maths teaching through stories.4

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Time and Money

H appy M atHs



Original Story (English)Happy Maths - 4Time and Money by Mala Kumar© Pratham Books, 2007

First Edition 2007

Illustrations: Angie & Upesh

ISBN 978-81-8263-909-6

Registered Of ce:PRATHAM BOOKSNo.633/634, 4th “C” Main,6th ‘B’ Cross, OMBR Layout, Banaswadi,Bangalore- 560043.&080 - 25429726/27/28

Regional Of ces:Mumbai &022 - 65162526New Delhi &011 - 65684113

This seri es is sponsored by Pals for Life



Happy Maths - 4Time and Money



Sankhya and Ganith have been learning a lot o thingsin their mathematics class.

Join Sankhya and Ganith in theirhappy discoveries about mathematics.

Zzero and Eka are riends o Sankhya and Ganith.

Grown-ups always keep saying that time is precious.



Bhaskaracharya and Leelavathi

Sankhya and Ganith were sitting on a cot outside their grand ather’shouse. Grandpa had just come back rom the little watch shopwhere he worked.

He always came back home almost at the same time eachevening.

“Ajja, which is the biggest clock in your shop?” asked Ganith.

“We have a 6- t tall Grand ather Clock, and the smallest in theshop is a watch which is just 1cm wide,” replied Grandpa.

“In olden days, people had strange devices to measure time.Hourglasses that used sand and water clocks were verypopular.”

“Water-clock? What is that, Ajja?” asked Sankhya in a raction o a second.

“Let me tell you the story o Leelavathi….” said Ajja.



Some o the world’s greatest mathematicians were Aryabhatta,Varahamihira and Bhaskaracharya.

Bhaskaracharya lived in India 800 years ago. He was a well -knownastrologer too. He wrote a book called ‘Leelavathi’ in which hestated problems in the orm o poems and stories.

Why did he call his work ‘Leelavathi’?

Leelavathi was the name o Bhaskaracharya’s daughter. Whenthe child was born, her horoscope was prepared and examined.Bhaskaracharya made some calculations using astrology, andound that she was destined to become a young widow. But he

thought he could change the destiny o his daughter by using hiswisdom.

When Leelavathi was just a little girl, Bhaskaracharya decided tocelebrate her marriage. The mathematician calculated the best

minute in the day when the marriage could take place. The amily took great care to make sure that the marriage wouldtake place exactly at that minute.

In those days there were no clocks to measure time. Two water



The water kept in the upper pot wouldtrickle down through a narrow hole into the

lower pot. This lower pot was graduatedaccording to the unit o time then in use.

This unit was the ‘Nadika’. One nadika wasroughly equal to 24 minutes. So the time

o the day was measured by observing thedepth o water in the lower container.

On the day o the marriage, Leelavathi wasplaying with her riends. She was ascinatedby the water clock. She bent over it and was

looking into the water.

A pearl rom her nose stud ell into the pot. It lodged itsel in thehole o the upper pot.

The ow o water into the lower pot was reduced. No one wasaware o this and she was married exactly at the time whenthe water reached the speci ed level. Nobody knew that theauspicious time hadalready passed and



Her husband died within a ew days. Why, we do not know. Andeveryone believed it was because she got married at the ‘wrong’

time! People believed in a lot o superstitions in those days. Somepeople believe in such superstitions today even.

When Bhaskaracharya wrote his magni cent mathematicalessay, he named it a ter his daughter. He taught mathematics to

Leelavathi and made her highly pro cient in the subject. The essay ‘Leelavathi’ deals with arithmetic and algebra.

He wrote the problems in the orm o verse and stories.

Bhaskaracharya also wrote another mathematical essay called

the ‘Siddhanta Shiromani’ which deals with the position and



Sankhya and Ganith had several questions o course. Grandpaanswered all their questions. He had some questions or them too.

Do see i you can help them:

The day has been divided into 24 hours. I a person works1.or 7 hours every day o a week, and i he can repair twowatches in one hour, how many watches does he repair ina week?

Let us say it takes 2 hours or the water in the upper pot2.o a ‘water-clock’ to be trans erred ully to the lower pot,how many seconds is that?

Bhaskaracharya lived 800 years ago. How many months3.ago is that? How many hours ago is that?



Sundial

Maharaja ‘Sawai’ Jai Singh II (1686-1743) was the ruler o theRajput State o Amber in India. He was an excellent mathematician,astronomer and town planner. He set up the amous observatories

known as Jantar Mantars and built the city o Jaipur.Maharaja ‘Sawai’ Jai Singh built ve observatories. An observatoryis a place rom where one can observe the stars and planets. It isalso a place that has instruments that help observers to calculate

planetary positions, weather conditions and the time. The observatory in Jaipur has one o the world’s biggest sundials.It can tell the correct time almost to the second.



Le t ’s go t o t he mark e t ,

Zzero. W h y are you t ak ing so long to f nish

t his mango?

Every minute counts!The person who nishes a meal in 10

minutes gets a prize of Rs.10. A contestantgets an additional Rs.10 for every minute less

he takes to nish. So, if you can nish eatingin 9 minutes, you will get Rs.10 +10, whichis Rs.20. I’m sure you can nish a meal in 4

minutes. That means you will win ….

Time is Money!I want to enjoy every bite of thisfruit and I want to enjoy every

minute at the market. Do you knowthere is a contest there to see who

can eat the fastest.



Matter o Money

Sankhya and Ganith do not getpocket money. But on birthdays andestivals, someone usually gives themsome money. Sankhya saves hermoney in the Aryanagar CommunityBank. She has a passbook. It tells herhow much money she puts in, the

date when she puts in the money,how much money she takes out (or‘withdraws’) and the dates when shewithdraws.

The bank also pays her an ‘interest’each year to show that it is happy that she saves her money in thebank. I she saves Rs.100 in the bank in one year, the bank paysher Rs.10 as interest.

Ganith spends hal his money almost as soon as he gets it.



He saves the other hal in a ‘ ruit-bank’, a melon-shaped, closedclay - pot with a slit on top through which coins and olded rupee



rom work today!” Sankhya and Ganith looked at the Classi edcolumns in the newspaper. ‘For sale: second-hand cycle in good

condition. Rs. 600. Contact: Suresh, Head Clerk, ChandrapurPost O ce.’

“Let’s count the money in my ‘melon’. I we bargain, Suresh maygive the cycle or less than Rs.600. I I don’t have 600 rupees, willyou help me by paying the diference ?” Ganith asked.

The brother and sister looked at each other. Sankhya spread outa towel on the oor.



Ganith brought his ‘melon’ and gently dropped it on the towel.Coins and notes ell of. This is what they ound.

How much money had Ganith saved in his ‘melon-bank’?1.

Ganith and Sankhya have to buy tickets worth Rs.8 each2.to go to Chandrapur by bus. Who do you think should pay

Denominations Numbers Note/Coin In Rupees

Rs. 100.00 1 Note Rs. 100.00

Rs. 50.00 3 Note Rs. 150.00

Rs. 20.00 6 Note Rs. 120.00

Rs. 10.00 4 Note Rs. 40.00

Rs. 5.00 5 Note Rs. 25.00

Rs. 2.00 3 Coins Rs. 6.00Rs. 1.00 8 Coins Rs. 8.00

Rs. 0.50 7 Coins Rs. 3.50

Total



How much for 1?

Zzero goes shopping

Zzero went to a very special shop one day. The ‘items’displayed there were in diferent colours and shapes.

Razaak, the glass cutter, sat in the little shop and cut out the‘items’ with great care and style.Many shop-owners, car and two-wheeler owners, and home-owners came to his shop to buy his products.

Ten rupees



And howmuch for 13?

Twenty rupees,Zzero!

And how muchfor 130?

Thirty rupees of course.Can’t you do simple

maths?



Funny Money

Zzero, do you think wemust play now or go

home?

Look Eka,a mint- resh coin!

An d w h a t ’s a m in t ?

Zzero, then why can’t weproduce a lot o money in

this mint and distribute it to

all the poor people in theworld ?It is the place

where money ismade.

Rules! I’m sure there are somerules regarding how many coins

and notes we can produce. The Reserve Bank o India

decides how many coins we

must make each year.



Indian Money

India brought out its distinctive coins on 15th August, 1950.

Coins are minted at the ve India Government Mints at Mumbai,Alipore (Kolkata), Sai abad (Hyderabad), Cherlapally (Hyderabad)

and NOIDA (Uttar Pradesh).Observe the coins that we use now.

The 5-rupee coin is made o nickel and copper.

The 2-rupee coin is also made o nickel and copper.

The 1-rupee coin, 50-paise coin, 25-paise coin and 10-paise coinare all made o stainless steel.



Sankhya’s parents and teachers keep saying that Timeand Money are both very important in li e.

Sankhya plans to spend her money to buy books andspend her time reading them.

What do you plan to do with your time?



Answer PageAnswers to ‘Bhaskaracharya and Leelavathi’ Page 7

98 watches. He repairs 2 watches in1.1 hour. In 7 hours he would repair 7x 2=14 watches. In 7 days he wouldrepair 7 x 14=98 watches.

7200 seconds.2.1 hour = 60 minutes.2 hours = 2 x 60=120 minutes.1 minute = 60 seconds.

120 minutes = 120 x 60 = 7200seconds.

9600 months, 6912000 hours.3.1 year =12 months.

800 years =12 x 800= 9600 months.1 month = 30 days (approximately).9600 months = 9600 x 30 = 288000 days.1 day = 24 hours. 288000 days = 24 x 288000 = 6912000 hours.



Rs.616 at least. Carrying Rs.632 will be better. Rs.600 or the bicycle,3.Rs.16 or the bus tickets one way as they can ride back in the newbicycle. I they cannot ride the cycle or some reason (can you think o reasons why they may not ride the cycle?) then they would needanother Rs.16 or the two bus tickets on the return journey.

100 paises make a rupee.4.

Rs.147.50 or the bicycle. I he had to pay or the bus tickets, he5. would have to borrow more. Rs.147.50 + Rs.16=163.50



Mala Kumar is a journalist, writer and editor based in Bangalore. Her stories for children have won awards from Children’s Book Trust. She discovered her love for teaching while conducting non-formal workshops in Mathematics in schools, usingthe day’s newspaper instead of text-books.

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