microbial diversity chapt. 28 – the origins of eukaryotic diversity
TRANSCRIPT
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Microbial Diversity
Chapt. 28 – The Origins of Eukaryotic Diversity
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What are microbes?
Single-celled organisms and some non-cellular parasites
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Kinds of microbes
Non-cellular, parasitic moleculesViruses ViroidsPrions
ProkaryotesDomain BacteriaDomain Archaea
EukaryotesSeveral Kingdoms in Domain Eukarya
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Carl Woese’s 3 Domains of Life
Based primarily on genetic sequence data;
e.g., small subunit ribosomal RNA – present in all
organisms
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EukaryotesEukaryotesKingdoms of Protists within the
Domain Eukarya
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EukaryotesEukaryotesProtists
Complex cellular structure – cells with nucleus and other organelles
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Eukaryotic cellMany membranous organelles…
including mitochondria,which arecommon to all eukaryotes…
and chloroplasts (found only in photosynthesizers)
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EukaryotesEukaryotesProtists
Complex cellular structure – cells with nucleus and other organellesE.g., cilia & flagella aid motility; these cytoplasmic extensions are
not homologous with pili or flagella of prokaryotes
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EukaryotesEukaryotesProtists
Complex cellular structure – cells with
nucleus and other organelles
Nutrition – Absorption, Photosynthesis, or Ingestion
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EukaryotesEukaryotesProtists
Complex cellular structure – cells with
nucleus and other organelles
Nutrition – Absorption, Photosynthesis, or Ingestion
Reproduction – mostly asexual, but some exchange genetic material
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Asexual cell
division(mitosis)
Conjugation:exchange of
some genetic material across a
cytoplasmic bridge
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Sexual reproduction via
the formation and union of gametes or other haploid cells(requires meiosis)
Sexual, spore-forming cells of a
slime mold:
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EukaryotesEukaryotesProtists
Complex cellular structure – cells with nucleus and other organelles
Nutrition – Absorption, Photosynthesis, or Ingestion
Reproduction – mostly asexual, but some reproduce sexually
Cysts – resting stages through harsh conditions
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EukaryotesEukaryotesProtists
Arose from endosymbiosis
Compelling evidence for Lynn Margulis’ theory is found in the genetic material of mitochondria & plastids
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EukaryotesEukaryotes
Macroevolutionary timeline
Figure 26.13
Ancestralprokaryote
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EukaryotesEukaryotes
Macroevolutionary timeline
Figure 26.13
Ancestralprokaryote
Infolding of plasmamembrane to form
endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear envelope
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EukaryotesEukaryotes
Macroevolutionary timeline
Figure 26.13
Ancestralprokaryote
Infolding of plasmamembrane to form
endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear envelope
Engulfing of heterotrophic
prokaryote
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EukaryotesEukaryotes
Macroevolutionary timeline
Figure 26.13
Ancestralprokaryote
Infolding of plasmamembrane to form
endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear envelope
Engulfing of heterotrophic
prokaryote
Mitochondrion
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EukaryotesEukaryotes
Macroevolutionary timeline
Figure 26.13
Ancestralprokaryote
Infolding of plasmamembrane to form
endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear envelope
Engulfing of heterotrophic
prokaryote
Mitochondrion
Engulfing of photosynthetic
prokaryote
Plastid
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EukaryotesEukaryotes
Cyanobacterium
Heterotrophiceukaryote
Primaryendosymbiosis
Red algae
Green algae
Secondaryendosymbiosis
Secondaryendosymbiosis
Dinoflagellates
Apicomplexans
Ciliates
Stramenopiles
Euglenids
Plastid
Figure 28.3
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EukaryotesEukaryotes
Cyanobacterium
Heterotrophiceukaryote
Primaryendosymbiosis
Green algae
Secondaryendosymbiosis
Secondaryendosymbiosis
Dinoflagellates
Apicomplexans
Ciliates
Euglenids
Plastid
Figure 28.3
Stramenopiles
Red algae
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EukaryotesEukaryotes
Cyanobacterium
Heterotrophiceukaryote
Primaryendosymbiosis
Green algae
Secondaryendosymbiosis
Secondaryendosymbiosis
Dinoflagellates
Apicomplexans
Ciliates
Euglenids
Plastid
Figure 28.3
Stramenopiles
Red algae
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EukaryotesEukaryotes
Cyanobacterium
Heterotrophiceukaryote
Primaryendosymbiosis
Red algae
Green algae
Secondaryendosymbiosis
Secondaryendosymbiosis
Dinoflagellates
Apicomplexans
Ciliates
Euglenids
Plastid
Figure 28.3
Stramenopiles
Plastid
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EukaryotesEukaryotes
Cyanobacterium
Heterotrophiceukaryote
Primaryendosymbiosis
Red algae
Green algae
Secondaryendosymbiosis
Secondaryendosymbiosis
Plastid
Dinoflagellates
Apicomplexans
Ciliates
Euglenids
Plastid
Figure 28.3
Stramenopiles
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EukaryotesEukaryotes
Cyanobacterium
Heterotrophiceukaryote
Primaryendosymbiosis
Red algae
Green algae
Secondaryendosymbiosis
Secondaryendosymbiosis
Plastid
Dinoflagellates
Apicomplexans
Ciliates
Euglenids
Plastid
Figure 28.3
Stramenopiles
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EukaryotesEukaryotes
Cyanobacterium
Heterotrophiceukaryote
Primaryendosymbiosis
Red algae
Green algae
Secondaryendosymbiosis
Secondaryendosymbiosis
Plastid
Dinoflagellates
Apicomplexans
Ciliates
Stramenopiles
Euglenids
Chlorarachniophytes
Plastid
Figure 28.3
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EukaryotesEukaryotesProtists
Arose from endosymbiosis
Various lineages gave rise to all modern unicellular & colonial protists, as well as all
multicellular organisms (some protists, as well as all plants, fungi, and animals)
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Paraphyletic distribution of protists within a tentative phylogeny of Eukarya
An ancestor and only some of its
descendents
Ch
loro
ph
yta
Pla
nta
e
Ancestral eukaryote
Rh
od
op
hyt
a
Fu
ng
i
Dip
lom
on
ad
ida
Par
aba
sal
a
Eu
gle
no
zoa
Alveolata Stramenopila Ce
rco
zoa
Ra
dio
lari
a
Amoebozoa An
ima
lia
Ch
oan
ofl
ag
ella
tes
Figure 28.4
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“Last Universal Common Ancestor”
Hypotheses for the earliest stages of biological diversification:
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Hypotheses for the earliest stages of biological diversification:
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EukaryotesEukaryotesProtists
Highly diverse genetically and
phenotypically
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EukaryotesEukaryotesProtists
Highly diverse genetically and
phenotypically
“Fungus-like” protists
Heterotrophic
Absorption
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EukaryotesEukaryotesProtists
Highly diverse genetically and
phenotypically
“Fungus-like” protists
Heterotrophic
Decomposers
E.g., slime molds
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EukaryotesEukaryotesProtists
Highly diverse genetically and
phenotypically
“Fungus-like” protists
Heterotrophic
Parasitic
E.g., water molds
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EukaryotesEukaryotesProtists
Highly diverse genetically and
phenotypically
“Plant-like” protists
Autotrophic
Photosynthesis
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EukaryotesEukaryotesProtists
Highly diverse genetically and
phenotypically
“Plant-like” protists
Autotrophic
Unicelluar
E.g., EuglenaPhytoplankton (unicellular algae & cyanobacteria [prokaryotes] ~ 70% of all photosynthesis)
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EukaryotesEukaryotesProtists
Highly diverse genetically and
phenotypically
“Plant-like” protists
Autotrophic
Multicelluar
E.g., Many
seaweeds
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EukaryotesEukaryotesProtists
Highly diverse genetically and
phenotypically
“Animal-like” protists
Heterotrophic
Ingestion
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EukaryotesEukaryotesProtists
Highly diverse genetically and
phenotypically
“Animal-like” protists
Heterotrophic
Free-living
E.g., Some amoebae
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EukaryotesEukaryotesProtists
Highly diverse genetically and
phenotypically
“Animal-like” protists
Heterotrophic
Parasitic
symbionts
E.g., Giardia
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EukaryotesEukaryotesProtists
Highly diverse genetically and
phenotypically
“Animal-like” protists
Heterotrophic
Mutualistic symbionts
E.g., protistsof termite guts
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EukaryotesEukaryotesProtists
Highly diverse genetically and
phenotypically
“Animal-like” protists
Heterotrophic
Exhibit slightly more complex behavior than prokaryotes…
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Predator-prey interaction between ciliates:Didinium preys upon Paramecium