Name: __________________________ Date: ___________ Suchopar Social Studies 7

Unit 9:

Westward Expansion

Manifest Destiny Map

Task: As we learn about Westward Expansion, we will label the different pieces of land that America acquired throughout the 19th century, and how it received that land. This will help us to understand how our modern-day

country came to be.

President Polk Takes Office

After the presidency of Democrat Martin Van Buren (Jackson’s hand-picked successor) was not nearly as successful as Jackson anticipated, the Whig party took over the White House for some time. In 1840, William Henry Harrison was elected as part of widespread backlash to Van Buren’s poor handling of the presidency. Today, Harrison is famous for having the shortest presidential term- he was only in office one month before passing away from complications with the White House water supply. His Vice President, John Tyler, took over and finished out Harrison’s term. In 1844, however, the Democratic Party took the presidency back from the Whigs with the election of James K. Polk as the eleventh president of the United States. He was the last president to have been close with Andrew Jackson. Jackson, who passed away shortly after Polk took office, wholeheartedly supported Polk after the disappointment that was Martin Van Buren. While in office, Polk had 4 major goals that he aimed to complete in only 4 years- from the very beginning, he knew that he did not want to run for a second term.

"James K. Polk"by They Might Be Giants

In 1844, the Democrats were splitThe three nominees for the presidential candidate

Were Martin Van Buren, a former president and an abolitionistJames Buchanan, a moderate

Louis Cass, a general and expansionistFrom Nashville came a dark horse riding up

He was James K. Polk, Napoleon of the Stump

Austere, severe, he held few people dearHis oratory filled his foes with fear

The factions soon agreedHe's just the man we need

To bring about victoryFulfill our manifest destiny

And annex the land the Mexicans commandAnd when the votes were cast the winner wasMister James K. Polk, Napoleon of the Stump

In four short years he met his every goalHe seized the whole southwest from Mexico

Made sure the tariffs fellAnd made the English sell the Oregon territory

He built an independent treasuryHaving done all this he sought no second termBut precious few have mourned the passing ofMister James K. Polk, our eleventh president

Young Hickory, Napoleon of the Stump

Directions: Answer the following questions based on the song, “James K. Polk”

What were the four goals that President Polk achieved in his 4 years in office?

1. ____________________________________________________________________________________

2. ____________________________________________________________________________________

3. ____________________________________________________________________________________

4. ____________________________________________________________________________________

James K. Polk is known as the “expansionist President”. Why do you think this is so? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Give at least two text-based examples of how the song lyrics reflect this nickname: __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Based on the lyrics, does it seem that these musicians support or oppose Polk? Provide text-based evidence of your answer. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

MANIFEST DESTINY AND WESTWARD EXPANSION

The purchase of the Louisiana Territory in 1803 began a policy of westward territorial expansion which more than doubled the size of the United States prior to the Civil War. Supporters of U.S. expansion argued that the United States was destined to control land all the way to the Pacific Ocean. Native Americans and Mexicans might have argued with this idea of “westward expansion.” From their perspective, it might have been more appropriately called “the eastern invasion.” Even some white Americans argued that the U.S. disregarded the basic human rights of the people that already lived on the land.

Task: Read the excerpts below and then answer the questions that follow:

“Away, away with all these … issues of rights of discovery, exploration, [and] settlement…The American claim is by the right of our manifest destiny to

overspread and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions.” -John L. O’Sullivan, a New York editor, written in 1845.

“When the first white man came over the wide waters, he was but a little man, very little. His legs were cramped by sitting long in his big boat, and he begged for a little land. The Indians gave him land, and built fires to make him comfortable…He did not stop at the mountain tops, and his foot covered the

plains and the valleys…He said, “You must move a little farther so that I don’t step on you by accident…Brothers, I listened to a great many talks from the white men. But they have always begun and ended like this: ‘Go a little farther; you are too near to me.’” -Speckled Snake, a Cherokee Indian, written in 1830.

1. Using the information above, write what you think the phrase “manifest destiny” means.Manifest Destiny_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Using the sources on the other side of this page, complete the chart below:

One argument favoring manifest destinyText-based evidence to support this argument

Two groups of Americans who

would agree

One argument opposing manifest destinyText-based evidence to support this argument

Two groups living in North America who would agree

Task: In the space below write an order of at least 4 sentences to the people living in the western territories (Native Americans, Spanish, British). In your proclamation [statement] be sure to tell them:

Why the United States is taking over this land Why the United States feels they have the right to this land What the United States plans to do with this land.

Be sure to include the following key terms:Western Territories Manifest Destiny

Expansion/Expand/Expanding

To the inhabitants of the west,By the order of the United States government ________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

Respectfully Signed,____________________________________________

United States Government

Oregon CountryWHERE WAS OREGON COUNTRY?

Oregon Country was an area in the far west. It was made up of the present states of Oregon, Washington, and Idaho. At that time, that entire area was called Oregon.

WHO CLAIMED OREGON COUNTRY?In the early 1800s, few white settlers lived in Oregon. Lewis and Clark explored the land and claimed it for the United States, but Britain also wanted to control it. In 1818, the two countries agreed to share the land. More Americans began moving there in the 1820s and 1830s.

Choose ANY of the following to answer:Summarize the Main Idea of this section:

Create a question about this section:

Create a connection to something you have previously learned about:

AMERICANS MOVE TO OREGONMountain Men

The first Americans to move to Oregon country were mountain men. They moved west to trap animals for their furs. They did not build permanent homes in Oregon, but

wandered the land in search of animals. Like Native Americans, they lived off of the land and used natural resources to survive.

Choose ONE of the following to answer that you did not already choose above:Summarize the Main Idea of this section:

Create a question about this section:

Create a connection to something you have previously learned about:

Missionaries

The first white Americans to settle permanently in Oregon were missionaries. These were people who wanted to convert Native Americans to Christianity. Natives sometimes welcomed missionaries, but as more white settlers came, more conflicts broke out. Missionaries sent reports back east about the great land in Oregon, leading to a great migration of settlers on the Oregon Trail. One of the most famous examples of missionaries were Marcus and Narcissa Whitman, a husband and wife who made it their life’s goal to do missionary work. Although their attempts failed, others soon followed in their footsteps leading to increased tensions between white settlers and Native Americans.

Choose ONE of the following to answer that you did not already choose above:Summarize the Main Idea of this section:

Create a question about this section:

Create a connection to something you have previously learned about:

The Oregon Trail was a wagon road to Oregon, but it was also much more than that. At that time, it was the only practical way to get across the Rocky Mountains to what is now the northwest. The journey west on the Oregon Trail was very difficult by today's standards. One in 10 died along the way. Many walked the entire two

thousand miles barefoot. The main causes of death along the trail were the disease cholera, poor sanitation and accidental gunshots.

Choose ANY of the following to answer:Summarize the Main Idea of this section:

Create a question about this section:

Create a connection to something you have previously learned about:

The first emigrants to go to Oregon in a covered wagon were none other than Marcus and Narcissa Whitman, who made the trip in 1836. But the big wave of western migration did not start until 1843, when about a thousand pioneers made the journey. Over the next 25 years more than a half million people went west on the Trail. By 1846, the United States and Britain signed a treaty that gave the Oregon Country to the United States.

Choose ONE of the following to answer that you did not already choose above:Summarize the Main Idea of this section:

Create a question about this section:

Create a connection to something you have previously learned about:

Questions for Review:

1. What role did mountain men and missionaries play in settling Oregon Country? _______________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. How did the United States gain control of Oregon Country? ________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. Would you have traveled on the Oregon Trail in search of a new life? Support your answer by citing specific text-based information from today’s lesson. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Planning a Trip on the Oregon Trail!TaskYou and your family (total of 4 people…2 adults and 2 children) are planning to move west using the Oregon Trail. You only have $100 but need to purchase enough supplies to last for the two month trip across the country. On the line next to each item, write the amount of money you will spend (if any) on that item. Make sure you don’t go over your budget of $100. Choose wisely…the lives of you and your family are at stake!

BUDGET: $100

Foods:___ Eggs (one month supply) - $3

Hardware:___ Wagon Cover - $10___ Shovel - $1___ Cooking Pan - $2___ Clean linen - $3 per piece

___ Meats (two month supply) - $15___ Salts (one month supply) - $1___ Breads (one week supply) - $1___ Beans (two month supply) - $5

Total Cost of Food Items: ______________

Clothing:___ Adult Jacket - $5___ Child Jacket - $3___ Adult Pants - $5___ Child Pants - $3___ Adult Shirt - $5___ Child Shirt - $3___ Women’s Dress - $10___ Girls Dress - $7___ Undergarments - $2___ Socks - $1 per pair___ Gloves - $2 per pair

Total Cost of Clothing Items: _______________

The year is 1845, and you are getting ready to travel 2000 miles on the Oregon Trail with your family! As we travel across the different territories to reach Oregon, you will be assessing the items that you decided to bring with you on the journey. Depending on the different situations you find yourself in, you and your family may or may not be prepared based on the items you brought. Please write any challenges that you faced on the travel log below based on each situation that you encounter.

Travel Log:1) _______________________________________________________________________________________

Hardware:___ Wagon Cover - $10___ Shovel - $1___ Cooking Pan - $2___ Clean linen - $3 per piece

TOTAL COST OF ALL ITEMS:

___________________________

2)________________________________________________________________________________________

3)________________________________________________________________________________________

4)________________________________________________________________________________________

5)________________________________________________________________________________________

6)________________________________________________________________________________________

7)________________________________________________________________________________________

8)________________________________________________________________________________________

On a scale of 1-10, with ten being the best, how would you rate your success on the Oregon Trail?Explain. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

If you had to retake the Oregon Trail simulation, what changes would you make to increase yourchances of survival? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Now, let’s look at some of the other realities of the journey to Oregon:

Step 1: Preparing for the Journey

1. How many pounds of food should settlers have taken with them on their trip?

A. 100 lbs.B. 350 lbs.C. 550 lbs.

Actual Answer: ______

It was recommended that settlers pack:-200 pounds of _______________ -150 pounds of _______________

-10 pounds of _______________ -20 pounds of _______________-10 pounds of _______________

2. What wagon would you purchase to bring on your journey?

A. Larger Conestoga Wagon B. Smaller Farm Wagon

If they could afford a wagon, most Oregon trailblazers used a __________________________

However, many simply completed the entire journey on foot!

3. What animals would you use to pull your wagon?

A. HorsesB. Oxen C. Mules

Actual Answer: ________

______________ would not eat the prairie grass that was found on the trail

______________ were strong, ate prairie grass, were fairly inexpensive, but were very slow

______________ were strong, ate prairie grass, were quicker, but had very nasty attitudes

Step 2: The Waiting Game

4. Settlers needed to wait until after mid-April in order to begin their journey. Why?

A. The weather was nicest after mid-April, making the journey more pleasantB. Native Americans were off hunting in the summer months, and did not bother

travelers as muchC. They needed to wait for grass on the trail to grow

Actual Answer: __________ WHY? __________________________________________________ !

Step 3: The Journey

The year is 1845, and you are ready to travel 2000 miles on the Oregon Trail with your family. Let’s go!

5. How long did the average Oregon Trail journey take?

A. 4-5 weeksB. 2 monthsC. 4-5 months

Actual Answer: __________

6. You are running out of wood for your fire. What do you do?

A. Borrow wood from other travelersB. Find a tree along the path and cut it down to get more woodC. Burn buffalo dung

Actual Answer: __________

7. Approximately how many people altogether moved west from 1843 to 1869?

A. 300,000B. 550,000C. 1,000,000

Actual Answer: __________

8. Approximately how many people on the Oregon Trail passed away due to cholera, poor sanitation, exposure to harsh weather, and accidents?

A. 1 in 10B. 1 in 25C. 1 in 50

Actual Answer: __________

Dangers on the Journey: River crossings Even with wagons, most walked the 2,000 miles Accidents: wagons had no safety features Weather: lightning, hail, pounding rain Cholera: disease Animal attacks

>>Which of these dangers killed the most travelers? ____________________________

Do you think that Native Americans were enemies of the travelers from the beginning? ____________

Why did problems occur? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Name: __________________________ Date: ___________ Westward Expansion Social Studies 7

Using the worksheets for Manifest Destiny and the Oregon Trail, answer the following review questions for this section:

1. How did the idea of Manifest Destiny contribute to Americans moving westward? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Why did many Americans move to the Oregon territory in the early to mid-1800s? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. What challenges did they face along the journey? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. How did the U.S. gain control of Oregon Territory? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Texas Timeline: The Road to Independence

1. What country controlled Texas before 1821? _______________. After 1821? _______________.

Why did this change in control happen? _____________________________________________________

2. What did the Mexican government require in exchange for allowing Americans to move into Texas? _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

1820s: Americans Move to Texas

Since the early 1800s, American farmers looked eagerly at the region of land called Texas. Texas, however, was not part of the United States. It was part of Mexico, which was a Spanish colony until 1821. After 1821, when Mexico became independent from Spain, Mexico still held onto Texas. Though Texas was not under American control, Americans still looked to move to Texas to take advantage of its fertile land.

During the 1820s the Mexican government allowed Americans to settle in Texas. Under the leadership of Stephen Austin, many Americans settled in Texas by 1830. The Mexican government sold land to the Americans at a very cheap price. In exchange, the American settlers had to agree to become citizens of Mexico, obey Mexican laws, and to become members of the Roman Catholic Church. The Mexican government hoped that the Americans would develop the land and control Native American attacks.

3. Would Northerners or Southerners be more likely to move into Texas during this time period? Explain your answer.

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________1830’s: Mexico Tightens its Control over Texas

In the 1820s, the Mexican government had done little to enforce their laws in Texas, and may Americans moved there and continued to live as they always had. In 1830, however, Mexican leaders began to fear that Texans would revolt against Mexican rule. After all, many American settlers who lived in Texas felt more of a connection with the U.S., as both spoke English, practiced Protestantism, and had similar customs.

Mexico soon realized that the population of Texas was mostly Americans, and Americans had little to gain by remaining a part of Mexico. For this reason, the Mexican government closed Texas to American settlement in 1830. They also began to enforce laws that had been ignored before. One of these laws banned slavery. Another forced Texans to worship in the Catholic Church. Texans were angered by these laws and felt threatened by Mexican troops who came north to enforce them.

In 1835, the situation got even worse for the Texans. A new military dictator, Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna, came to power in Mexico. Two years later, he threw out the Mexican constitution and set up military rule in Mexico. Many believed that he intended to drive all American settlers out of Texas.

As a result of all of these changes, Texans began to call for independence from Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna

3. Why did the Mexican government begin to rule Texas more harshly in the early 1830s? _________________________________________________________________________________________4. What kind of a leader was Santa Anna? What did this mean for the future of

Americans in Texas?___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. How do you think Texans will respond to Santa Anna coming to power in Mexico? Explain your answer? ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Task: Read the following article about the current movement for Texas independence and then answer the questions that follow.

BEFORE YOU READ: Look at the title of the article (below) and turn it into a question…

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

“Texas nationalists try to get secession question onto Republican primary ballot”

Published: September 16, 2015. Adapted from FoxNews.com

A group calling for Texas to secede from the United States and become an independent nation has launched an effort to get a question about independence onto next year's Republican presidential primary ballot.  The Texas Tribune reports that the Texas Nationalist Movement has begun circulating a petition [to get] 75,000 signatures by December 1.

Texas was a Republic for nine years after gaining independence from Mexico before it was admitted to the Union in 1845. The state voted to secede in 1861 to join the Confederate States of America prior to the Civil War.

[Due to] an 1869 Supreme Court ruling, Texas would not be able to secede from the U.S. again even if voters gave the go-ahead. However, the Texas Nationalist Movement points to a clause in the state constitution that [says] that Texans can “alter, reform or abolish their government in such manner as they may think [beneficial].”

Group president Daniel Miller told the paper, “Texas and Washington, D.C. are on very different paths, and the people of Texas obviously recognize that.”

1. What is the goal of the Texas Nationalist Movement? _______________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

2. If the Texas Nationalist Movement was successful in its goal, what could be the consequences [positive and/or negative] for Texas? For the United States? _________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

STOP! Do not answer the question below until you are instructed to do so!

3. Look at the list of reasons for the current Texas independence movement on the board. Thinking back to last night’s homework, what similarities and differences exist between the reasons for the current Texas independence movement and the reasons why Texans began to call for independence from Mexico in the 1830s? Compare in the space below.

Similarities Differences

Texas: War and Independence

Background: Outraged at Santa Anna’s rise to power, Stephen Austin and other Texans started a rebellion to gain independence from Mexico. In 1835, after a military victory at the Battle of San Antonio, Texans officially declared independence from Mexico, calling themselves the Republic of Texas and naming fighter Sam Houston as their commander. Unfortunately, they still had to defeat Mexico before they could be independent…

Directions: Read the following passages on the Texas War for Independence. For each section of the GIST, draw AND color an image OR write a 2-3 sentence summary of what you read. Then, answer the summary questions that follow.

Passage GIST Summary or Image

Despite the victory at San Antonio, many Texan fighters deserted soon after, thinking they did not stand a chance against the Mexican army. Those who remained retreated to an

old Spanish mission [religious site] called the Alamo, which they turned into a fort. Colonel William Travis had only 187 men to command, and they were low on food, water, medicine, and ammunition. They were not prepared for the Mexican troops that would be coming to attack.

On February 23rd, 1836, 6,000 Mexican troops attacked the Alamo. For twelve days, the fort held strong and the Texans held off Santa Anna’s troops. Finally, on March 6th, Mexican cannon fire broke through the Alamo’s walls. Mexican troops stormed the mission, killing all but five of the Texans inside. Those five were later executed on Santa Anna’s orders.

After the slaughter at the Alamo, Texans were ready for revenge. They used the slogan “Remember the Alamo” as a battle cry. Men from all over Texas and the United States joined the Texan cause. On April 21, 1836, Sam Houston’s army defeated the Mexican army in the Battle of San Jacinto. With this victory, Houston forced Santa Anna to surrender and grant Texas independence. The new nation of Texas, nicknamed the “Lone Star Republic,” was born.

With the United States Constitution as a model, Texans wrote their own constitution and elected Sam Houston as their leader. However, the new country faced very serious problems. First, Mexico refused to accept that Texas was independent.

Second, Texas was in serious debt and was bankrupt. Third, Native Americans living in Texas were threatened attacks. Most Texans believed that the best way to solve the problem was to enter into the United States as a pro-slavery state. The issue of whether to annex (add) Texas into the United States became a huge debate for Northerners and Southerners in Congress.

Summary Questions:

1. What was the significance of the phrase, “Remember the Alamo”? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Why did Texans want to be annexed into the United States? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. How could the annexation of Texas lead to sectionalist problems between the North and the South? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

The Mexican-American War has been labeled as “the most controversial conflict in United States history”. Future Civil War heroes Ulysses S. Grant and Robert E. Lee were involved. Even though the war only lasted 20 months, over 14,000 Americans and 25,000 Mexicans were killed.

Focus Questions:

1. What was the cause of Americans moving into Texas? __________________________________________

2. What was the short-term consequence of Americans moving into Texas? ___________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

3. What were the long-term consequences of Americans moving into Texas? __________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

4. How could the annexation of Texas lead to war? _______________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

5. How could manifest destiny lead to war? ____________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

Background:

After Texas was annexed [added] to the United States in 1845, Mexico became very angry. They had never accepted Texan independence to begin with!

However, James K. Polk was now the American president. When Polk took office in 1845, he promised that he would help the United States achieve its manifest destiny- even if it meant going to war.

Causes of the Mexican American War:

The main cause of the Mexican-American War was a border dispute [disagreement] between the United States and Mexico.

The United States claimed that the southern boundary of Texas and Mexico was the Rio Grande River.

Mexico claimed that the southern boundary of Texas and Mexico was the Nueces River- further north.

The area in between the Rio Grande and Nueces Rivers became known as the disputed area, since both sides claimed to control it.

In 1846, President James K. Polk sent the U.S. army to the disputed area between Mexico and Texas, knowing that this

might lead to war. Sure enough, three months later, Mexican troops crossed the Rio Grande, went into the disputed area (which they thought belonged to them), and fired on American troops. The next day, President Polk asked Congress to declare war on Mexico.If Polk knew that he wanted a war with Mexico, why did he wait to declare war until Mexican troops attacked American troops? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

During the war, Americans used the strategy of fighting on multiple fronts in order to quicken the pace of the war. This proved to be successful, and after 20 months of

fighting, the United States Army gained control of Mexico City, the capital of Mexico. The Mexican-American War ended in 1848 with an American victory. In that year, the United

States and Mexico signed the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo to officially end the war.

EFFECTS OF THE MEXICAN-AMERICAN WAR

Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo (1848)

Mexico ceded [gave up] all of their New Mexico and California territory. This land was known as the Mexican Cession, since Mexico ceded it to the United States. The United States paid Mexico $15 million for the Mexican Cession.

Americans agreed to respect the rights of Spanish-speaking people living on Mexican Cession lands.

Mexico agreed that the Rio Grande River was the southern boundary of Texas.

Gadsden Purchase (1853) The United States paid Mexico $10 million for a small strip of land in what is now

Arizona and New Mexico. This land was needed for the completion of a railroad. This land deal became known as the Gadsden Purchase. It was named after James

Gadsden, who was the United States Minister to Mexico. Gadsden was sent by President Franklin Pierce to buy this land, which was easier to build a railway on than the land above it, where the mountains were thicker and tougher to break through.

Many Americans believed that once the Gadsden Purchase had been made, Manifest Destiny had been fulfilled. Why?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Predict: How do you think the Mexican-American War may have affected relations between the North and South in the United States? Why? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Name: ____________________________________ Date:__________ Social Studies 7 Westward Expansion

Directions: Using the iPhone template below, create a dialogue between James K. Polk and the Mexican president, Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna. Be sure to use specific text-based evidence from our lesson on the Mexican American War. Be creative and use the back if you need more room!

James K. Polk

Santa Anna

Name: __________________________ Date: ___________ Westward Expansion Social Studies 7

Using the worksheets for Texas Independence and Annexation and the Mexican-American War, answer the following review questions for this section:

1. Why did Stephen Austin lead American settlers into Texas?___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Why did American settlers in Texas rebel against Mexico in the 1830s?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. What was James Polk’s main goal as president? Explain. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. How did westward expansion lead to increased tensions between the North and the South? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. What were the causes of the Mexican-American War? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

6. What were the results of the Mexican-American War? __________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

THE SECOND GREAT AWAKENINGAre people judged by their religion in today’s world? Explain. _______________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

The Second Great Awakening: In the early 19th century, a religious reform movement called the Second Great Awakening resulted in thousands of conversions to intense versions of Christian religions. Preachers traveled from town to town, lecturing to crowds about removing sin from their lives in order to have a perfect life that would get them into heaven. Camp meetings, or large religious gatherings, also gave these devout [sincere] Christians opportunities to practice their religion. Camp meetings also provided opportunities for potential conversions of non-believers. 

Frances Trollope, an Englishwoman travelling throughout America stopped at one of these camp meetings in Indiana and wrote about her experience:

“I found the opportunity I had long wished for, of attending a camp-meeting . . . this was in a wild district in Indiana . . .

At midnight a horn sounded through the camp, which, we were told, was to call the people from private to public worship; and we saw them flocking [gathering] from all sides to the front of the preachers’ stand . . . There were about two thousand persons assembled.

. . . The preachers came down from their stand and placed themselves in the midst of it, beginning to sing a hymn, calling upon the penitents [those who have sinned] to come forth. As they sang they kept turning themselves round to every part of the crowd, and, over time, the voices of the whole group joined in chorus . . .

...up to here I had well enjoyed it, but the scene changed . . . Above a hundred persons, nearly all females, came forward, uttering howlings and groans, so terrible that I shall never cease to shudder when I recall them. They appeared to drag each other forward, and on the word being given, “let us pray,” they all fell on their knees . . . they were soon all lying on the ground in an indescribable confusion of heads and legs. They threw about their limbs with such incessant [continuous] and violent motion, that I was every instant expecting some serious accident to occur.”

-Frances Trollope, English traveler in America, adapted from “Domestic Manners of the Americans”, 1832

1. Why were scenes like this happening all across the United States? _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. How would you describe the scene that Trollope witnessed in your own words? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

MORMONS IN UTAHThe Mormons were a Christian sect [religious group] that came out of the Second Great Awakening.

Their church is called the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints

They were founded in upstate New York in 1830 by a farmer named Joseph Smith

They were known and persecuted for their controversial beliefs: 1. Used to believe that property should be owned by everyone2. Polygamy : a man can have more than one wife (some Mormon groups still

practice polygamy today)

Because of their religious beliefs, Mormons had many problems with their neighbors in New York. In the 1840s, the Mormons left New York in search of a better place to live. They Mormons settled in many places: Ohio, Missouri, Illinois. However, every

time they settled somewhere, they would be persecuted for their beliefs. At Nauvoo, their Illinois settlement, Joseph Smith was actually murdered by angry neighbors.

After years of searching, the Mormons finally settled in Utah territory in 1847, in the valley of the Great Salt Lake under the guidance of their new leader, Brigham Young.

At the time, the Utah territory that the Mormon pioneers settled on was owned by Mexico. This was one of the reasons that the Mormons were interested in establishing a permanent home in the area. Why might they have been so interested in this particular area?

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

Under the new leadership of Brigham Young, the Mormon pioneers built up the land around the Great Salt Lake, building irrigation systems and establishing Salt Lake City.

Even today, Utah remains the state with the highest population of Mormons in the country

The California Gold RushRecall:

How did the United States end up with the California territory? _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

In 1848, gold was discovered at John Sutter’s Mill, near San Francisco, California. News of the finding spread rapidly throughout California, the United States, and eventually throughout the entire

world! People from all over the world rushed to California in 1849. These Gold Rush miners became known as the forty-niners.

Why would they be known as the forty-niners? ________________________________________________________________

At first, gold could actually be found and picked up right from the ground, but later miners uncovered it in streams and rivers using pans. The gold rush peaked in 1852- after that, the gold reserves were getting thinner and harder to reach. More advanced mining methods, such as hydraulic [water] mining, had to be used, even though this was damaging to the environment.

William Swain, a miner who tried his luck in California, wrote home to his friend George about his experience:

George, I tell you this mining among the mountains is a dog's life. A man has to make a fool of himself packing loads over mountains that God never designed man to climb, a barbarian by foregoing [not having] all the comforts of civilized life, and a heathen by depriving himself of all communication with men away from his immediate circle.

There was some talk between us of your coming to this country [California]. For God's sake think not of it. Stay at home. Tell all whom you know that are thinking of coming that they have to sacrifice everything and face danger in all its forms, for George, thousands have laid and will lay their bones along the routes to and in this country. Tell all that “death is in the pot” if they attempt to cross the plains and hellish mountains…as for you, stay at home, for if my health is spared, I can get enough for both of us.

Letter adapted from pbs.com

In your own words, what does Swain mean when he writes the following phrases…

“thousands have laid and will lay their bones along the routes to and in this country”: ____________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________

“if my health is spared, I can get enough for both of us”: __________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________

Knowing the risks, would you try your luck in California? _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Effects of the California Gold Rush

The Gold Rush led to a large increase of Americans living in California. San Francisco became a major city thanks to the number of people who remained behind even after the gold craze ended. In 1850, California became a state.

Many were lured to California on the promise of gold. Though there was a lot of gold to be found throughout Northern California, very few gold miners actually became rich from the Gold Rush. Most either went home poor, or remained in California, to try to find other jobs. Many stayed to work as farmers.

1. What is the main idea of this advertisement?

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2. If you were reading this advertisement, how would it make you feel about the gold rush in California?

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Name: __________________________ Date: ___________ Westward Expansion Social Studies 7

Using the worksheets for the Mormons and the Gold Rush, answer the following review questions for this section:

1. Why did the Mormons move to the Utah territory in the early 1800s? ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Why did many people move to California around 1849? _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. What were the results (both positive and negative) of this massive migration to California? ____________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Vocabulary ListYou are responsible for knowing the following terms and definitions for our unit test:

manifest destiny

idea that the United States had a God-given right and duty to expand to the Pacific Ocean

mountain men

rugged fur trappers who moved to Oregon Country to trap animals and sell furs

missionaries people who moved west to convert natives to Christianity; first permanent settlers in Oregon

Oregon Trail major wagon road that stretched 2,000 miles from Missouri to Oregon

The Alamo old mission used as a fort by the Texan army in War for Texan Independence

Battle of San Jacinto

final battle in War for Texan Independence; forced Santa Anna to surrender control of Texas

Republic of Texas

independent country of Texas from 1836-1845; nicknamed “Lone Star Republic”

annex to add landTreaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo

agreement between U.S. and Mexico that ended Mexican-American War; Mexico agreed to give U.S. much of what is now the Southwest (Mexican Cession)

cede to give up landMexican Cession

area of land given from Mexico to the United States in Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo

Gadsden Purchase

strip of land south of Mexican Cession that the U.S. purchased from Mexico in 1853

Sutter’s Mill location of gold discovery near Sacramento, California in 1848California Gold Rush

mass migration of people to California after the discovery of gold at Sutter’s Mill

forty-niners nickname for people who traveled to California during the 1849 gold rush

Mormons religious group persecuted in the East for their beliefs; settled in Utah for religious freedom

Key People: Please be familiar with the following people for our unit assessment.

James Polk 11th president of the U.S. from 1845-1849; main goal as president was manifest destiny

Stephen Austin leader of American settlers moving to Texas in the 1820’sSam Houston leader of Texan army during war for independence; president of

the Republic of TexasAntonio Lopez de Santa Anna

military dictator of Mexico during War for Texan Independence and Mexican-American War

Unit 9 Study Guide

Below, you will find review topics and questions for this unit. We will review these questions in class before the test, but you should answer them before the day of review, using the appropriate worksheets listed for you. The answers to this study guide will not be posted on the ESV, so it is important that you put the work into knowing the answers in advance of our classroom review.

To answer the questions, please use a separate sheet of paper with each question correctly numbered. ALL ANSWERS CAN BE FOUND IN YOUR WORKSHEETS!

REMEMBER, this is a study tool. You are still responsible for knowing material from class handouts. Good luck!

Topic Which Worksheet? Topic Questions

Manifest Destiny “Manifest Destiny

and Westward Expansion”

1. How did the idea of Manifest Destiny contribute to Americans

moving westward?

Oregon Country “Oregon Country” “Planning Your

Oregon Trail Journey”/“Taking Your Oregon Trail Journey”

2. Why did many Americans move to the Oregon territory in the early to mid-1800s?

3. What challenges did they face along the journey?

4. How did the U.S. gain control of Oregon Territory?

Texas Independence and Annexation

“Texas Timeline: The Road to Independence”

“Texas: War and Independence”

“September 1836: The Republic of Texas”

5. Why did Stephen Austin lead American settlers into Texas?

6. Why did American settlers in Texas rebel against Mexico in the 1830s?

7. What was James Polk’s main goal as president? Explain.

8. How did westward expansion lead to increased tensions between the North and the South?

Mexican-American War

“The Mexican-American War”

9. What were the causes of the Mexican-American War?

10. What were the results of the Mexican-American War?

Mormons “Mormons in Utah” 11. Why did the Mormons move to the Utah territory in the early 1800s?

California Gold Rush “The California Gold Rush”

12. Why did many people move to California around 1849?

13. What were the results (positive and negative) of this massive migration to California?

Manifest Destiny Map

“Manifest Destiny Map”

Locations to Know: -The Thirteen Colonies-The U.S. after the Treaty of Paris in 1783-The Louisiana Purchase-Florida (Spanish Cession) in 1819 -Texas Annexation-Oregon Country in 1846 -Mexican Cession in 1848 -Gadsden Purchase in 1853