LIMBA ENGLEZ - curs practic -

Anul I

Lect.univ.dr. Camelia NEAGU Asist.univ. Felicia BUCUR

CUPRINS

Introducere

SEMESTRUL I

Part I: Texts and Exercises Unit 1: RECRUITMENT Unit 2: APPLYING FOR A JOB Unit 3: WORK AND MOTIVATION

Part II: Grammar Explanations and Practice Unit 4: PRESENT TENSE SIMPLE AND PRESENT TENSE CONTINUOUS Unit 5: PAST TENSE SIMPLE, PAST TENSE CONTINUOUS, PAST PERFECT SIMPLE Unit 6: PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE AND PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS Unit 7: MEANS OF EXPRESSING FUTURE TIME

SEMESTRUL AL II-LEA

Part I: Texts and Exercises Unit 8: TYPES OF BUSINESS COMPANY STRUCTURE Unit 9: MANAGEMENT Unit 10: LABOUR

Part II: Grammar Explanations and Practice Unit 11: DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH Unit 12: CONDITIONAL CLAUSES Unit 13: EXPRESSING WISHES Unit 14: PASSIVE VOICE

Appendix 1 Appendix 2

LIMBA ENGLEZ

Titular curs: Lect. univ.dr. Camelia NEAGU

1. Cadrul general al cursului:

Cursul de limba englez, nivel mediu-avansat, i propune s le ofere studenilor din anul I din cadrul sistemului de nvmnt Deschis la Distan (IDD) posibilitatea de a recapitula cunotinele acumulate i de a-i nsui noi elemente noiuni introductive generale din limbajul economic.

Cursul, att cel pentru semestrul I, ct i cel pentru semestrul al II-lea, este conceput n dou pri:

I. Texte i exerciii de vocabular II. Gramatic: explicaii i exerciii

Prima parte a cursului este structurat n trei capitole. Textele sunt nsoite de exerciii, care au rolul de a facilita procesul de nelegere. Fiecare capitol conine i o component prin care se urmrete dobndirea aptitudinilor necesare redactrii unor diverse documente, ca de exemplu: scrisori de diferite tipuri, curriculum vitae, rezumat. De asemenea, s-a pus un accent deosebit pe exerciiile de vocabular.

Cea de-a doua parte a cursului se concentreaz strict asupra unor structuri de gramatic, urmrindu-se recapitularea principalelor valori, precum i prezentarea unor valori sau structuri noi, proprii unui nivel avansat de cunoatere a limbii. Explicaiile teoretice sunt nsoite de exerciii care permit recapitularea noiunilor existente, precum i fixarea celor noi.

2. Evaluarea

La sfritul fiecrui semestrul este prevzut o examinare.

A. Semestrul I: Condiii de intrare n examen:

- redactarea unui CV, n limba englez, conform explicaiilor din primul capitol; - redactarea unei scrisori de intenie conform modelului din capitolul doi; - traducerea propoziiilor de la sfritul fiecrui capitol de gramatic.

Examinarea propriu-zis va consta ntr-un test pe durata a 90 minute.

B. Semestrul al II-lea Condiii de intrare n examen:

- rezolvarea prii de WRITING din capitolul opt, respectiv nou; - traducerea propoziiilor de la sfritul fiecrui capitol de gramatic.

Examinarea propriu-zis va consta ntr-un test pe durata a 90 minute.

3. Bibliografie obligatorie:

A. Grammar and vocabulary - Vince, Michael. First Certificate Language Practice. Oxford: Macmillan, 2003 - Geoffrey Leech, Benita Cruickshank and Ros Ivanic, An A-Z of English Grammar and Usage, Longman, 2003 - B. J. Thomas, Intermediate Vocabulary, Longman, 2003 B. Texts - English for Business and Administration. Bucharest: Cavallioti Publishing House, 1998. - Brooks, Michael, and Horner, David. Business English. Bucuresti: Editura Teora, 1997 - Nastasescu, Violeta, and Turcu, Fulvia. Engleza de afaceri - curs intensiv. Bucuresti: Editura Uranus.

4. Bibliografie facultativ

A. Grammar and Vocabulary - Pohl, Alison. Test Your Business English. London: Penguin, 1997. - Strutt, Peter. Longman Business English Usage. London: Longman, 1992. - Thomson, A.J. & Martinet, A.V. A Practical English Grammar. Oxford: Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 1984. - Thomson, A.J. & Martinet, A.V. A Practical English Grammar: Exercises 1. Oxford: Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 1984. - Thomson, A.J. & Martinet, A.V. A Practical English Grammar: Exercises 2. Oxford: Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 1984. B. Texts: - Sue Robbins with Kevin Manton, First Insights into Business, Studens Book, Workbook, Longman 2003. - Mackenzie, Ian. Financial English. Hove: Language Teaching Publications, 1995.

Semestrul I

Part I: Texts and Exercises

Unit 1: RECRUITMENT

SPEAKING

1. Talk to your partner. Try and answer the following questions:

1. How do people find work? Which are the steps they have to take? 2. When you go to a job interview, what do you have to carry along with

you? How do Americans call it? What does it contain?

READING

1. A job advertisement will usually ask you to send in a CV. Conventions as how to write one have been changing. Read the following text to see what is a personnel managers opinion on it, then answer these questions:

1. How many parts a CV should have? 2. What does each part should contain? 3. How should we order the information about our education and work

experience? 4. Which are the words that the personnel manager uses about foreign

languages? 5. Are our hobbies or interests important when we apply for a job?

There has been a lot of variation in the way CVs are set out over the last few years, and indeed one still sees different formats arriving on ones desk.

However, probably, the most common format these days, and certainly the one I most likely like to get because you can see at a glance whether it is worth reading the whole thing or not is the one that starts from the most recent job and works back, giving brief, but relevant information on each. There is a slight tendency, particularly among foreign (non-British applicants) to go for the hard sell. By this I mean almost to boast of their accomplishments and success in each post. But I confess I personally find it rather distasteful and it rather puts me off. Anyway, a good CV these days should begin by saying what it is: a CV. So, the persons name should be prominent. Then, there should be a brief section on personal details: address, telephone number, nationality and marital status. If you are applying for a post with a company in another country, or for a job that requires travel or the use of one or more foreign languages, you should add your proficiency in those languages: fluent, if you speak a language well; intermediate if it is OK, and basic if you can just about get by. Incidentally, if you have any nationally or internationally recognized examination demonstrating your proficiency, it is a good idea to mention that here (for

English: one of the Cambridge Certificates or the London Chamber of Commerce level 2 or 3 etc.).

This should be followed by a section on qualifications and training, again, as I said earlier, beginning with the most recent and moving back, so that I can see what you have been up to since your initial training. One difficult thing for us in personnel when evaluating applications from abroad and we are getting more and more is the problem of equivalences. It is of no help whatsoever to go round putting down diplomas which only exist in your country, unless you also put in brackets afterwards an approximate British equivalent that I can relate to. Another bad habit I have noticed particularly with the French, for some reason is to put down the name of what is, presumably, some highly prestigious establishment within their own country, on the assumption that everyone knows about it.

It was only recently, for example, that I discovered HEC was a if not the leading French business school. Before that when I saw on a CV diploma from HEC, my reaction was simply Oh, this person wasnt good enough to go to a university. A related difficulty is candidates who just put the English equivalent. I had this problem recently with a young man who claimed he had an MBA. At interview, however, we discovered he had simply translated Studii Aprofundate de Management (literally, a masters degree in management science), so the excellent level of English we were expecting from someone who had studied in the UK or the States did not materialize. This brings me to another point; it is important to state when and where you got a qualification.

The next section and the most important is the one on work experience. Again, this should be in order of most recent first, so I can see what you are doing at present and have been doing recently. For those who are applying for their first job, it is useful to mention any periods of occupational training you may have undertaken in a company or companies, or any relevant summer jobs you may have had. In this section, too, just briefly, in almost note form, list main responsibilities and successes, and so on.

Finally, we in Britain like to know something about a candidates life outside of work, so a short final section on outside interests is always useful. Again, for those applying for a first job, this can sometimes be a crucial section. If you have been secretary of your local tennis club or something, it may be the only opportunity you have had to demonstrate that you are fit for positions of responsibility.

2. Match the words in list A with the words in list B:

A B liceniat n conducerea ntreprinderii liceniat n arte liceniat n tiine umaniste diplom de studii aprofundate bacalaureat diplom de absolvire a unui colegiu liceniat n tiine

BA 2-year university diploma A level BSc MBA MA

3. Find words in the text that mean:

a. from the very beginning, immediately; b. using few words, concise c. not serious or important d. aggressive way of selling something e. talk with too much pride and satisfaction f. make somebody feel dislike, disgust somebody g. in or to a foreign country or countries h. it may supposed to be true

WRITING CV (RESUME)

a. Read the answers to the questions from READING, exercise 1. b. Taking into considerations these answers, write your own CV. Type it

or word process it if possible. Pay attention to the layout and features discussed in class.

VOCABULARY

1. Complete each sentence from a) to j) with one ending from 1 to 10. Use each ending once only.

a) If you work hard, the company will give you 4. b) In a different job, I could get a higher c) The best way to find new staff is to put a/an d) Because he had stolen the money, we decided that e) She has a pleasant personality but hasnt got the right f) In the meeting we are going to discuss the g) As he has three young children he doesnt want to h) I think it would be a good idea to send in your i) Im afraid that in this job there arent very good j) We cannot give you the job without

1. qualifications for a job of this kind. 2. advertisement in the local press on Friday. 3. application for the job as soon as possible. 4. promotion to a more responsible position. 5. full time employment at the moment. 6. references from your previous employer. 7. dismissing him was the only possible action we could take. 8. prospects for the future at the moment. 9. salary and better conditions of employment. 10. appointment of a new sales representative.

2. Choose the most suitable word or phrase underlined in each sentence.

a) The building workers were paid their income / salary / wages every Friday.

b) Shes only here for three weeks. Its a / an full-time / overtime / temporary job.

c) When he retired he received a monthly bonus / pension / reward. d) Apparently she earns / gains / wins over $20,000 a year. e) While the boss is away, Sue will be in charge / in control / in place of the

office. f) Could I have two days away / off / out next week to visit my mother? g) Paul was always arriving late, and in the end he was pushed / sacked /

thrown. h) When I left the job, I had to hand in my application / dismissal / notice three

weeks beforehand. i) How much exactly do you do / make / take in your new job? j) If you have to travel on company business, we will pay your costs /

expenses / needs.

k) Rewrite each sentence so that it contains the word or words given, and so that the meaning stays the same. Do not change the words given in any way.

1. Terry works in a different place now. Terry has a new job now. 2. A good boss looks after everyone in the company. 3. Im sure you will learn a lot in this job. 4. This job is a good way to earn money, but thats all. 5. The firm gave me a rise after I had worked there a year. 6. The company was profitable last year. 7. I had to be interviewed at the head office. 8. My monthly salary is $1000. 9. Jill is employed by a firm of accountants. 10. We advertised the job in the paper.

JOB

EMPLOYER EXPERIENCE LIVING RAISED MADE ATTEND A YEAR WORKS PUT

l) Decide which answer A, B, C or D best fits each space:

Choosing a job One of the most difficult decisions in choosing what to do for a (1) B. For example, do you want to follow a definite (2) ________, and (3) ________ a low (4) ________ at the beginning, but have good (5) ________ in a company that trains its (6) ________? Or are you more interested in taking any kind of work, because you need a/an (7) ________? You may have to (8) ________ the fact that a good (9) ________ can be difficult to find. In that case, why not take a (10) ________ one? You will gain some useful (11) ________. Remember that even if you have the right (12) ________, you may have to (13) ________ lots of application forms before you are asked to (14) ________ an interview. But dont worry if you dont know what you want to (15) ________ exactly. Youll enjoy finding out!

1. A) salary 2. A) company

B) living B) training

C) employee C) business

D) work D) career

3. A) earn 4. A) money 5. A) hopes 6. A) employers 7. A) money 8. A) face up to 9. A) work 10. A) temporary 11. A) experiences 12. A) qualifications 13. A) fall through 14. A) be 15. A) work

B) gain B) profit B) prospects B) crew B) cash B) go over B) labour B) overtime B) experienced B) exams B) get on B) attend B) job

C) win C) cheque C) futures C) staff C) account C) come up with C) job C) profitable C) experience C) letters C) turn down C) make C) do

D) take D) salary D) promotions D) persons D) income D) call off D) seat D) short D) experiencing D) degrees D) fill in D) advertise D) employ

PHRASAL VERBS

1. Match the phrasal verbs in list A with their meaning in list B. One of the verbs has two meanings.

A B take after 7 take back take away take in take off take to take up

1. begin to like someone 2. understand an idea 3. return something 4. subtract 5. include in an itinerary 6. leave the ground (a plane) 7. resemble someone 8. use/occupy

2. Complete these sentences using the correct form of one of the phrasal verbs above. Use one of the verbs twice.

1. When I met John I took to him at once. 2. She spoke so fast I couldnt ___________ what she was saying. 3. Correcting homework is important, but it ___________ a lot of time. 4. Does your tour of Italy ___________ Florence and Venice? 5. If you ___________ 32 from 100, what do you get? 6. The CD recorder was faulty so I ___________ it ___________ to the

shop. 7. I am not like my mum and dad; I ___________ my uncle George.

Unit 2: APPLYING FOR A JOB

SPEAKING and VOCABULARY

1. Try and answer the following questions about yourselves.

If you are still a student. 1. What job would you like to do in the future? 2. Do you think you have the right personal qualities and skills for the job? 3. Which of the items in the lists below would be most important in your

job?

If you have a job now. 1. What job do you do? 2. Why did you choose it? 3. What sort of personal qualities and skills do you need for your job?

(Some of the words below may help you.)

1 2 3 4 patience honesty intelligence independence reliability efficiency confidence

humour ambition initiative stamina enthusiasm energy imagination creativity

good manners leadership

qualities a sympathetic

manner ability to work

under pressure

good communication skills

a sense of humour

ability to cope in a crisis

2. Now make adjectives where possible from the nouns in lists 1 and 2.

3. Look at these job advertisements. Which job would you prefer? Why?

TOURIST GUIDE

Do you want to work for one of the most up and coming companies in International Tourism? Do you: know this area well? have experience in dealing with groups? speak at least two languages?

We have a vacancy for a Tourist Guide.

You will need patience, hood humour and excellent communication skills. A smart appearance is essential. Excellent prospects and salary.

Apply in writing to: Personnel Manager, Eurotours, Granada, Spain

(Please enclose your CV)

Trainee Sales Manager Required

A confident, enthusiastic young person is required to train as a Sales Manager in our foreign book sales department. You will need excellent communication skills, plus a command of English. A smart appearance and pleasant manner are essential. Prospects are excellent for applicants who can take responsibility and who really want to get to the top.

Apply in writing to: Shortman Publishing House

9, Clifton Street Kensington,

London WC6 8LP

WORK FOR NTV RADIO! New world service radio station is looking for talented young people for a variety of opportunities, both as presenters and behind the scenes.

Applicants must be imaginative, reliable and self confident. Training will be given where required but a high degree of hard work and commitment

will be demanded in return. Ability to keep cool in a crisis is essential! Applicants must speak good English.

Salary negotiable, depending on experience. Apply in writing, to:

NTV Radio, PO Box 892, London W1

4. What are all the qualities you think you would need for each of the jobs? Make some notes under these headings:

Tourist Guide Sales Manager Radio Presenter

5. Look at the Tourist Guide advertisement. Underline the most important details which you should refer to in a letter of application.

6. Now imagine you are the Personnel Manager of Eurotours. What sort of person are you looking for? What do you need to hear from a good applicant? How formal would you expect their letter to be?

7. Here are some lines from the letters of application of different candidates. Choose the most appropriate and convincing sentence in each group and give reasons for your choice.

1) a. I am familiar with this type of work. b. I am totally knowledgeable about this type of work. c. I know this type of work.

2) a. I am quite interested in this type of work. b. I have a genuine interest in this kind of work. c. I am incredibly keen on and interested in this type of work.

3) a. I feel sure my studies recommend me for the job. b. I hope I am right for this sort of work.

c. I am sure I am the best person for the job. 4) a. I can make decisions when it is really necessary.

b. I always make the best decisions. c. I am not afraid to make decisions if necessary.

5) a. I am well liked by everybody. b. I can maintain friendly relationships with people. c. I am a friendly person.

READING

1. What information should be included in a letter of application? What would you like a future employer to know about you? What do you think the future employer would like to know about you? Make a list.

2. This is the letter one of the applicants wrote for the job of Tourist Guide. Read it carefully, then answer the following questions:

1. Do you think Eurotours will be impressed by his letter? 2. Has he supplied all the details requested? 3. Is the language and style he uses formal or informal? Is this appropriate? 4. Has he included any unnecessary information?

5

10

15

20

25

4 Green Street Kensington

London

5 August, 200- Personnel Manager Eurotours Calle Principal Granada Spain

Dear Sir/Madam,

I saw your advertisement for a Tourist Guide in this weeks edition of Travel and would like to apply for the post.

As my CV shows, I very well qualified for this job. I studied tourism at London University from 1997-2000 and obtained enclosed diploma. As you can see, this included a special course on tourism in Europe. Since leaving University, I have also done a number of training courses in different aspects of the tourist industry (certificates enclosed).

For the past year, I have been working as a courier here in England. In this job, my main responsibilities include guiding groups around the city and dealing with bookings and accommodation.

Before that I had a job with Smiths Travel Agency in London. There I answered telephone enquiries and dealt with holiday bookings.

My mother is Spanish and I therefore have a perfect understanding

30

35

40

of Spanish people, their language and the country. I know Andalucia especially well as I have spent most of my holidays around this region.

As regards languages, I speak Spanish and French fluently. In addition to these, I am at present taking classes in German.

I would now like to broaden my experience as a courier. I would also welcome the chance to work for a large company like yours, with the chances for promotion this would provide.

In my spare time I play basketball for a local team of which I have recently been made captain. I also help out with the local youth club.

As you can see from my references, I have plenty of patience and good humour. In fact have been named Courier of the Month by our local tourist board on two occasions.

I would be able to come for interview at any time. I look forward to hearing from you.

Yours faithfully, Chris Jones

3. The words in bold type are important because they help to link the text together. They refer back to words or information given earlier in the text. Find the words they refer to, as shown in the example.

this job (line 16) -> Tourist Guide

WRITING - Letter of Application

a. Study this spidergraph. It is the plan Chris Jones made before he wrote the letter of application you read earlier.

b. Write a letter of application for one of the jobs advertised at the beginning of this unit.

letter

Hobbies basketball youth club

Availability for interview anytime

Languages Sp & Fr classes in German

Past experience Smiths Travel Agency - telephone and holiday bookings

References patience good humour

Present job courier here in England -guiding & booking

Training / Qualifications Diploma London Univ. Training courses

Knowledge of area Mum Spanish Holidays - Andalucia

VOCABULARY

1. Match each job in list A with a place in list B. More than one answer may be possible.

A cashier farmer mechanic photographer typist cook hairdresser miner pilot vicar dentist librarian musician porter waiter

B bank garage studio kitchen coal-mine cockpit hotel office surgery salon field concert hall restaurant church library cashier / bank

2. Match each job from the list with the sentence which best refers to the job.

accountant refuse collector estate agent plumber architect chef fire-fighter postman/woman carpenter electrician optician vet

a. Yesterday I had to give an injection to an injured bull. b. I get rather tired of picking up rubbish all day. c. I can help you sell your house. d. I can make new doors for the wardrobe if you like. e. Make sure that the fish is fresh by looking at the eyes. f. Ill come round and replace all the pipes in the kitchen. g. Unless you keep the receipts youll pay more tax. h. The cause was either an electrical fault or a cigarette. i. Always turn the power off at the mains before you start. j. You can see the balcony on the plan for the second floor. k. Its a registered parcel. Can you sign here? l. This pair also protects your eyes from the sun.

VET _________

_________

_________

_________

_________

_________

_________

_________

_________

_________

_________

3. Which person from 1 and 2 would you need in each situation?

a. One of the radiators has burst and flooded your bedroom. b. You are very short-sighted and get headaches when you read. c. You have to carry a lot of heavy bags at the airport. d. You think you need three fillings. e. Your fringe is too long and you want a perm. f. The floorboards in the living room need replacing. g. Your pet goat has started sneezing. h. You have read the menu twice and you are feeling hungry. i. When you turn on your cooker, the fridge turns off. j. Your car makes a funny whistling noise.

PLUMBER ________

________

________

________

________

________

________

________

________

PHRASAL VERBS

1. Complete each sentence with a word from the list. Use each word once only.

call draw fall get take come face fill go turn

a. I think we should go over our plan again before we tell the managing director.

b. Have you _________ up with any new ideas for advertising the new products?

c. Our deal with the Chinese company may _________ through, but we can sell the machinery to the German firm if necessary.

d. You have to _________ in this form, and return it to the personnel manager. e. She didnt _________ on with her boss, so she left the company. f. If they dont give us a better price, well _________ down their offer. g. Im afraid we have to _________ up to the fact that the company is losing

money. h. Our lawyers are going to _________ up a new contract tomorrow. i. A multinational company is trying to _________ over our firm, but we want to

stay independent. j. We had to _________ off the office party because of the economic situation.

2. Complete these sentences using the correct form of one of the phrasal verbs below. Use one of the verbs twice.

turn off turn up turn back turn on turn out turn down

1. There is too much snow on the road. Im afraid were going to have to turn back.

2. That music is much too loud. Can you please _________ it _________. 3. Please _________ all the lights when you go to bed. 4. I have a radio in my car but I dont often _________ it _________. 5. I thought the test would be difficult but as it _________ it was easy. 6. We werent expecting Harry at the party he just _________. 7. We made her the offer of the job but she _________ it _________.

Unit 3: WORK AND MOTIVATION

VOCABULARY

1. Which words do the following sentences define?

1. To inspire, to induce, to give a reason or incentive for someone to do something.

A. motivate B. promote C. provoke 2. A person employed by someone else, working for money.

A. earner B. employee C. employer 3. Relations between employers, managers and workers, management and

unions. A. human relations B. labour relations C. labour unions

4. Having control of something as part of your job. A. command B. power C. responsibility

5. Money paid (per hour or day or week) to manual workers. A. earnings B. salary C. wages

6. A fixed regular payment made by employers, usually monthly for professional or office work.

A. earning B. salary C. wages 7. Advantages that come with a job, apart from wages or salary.

A. benefits B. profits C. supplements 8. To be raised to a higher rank or better job.

A. motivation B. promotion C. sales promotion 9. Knowing that there is little risk of losing ones job.

A. bureaucracy B. job safety C. job security 10. Having particular abilities, acquired by training.

A. educated B. skilled C. talented

SPEAKING

1. Which of the following statements seem to you to be generally true?

1. People dislike work and avoid it if they can. 2. Work is necessary to peoples psychological well-being. 3. People avoid responsibility and would rather be told what to do. 4. People are motivated mainly by money. 5. Most people are far more creative and ingenious than their employers

realise. 6. People are motivated by anxiety about their security. 7. People want to be interested in their work and, given the right conditions,

they will enjoy it. 8. Under the right conditions, most people will accept responsibility and

want to realise their own potential.

READING

1. You may have noticed that the statements above can be separated into two groups reflecting two very different ways in which employers can treat their employees. These two approaches were summarised by a well-known American theorist of the psychology of work, Douglas McGregor, who named them Theory X and Theory Y. Read the following text and then classify the statements above according to which theory they support.

Statement 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Theory

THEORY X AND THEORY Y

In The Human Side of Enterprise, Douglas McGregor outlined two opposing theories of work and motivation. What he calls theory X is the traditional approach to workers and working which assumes that people are lazy and dislike work, and that they have to be both threatened (for example, with losing their job) and rewarded. It assumes that most people are incapable of taking responsibility for themselves and have to be looked after. Theory Y, on the contrary, assumes that people have a psychological need to work and want achievement and responsibility.

Later theorists argued that Theory Y makes much greater demands on both workers and managers than McGregor realised. Abraham Maslow, for example, spent a year studying at a Californian company that used Theory Y, and concluded that its demands for responsibility and achievement are excessive for many people. He pointed out that there always weak and vulnerable people, with little self-discipline, who need protection against the burden of responsibility. Even strong and healthy people need the security of order and direction. Managers cannot simply substitute Theory Y for Theory X. They have to replace the security provided by Theory X with a different structure of security and certainty.

WRITING Summarising

Read the text again and complete the following sentences, using your own words as much as possible.

1. According to Theory X, employers have to threaten workers because 2. According to Theory Y, employers should give their workers

responsibilities because 3. Maslow criticised Theory Y because 4. Maslow argued that even though they might want to be given

responsibilities at work

SPEAKING Discussion

One of the most important functions of a manager is to motivate the employees under his or her authority. But how? What kind of things motivate you? Which of the following factors have been or will be important for you in your choice of a job? Classify them in order of importance.

good administration and good labour relations

good working conditions: enough space, light, heat and time, not too much noise, and so on

an adequate wage or salary, and benefits such as paid holidays, sick pay, a pension, and so on

job security a challenging, interesting and

creative job responsibility contact with people opportunities to travel holidays

Are there any other important factors that are not listed here?

WRITING

Write a short account (about 200 words) of the factors that have been or will be important for you in your choice of a job.

READING

Another well-known theorist of the psychology of work, Frederick Herzberg, has argued that many of the featured listed above do not in fact motivate people. Read the following text and find out why.

SATISFIERS AND MOTIVATORS

It is logical to suppose that things like good labour relations, good working conditions, good wages and benefits, and job security motivate workers. But in Work and the Nature of Man, Frederick Hertzberg argued that such conditions do not motivate workers. They are merely satisfiers or, more importantly, dissatisfiers where they do not exist. Motivators, on the contrary, include things such as having a challenging and interesting job, recognition and responsibility, promotion, and so on.

However, even with the development of computers and robotics, there are and always will be plenty of boring, mindless, repetitive and mechanical jobs in all three sectors of the economy, and lots of unskilled people who have to do them.

So how do managers motivate people in such jobs? One solution is to give them some responsibilities, not as individuals but as part of a team. For example, some supermarkets combine office staff, the people who fill the

shelves, and the people who work on the checkout tills into a team and let them decide what product lines to stock, how to display them every couple of hours, as doing four different repetitive jobs a day is better than doing only one. Many people now talk about the importance of a companys shared values or corporate culture, with which all the company can identify: for example, being the best hotel chain, or hamburger restaurant chain, or airline, or making the best, the safest, the most user-friendly, the most ecological or the most reliable products in a particular field. Such values are more likely to motivate workers than financial targets, which ultimately only concern a few people. Unfortunately, there is only a limited number of such goals to go round, and by definition, not all the competing companies in an industry can seriously claim to be the best.

READING - Summarising

Read the text again and complete the following sentences using your own words as much as possible.

1. Hertzberg suggested that good labour relations and working conditions

2. According to Herzberg, the kind of things that motivate 3. The problem with saying that only challenging, interesting and

responsible jobs are motivating is that 4. Ways of motivating people in unskilled jobs include 5. The problem with trying to motivate workers by the belief that their

company is the best is that

VOCABULARY

1. Complete each sentence with a word formed from the word given.

a) Nowadays it is very important to get a good education. EDUCATE b) Our company helps _________ people to find new jobs. EMPLOY c) Paul has good ideas, but writes very _________. CARE d) Helen has become a _________ businesswoman. SUCCEED e) I hope to leave school with some useful _________. QUALIFY f) Mr Dale was my _________ for ten years, and paid me well. EMPLOY g) According to the _________, the French lesson starts at ten. TIME h) Cathy has three jobs, so she has a high _________. COME i) Johns _________ of history is amazing for a boy of his age. KNOW j) All the _________ in this company are given free meals. EMPLOY

2. Match each sentence a) to j) with a sentence 1) to 10) with a similar meaning.

a) She was given the sack. 7) b) She got a rise c) She got a promotion.

1) She was given a better job. 2) She answered an advertisement. 3) She decided to leave.

d) She retired e) She applied for the job. f) She resigned g) She was unemployed. h) She did it for a living. i) She was ambitious. j) She was conscientious.

4) She did the job carefully. 5) She didnt have a job. 6) She earned her money that way. 7) She was dismissed. 8) She wanted a better job. 9) She was old and stopped work. 10) She was given more money.

3. Complete each sentence with a word from the box. The words can be used more than once.

business job living work

2. Jack makes his living working as a journalist. 3. She has just left to go to _______, Im afraid. 4. They worked very hard and now they have their own _______. 5. There are still two million people without _______. 6. Some _______-men came and dug a hole in the road outside. 7. The cost of _______ has risen greatly over recent years. 8. Stop interfering! This is none of your _______. 9. Lucy has got a very good _______ in an international company. 10. I cant come out tonight. Ive got too much _______ to do. 11. An early _______ by Picasso was sold for $2,000,000.

PHRASAL VERBS

1. Complete these sentences using the correct form of one of the phrasal verbs below.

look on get on go on count on turn on take on put on

1. Her application was successful so they took her on as an assistant manager.

2. Could you _______ the radio _______? Id like to hear the news. 3. Were going to _______ the show _______ at Christmas. 4. In New York people get mugged and passers-by just _______! 5. Im sorry I cant _______ working like this Ive had enough! 6. If you want to _______ in life, you have to work hard. 7. Can I _______ you to help me? You wont let me down?

2. Complete these dialogues using the correct form of one of the phrasal verbs below in each space.

hold on take on get on count on go on put on turn on leave on try on put through let down take up set up

A: Hello, can you (1) put me through to Jane Smith, please?

B: Yes, (2) ______________ a moment, sir Im afraid shes out at the moment. Can I take a message? A: Id rather send a fax, if you dont mind (3) _______ it _______.

A: Im pleased to tell you we have decided to (4) _______ you _______ as a sales manager. B: Thanks, I hope I dont (5) _______ you _______. A: Im sure you wont. Wed like you to (6) ______________ your duties immediately, if possible.

A: If you want to (7) ______________ in this company, you have to work hard B: I do. Dont worry, I wont let you down. You can (8) ______________me. A: Im sure now, lets (9) ______________ with the letters. I dont think weve finished yet.

A: Do you think this pullover suits me? B: Why dont you (10) _______ it _______?

A: The programmes finished. Shall I switch the TV off? B: No, (11) _______ it _______ - I want to hear the news.

A: Theyre (12) ______________ an exhibition of photographs at the Arts Centre. B: Yes, the whole thing was (13) ______________ by the local Arts Council.

3. Replace the underlined words in these sentences with the correct form of one of the phrasal verbs below. Make any other changes that are necessary. Use one of the phrasal verbs twice.

take in take after take up take off take to take down take back

1. He is just like his father. He takes after his father. 2. Im afraid I didnt like John at first; it took me some time to like him. 3. If I were you, I would return it to the shop and ask for a refund. 4. I didnt realise what he was saying because my mind was on something

else. 5. Why dont you accept the offer of a job with the record company? 6. If you pay cash, Ill give it to you for five pounds less. 7. I made a note of the most important points in his lecture. 8. I was deceived by his lies.

Part II: Grammar Explanations and Practice

Unit 4: PRESENT TENSE SIMPLE AND PRESENT TENSE CONTINUOUS

A. PRESENT TENSE SIMPLE

I. Explanations

FORM: Look at the example of how to form the present simple tense of the verb to work. All verbs except to be and the modals follow this pattern.

I/you/we/they work / do not (dont) work He/she/it works / does not (doesnt) work Do I/you/we/they work? Yes, I/you/we/they do.

No, I/you/we/they dont. Does he/she/it work? Yes, he/she/it does.

No, he/she/it doesnt.

!COMMON MISTAKES

A common mistake is to forget to put the s ending on the he/she/it forms. All verbs except modals must end in s in the third person singular affirmative:

WRONG: Our computer system work very efficiently. RIGHT: Our new computer works very efficiently.

A second common mistake is to add the s to the he/she/it forms of negatives and questions. We add es form to the auxiliary (do), and not to the main verb (work):

WRONG: I know Karl doesnt works in your department. RIGHT: I know Karl doesnt work in your department.

(for spelling rules, see Appendix 1)

USAGE:

1. Permanent situations: the present simple is used to talk about actions and situations that are generally or permanently true.

My mother works in a bank. IBM is the largest computer company in the world; it manufactures mainframes and PCs and sells its products all over the world.

2. Routines and frequency: we use the present simple to talk about routines and things we do regularly.

Specific adverbial phrases: usually, sometimes, often, never, always, from time to time, every day/week/month etc, in the morning/afternoon/evening, at night/ the weekends, on Mondays/Fridays etc, in spring/summer/autumn/winter etc.

I usually get home at 7 oclock in the evening and I have dinner.

3. Facts: we use the present simple to talk about scientific or other facts which are always true.

Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius. Superconductors are special materials that conduct electricity and do not create any electrical resistance.

II. Practice

1. Answer the following questions about your daily routine:

a. How do you get to work / university in the morning? b. How long does it take to get to work / university? c. What do you do in the mornings? d. What do you do for lunch? e. What do you do in the afternoons? f. What time do you usually finish? g. What do you do at the weekends?

B. PRESENT TENSE CONTINUOUS

I. Explanations

FORM: The present continuous is formed by using the present tense of the auxiliary verb be and the ing form of the verb.

I am working / am not working. He/she/it is working / is not (isnt) working. You/we/they are working / are not (arent) working. Am I working? Yes, I am. / No, I am not. Is he/she/it working? Yes, he/she/it is. / No, he/she/it isnt. Are you/we/they working? Yes, you/we/they are. / No, you/we/they arent.

(for spelling rules, see Appendix 1)

USAGE:

1. Moment of speaking: the present continuous is used to talk about an activity taking place at the moment of speaking.

Im afraid Mr Jackson is not available at the moment. He is talking to a customer on the other phone.

Specific adverbs: now, at the moment, at present etc.

2. Current projects: the present continuous is used to talk about actions or activities and current projects that are taking place over a period of time (even if they are not taking place precisely at the moment of speaking).

Barton is one of the largest local construction companies. At the moment we are building a new estate with 200 houses and we are

negotiating with the council for the sale of development land in Boxley Wood.

3. Temporary situations: the present continuous is used to indicate that an action or activity is temporary rather than permanent. Compare:

Mrs Harding organises our conferences and book launches. (The present simple is used because this is a permanent situation) Mrs Harding is away on maternity leave, so I am organising them. (The present continuous is used because this is only true for a limited time - a temporary situation)

Specific adverbs: today, this morning/afternoon/month/year etc, these days/weeks/months etc. (expressing a definite, limited period of time).

4. Annoying habit: the present continuous is used to describe an annoying habit. A frequency adverb is necessary (always, forever):

You are always borrowing money from me!

5. Slow changes, transformations: the present continuous is used to describe current trends and slow changes that are taking place:

The latest economic statistics show that both unemployment and inflation are falling, and that the economy is growing at an annual rate of 2.6%.

Most used verbs with this value: grow, get, become.

ATTENTION!

There are a number of verbs which describe states rather than actions. They are not normally used in the continuous form. Common examples are:

Verbs of thinking believe, doubt, guess, imagine, know, realise, suppose, understand

Verbs of the senses

hear, smell, sound, taste, feel

Verbs of possession

belong to, have (meaning possess), own, possess Verbs of emotion dislike, hate, like, love, prefer, regret, want, wish Verbs of appearance

appear, seem

Others contain, depend on, include, involve, mean, measure, weigh, require

Nevertheless, some of these stative verbs can sometimes be used in the continuous form, having an active meaning. Typical examples are: be, depend, feel, have, measure, see, taste, think, weigh etc. Compare these uses:

STATIVE MEANING ACTIVE MEANING Jack is often noisy. Mike has a very nice car. I think I like you. This fish tastes awful. I feel that you are wrong. This bag weighs a ton. It depends what you mean.

Jill is being noisy these days. Right now, we are having an interesting conversation. David is thinking about getting a new job. I am just tasting the soup. I am feeling terrible. We are weighing the baby. I am depending on you.

These differences apply to all tenses, not just to present tenses.

II. Practice

Answer these questions about yourself and your current projects.

a. What new project are you currently working on? b. What are you doing at university these days? c. What courses are you doing? d. What examinations are you studying for? e. What other aims and objectives are you trying to achieve outside

university?

III. Consolidation

1. Choose the correct phrase underlined in each sentence:

a) What time go you / do you go to bed on Saturdays? b) Why are you waiting / do you waiting outside the door? c) Dont ask Tim. He doesnt know / not knows the answer. d) I having / Im having my lunch at the moment. e) When you leave / do you leave the house? f) I dont understand. What is happening / is happen? g) Excuse me, does you know / u know the time? h) This is a great party. Im having / Am I having a lovely time? i) We cant use the lift because it dont works / doesnt work. j) What you are doing / are you doing here?

2. Read the answers and then complete the questions:

a) Where does Sue live____? Sue? She lives at the end of Axwell Road.

b) Do ________________________________? Jim? No, I dont know him.

c) What ________________________________? At the moment? Im doing my homework.

d) Are ________________________________? Here? No, Im sitting over there.

e) Do________________________________? Here? No, we change trains at the next station.

f) Why ________________________________? Im wearing two pullovers because I feel cold!

g) Is ________________________________? David? No, hes not staying with Tom.

h) When ________________________________? Kate? She comes home at 6.30.

3. Rewrite each sentence so that the verb underlined is a negative contraction.

a) Naomi and Bill are watching television. Naomi and Bill arent watching television. b) Peter likes chocolate cake. ___________________________________

c) Carol drives a little sports car. ___________________________________

d) Im using this pencil at the moment. ___________________________________

e) The children are having lunch in the kitchen. ___________________________________

f) The sun sets in the east. ___________________________________

g) I get up early on Saturday. ___________________________________

h) Kate is writing a novel. ___________________________________

i) Sue lives in London. ___________________________________

j) Were waiting for you. ___________________________________

4. Complete each sentence with a present simple or present continuous form, using the words given.

a) Do you like cheese sandwiches? you like

b) What time ________________________? the sun rise

c) What ________________________ at the moment? you read

d) Sorry, I cant talk. ________________________ a bath. I have

e) We ________________________ at school. not watch videos

f) Look out of the window! ________________________. it snow

g) This is an examination! Why _____________________? you talk

h) Ann ____________________ to school by bus every day. go

i) ________________________a uniform at your school? you wear

j) Pat has got an interesting hobby. ______________ a boat. she build

5. Choose the correct spelling from each pair of words.

a) writing / writing b) diging / digging c) takeing / taking d) deciding / decideing e) swimming / swiming f) having / haveing g) lying / lieing h) readding / reading

i) using / useing j) waiting / waitting k) washeing / washing l) riding / rideing m) flyeing / flying n) studing / studying o) going / goeing

6. Choose the correct word or phrase underlined in each sentence.

a) That cant be right! I dont believe / Im not believing it! b) Carol cant swim today. She has / is having a cold. c) See you in the morning. I leave / Im leaving now. d) What do you do / are you doing? If you drop it, it will explode! e) Stop doing that, Billy! You are / You are being very silly. f) I drive / Im driving! You can sit in the back with Martin. g) What do we eat / are we eating now? Im really hungry! h) Youre a great cook! This cake tastes / is tasting wonderful. i) Where do you go / are you going? I havent finished speaking to you! j) Chemistry is hard. Im not understanding / I dont understand it.

7. Put each verb given into present simple or present continuous.

a) Ugh, dont show me that picture! I (hate) ____________ spiders! b) Who (you, go with) ____________ to matches on Saturdays? c) In the winter, what (you, wear) ____________? d) I cant stand horror films. I (think) ____________ theyre really silly! e) Diana (not, usually, sit) ____________ next to Helen. f) Why (you, look at) ____________ me like that? Have I done something

wrong? g) Excuse me, but (this bus, stop) ____________ outside the Post Office? h) I (not take) ____________ the bus to school today. My mother (give)

____________ me a lift.

8. Choose a sentence from a) to f) which is the best continuation of the conversations beginning 1) to 6).

1. What do you usually do on your birthday? a 2. What do you usually do when there is an earthquake? ___ 3. Have you finished your homework? ___ 4. What are you doing? ___ 5. Are you in the school basketball team? ___ 6. What do you do? ___

a. I have a party. b. I lie under the table c. I work in a travel agency. d. Yes, we play every Friday. e. Im still doing it. f. Its hot in here. Im opening some windows.

9. Put each verb given into present simple or present continuous.

a) What (usually, you, do) do you usually do at the weekends? b) Dont worry about the cat. It (only) eat ____________once a day. c) I cant work out the answer. (you, know) ____________ what it is? d) Whats the matter? Why (you, stare) ____________ at me like that? e) Excuse me, but (you, speak) ____________ English? Im looking for a

hotel. f) Helen (stay) ____________ with her brother while her house is being

repaired. g) You should go on a diet. (you, put) ____________ on weight. h) (They, speak) ____________ French or German? I cant tell the

difference.

10. Translate the following sentences using Present Tense Simple or Present Tense Continuous:

1. M trezesc la ora 7.30 n fiecare diminea. 2. De obicei copii beau lapte dimineaa, dar astzi ei beau ceai. 3. Mereu mi d telefon i mi pune ntrebri stupide. 4. Gheata se topete la soare. 5. Este smbta seara. Familia Smith este acas. Doamna Smith se uit la

televizor, domnul Smith citete ziarul, iar fiica lor Juliet se joac. Ei i petrec aproape fiecare smbta seara n acest fel.

6. Niciodat nu plec de acas fr umbrel. 7. Pmntul se nvrte n jurul soarelui. 8. Ce caui? mi caut stiloul.

Unit 5: PAST TENSE SIMPLE, PAST TENSE CONTINUOUS, PAST PERFECT SIMPLE

A. PAST TENSE SIMPLE

I. Explanations

FORM:

The positive form of PAST TENSE SIMPLE is formed by using the past tense form. Regular verbs add ed to the bare infinitive to form the past tense (See appendix 1 for spelling rules). For negatives and questions we use the past tense form of the auxiliary DO, that is DID, and the short infinitive.

I/you/he/she/it/we/they worked / did not (didnt) work Did I/you/he/she/it/we/they work? Yes, I/you/etc did.

No, I/you/etc didnt.

Many common verbs do not add ed to the short infinitive to form the PAST TENSE SIMPLE. They are irregular verbs and have special forms for the Past Tense Simple and Past Participle. A full list of common irregular verbs is in Appendix 2.

I went / did not (didnt) go to a very interesting presentation last week. Did I go? Yes, I did. / No, I didnt.

The verb to be follows a different pattern:

I /he/she/it was/was not (wasnt) We/you/they were/were not (werent) Was I /he/she/it/ ? Yes, I /he/she/it/ was.

No, I /he/she/it wasnt. Were we/you/they ? Yes, we/you/they were.

No, we/you/they werent.

!COMMON MISTAKES

A common mistake is to use the Past Tense form of the main verb in negatives and questions. We use DID, the Past Tense form of the auxiliary and the short infinitive:

WRONG: Did you checked the figures? No, I didnt checked them. RIGHT: Did you check the figures? No, I didnt check them.

USAGE:

1. Completed actions: the simple past is used to talk about completed actions in the past.

Susan went into the station and bought a ticket.

As in the example above, the simple past is often used with expressions that refer to points of time in the past. Look at the following common examples and at the prepositions that are used with them:

at 6 oclock/1.15/the end of the year/Christmas on Tuesday/15th May/the 21st/New Years Day in January/1997/the 1990s/summer no preposition

yesterday/yesterday morning/last Monday/a few days ago/the day before yesterday

2. Habits in the past: the past simple is used to describe past habits or states. A time expression (or a time clause) is usually necessary.

I always got up at six in those days. He ran 5 miles every day when he was young.

II. Practice

Complete these sentences using the PAST SIMPLE form of one of the verbs below in each space.

teach choose lie steal fall break become ride feel lay

1. The athlete __________ the world record for the 100 metres in 1996. 2. He __________ to study medicine because he wanted to help people. 3. After eating three pies and two ice creams he __________ sick. 4. We were so poor we __________ food to survive. 5. He __________ a millionaire when he was just 21. 6. She __________ Maths and Physics until she retired in 1998. 7. He got on his horse and __________ off into the distance. 8. While she made the food, her husband __________ the table. 9. He was so tired he __________ on the bed and went straight to sleep. 10. The building __________ down during the earthquake.

B. PAST TENSE CONTINUOUS

I. Explanations

FORM:

The PAST CONTINUOUS is formed with was/were + the ing form of the verb:

I /he/she/it was/was not (wasnt) working. We/you/they were/were not (werent) working. Was I /he/she/it/ working.? Yes, I /he/she/it/ was. / No, I /he/she/it wasnt.

Were we/you/they working.? Yes, we/you/they were. / No, we/you/they werent.

USAGE:

1. Points of time in the past: we use the past continuous to talk about an action or activity that was in progress at a particular moment of time in the past:

At ten oclock yesterday afternoon, he was reading a book.

2. Interrupted past action: we can use the past continuous to talk about an action or activity that was already in progress, and which was interrupted by another action:

While Sue was trying to open the door, Pete came and helped her. We can rephrase this sentence using when for the second part:

Sue was trying to open the door, when Pete came and helped her.

3. Two or more parallel actions in progress: we use the past continuous to show that two or more actions were going on at the same time in the past:

While mother was cooking, father was reading a newspaper and the children were playing in the garden.

II. Practice

i. Explain the difference in meaning between these pairs of sentences.

1. a. The old man crossed the road. b. The old man was crossing the road.

2. a. It was snowing when we got to Sofia. b. It snowed when we got to Sofia.

3. a. People were dancing and singing when I got to the party. b. People danced and sang when I got to the party.

4. a. When I saw the bus I ran for the bus. b. When I saw the bus I was running for the bus.

5. a. Everything was going smoothly when the earthquake happened. b. Everything went smoothly when the earthquake happened.

ii. Complete this text using the correct form (past tense simple or past tense continuous) of the verbs in brackets.

We had just had a nice meal and I (1) __________ (look) out of the window, admiring the beauty of the clouds. Everything (2) __________ (go) smoothly and I said to myself, Flying is great! We (3) __________ (have) just half an hour to go before landing and I (4) __________ (feel) pretty relaxed when the rather large woman who (5) __________ (sit) next to me suddenly started telling me the story of her life. She (6) __________ (wear) a luxurious fur coat because she said she (7) __________ (feel) cold. She was so large

that she (8) __________ Take up not only her own seat, but half of mine too. She overflowed into my seat like a big, furry animal. As she spoke, I (9) __________ (pretend) to read my newspaper, squashed like a sardine in my seat. I (10) __________ (can) hear the womans voice droning on above the noise of the engines.

Those (11) __________ (be) hard times, she said. In those days, there were twelve of us living under the same roof and we hardly (12) __________ (have) enough to eat.

I thought she (13) __________ (do) her best to make up for it now. She had taken a bar of chocolate out of her handbag and (14) __________ (try) to unwrap it, which (15) __________ (be) difficult because it had melted and was sticking to the paper.

III. Consolidation

1. Choose the correct word or phrase from each pair underlined.

a) While I washed / was washing my hair, the phone rang / ringed. b) How did you felt / did you feel yesterday afternoon? c) When I reached / was reaching home I received / was receiving Davids

phone call. d) Last summer I was going swimming / went swimming every weekend. e) When the dog bit / was biting Lauras leg, she screamed / was screaming. f) We sang / sung some songs and then ate some sandwiches. g) When you fell / felt over the cliff, what happened / was happening next? h) While Mary washed up / was washing up, she broke / was breaking a cup. i) I didnt see / didnt saw where the bus stop was, so I was missing /

missed the bus. j) What did you do / were you doing when I phoned / was phoning you last

night? There was no reply.

2. Rewrite each sentence according to the instructions given.

a) I enjoyed the concert. b) Sue liked the party. c) You ate all the bread. d) Did Tom spend a lot? e) I felt well yesterday. f) Ann didnt buy a car. g) They won the prize. h) Paul doesnt speak Polish. i) I paid all the bills. j) Ruth made a mistake.

(negative) (question) (question) (affirmative) (negative) (affirmative) (question) (affirmative) (negative) (question)

I didnt enjoy the concert. ________________________.

________________________.

________________________.

________________________.

________________________.

________________________.

________________________.

________________________.

________________________.

3. Complete each sentence with a suitable time expression from the list. You can use an expression more than once.

ago in last week at when while

a) Two burglars broke into the house while we were watching television. b) __________ I met an old friend of mine in the city centre. c) What were you doing __________ the police officer knocked on the door. d) Jan met Sarah __________ half past eight outside the cinema. e) __________ Dick was preparing lunch, he cut his finger badly f) I first came to this town more than twenty years __________. g) Jim was studying to be a doctor __________ he met Sally. h) Tony bought his first motorbike __________ 1992. i) __________ did you start playing basketball? j) Most of the young people left this village a long time __________.

4. Choose a sentence from a) to h) which is the best continuation of the conversations beginning 1) to 10).

1. What was Carol doing when you knocked on the door? a 2. How did Brenda spend her holiday? ____ 3. What happened when the lights went out? ____ 4. When did you meet Kathy? ____ 5. What did Jean do when Tony called? ____ 6. Did Ann hear what David said? ____ 7. What did Pat do when the bell rang at the end of the lesson? ____ 8. Why did Helen leave so early? ____

a) She went sailing most days, and sunbathed at the beach. b) She put the phone down. c) She was listening to the radio in the kitchen. d) she went to meet her parents at the restaurant. e) She came to my brothers birthday party. f) While Tina was looking for a torch, they came back on. g) She wasnt listening. h) She put her books away and left.

5. Put each verb given into either past simple or past continuous.

a) When Harry (wake up) woke up, we (tell) told him the good news. b) Where (you leave) _________ your wallet when you (go) _________

swimming? c) Everyone (wait) _________ for the concert to begin when a message

(arrive) _________. d) When Tom (finish) _________ his letter, he (take) _________ it to the post

office. e) Pam (want) _________ a relaxing holiday, so she (choose) _________ to

stay on a small island. f) When I (study) _________ abroad, my parents (phone) _________ me

every week. g) I (find) _________ my lost pen while I (look for) _________ my pencil

sharpener. h) Ann (watch) _________television when Julie (arrive) _________.

i) When the lights (go out) _________, I (lie) _________ in bed reading. j) When you (go) _________ to the new Chinese restaurant, what (you eat)

_________?

6. Choose the correct spelling from each pair of words.

a) siting / sitting b) felt / fellt c) tryed / tried d) crying / cring e) wasnt / wasnt f) enjoyed / enjoied g) thoght / thought h) liveing / living

i) shopping / shoping j) heard / heared k) hidding / hiding l) waited / waitted m) plaied / played n) whent / went o) fitted / fited

C. PAST PERFECT SIMPLE

I. Explanations

FORM:

The PAST PERFECT SIMPLE is formed with had + the past participle of the verb:

I/you/he/she/it/we/they had worked. I/you/he/she/it/we/they had not (hadnt) worked. Had I/you/he/she/it/we/they worked? Yes, I/you/etc had.

No, I/you/etc hadnt.

USAGE:

Previous and subsequent events: the past perfect simple is used to refer back to completed actions that happened before other events in the past. Compare:

1. When I arrived at the office, the meeting started. (I arrived at the office, and then the meeting started.) 2. When I arrived at the office, the meeting had started. (The meeting started before I got to the office. I was late.)

In 1, it is also possible to use as soon as or after instead of when. In 2, it is also possible to use by the time instead of when.

(The past participle or regular verbs end in ed, and have the same form as the past tense simple. For a list of irregular verbs, see Appendix 2.)

II. Practice

I. Complete the sentences by putting the verb into the past perfect simple:

1) Did you manage to see the director or had he gone (to go) by the time you got there?

2) I couldnt go into the office yesterday morning because I ________ (leave) my keys at home.

3) We could not call our new product Mono, because one of our competitors ________ (already choose) this name.

4) I found out about the vacancy too late. When my application form arrived, they ________ (appoint) someone.

5) The bank returned the cheque to me because I ________ (not sign) it.

II. Complete this letter using the correct form (past simple or past perfect simple) of the verbs in brackets.

Dear Martha,

Happy New Year, though Im afraid the New Year has started badly for us. Last night, we (1) _________ (get) back home to find the front door open

and the lock smashed. We (2) _________ (be) out all evening a friend (3) _________ (invite) us to celebrate the New Year with them and we (4) _________ (not get) back home till the early hours of the morning.

It wasnt difficult to see how the burglars (5) _________ (break) into the house. The lock wasnt a very good one and they (6) _________ (pick) it with a screwdriver or something. As our next-door neighbours (7) _________ (go) away for the weekend, the thieves (8) _________ (take) their time and had managed to find most of the money we had so carefully hidden away under the mattresses and inside flowerpots. The first thing we (9) _________ (notice) was the incredible mess they (10) _________ (make). All the cupboards and drawers had been emptied onto the floor. It (11) _________ (look) as if someone (12) _________ (drop) a bomb onto our house. They had also

Now finish the letter. Describe what else the thieves had stolen and what other damage they had done. Use some of the following verbs: rip, break, steal, knock over, find, smash, remove.

III. Consolidation

1. Underline the error or errors in each sentence. Rewrite the sentence.

a) When we had ate lunch, we were sitting in the garden. When we had eaten lunch, we sat in the garden.

b) While I looked for my keys, I remembered I left them at home. _________________________________________________.

c) Anna had used to play badminton when she had been at school.

_________________________________________________.

d) When I got into bed, I was falling asleep immediately. _________________________________________________.

e) When I was finally finding the house, I was knocking at the door. _________________________________________________.

f) After Jill was giving Nick his books, she went home. _________________________________________________.

g) Maria would live in Sweden when she was a child. _________________________________________________.

h) I was using to get up early when I had gone sailing. _________________________________________________.

i) The Vikings had sailed to North America a thousand years ago. _________________________________________________.

j) Sue was sure she was seeing the tall man before. _________________________________________________.

2. Choose the correct word or phrase underlined in each sentence.

a) While I had waited / was waiting / waited at the bust stop, I had noticed / was noticing / noticed a new shop which wasnt / had not been in the street the day before.

b) I had gone / went out into the garden to fetch my bike, but found / was finding that someone stole / had stolen it.

c) When George met /et / was meeting her somehow before. d) Helen got off / was getting off the bus, and walked / was walking into the

bank when she realized / had realized / was realizing that she left / had left / was leaving her handbag on the bus.

3. Put each verb into past simple, past continuous or past perfect. More than one answer may be possible.

The police suspected that Brian (a) had broken (break) the window at his house because he (b) ________ (want) to make them think that a burglar (c) ________ (steal) his valuable stamp collection. They (d) ________ (think) that Brian (e) ________ (do) this because he (f) ________ (need) the money. However, they (g) ________ (not know) that Brian (h) ________ (fly) to Brazil the week before, and (i) ________ (be) abroad when the burglary (j) ________ (take place).

4. Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence and contains the word given.

a) Michael took a deep breath and dived into the water. had After Michael had taken a deep breath, he dived into the water.

b) Terry was fatter. didnt Terry ____________________________ to be so thin.

c) Gary was sure his keys were in his pocket. forgotten Gary was ____________________________ his keys.

d) Last summer, Julia got up early every morning. to Last summer, Julia ____________________________ early every morning.

e) I thought the book seemed familiar. had I thought ____________________________ the book before.

f) When he was younger, David played tennis. used David ____________________________ when he was younger.

g) we missed the bus so we took the taxi. had We ____________________________ the bus.

h) In those days, we spent the summer in the mountains. would In those days, we __________________________ the summer in the mountains.

5. Translate the following sentences using Past Tense Simple or Past Tense Continuous:

1. Cnd am plecat de la poliie, Albert i soia lui mai vorbeau nc cu un poliist.

2. Pe cnd mi cutam ochelarii, a sunat telefonul; n timp ce mergeam sa rspund, cineva a btut la u; telefonul nc mai suna cnd am deschis ua, dar cnd m-am ntors el s-a oprit.

3. Am cunoscut-o pe verioara ta n 1998. 4. Cnd Peter era tnr alerga timp de o jumtate de ora n fiecare

diminea. 5. Cnd l-ai vzut ultima dat? 6. Ce ora ai vizitat anul trecut?

Unit 6: PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE AND CONTINUOUS

A. PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE

I. Explanations

FORM

The PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE is formed by using the present form of the auxiliary verb have and the past participle:

I/you/we/they have taken / have not (havent) taken. He/she/it has taken /has not (hasnt) taken. Have I/you/we/they taken? Yes, I/you/we/they have.

No, I/you/we/they havent. Has he/she/it taken? Yes, he/she/it has.

No, he/she/it hasnt.

USAGE:

1. Present result of the past: We use the present perfect simple to talk about a present situation which is a result of something that happened at an unspecified time in the past. Therefore we do not use specific time expressions such as yesterday, last week, etc.

I have given your report to the teacher. (I gave him your report and he has it now this is the present result) I have sent them the books they wanted. (I sent them. They are probably in the post now.)

2. Completed activities in the recent past: the present perfect simple is often used with words such as just, of late, recently, lately, up to now, so far, up to the present, already, yet etc., which refer to a period of time that is very close to the present moment.

Im sorry, Mrs Smith is not here. She has just left. I have not seen Jack lately.

Already is used in positive sentences. It often indicates that something has taken place slightly earlier than expected. Notice its position in the sentence:

She has already shown me the figures. Yet is used in question and negatives. It shows that we expect an action will take place if it has not happened up to now. Notice the position of yet:

Have you talked to Peter yet? I have not talked to him yet.

3. Unfinished periods of time: the present perfect is often used with prepositions or prepositional phrases indicating periods of time that have not finished yet. Common examples are: today, this morning, this month, this year, these days, these weeks, over the last few days, all day, all night etc.

This month we have received a lot of complaints. (The month has not finished, and there may be more complaints.)

If we are speaking after one of these time periods, we use the simple past because we are referring to a period of time that has finished. Compare:

Have you seen John this morning? (It is now 11.15 in the morning; the morning has not finished.) Did you see John this morning? (It is now 2.30 in the afternoon; the morning has finished.)

4. Indefinite periods of time: the present perfect is often used with words such as: ever, never, often, seldom, always, several times etc. to talk about general life experience.

Have you ever worked abroad? (That is, in all your life up to now?) I have never been to America. (That is, not in all my life up to now.)

The present perfect with ever is often followed by the simple past. We use the simple past to give more information about a completed action, when referring to a specific time or context:

Have you ever been to Hong Kong? Yes, I have. I worked there two years ago.

5. For and since: The present perfect simple is often used with for and since to talk about things that began in the past and have continued up to now:

They have not seen Alice since 2001/Christmas/she went to London.

Since denotes the beginning point of a period of time that extends up to the present. Common examples: since 10.15/Monday/the 18th/last week/June/1999/I left school etc.

These boys have been here for half an hour. For refers to a period of time that continues up to the present. Common examples: for ten minutes/five days/three months/two years/a long time/ages etc. To ask questions about periods of time, we can use How long ? + present perfect:

How long have you been in England? I have been here since August.

!COMMON MISTAKES: We do not use the present simple tense with for and since to talk about something that began in the past and has gone up to the present:

WRONG: I am here since December. RIGHT: I have been here since December.

II. Practice

1. Use the verbs to make a form of the present perfect simple.

a) Whats the matter? (you cut) Have you cut yourself? b) The ship (not sink) __________________ but its in a dangerous condition. c) (your sisters write) __________________ to you yet? d) I (have) __________________ a headache ever since lunchtime. e) Nadia (never see) __________________ any Chinese films. f) Someone (steal) __________________ Mr Grants bike. g) The passengers are tired because they (not sleep) __________________ all

night. h) Im afraid we (just break) __________________ your window. Sorry! i) Davis (not win) __________________ a prize at this time, Im afraid. j) (you ever eat) __________________ Spanish food? Its great!

2. Put a time word or phrase from the list into each space

yet for since often ever never already so far just always

a) Carlos has lived in the city centre since 1996. b) Thanks for the present! Ive ______ wanted a pet goldfish! c) Have you ______ drunk pineapple juice? Its fantastic! d) Ive ______ heard some fantastic news! Ive passed my exams! e) Hurry up! Havent you finished ______? You are a slow-coach! f) Nina has worked in this company ______ five years. g) Ive ______ passed this building, but this is the first time Ive been inside. h) Ive ______ been on a big ship before. Its an interesting experience! i) Were very busy today. ______ weve sold over a hundred bikes. j) Can I have a different book? Ive ______ read this one.

3. Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence.

a) We started working here three years ago. We have worked here for three years.

b) This is the first time I have been on a plane. I _____________________ before.

c) Thats strange! My pen isnt here! Thats strange! _____________________ disappeared!

d) Nicky and Jan arent at this school any more. Nicky and Jan _____________________ this school.

e) I saw a friend of yours a few moments ago. I _____________________ a friend of yours.

f) Im still writing my letters. I _____________________ my letters yet.

g) Is this your first visit to South America?

Have _____________________ before? h) Oh bother! My wallet is still in the car.

Oh bother! I _____________________ my wallet in the car. i) Its a long time since we spoke to your sister.

We _____________________ to your sister for a long time. j) Is Anna still asleep?

Has _____________________ up yet?

4. Match the clauses in list A with the clauses in list B to form sentences in the past simple or present perfect simple:

A B 1) A lot of cinemas have closed 2) He published a new novel 3) People started to watch TV 4) Millions of people have seen the play

The Mousetrap 5) I have seen her new film 6) Television programmes have got worse 7) She decided to become an actress 8) She has finished a new film 9) I went to my first concert

a) since it opened in 1952. b) twice already c) last year. d) since the arrival of video. e) when I was twelve. f) when she was ten years old. g) about 50 years ago. h) but it hasnt opened yet. i) since they allowed private

channels.

B. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

I. Explanations

FORM

The PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS is formed by using the present perfect of be (have been) and the ing form of the verb:

I/you/we/they have been working / have not (havent) been working. He/she/it has been working /has not (hasnt) been working. Have I/you/we/they been working? Yes, I/you/we/they have. /No, I/you/we/they havent. Has he/she/it been working? Yes, he/she/it has. / No, he/she/it hasnt.

USAGE:

1. Unfinished activities: The present perfect continuous is used with for, since and How long ? and other expressions of duration (e.g. all day etc) to talk about activities that started in the past and are still happening now. The activity may have been going on continuously or repeated several times:

They have been producing cars here for 10 years.

(They started producing cars 10 years ago. They are still producing cars.) I have been trying to ring them all day. (I started trying to ring them this morning. I am still trying to ring them.)

We can use the present perfect simple to express this value as well, but, sometimes, the continuous form of the present perfect is preferred if we want to emphasize how long an action has been in progress.

2. Finished and unfinished activities: We use the present perfect simple if we are talking about a recently completed action, whose result is sometimes relevant to the present, especially if we give details of how much or how many. We use the present perfect continuous when something is still going on. Compare:

I have written a report for Janet. (It is finished.) I have been writing a report for Janet. (I am still writing it.)

Notice that we do not have any definite time expressions with this value.

II. Practice

Explain the difference in meaning between these pairs of sentences:

1. a. Have you read War and Peace? b. Have you been reading war and Peace?

2. a. We have just sold out of tickets. b. We have been selling tickets since March.

3. a. I have lived here since 1978. b. I have been living here since 1978.

III. Consolidation

1. Choose the correct word or phrase underlined in each sentence.

1. I live here / have lived here since the end of last year. 2. Someone has just stolen / has just been stealing my bike. 3. Im afraid the last train left / has left an hour ago. 4. Yesterday I lost / have lost my wallet. 5. Thank you for your offer, but I have decided / decided not to accept. 6. Take your umbrella with you. It started / has started raining. 7. Were enjoying our trip. We have visited / visited two countries so far. 8. Im standing / I have been standing here for hours and I feel tired. 9. This has been / was a busy day and it isnt over yet! 10. I feel really tired. We went / have been to a party last night.

2. Put each verb given into either present perfect simple, past simple or present simple.

a) Last week I (lose) lost my scarf, and now I (just lose) have just lost my gloves.

b) I (work) ______ for Blue Bank at the moment but I (decide) ______ to change jobs.

c) We (be) ______ here for hours. Are you sure we (come) ______ to the right place?

d) (you see) ______ my calculator? Im sure I (leave) ______ it here earlier. e) We (have) ______ some coffee after that and then (catch) ______ the

bus home. f) I (never eat) ______ octopus, but once on holiday I (eat) ______ some

squid. g) I (hope) ______ you arent a vegetarian. I (cook) ______ you some lamb

chops. h) Recently a lot of young people (take up) ______ in-line skating. i) When we (reach) ______ the cinema, there (not be) ______ any tickets

left. j) Please come quickly! Nick (have) ______ an accident, and he (go)

______ to hospital.

3. Complete each mini-dialogue, using the verbs given, in either present perfect simple or present perfect continuous.

1. A: Terminator 3 is on at the Rex. (you see) Have you seen it? B: No, not yet. Shall we go? I (look forward) am looking forward to seeing it.

2. A: Whats the matter? You look really tired! B: I am! I (study) ______ all day, and I (not finish) ______ yet. A: Oh well, time for a break.

3. A: I (phone) ______ Carol all day, but theres no reply. B: I expect she (go) ______ swimming with her friends.

4. A: (you hear) ______ the news? B: What news? A: Someone (rob) ______ the bank at the end of the road.

5. A: Why is your leg in plaster? B: Thats a silly question! I (break) ______ it, of course. A: Someone (write) ______ Time for a break on the plaster!

4. Put one suitable word in each space.

Weve had a very interesting trip (a) so far, and weve had some interesting adventures (b) ______ the last time we wrote. Weve (c) ______ to some beautiful islands, and (d) ______ a lot of interesting people. In fact (e) ______ weve made friends with some people in a village, and theyve been (f) ______ us the local language. I havent managed to learn much (g) ______, but Ann (h) ______ picked up quite a lot, and can speak well. Shes been (i) ______ every day, and she has (j) ______ me everything she knows.

5. Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence.

a) I came to live here three months ago. I have been living here for three months.

b) Mary is out at the shops at the moment. Mary ______________________ to the shops.

c) I have had French lessons since March. I ______________________ French since March.

d) Im sill reading this book. I ______________________ reading this book yet.

e) Paul left the room a moment ago. Paul has ______________________ the room.

f) Ten of the letters are ready. I ______________________ ten letters so far.

g) Its ages since I last went to the cinema. I ______________________ to the cinema for ages.

h) this is the first time I have eaten snails. I ______________________ snails before.

i) I dont remember Helens phone number. I have ______________________ Helens phone number.

j) David has a different opinion now. David ______________________ his mind.

6. Underline the errors in these sentences. Rewrite each sentence.

a) My penfriend is writing to me for years but has never sent me a photo. My penfriend has been writing to me for years but has never sent me a photo.

b) We have started this course three weeks ago. c) What have you been doing all day? Ive been written letters. d) When have you arrived in this city? e) You have ever been to India? f) Paula has been stayed in a hotel by the sea. g) Ive been feeling ill three weeks ago. h) I live in this city since I was born. i) I wait here a long time. Where have you been? j) Tony has leaved his books on the bus.

7. Translate the following sentences using Present Perfect Simple or Present Perfect Continuous:

1) Surorile mele tocmai au venit de la coal. 2) De ct timp dorm copiii? 3) A terminat Jack deja exerciiul? Au trecut doar zece minute de cnd i l-am dictat. 4) Ai ncercat vreodat s-l ajui? 5) Noi muncim n grdin de mai bine de trei ore i nu am obosit nc. 6) M gndesc la cele spuse de ea de doua ore i tot nu pot nelege ce s-a ntmplat acolo.

Unit 7: Means of expressing FUTURE TIME

I. Explanations

A. WILL

USAGE:

1. Future facts: we can use will (or ll) + short infinitive to express a future fact. Common adverbs: tomorrow, next week/month/year, in the future etc.

He will come back tomorrow.

2. Spontaneous decisions: We can use will to refer to the future when we make an instant or spontaneous decision to do something:

A: Weve run out of paper for the printer. B: Ill go and get some from the stockroom.

We often use will future after I think and I dont think: A: I think Ill go home now. Its getting late. B: Yes, you are right. I dont think Ill stay either.

The negative of will is will not (wont): I wont stay long. Im in a hurry.

3. Predictions: we can use will to make predictions and to state facts that will be true in the future:

Over the next few years, TV will make a great impact on consumer behaviour.

EXERCISE:

Make spontaneous decisions based on the comments below:

1. You wont be able to get to Paris. The traffic controllers are on strike. Really? Then Ill take a train through the tunnel.

2. Im sorry, the wine waiter says we have no more Chateau-Lafite 64. _________

3. Im afraid we dont accept cheques. ___________________________________

4. We cant deliver the fax machines you ordered for three months. ____________

5. Im afraid that the British Airways flight on Tuesday is fully booked. _________

6. One of our clients, Mrs Mason, rang two minutes ago. She sounded very upset about something. _______________________________________________

B. GOING TO

FORM

GOING TO is formed with the present simple form of be (am/is/are) + going to + the infinitive form of the verb:

I am going to work / am not (m not) going to work. He/she/it is going to work /is not (isnt) going to work. We/you/they are going to work /are not (arent) going to work. Am I going to work? Yes, I am. /No, I am not. Is he/she/it going to work? Yes, he/she/it is. / No, he/she/it isnt. Are we/you/they going to work? Yes, we/you/they are. / No, we/you/they arent.

USAGE:

1. Predictions: we use going to for making firm predictions when there is some physical evidence that an event will take place.

Look at those clouds its going to rain! In many cases, however, it is possible to predict future events using either will or going to. There is little difference in meaning, but going to usually suggests that the event will happen soon. Compare:

I dont think that the present government will win the next election. I dont think that the present government is going to win the next election.

2. Decisions or intentions: we use going to to talk about something we intend to do, or have already decided to do:

The DV Group is going to open a new Fiat dealership this summer.

EXERCISE:

Use the verbs in brackets to say what the following people are going to do (to express their intentions or decisions) or to make predictions: 1. The Unions have been offered a 3.9% pay rise. (not accept). Theyre not

going to accept it. 2. The stock market is very over-valued. (be correction) There is going to be a

correction soon. 3. We have ordered ov