material of disaster mgt

7/31/2019 Material of Disaster Mgt.

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WHAT IS DISASTER?

Disaster is a sudden, calamitous event bringing great damage, loss, and destruction and devastation to lifeand property. The damage caused by disasters is immeasurable and varies with the geographical location,climate and the type of the earth surface/degree of vulnerability. This influences the mental, socio-economic,political and cultural state of the affected area. Generally, disaster has the following effects in the concerned

areas,1. It completely disrupts the normal day to day life2. It negatively influences the emergency systems3. Normal needs and processes like food, shelter, health, etc. are affected and deteriorate depending on

the intensity and severity of the disasterIt may also be termed as a serious disruption of the functioning of society, causing widespread human,material or environmental losses which exceed the ability of the affected society to cope using its ownresources.Thus, a disaster may have the following main features:-

o Unpredictability

o Unfamiliarity

o Speed

o Urgency

o Uncertainty

o Threat

Thus, in simple terms we can define disaster as a hazard causing heavy loss to life, property

and livelihood.e.g. a cyclone killing 10,000 lives and a crop loss of one crore can be termed as disaster.

TYPES OF DISASTERGenerally, disasters are of two types Natural and Manmade. Based on the devastation, these are furtherclassified into major/minor natural disaster and major/minor manmade disasters. Some of the disasters arelisted below,

Major natural disasters:

Flood

Cyclone

Drought

Earthquake

Minor natural disasters:

Cold wave

Thunderstorms

Heat waves

Mud slides

Storm

Major manmade disaster:

Setting of fires

Epidemic

Deforestation

Pollution due to prawn cultivation Chemical pollution.

Wars

Minor manmade disaster:

Road / train accidents, riots

Food poisoning

Industrial disaster/ crisis Environmental pollution

EARTHQUAKE


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An Earthquake is a sudden shake of the Earth's crust caused by the tectonic plates colliding.The vibrationsmay vary in magnitude. The underground point of origin of the earthquake is called the "focus". The pointdirectly above the focus on the surface is called the"epicenter". Earthquakes by themselves rarely killpeople or wildlife. It is usually the secondary events that they trigger, such as building collapse,fires,tsunamis (seismic sea waves) and volcanoes, that are actually the human disaster. Many of thesecould possibly be avoided by better construction, safety systems, early warning and evacuationplanning.Earthquakes are caused by the discharge of accumulated along geologic fault.

Lahars

A laharis a volcanic mudflow or landslide. The 1953 Tangiwai disasterwas caused by a lahar, as was the

1985 Armero tragedy in which the town of Armero was buried and an estimated 23,000 people were killed.

What TSUNAMI means...

Tsunami is a Japanese word with the English translation, "harbor wave". Represented by twocharacters, the top character, "tsu", means harbor, while the bottom character, "nami", means

"wave". In the past, the scientific community sometimes referred to tsunamis as "tidal waves". The

term "tidal wave" is a misnomer; although a tsunami's impact upon a coastline is dependent uponthe tidal level at the time a tsunami strikes, tsunamis are unrelated to the tides. Tides result fromthe imbalance, extraterrestrial, gravitational influences of the moon, sun, and planets. The term

"seismic sea wave" is also misleading. "Seismic" implies an earthquake-related generation

mechanism, but a tsunami can also be caused by a non-seismic event, such as a landslide ormeteorite impact.

How LANDSLIDES, VOLCANO ERUPTIONS, and COSMIC COLLISIONS generate

TSUNAMIS...

A tsunami can be generated by any disturbance that displaces a large water mass from its

equilibrium position. In the case of earthquake-generated tsunamis, the uplift (or subsidence) of thesea floor disturbs the water column. Submarine landslides, which often accompany large

earthquakes, as well as collapses of volcanic edifices, can also disturb the overlying water column

as sediment and rock slump down slope and are redistributed across the sea floor. Similarly, aviolent submarine volcanic eruption can create an impulsive force that uplifts the water column

and generates a tsunami. Conversely, super marine landslides and cosmic-body impacts disturb the

water from above, as momentum from falling debris is transferred to the water into which thedebris falls. Generally speaking, tsunamis generated from these mechanisms, unlike the Pacific-

wide tsunamis caused by some earthquakes, dissipate quickly and rarely affect coastlines distant

from the source area.

How EARTHQUAKES generate TSUNAMIS...

Tsunamis can be generated when the sea floor abruptly deforms and vertically displaces the

overlying water. Tectonic earthquakes are a particular kind of earthquake that are associated with

the earth's crustal deformation; when these earthquakes occur beneath the sea, the water above the

deformed area is displaced from its equilibrium position. Waves are formed as the displaced watermass, which acts under the influence of gravity, attempts to regain its equilibrium. When large
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areas of the sea floor elevate or subside, a tsunami can be created. Tsunamis travel outward in all

directions from the epicenter of an earthquake.

Large vertical movements of the earth's crust can occur at plate boundaries. Plates interact alongthese boundaries called faults. Around the margins of the Pacific Ocean, for example, denser

oceanic plates slip under continental plates in a process known as subduction. Subductionearthquakes are particularly effective in generating tsunamis.

Drought

A drought (ordrouth [archaic]) is an extended period of months or years when a region notes a deficiency

in its water supply. Generally, this occurs when a region receives consistently below average precipitation.

It can have a substantial impact on the ecosystemand agriculture of the affected region. Although droughts

can persist for several years, even a short, intense drought can cause significant damage [1] and harm the

local economy.[2]

This global phenomenon has a widespread impact on agriculture. The United Nationsestimates that an area

of fertile soil the size ofUkraine is lost every year because of drought,deforestation, and climate instability.

[3]Lengthy periods of drought have long been a key trigger formass migration and played a key role in a

number of ongoing migrations and other humanitarian crises in the Horn of Africa and the SaheL

Consequences

Periods of drought can have significant environmental, agricultural, health, economic and social

consequences. The effect varies according to vulnerability. For example, subsistence farmers are more

likely to migrate during drought because they do not have alternative food sources. Areas with populations

that depend on subsistence farming as a major food source are more vulnerable to drought-triggered

famine.

Types of drought

As a drought persists, the conditions surrounding it gradually worsen and its impact on the local population

gradually increases. People tend to define droughts in three main ways:[45]

1. Meteorological drought is brought about when there is a prolonged period with less than

average precipitation. Meteorological drought usually precedes the other kinds of drought.

2. Agricultural droughts are droughts that affect crop production or the ecology of the range.

This condition can also arise independently from any change in precipitation levels

whensoil conditions and erosion triggered by poorly planned agricultural endeavors cause a

shortfall in water available to the crops. However, in a traditional drought, it is caused by an

extended period of below average precipitation.
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3.Flood

4. A flood is an overflow of an expanse of water that submerges land. [1]The EU Floods

directive defines a flood as a temporary covering by water of land not normally covered by

water.

[2]

In the sense of "flowing water", the word may also be applied to the inflow of the tide.Flooding may result from the volume of water within a body of water, such as a riverorlake, which

overflows or breaks levees, with the result that some of the water escapes its usual boundaries.

[3]While the size of a lake or other body of water will vary with seasonal changes in precipitation

and snow melt, it is not a significant flood unless such escapes of water endanger land areas used

by man like a village, city or other inhabited area.

5. Floods can also occur in rivers, when flow exceeds the capacity of the river channel, particularly at

bends or meanders. Floods often cause damage to homes and businesses if they are placed in

natural flood plains of rivers. While flood damage can be virtually eliminated by moving away from

rivers and other bodies of water, since time out of mind, people have lived and worked by the water

to seek sustenance and capitalize on the gains of cheap and easy travel and commerce by being

near water. That humans continue to inhabit areas threatened by flood damage is evidence that the

perceived value of living near the water exceeds the cost of repeated periodic flooding.

Effects

[edit]Primary effects

Physical damage - Can damage any type of structure, including bridges, cars,

buildings, sewersystems, roadways, and canals.

Casualties - People and livestock die due to drowning. It can also lead to epidemics and

waterborne diseases.

[edit]Secondary effects

Water supplies - Contamination of water. Clean drinking waterbecomes scarce.

Diseases - Unhygienic conditions. Spread ofwater-borne diseases. Crops and food supplies - Shortage of food crops can be caused due to loss of entire harvest.

[4]However, lowlands near rivers depend upon river silt deposited by floods in order to add nutrients to

the local soil.

Trees - Non-tolerant species can die from suffocation. [5]
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[edit]Tertiary/long-term effects

Economic- Economic hardship, due to: temporary decline in tourism, rebuilding costs, food

shortage leading to price increase ,etc.

Earthquake An earthquake (also known as a quake, tremorortemblor) is the result of a sudden release of

energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves. Theseismicity orseismic activity of an

area refers to the frequency, type and size of earthquakes experienced over a period of time.

Earthquakes are measured with aseismometer; a device which also records is known as

a seismograph. The moment magnitude (or the related and mostly obsolete Richtermagnitude) of

an earthquake is conventionally reported, with magnitude 3 or lower earthquakes being

mostlyimperceptible and magnitude 7 causing serious damage over large areas. Intensity of

shaking is measured on the modified Mercalli scale.

At the Earth's surface, earthquakes manifest themselves by shaking and sometimes displacing the

ground. When a large earthquake epicenteris located offshore, the seabed sometimes suffers

sufficient displacement to cause a tsunami. The shaking in earthquakes can also trigger landslides

and occasionally volcanic activity.

In its most generic sense, the word earthquake is used to describe any seismic eventwhether a

natural phenomenon or an event caused by humansthat generates seismic waves. Earthquakes

are caused mostly by rupture of geologicalfaults, but also by volcanic activity, landslides, mine

blasts, and nuclear experiments. An earthquake's point of initial rupture is called

its focus orhypocenter. The term epicenterrefers to the point at ground level directly above the

hypocenter

Preparation

In order to determine the likelihood of future seismic activity, geologists and other scientists examine the

rock of an area to determine if the rock appears to be "strained". Studying the faults of an area to study the

buildup time it takes for the fault to build up stress sufficient for an earthquake also serves as an effective

prediction technique.[42] Measurements of the amount of accumulated strain energy on the fault each year,

time passed since the last major temblor, and the energy and power of the last earthquake are made.

[42]Together the facts allow scientists to determine how much pressure it takes for the fault to generate an

earthquake. Though this method is useful, it has only been implemented on California's San Andreas Fault.

[42]

Volcano
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A volcano is an opening, orrupture, in a planet's surface orcrust, which allows hotmagma, ash and gases

to escape from below the surface.

Volcanoes are generally found where tectonic plates are diverging orconverging. Amid-oceanic ridge, for

example the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, has examples of volcanoes caused by divergent tectonic plates pulling

apart; the Pacific Ring of Fire has examples of volcanoes caused by convergent tectonic plates coming

together. By contrast, volcanoes are usually not created where two tectonic plates slide past one another.

Volcanoes can also form where there is stretching and thinning of theEarth's crust (called "non-hotspot

intraplate volcanism"), such as in the East African Rift, the Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field and the Rio

Grande Rift in North America.

Volcanoes can be caused by mantle plumes. These so-called hotspots, for example at Hawaii, can occur

far from plate boundaries. Hotspot volcanoes are also found elsewhere in the solar system, especially on

rocky planets and moons.

Volcanic features

he most common perception of a volcano is of a conical mountain, spewing lava and poisonousgases froma craterat its summit. This describes just one of many types of volcano, and the features of volcanoes aremuch more complicated. The structure and behavior of volcanoes depends on a number of factors. Somevolcanoes have rugged peaks formed by lava domes rather than a summit crater, whereas otherspresent landscape features such as massive plateaus. Vents that issue volcanic material (lava, which iswhat magma is called once it has escaped to the surface, and ash) and gases (mainly steam and magmaticgases) can be located anywhere on the landform.
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0823 -wire -PAKISTAN -FLOODS_

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indian - ocean - tsunami.jpg
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8/10

Kilauea volcano


9/10


10/10

indonesia-floods-2009-

material of disaster mgt

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