marine biodiversity and microbial diversity :...
TRANSCRIPT
Marine biodiversity and microbial diversity :
Marine biodiversity and microbial diversity :
a key for the functioning of marine ecosystems
Dr. Luis Felipe ArtigasCNRS UMR 8187 LOG - MREN ULCO
Wimereux, FRANCECoML South America and Caribbean
ICoMM - S.A.C.
What is biodiversity?What is biodiversity?
• CBD: The variability among living organisms from all sources, including inter alia, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part; this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems
• “Normal language”: Biodiversity is essentially the richness of life on earth: the species that inhabit the earth, the genetic material they contain and the habitats in which they live. It takes thousands to millions of years of evolution to generate this richness.
Biodiversity and funtioning of marine ecosystems
Biodiversity and funtioning of marine ecosystems
One cannot pretend to understand the role of life in the functioning, stability and resilience of marine ecosystems without answering these three fundamental questions :
- what organisms are present and what is their respective abundance?- what are their roles in the functioning of marine ecosystems?- what are their metabolic and reproductive rates?
• Of the 30 multi-cellular Phyla, 13 are endemic of marine systems.
• The paradox is that only 15% of species described to date are marine species.
(Fred Grassle 2001)
Measurement of biodiversity must occur at several levels:
- The upper level represents the diversity within each species, here
cartooned by different DNA types within intertidal mussels.
- The middle level focuses on species diversity,
here illustrated as the set of macroinvertebrates of the rocky intertidal
zone.
- The lower level includes different habitat types within a region – in this
case, the rocky intertidal zone, seagrass beds, and kelp forests along
the California coast.
Measurement of biodiversityMeasurement of biodiversity
Palumbi et al., 2009
What are the goods provided by marine biodiversity?
• Food: fisheries (100 million tonnes per year), aquaculture (half the protein of the Philippines and Japan)
• Other products: enzymes, pharmaceuticals, anti-fouling, ornamental objects,…, genes
• Recreation, (eco)tourism (multi-billion € industries depend on ‘healthy’ marine systems)
• Physical protection: reefs, mangroves (vast areas in the tropics), salt marshes, dune- beach systems
• Land: carbonate platformsPr. Carlo Heip, 2006
What are the services provided by marine biodiversity?
What are the services provided by marine biodiversity?
• System productivity• Remineralisation and nutrient recycling• Calcification, carbonate deposition• Waste management: oil degradation,
detoxification, • Stability and resilience of marine systems• Climate regulation
Pr. Carlo Heip, 2006
Links between pelagic biodiversity and marine ecosystem processes : 3 compartments, trophic flows (black arrows), list of traits likely to affect trophic flows, influences of those compartments on ecosystem services (grey arrows). DOM = Dissolved Organic Matter
Pelagic biodiversity and ecosystem processesPelagic biodiversity and ecosystem processes
Duffy & Stachowicz, MEPS, 2006
The « Biological pump »The « Biological pump »
Biological Pump Working Group Summary – Karl et al.http://www.msrc.sunysb.edu/octet/biological_pump.html
Services = Bacteria, Archaea, Viruses
Pr. Carlo Heip, 2006
Number of microbial cells in the oceans is astronomical !!!100,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000Microbial Cells in the Oceans
Archaea
animals & plants
Eukarya
Bacteria
~106 species. Who are they? What are they doing? Must we incorporate them in ecosystem models?
Most marine biodiversity is microbialMost marine biodiversity is microbial
Size Biomass Primary SecondaryProduction Production
___________________________________________________
Prokaryotes <3µm 82% 91%Protists <0.3mm 18% 9%Zooplankton < 3 cm 0.3% 93%Swimmers <3m 0.07% 7%Megafauna > 3m 0.01% 0.5%____________________________________________________Millions Tons Carbon 145,000 50,000 7,400
Relative abundance and productivity of Marine Life
Prokaryotic diversity : heterotrophic bacteria Prokaryotic diversity : heterotrophic bacteria
• One of the most successful organisms on earth, Pelagibacter ubique (SAR 11) , which may account for 20 % of the prokaryotic cells in the ocean, was only discovered in 2001.
Prochlorococcus
Synechococcus
Prochlorococcus and Synecho- coccus may be responsible for up to two thirds of the CO2 fixation in the oceans and thus for one third of the total primary biomass production on Earth. Prochlorococcus was discovered in 1988
Prokaryotic diversity : autotrophic cyanobacteria
Prokaryotic diversity : autotrophic cyanobacteria
Pr. Carlo Heip, 2006
Chemoautotrophic bacteria oxidize reduced substrates and are able to couple the energy produced to the synthesis of carbohydrate.
• Iron bacteria (oxidize Fe2+)
• Sulfur bacteria (oxidize H2 S)
• Nitrifying bacteria (oxidize NH4+)
• Purple sulfur bacteria use H2 S and produce elemental S.
• Cyanobacteria are an exception because they can perform oxygenic photosynthesis.
Photoautotrophic bacteria use sunlight as energy to synthesize carbohydrate
Prokaryotic Diversity
Heterotrophic bacteria mineralize (decompose, respire) organic matter into inorganic C and nutrients.
Use a variety of electron acceptors :Reduction of O2
Reduction of NO3-
Reduction of Mn4+ to Mn2+
Reduction of Fe3+ to Fe2+
Reduction of SO42- to H2 S
Reduction of CO2 to CH4
Redox potential
Heterotrophic bacterial productivity = rate of C assimilation from organic matter sources.
Prokaryotic Diversity
Pico-eukaryotic diversityPico-eukaryotic diversity
• Large diversity of new eukaryotes discovered by new techniques• Cells smaller than 3 μm • Primary producers• Grazers of picophytoplankton
Protozoa and viruses major predators on bacteria
Image from Suzuki lab Image from Noble lab
Marine Microbial Diversity
Microbial networksunlight
Sinking
N, P, Fe
ZooplanktonPhytoplankton
Bact eria
Fish
DissolvedOrganic Mat t er
Virus
Prot ozoa
Pat hogensSewage
CO2
CO2
Photosynthet ic bact eria
Modified from: Azam, F. 1998. Science 280: 694-696
sunlightPollutants
Exotic microbes Pathogens Pollutants Sewage
Zooplankton Fish
aggregation
Photosynthetic bacteria
N, P, Si, Fe
Phytoplankton
Need to revise models to incorporate microbial diversity and ecosystem functions
Corals are microbial landscapes
100s of species associated with healthy corals – ecosystem roles are unknown Rohwer, Azam & Knowlton. 2002.
International Census of Marine MicrobesInternational Census of Marine Microbes
Explore the Explore the diversitydiversity, relative , relative abundanceabundance, , and environmental and environmental contextcontext of all of all microbial life forms in the oceans microbial life forms in the oceans
Archaea EukaryaBacteria
http://icomm.mbl.edu
ICoMM’s Tag Sequencing StrategyICoMM’s Tag Sequencing Strategy
• Sequence many V6 regions• Each “tag”is a proxy for a
microbe • Query each tag against a
reference data base• Identify taxonomic source of
each V6-Tag to infer community composition.
Provides massively parallel ability to count different kinds of microbes in a community but it is NOT A PHYLOGENETIC TOOL!
International - Global Coverage
Keck Tag Sequencing Project: 52 projects, 852 datasets, ~18 million tag sequences
Microbial Population Structure of the World’s OceanMicrobial Population Structure of the World’s Ocean
Frisian Island SyltGuaymas Methane SeepsGulf of AqabaGlobal Protist SurveyHood Canal WashingtonIOMM Cooperative RunGulf of MaineLaCAR Cooperative RunLost CityHelgolandNew Zealand SedimentEnglish ChannelSurreptitious Algal BacteriaStation M SedimentsSpongesSpatial Scaling DiversityHumboldt Marine EcosystemDeep Subseafloor SedimentActive But RareBlack Sea
Arctic Chukchi BeaufortAmazon-Guianas WaterLau Hydrothermal VentAnaerobic Protist ProjectAmundsen Sea AntarcticaAzorean Shallow VentsAzores Waters ProjectBlanes Microbial ObservatoryBaltic Sea ProperBlack Sea RedoxCensus Antarctic MarineCariaco BasinCaribbean Coral BacteriaCoastal Microbial MatsCoastal New EnglandCoral Reef SedimentDeep Arctic OceanDeep Ocean FluxDeep Sea EukaryaAtlantic Ocean Transect
• Low abundance taxa in rank-ordered, taxon abundance curves• Microbial abundance curves are “long-tail distributions”
Concept of the Rare BiosphereConcept of the Rare Biosphere
• The tail is much greater than previously known• Diversity eclipses all prior estimates of
•Bacterial, Archaeal and Eukaryl diversity• Never-before-seen populations
High AbundancePopulations
Taxon-rank distribution curve for microbial communities
Low AbundancePopulations
The Rare Biosphere
Biodiversity changesBiodiversity changes
• Changes in biodiversity have been observed for macro-organisms = goods
• Changes in micro-organisms? = services
Pr. Carlo Heip, 2006
Changing services: surface pH will decrease with increased CO2
Changing services: surface pH will decrease with increased CO2
Wallace in SOLAS programme plan 2001Pr. Carlo Heip, 2006
A global network of researchersengaged in an international collaborative
initiative to assess and explain the diversity, distribution, and abundance
of marine life in the oceans – past, present, and future – and to identify the current
limits to knowledge (what isknown, unknown and unknowable)
The First Census: 2000-2010
The Census of Marine Life: Making ocean life count
Census of Marine LifeCensus of Marine Life
Exploration and DiscoveryExploration and Discovery
A comb jelly from the high Arctic waters of the Canada Basin. Photo: Kevin Raskoff, Monterey Peninsula College.
A deepwater shrimp species from French Frigate Shoals in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Photo: Susan Middleton © 2006, courtesy U.S. NOAA, PIFSC, Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Marine National Monument.
Some new species discoveries…
This species is the first record of a hydrothermal vent zoanthid, an order of invertebrates related to corals. Photo: Charles Fisher, Penn State University.
Much more than ExplorationMuch more than Exploration
CoML has discovered more than 5,300 potential new, marine animals since 2003. Of these, 110 have gone through the rigorous scientific review process for formal description as a new species.
Collectively, CoML is discovering new species at a much faster rate than the capacity to describe them. To aid in the effort, Census researchers are developing & supporting efficient but still cautious authentication of species by DNA barcoding and cybertaxonomy.
While the discovery of new species is always exciting…
the greater contribution to our understanding of marine life is what CoML scientists are learning about the diversity and distribution of marine life in the global oceans.
Census findings support…Census findings support…
• Sustainable Fisheries
• Identification of Marine Protected Areas (e.g. biodiversity hotspots)
• Management of Habitat Loss and Pollution
• Environmental Assessments
• Identification & tracking of Invasive Species and Endangered Species
• Understanding of Global Climate Change Impacts, including Ocean Acidification
• Preservation of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services
Photo: NASA
Grand Challenge Questions
CoML ComponentsCoML Components
Oceans PastWhat did live in the
oceans?
History of Marine Animal
Populations (HMAP)
Oceans PresentWhat does live in the
oceans?
Ocean Realm Field Projects
Oceans FutureWhat will live in the
oceans?
Future of Marine Animal
Populations (FMAP)
Ocean Biogeographic Information System (OBIS)Web-based provider of global geo-referenced information on marine species
Ocean Realm ProjectsOcean Realm Projects
Human Edges• NaGISA - Natural Geography In Shore Areas• CReefs - Coral Reef Ecosystems• GOMA - Gulf of Maine Area Census (Regional Ecosystem)• POST - Pacific Ocean Shelf Tracking
Central Waters• TOPP - Tagging of Pacific Pelagics (Top Predators)• CMarZ - Census of Marine Zooplankton• MAR-ECO - Mid-Atlantic Ridge Ecosystems
Hidden Boundaries• CoMargE - Continental Margins Ecosystems• CeDAMar - Census of Diversity of Abyssal Marine Life• CenSeam - Census of Seamounts• ChEss - Chemosynthetic Ecosystems (Vents)
Ice Oceans• ArcOD - Arctic Ocean Diversity• CAML - Census of Antarctic Marine Life
Microscopic Ocean• ICOMM - International Census of Marine Microbes
Global CollaborationGlobal Collaboration
Arabian Sea(Oman, 2007)
Stars indicate National or Regional Activity Headquarters
80 countries
Over 2000 scientists
Data Infrastructure & IntegrationData Infrastructure & IntegrationTo become a national, regional and international infrastructure for information and biogeographic data on marine species and
their distribution and abundance.
OBIS will…• Contribute data to WoRMS (World Register of Marine Species) which will be visible through the Encyclopedia of Life (EoL)• Build system to provide support synthesis activities of all other Census projects• Provide products based on scientific and societal relevance: education, conservation, global algal blooms, fisheries, biogeography
OBIS: www.iobis.orgOBIS: www.iobis.org
Currently in OBIS (Jan. 2009):
16.7 million records of 104,000 species from 501 databases
2007: 13.6 million records2006: 10 million records2005: 5 million records
Filling in the data gaps – Southern Hemisphere, deeper waters, taxonomic groups
How to Record 10,000,000 Marine Life Forms?How to Record 10,000,000 Marine Life Forms?
TricorderTricorderAny resemblanceAny resemblancepurely coincidental.purely coincidental.
BarcoderBarcoder??
May, 2004, Smithsonian
TechnologyTechnologyTo review the CoML Research Plan and make recommendations about
technologies that could be applied to CoML projects & advise on project technology needs.
To identify and bring to the attention of the international community of fisheries scientists, marine biologists and others, the potential benefits of emerging
technologies in the detection of marine life.
To explore the relative merits of different technologies and identify those that deserve further research based on their potential for making significant
contributions to the detection of marine life.
Synthesis:
• Cross-project synthesis of technology used by CoML, documenting technologies used by CoML projects, particularly in terms of technologies that CoML has advanced.
• Workshop on ocean biology observatories to contribute to the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS)
ConclusionsConclusions
• Marine biodiversity is still poorly known• Less than 1 % of the ocean is explored• Perhaps less than 10 % of macroscopic
species is described• Microbial diversity is vast with largely
unknown functionality• Ergo: exploration
Pr. Carlo Heip, 2006
ConclusionsConclusions
• Marine biodiversity is changing• Oceanic and coastal food webs change
as top predators disappear• Changes in distribution over the North
Atlantic Ocean have been documented• Fisheries and climate change are the
most important causes globally• Many local impacts: eutrophication,
pollution, invading species, habitat destruction, are changing coastal communities
• Ergo: observationPr. Carlo Heip, 2006
ConclusionsConclusions
• What are the consequences?• Are marine species going extinct?• Is system functioning affected by
biodiversity changes?• Productivity• Element cycling• Food webs
• Ergo: experiments, concepts and theories
Pr. Carlo Heip, 2006
ConclusionsConclusions
• Why should we care?• What is valued by people?• Is marine biodiversity part of the human
socio-economic and psychological ‘environment’?
• Ethics, perception of nature, sense of discovery and stewardship?
• Ergo: Communication, outreach
Pr. Carlo Heip, 2006