you can see editing is done well effects look quite nice and the timing of shots is done nicely to add effect• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y1g-B8BJzwc here is a modern movie the avengers

showing a fight between some of the protagonist as you can see the change is shots is well done and timed well there is a large number of effect that look excellent.