malxaz coxaraze - dspace.nplg.gov.gedspace.nplg.gov.ge/bitstream/1234/181428/1/... · bit mainc,...

~ 1 ~

malxaz CoxaraZe

xanZTada ,,aTormet savaneTa”

mxaris Zveli salocavebi

o monografiao dokumenturi filmi

~ 2 ~

naSromsa da TandarTul dokumentur filmSi warmo-

Cenilia klarjeTis ,,aTormet savaneTa” mxaris warsuli

da Tanamedroveoba; qarTvelebisa da qarTuli enis mdgo-

mareoba Woroxis auzis im nawilSi, romelic amJamad

TurqeTis SemadgenlobaSia.

naSromi gankuTvnilia istoriuli samxreT saqarTve-

los mkvlevarTaTvis da am TemiT dainteresebuli mkiTx-

velebisTvis.

redaqtorebi: profesori mamia faRava

asoc. profesori zaza SaSikaZe

recenzentebi: profesori Tina SioSvili

profesori murman gorgoSaZe

profesori oTar gogoliSvili

~ 3 ~

w i n a T q m a

XIX saukunidan moyolebuli, mas Semdeg, rac tao-

klarjeTis mecnierul kvlevas Caeyara safuZveli,

warmodgenil naSromSi ganxiluli problemebi qarT-

velologiis erT-erTi yvelaze aqtualuri sakiTxia.

mourCenel satkivrad ki gacilebiT ufro adre iqca _

XVI saukuneSi... an iqneb ufro adrec, roca ,,mterTa-

gan Seiwrebul” erT dros Zlevamosili qveynis mtkice

sxeuls bzari Seepara da rRveva daiwyo, roca separa-

tizmis Wiam Signidan gamoxra da misi miwa-wyali mom-

xdurTa lukmad iqca...

xanZTis savane rom saqarTvelos aRorZinebis

saTaveTagani iyo da wminda grigol xanZTeli udidesi

moRvawe, es dRevandeli qarTvelisTvis aris ueWveli,

Torem didi xnis ganmavlobaSi TviT swavluli kace-

bisTvisac ki bevri ram ucnobi iyo da roca XIX sau-

kunis qarTvelebma miixedes ,,osmalos saqarTvelos-

ken”, am didi istoriis bevri furceli waSlili,

bevric nacarmiyrili daxvdaT. arc isaa gasakviri,

rom klarjeTis salocavebis Sesaxeb arsebuli mrava-li kiTxva dRemde pasuxgaucemelia da ase darCeba

momavalSic.

swored ,,aTormet savaneTa” mxaris Zvel Tu Tana-

medrove problemebs exeba naSromi da igi wignisa da

dokumenturi filmisagan Sedgeba; Sesabamisad, wigns

mohyveba myari diski, romelzec filmia Cawerili.

amgvar formatTan dakavSirebuli mravali siZnele

Tavidanve Canda, magram Tanamedrove TurqeTis ,,qar-

Tuli regionebi”, wlebis ganmavlobaSi nanaxi da

gagonili, ,,dasawerTan” erTad, Zalauneburad ,,saCvene-

belsac” gulisxmobs. Sesabamisi formis Ziebam ki

~ 4 ~

migviyvana e.w. kinowignamde, anu naSromamde, romelic

Seicavs monografias da samecniero-popularuli xa-

siaTis dokumentur films. wigni arsebiTad filmis

samecniero safuZvelia, masalaa da problemebi iq

ufro farTodaa ganxiluli.

monografiis struqtura Tu Sinaarsi xSirad arR-

vevs akademiuri stilis monotonurobas: arsebiTad

esaa naSromi emociuri CanarTebiT da minawerebiT,

emocias da tkivils ki JamTa viTarebiT iavarqmnili

wminda salocavebis axlandeli mdgomareoba Sobs:

Tanamedrove mkvlevrebi varaudebsRa gamoTqvamen

xanZTisa da Satberdis adgilmdebareobis Taobaze. es

gulsaklavi faqtic miuTiTebs, ramodena sicariele,

e.w. qronologiuri ormo, darCenila bneli saukunee-

bis Semdeg. dakargul-daviwyebula informacia iseTi

mniSvnelovani savaneebis Sesaxebac ki, rogoricaa

xanZTa da Satberdi.

ar iZebneba meres kvali. karCxalas xeobaSi dResac

arsebobs toponimi mere. igi sxva savaneebis maxlob-

ladaa da, albaT, ganTqmuli dedaTa monasteric aq

unda yofiliyo, magram naeklesiar adgilsac ki vera-

vin aCvenebs;

mxolod toponimi migviTiTebs bareTelTas ar-

sebobazec, Zveli dideba iqac legendebsRa Semouna-

xavs.

dabis erTi kedlis mcire nawilia SemorCenili;

jmerkisa _ ramdenime fragmenti...

berTis naeklesiaris nangrevTa nawils meCeTi ika-

vebs;

parexamde misvla kldeebze dakiduli Zneladsa-

vali bilikiT SeiZleba. nangrevebSi axlac TvalsaCi-

nod ikiTxeba samonastro cxovrebis kvali...

opiza dangreulia da es nangrevebic Suaze gauW-

riaT soflis gziT;

miZnaZoris STambeWdavi naSTebi viRacis bostanSia

mimofantuli;

~ 5 ~

wyarosTavis SemorCenil fragmentebSic ki igrZno-

ba grandiozuloba Zveli savanisa...

dolisyana jerac dgas, rogorc, sxvebTan Sedare-

biT mainc, myarad gadarCenili mowme aTormeti salo-

cavis didebisa.

aq Tormeti savane CamovTvale mxolod, Torem

Woroxis auzSi, e.w. TurqeTis saqarTveloSi, lamis

yovel fexis nabijze naxav Zveli didebis kvals,

nacnobs Tu ucnobs, magram dRes warsulTan Sexved-

ras, aRmoCenas, tkivili ufro meti moaqvs, vidre _

sixaruli...

monografia sami nawilisgan Sedgeba. pirveli nawi-

li yvelaze vrcelia: SevecadeT, iq farTod Sevxebo-

diT aTormet savaneTa mxaris problemur sakiTxebs:

mis warsuls da Tanamedroveobas, qarTuli enis geog-

rafias, jer kidev SemorCenil Tqmuleba-legendebsa

da rwmena-warmodgenebs.

meore nawilSi Zalian mokled da ufro popula-

ruli eniT aris daxasiaTebuli uSualod Tormeti sa-

vane klarjeTisa, saubaria Zvel didebasa da amJa-

mindel savalalo mdgomareobaze; amdenad, igi, cxa-

dia, damoukidebeli nawilia wignisa da araerT siax-

lesac Seicavs, magram, amave dros, erTgvar reziume-

sac warmoadgens pirveli Tavisa da Sesabamisad,

zogierTi debuleba meordeba _ mxolod masalis

sistematizaciis mizniT.

mesame nawilSi mocemulia zepirsityvieri masala

_ klarjeTis Tu SavSeTis mosaxleobis istoriuli

mexsierebis anarekli _ Tormeti ambavi ,,aTormet

savaneTa” mxaridan...

usazRvrod bevri ram daikarga-meTqi, _ vTqvi da am

wignSic kiTxva ufro metia, vidre _ pasuxi. vai, rom

arc upasuxo kiTxvebi gamoileva da dakargulis

dabrunebac zRaparia!.. Sesabamisad, mogzauris Tu

mkvlevris saqmianoba zogjer TiTqos ukan midevnebu-

li lampris ganwyobas badebs, magram gulis siRrmeSi

~ 6 ~

mainc budobs xavss CabRauWebuli imedi, rom Ziebas

aqvs azri da mniSvneloba. samecniero Rirebulebaze

ki ar vlaparakob, _ vin icis, iqneb swored warsulis-

ken mixedva unda aRmoCndes safuZveli awmyosa da

momavalze dafiqrebisa; vin icis, iqneb swored Sua

saukuneebis civma realobam, dRemde moRweulma

TvalsaCinod tragikulma Sedegebma am realobisa,

amdenma naeklesiarma Tu namonastralma, nacixarma Tu

nasaxlar-nadarbazevma, muhajirTa STamomavlebis Tu

Woroxis auzis mcxovrebTa Tvalebis siRrmeSi CarCe-

nilma jer kidev Tbilma qarTulma mzeram unda mogv-

ces survili da Zala sapatronod imisa, rac dRevan-

deli Taobis gasafrTxilebeli, mosavleli da gada-

sarCenia saqarTveloSi...

~ 7 ~

nawili pirveli

narkvevebi ,,aTormet

savaneTa””””” mxaris

istoriidan

~ 8 ~

T a v i p i r v e l i

bedis borbali qarTvelTaTvis

I. saqarTvelos sinaჲ

didi xnis winaT, qristes aqeT IX saukunis dasaw-

yisSi, aSot didis winaSe mdgari jerac axalgazrda,

magram klarjeTSi ukve saxelmoxveWili beri, saxelad

grigoli, ase ganadidebda xanZTis midamoebs:

,,keTil ars udabnoÁ igi mzisa mcxinvarebiTa da

haerisa SezavebiTa yovliT kerZo. da aqus mas wyaroÁ

mdidrad gadmomdinareÁ, Sueneri, grili da hamoÁ. da

maRnarTa simravleÁ uricxÂ da mciredi raÁme sxuaÁca

nugeSinis-sacemeli Zalisaebr mis udabnoÁsa...” (merCule

1949: 40).1

poeziiT savse am qebaSi TvalnaTliv Cans udidesi

mowiweba da siyvaruli xanZTis da sazogadod klarje-

Tis udabnoebis mimarT. xanZTa rCeulia uZveles qar-

Tul sulier savaneTa Soris da misi maSenebeli wminda

grigoli uTuod erT-erTi upirvelesia im qarTvelTa-

gan, romelTac gansakuTrebuli damsaxureba miuZRviT

mamulis winaSe. am mxne da dauRlelma moRvawem ganu-

zomeli amagi dasdo qristianobas, erovnul cnobie-

rebas, qarTul saxelmwifoebriobas.

grigol xanZTeli 759 wels daibada. maSin qarTli

arabTa mZlavrobisgan erTob dakninebuli da iavar-

1adgilebi ,,cxorebidan” yvelgan miTiTebulia am gamocemis

mixedviT.

~ 9 ~

qmnili iyo. grigoli sruliad axalgazrda akurTxes

mRvdlad, Semdeg episkoposad xeldasxmasac upirebdnen,

magram igi gaeqca amqveyniur didebas, 782 wels faru-

lad miatova qarTli ramdenime TanamoazresTan erTad

da klarjeTSi gadavida samoRvaweod.

grigols klarjeTSi daxvda mxolod erTi qarTu-

li monasteri _ opiza, moRvaweobis dasasruls ki igi

gaxda arqimandriti klarjeTis udabnoebisa, romlebic

misi an misive mowafeebis mier iyo aSenebuli.

merCule Tormet savanes CamoTvlis. mdinare SavSe-

Tiswylis qveda welze, umetesad mis marjvena ferdob-

ze erTmaneTis mezoblad mdebare es monastrebi gark-

veul teritoriul erTianobas qmnida; amitom bunebri-

via klarjeTis am seqtoris ,,aTormet savaneTa” mxared

moxsenieba.

es savaneebia: opiza, xanZTa, Satberdi, miZnaZori,

wyarosTavi, bareTelTa, mere, daba, jmerki, berTa,

parexi, dolisyana.

pirveli monasteri, romelic grigolma da misma

Tanamoazreebma aaSenes, xanZTa iyo. ,,mas Jamsa iyo vinme

beri xanZTas martod-myofi, kaci marTali da wmidaÁ,

romelsa saxeli Ãuedios,” _ gvauwyebs giorgi merCule,

avtori ,,grigol xanZTelis cxovrebisa”. xuediosma

,,moaxilva yoveli sanaxebi xanZTisa da friad Seuy-

varda wmidasa grigols.” wmindanma xanZTa airCia samo-

nastro adgilad da daaxloebiT 784 wels, sulier

ZmebTan erTad, Seudga eklesiis mSeneblobas.

xanZTis pirveli eklesia xisa iyo. eklesiasTan

erTad grigolma aaSena ,,sayudeli Tvisi da TviTo se-

nakebi ZmaTa maTTaTvis mcireÁ da erTi senaki saos-

tigned didi.”

garkveuli xnis Semdeg, IX saukunis damdegs, adgi-

lobrivi aznauris, Ggabriel dafanCulis materialuri

daxmarebiT aSenda qvis eklesia. es qvis eklesia zomiT

~ 10 ~

didi ar unda yofiliyo, radgan mogvianebiT xanZTis

axali eklesiis aSeneba gaxda saWiro (xanZTis didi

eklesia aSenda X saukunis dasawyisSi, grigolis gar-

dacvalebis Semdeg, aSot kuxisa da gurgen kurapa-

latis SemowirulobebiT).

grigol xanZTeli 102 wlisa gardaicvala. wminda

beris saxelTan dakavSirebuli 12 savanidan aTis nage-bobani, maTi nangrevebi an toponimebi maincaa Semonaxu-li. dRemde sadavoa xanZTelisaTvis yvelaze maxlobe-li ori savanis – Satberdisa da xanZTis adgilmdeba-reobis sakiTxi.

klarjeTi,QWoroxis auzis qveda welze gaSlili

uZvelesi provincia, Sua saukuneebSi erTiani qarTuli

saxelmwifos aRorZinebis da ganviTarebis saTaved iq-

ca. am istoriul process gansakuTrebiT didi amagi

dasdes sasuliero moRvaweebma; swored im berebma,

romlebic grigol xanZTelis irgvliv Semoikribnen

VIII saukunis 80-iani wlebidan moyolebuli da, udidesi

Zalisxmevis wyalobiT, arabTa TareSisagan gaveranebu-

li klarjeTi qarTuli sulierebis da cnobierebis,

ganaTlebis da kulturis axal centrad _ saqarTve-

los sinad gadaaqcies.

magram grigol xanZTelis Taobis da Semdgomi moR-

vaweebis damsaxureba marto eklesia-monastrebis Sene-

biT rodi Semoifargleba. am mamuliSvilebma saZirkve-

li Cauyares saqarTvelos aRorZinebis process da es

saZirkveli imdenad myari aRmoCnda, rom oqros sauku-

neebis saqarTvelos sidiademde amaRlda. amitomac mar-

Tebs qarTvelobas grigol xanZTelis cxovrebis da

moRvaweobis, misi nakvalevis ganCxreka, im madlis da

ideis Zieba, rasac daefuZna saqarTvelos aRorZinebis

procesi, romelmac saukuneTa qartexilebs gauZlo.

~ 11 ~

klarjeTis ,,aTormet savaneTa” mxares, anu im teri-

torias, romelsac grigol xanZTelisa da misi Tana-

moazreebis Rvawli miswvda, Zveli qarTuli wyaroebi

saqarTvelos ,,sinaÁ-s” uwodebdnen, riTac xazs

usvamdnen mis gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas. bibliis

mixedviT, sinas mTa wminda adgilia: swored aq uboZa

RmerTma saRmrTo rjuli moses. am analogiiT klarje-

Tis es mxare saqarTvelos ,,sinaÁ”, qarTuli suliere-

bis, kulturisa da ganaTlebis keraa _ yvelasgan aRia-

rebuli umniSvnelovanesi centri.

xanZTelamdel epoqaSi saqarTvelos bedis borbali

did xans trialebda ukuRma. qveyana moqceuli iyo

mzardi, ganuzomeli madis mqone imperiebis garemocva-

Si, rakiRa damoukidebeli ganviTarebis SesaZlebloba

ar arsebobda, qarTuli diplomatiis da politikis

warmateba mxolod imaSi gamoixateboda, rom xan erTi

batonis da patronis kalTas Seefarebodnen, xan meo-

risas, imis mixedviT, Tu visTan urTierToba ufro

xelsayreli iyo konkretul situaciaSi. Ronegamocli-

li qveynisTvis balansis SenarCuneba bewvis xidze

siaruls hgavda. amitomac araerTxel SemoWrila mteri:

xan viTomda urCobis gamo dasasjelad, xanac Jinis

mosaklavad Tu saalafod.

saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi patronisa da mfarvelis

Ziebam sasurveli Sedegi ver moitana. qarTvelebs Za-

lian didi dro hqondaT dakvirvebisaTvis. ,,gamocdile-

bis dagrovebis” es xangrZlivi periodi metismetad

tragikuli iyo. ra Tqma unda, patara qveynisaTvis rea-

lobaze, anu imperiaTa ambiciebze angariSis gaweva

sasicocxlod aucilebelia, magram qarTuli sazoga-

doebis progresuli nawili, rogorc Cans, TandaTan

mivida daskvnamde, rom TviT yvelaze uimedo situacia-

Sic ki gadarCenis gza upirvelesad sakuTar wiaRSi un-

da eZebnaT. RvTis rwmenas, erovnul energias, saukuneo-

~ 12 ~

biT gamocdil tradicias da Rirebulebebs unda

dayrdnobodnen, xolo gabatonebis mosurne ucxoTa

interesebi SeZlebisdagvarad saTavisod gamoeyenebinaT.

xanZTelis epoqa, yovel SemTxvevaSi, dasawyisi misi

moRvaweobisa, erT-erTi urTulesi iyo saqarTvelos

istoriaSi; manamade, aswleulebis ganmavlobaSi, Cveni

qveyana, lixs iqiTac da aqeTac, sparseTsa da bizantias

Soris iweweboda. mere, ukve VII saukunidan, istoriis

asparezze arabebi gamoCdnen, da maTi mZlavrobis Sema-

kavebeli Zala ki saqarTveloSi ar arsebobda. miuxeda-

vad amisa, arabebma samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi

sabolood fexi ver moikides. samagierod mTeli aRmo-

savleTi saqarTvelo maT gamgeblobaSi moeqca da Tbi-

lisis amiras daemorCila. saqarTvelos saxelmwifoeb-

riobis Zveli sulieri, inteleqtualuri da kulturu-

li centri moiSala, qveyana gadagvarebis safrTxis

winaSe aRmoCnda.

swored am periodSi Cavida grigoli klarjeTSi

ramdenime Tanamoazris TanxlebiT da daiwyo samonast-

ro mSenebloba. es erTi SexedviT upretenzio wamowyeba

sinamdvileSi iyo didi samomavlo mizani, romelsac

ara erT dReSi Tu weliwadSi, aramed Zalian nela

unda gamoeRo nayofi da, rac mTavaria, es yvelaferi

ara gareSeTa, aramed sakuTari Tavis, sakuTari xalxis,

erovnuli energiis da fesvebis imediT xdeboda.

giorgi merCule _ avtori ,,grigol xanZTelis cxov-

rebisa” dawvrilebiT agviwers berebis garjas. agiog-

rafiuli Txzulebis Janruli buneba iseTia, aucileb-

lad unda ganadidos mowame Tu moRvawe gmiri. magram

grigoli uamisodac imsaxurebs didebas. amasTan, sa-

marTlianoba moiTxovs isic aRiniSnos, rom klarjeTSi

aRsrulebuli didi saqmeebi martooden grigolis da

misi Tanamoazre berebis damsaxureba rodia. didad

iRvawes mefe-mTavrebma da sxva saero pirebma: mtrebTa-

~ 13 ~

nac ibrZoles da qveyanac aSenes... magram qarTul

xmals maSin didi Zala aRar hqonda. sxva gza unda

monaxuliyo. rogorc Cans, garkveul wreSi TandaTan

daisaxa gegma gadarCenisa. gavixsenoT, rom grigol

xanZTeli arabTa Zalmomreobis winaaRmdeg daucxro-

meli mebrZolis, nerses colis Zmiswuli da Svilo-

bili iyo, Tavadac nerses karze aRizarda da erovnuli

idealebi imTaviTve nacnobi da maxlobeli iyo misTvis;

amdenad, grigol xanZTelis moRvaweoba zemoxsenebuli

didi gegmis umniSvnelovanesi nawili iyo.

SemTxveviTi ar iyo, rom ioane sabanisZem, romelic

xanZTelisave epoqaSi moRvaweobda da romelmac aRwera

qristianobisaTvis Tavdadebuli arabi Wabukis _ abos

wameba, mkacrad SemouZaxa qarTvelebs erovnuli energi-

is modunebis, winaparTa tradiciebisa da idealebis

ugulebelyofis gamo. epoqis problema is iyo, rom, ro-

gorc sabanisZe ambobs, ,,aRverieniT ersa ucxosa”, da-

viviwyeT ,,Cveulebisaebr mamulisa slvai”. rom qarTve-

lebi ,,SiSiTa ganilevian da iryevian viTarca lerwamni

qarTagan ZlierTa”. rwmenis Seryeva, erovnuli cnobie-

rebis Sesusteba mTlad gaarabebas Tu ara, gadagva-

rebas, momxdursa da mterze damsgavsebas, maTsaviT

fiqrs da maTi cxovrebis wesis danergvas gviqadda.

amitomac iyo, visac guli Sestkioda qveyanasa da

xalxze, saeronic da sasulieronic, erTi ideiT, erTi

miswrafebiT gaerTianebulni, Zalas da energias ar

iSurebdnen. marTalia, Tavdapirvelad es wre ar iyo

mravalricxovani, magram mebrZoli suli hqondaT da,

rac mTavaria, kargad icodnen, risTvis iRvwodnen.

saocaria, metadre qarTvelTaTvis saarako da sama-

galiTo, rom didi mizniT anTebuli yvela wre erTgu-

lad Sebmuliyo uRelSi. imedi maqvs, mkiTxveli roman-

tizmis moZalebad ar CamiTvlis amgvar msjelobas. su-

lac ar vfiqrob, rom brZolis da jafis am urTules

~ 14 ~

procesSi Cabmul moRvaweTa Soris yovelTvis Sexmatk-

bilebuli urTierToba sufevda _ did saqmes didi

winaaRmdegobebic sdevs xolme Tan. ukompromiso beris

moqmedebam erTxel ise gaamwara aSoti, rom mefem sik-

vdilic ki inatra: ,,netar mas kacsa, vin arRara

cocxal arso”, _ simwriT aRmoTqva. giorgi merCules

TxzulebaSi dapirispirebis kvali aSkarad Cans, magram

isic naTelia da cxadi, rom, roca saqme samSoblos,

saxelmwifos interesebs, beds da momavals exeba, eri

da beri erTad dgomas cdilobs. axerxebs imis

gansazRvras, risi daTmoba SeiZleba da risi _ ara, sad

kompromisia saWiro da sad principuli brZola. keTi-

lisken midrekili Zala imarjvebs xolme, radgan igi

yovelTvis simarTlis mxarezea. amitomac iZleva boro-

ti da naklebad ziandeba saqveyno saqme.

visac guli Sestkioda qveyanaze da xalxze-meTqi,

Torem orguli da moRalate, uniaTo da umaqnisi yvela

epoqaSi moiZebneba; albaT maSinac mravali iqneboda,

TviT ZlierTa ama qveynisaTa Sorisac, vinc Seecdeboda

xalxisTvis Tvalis axvevas, yalbi Rirebulebebis

WeSmarit faseulobad, garyvnilebis _ epoqis suliskve-

Tebad, marcxis _ gamarjvebad gasaRebas... aSot didis

STamomavlebic araerTxel darevian erTmaneTs, magram,

rogorc Cans, mainc progresuli Zlevda xolme nega-

tiurs da ganviTarebis metad winaaRmdegobrivi da

rTuli procesis safuZvelic eg iyo. progresuli ki

imitom mZlavrobda, rom, jer erTi, wrfeli da patio-

sani gulSematkivari qveynisa sanTliT saZebari ar iyo,

meorec, saxelmwifoebriobis sayrdeni idea sworad iyo

SerCeuli.

sasuliero da saero moRvaweebis erTianobas upir-

velesad saqveyno saqme moiTxovda; eklesias Tu monas-

ters marto religiuri daniSnuleba rodi hqonda. arc

mefe-mTavarTa saqmianoba iyo martooden Zalauflebi-

~ 15 ~

saken swrafva. bagrationebs bizantiuri titulebi jer

kidev hqondaT, magram imJamad ukve esec politikuri

sibrZnis niSani iyo _ mfarveli da mokavSire aucile-

beli iyo, amasTan, bizantielebTan kavSiri civilize-

bul samyarosTan urTierTobas niSnavda, magram, rac

mTavaria, qarTvelebi TavianT qveyanas ukve im ,,mfar-

velis” Tu ,,patronis” interesis da survilis mixedviT

ki ar aSenebdnen, aramed sakuTari nebis da gonebis

Sesabamisad. winaT saxelmwifoebriv institutebs da

dawesebulebebs qmnidnen an arsebuls zedamxedvelobd-

nen sxvebi _ xan moyvared, xanac mtrad mosuli bizan-

tielebi, sparselebi, arabebi... ucxo xeliT da gonebiT

gakeTebuli ucxosave samsaxurSi idga; sxvaTa daxma-

rebis imeddakargulma da aTasjer imedgacruebulma

qarTvelobam amjerad Tavad daiwyo erovnul-saxelmwi-

foebrivi institutebis Seqmna. da ara mxolod erov-

nul-saxelmwifoebrivi institutebisa: garjis da saku-

Tari Zalebis mimarT uryevi rwmenis aucilebloba

mravalgzisaa xazgasmuli ,,grigol xanZTelis cxovre-

baSi”. berebi, warmoudgenlad mwiri SesaZleblobebis

miuxedavad, muxlCauxrelad Sromoben da grandiozul

savaneebs ageben _ uflisTvis, samSoblosTvis... es ki-

dev erTi simboluri xazia TiTqos _ qveynis Senebas,

diplomatiasa da xmlis moqnevasTan erTad, qancis

gamcleli jafa sWirdeba aucileblad _ sakuTari

gonebis, Zalis, nebisyofis imedad yofna.

es yvelaferi iyo swored ,,saqarTvelos sinaჲs”moRvaweTa da mefe-mTavarTa ZalisxmeviT Seqmnili mya-

ri safuZveli, romelsac daeyrdno qarTuli saxelmwi-

fos idea... TandaTan gaerTiandnen samefo-samTavroebad

danawevrebuli qarTuli provinciebi, fexze dadgnen,

ganviTardnen. aSot didma da misma memkvidreebma gamoi-

Cines didi energia da unari TavianTi samflobelos

mowyobisa. am process sisxli da msxverplic bevri

~ 16 ~

sdevda, araerTxel gamrudebula ganviTarebis xazic,

magram ukve IX saukunis bolos tao-klarjeTis gamge-

beli adarnase II iwodeba tituliT ,,qarTvelTa mefe”.

bagrat mesamis dros bagrationTa uflebis qveS jer

gaerTianda afxazeTi, anu dasavleTi saqarTvelo,

qarTli da tao-klarjeTi, Semdeg am dinastiam Semoier-

Ta kaxeTi da hereTi. bolos ki, daviT aRmaSeneblis

dros, 1122 wels _ Tbilisic. mospo aq arabTa saamiro

da Tbilisi kvlav iqca sataxto qalaqad. aqedan iwyeba

oqros xana gaerTianebuli saqarTvelosi. Cveni qveyana

gadaiWima nikofsiiT darubandamde da ,,axal bizantiad”

ganemzada!

II. eri da beri merCules epoqaSi

grigol xanZTeli 861 wels gardaicvala. mis Tval-

win Caiara aRmavalma didebam aSot didisa da misi

Svilebis mSvidobianma Tanaarsebobam. isini erTad gana-

gebdnen saqveyno saqmeebs da ,,sufevda mefobaÁ samTa

ZmaTa ÃelmwifeTaÁ” (sumbat daviTis Ze 1995: 378), anu am

periodSi bagrationTa mmarTveloba feodaluri kole-

gialobis safuZvelze iyo damyarebuli (javaxiSvili

1982: 114). Semdgom TaobaTa warmomadgenlebs Soris am-

tydar SfoTs wminda beri ar moswrebia.

IX saukunis dasawyisSi aSoti jer kidev qarTlis

erismTavari iyo. arabTa batonobis winaaRmdeg meb-

rZols sakmarisi Zala ar aRmoaCnda da iZulebuli gax-

da, gascloda Tavis samflobelos. samxreT saqarTve-

loSi gadasulma safuZveli Cauyara axal saxelmwifos,

romlis farglebi TandaTan gafarTovda da sxva

qarTuli teritoriebic moicva.

~ 17 ~

am saxelmwifos xan ,,tao-klarjeTis samTavros”

uwodeben istorikosebi, xan _ ,,qarTvelTa sakurapala-

tos”, xanac _ ,,qarTvelTa samefos” (narkvevebi 1979:

446); ltolvili erismTavris axali samflobelo imJa-mad bizantiis gavlenis sferod iTvleboda da, Sesaba-misad, misi patroni _ bizantiis vasalad. es garemoeba

kidev ufro amwvavebda arabTa mtrobas.

aSoti SavSeT-klarjeTSi dafuZnda. man aRadgina

vaxtang gorgaslis mier V saukuneSi aSenebuli cixe-

qalaqi artanuji, romelic axali politikuri erTeu-

lis centrad iqca. es iyo erTi mxriv auRebeli cixe-

simagre, meore mxriv _ mTel momijnave regionebSi

saxelganTqmuli qalaqi, romelzec mniSvnelovani sa-vaWro gzebi gadioda.

VIII-IX saukuneTa mijnaze, aSotis aq damkvidrebam-

de, arabTa Semosevebisagan gapartaxebul samxreT

saqarTveloSi mosaxleoba erTob Semcirebul- ganad-

gurebuli an gaxiznuli iyo. amis Sesaxeb giorgi mer-

Culec miuTiTebs, roca xanZTis samonastro mSeneb-

lobas aRwers: ,,... arca msoflioni eris-kacni axlvides

axlad SenebisaTÂis maT qveyanaTaÁsa, rameTu klarjeTs

da taoTa Sina da SavSeTs da yovelTa maT maxlobel-

Ta qveyanaTa mciredni ipovebodes daSenebul tyeTa

Sina adgil-adgil.”

aSotma bevri iRvawa Zlieri, centralizebuli po-

litikuri erTeulis SeqmnisaTvis. Camoayaliba mtkice

administracia da brZolisunariani samxedro Zala, aSe-

na da ganamravla daba-soflebi, moizida mosaxleoba

da aRadgina sameurneo cxovreba. magram es erTi mxare

iyo misi moRvaweobisa.

berebis mier xanZTaSi dawyebuli saqme gansakuTre-

bul masStabs da saxelmwifoebriv mniSvnelobas swo-

red aSotis dros Rebulobs, rac Tavis mxriv, jer

tao-klarjeTis, Semdeg sruliad saqarTvelos sulieri

~ 18 ~

aRmavlobis safuZveli xdeba. xanZTis ,,Zelis” eklesii-

sa da senakebis aSenebidan (VIII saukunis 80-iani wlebi)

aSotis klarjeTSi dafuZnebamde (IX saukunis aTiani

wlebi) berebis samoRvaweo asparezi TiTqos ufro Sez-

Rudulia. male safuZveli eyreba saero da sasuliero

fenis mWidro urTierTobas, ufro mas Semdeg, rac

aSotma ,,Sewirna adgilni keTilni da Satberdisa adgi-

li agarakad xanZTisa. maSin samTa maT didebulTa ZeTa

kurapalatisaTa, adarnase da bagrat da guaram, Sewi-

res TiToeulad, raÁca sakmari monastersa missa uÃmda

yoveli uxuebiT.” cxadia, SemTxveviTi ar iyo mefis

ojaxTan es Sexvedra da igi saqarTvelos sulieri

istoriisTvis udidesi mniSvnelobisa aRmoCnda. ,,aw

Cuen-Tana ars Ãorcieli keTili, da ese SevazavneT

urTierTas,” _ ase Camoayalibebs ori fenis urTier-

Tobis arss Ggabriel dafanCuli, ,,aznauri didebuli”

_ da amgvari pozicia (vuwodoT mas saxelmwifoebrivi

pozicia), qarTuli saxelmwifos aRorZinebisa da gan-

viTarebis erT-erTi idelogiuri safuZveli, Semdgom

periodSi, ukve aSotis Svilebis epoqaSi, kidev ufro

viTardeba, samonastro mSeneblobaTa uprecedento mas-

StabiT gaSlis, Sesabamisad, eris sulieri, kulturu-

li, inteleqtualuri aRmavlobis safuZveli xdeba.

aSoti 826 wels daiRupa. igi moRalaturad mokles

SeTqmulebma. misi samflobelo ufliswulebs Soris

gadanawilda, xolo kurapalatoba ,,nacvlad aSot

kurapalatisa mamisa Tvisisa” da, Sesabamisad, uze-

naesoba ZmaTa Soris _ ,,flobaÁ xelmwifebisaÁ zegard-

mo” _ bagrats, SuaTana Zmas ergo. ,,yovelni, keTilni

da didebulni Ãelmwifeni _ adarnase uxucesi da gua-

ram mrwemi mSualsa mas Zmasa morCil eqmnes saRmrToÁ-

sa Zmobisa siyvaruliTa, rameTu erTzraxva, erTsul da

erTneba iyvnes igini”, _ sagangebod aRniSnavs giorgi

merCule. Zneli saTqmelia, bagratze upiratesobis

~ 19 ~

miniWeba Zmebis neba iyo Tu bizantiis saimperatoro

karis gadawyvetileba, magram erTi ram cxadia da

dasafasebeli _ aSotis memkvidreebi TanxmobiT mar-

Tavdnen saxelmwifos.

adarnase, ufrosi vaJi aSotisa, flobda SavSeT-

klarjeTs da misi samyofi qalaqi artanuji iyo. Sesa-

bamisad, adarnases STamomavlebi ,,klarj xelmwifee-

bad”, ,,artanujelebad” iwodebodnen.

bagrati, SuaTana Svili aSotisa, flobda taos. man

SeZlo, mniSvnelovnad gaefarToebina Tavisi samflo-

belo da angariSgasawev Zalad eqcia ara mxolod qar-

Tul politikur erTeulebs Soris. rogorc vTqviT,

swored bagrati iTvleboda qarTvelTa saxelmwifos

meTaurad, ,,iberTa kurapalatad”. Sesabamisad, gaizarda

taos mniSvnelobac da bagrationTa am StoSi damkvidr-

da ,,qarTvelTa mefis” titulic.

guarami, aSotis umcrosi vaJi, flobda bagration-

Ta samflobelos CrdiloeTis sanapiro Temebs: samcxes,

artaans, aSocs, javaxeTs, TrialeTs, taSirs. igi iwo-

deboda ara xelmwifed an mefed, aramed _ mamfalad es,

ufros ZmebTan SedarebiT, dabali rangis tituli iyo.

adarnase 867 Tu 869 wels aResrula, bagrati _ 876

wels, guarami _ 882 wels. maSasadame, xanZTelis moR-

vaweobis epoqa moicavs aSotisa da misi Svilebis

mmarTvelobis periods, roca axladCamoyalibebuli,

mtrebiT garemoculi politikuri erTeuli zogjer

yofna-aryofnis zRvarzec dgas, magram samefo saxlis

warmomadgenlebs Soris jer kidev mSvidoba sufevs.

xanZTelis gardacvalebidan misi Rvawlis Sesaxeb

Txzulebis Seqmnamde (951 w.) 90 weli gavida. merCules

hqonda saSualeba, Tvali gaedevnebina am rTuli perio-

disaTvis. cxadia, agiografis mizani ar iyo politi-

kuri realiebis asaxva, magram erTianobisaken miswrafe-

ba mkafiod gamovlinda am TxzulebaSi. miTumetes, rom

~ 20 ~

,,qarTvelTa samefos” bagrationTa mesame TaobaSi ze-

moxsenebuli harmonia dairRva.

am periodis, iv. javaxiSvilis sityvebiT rom

vTqvaT, bagrationTa sagvareulo matianis ,,sakuTari

saxelebisa, TanamdebobaTa da qoronikonebis Tavbru-

damxvev TaigulSi” (javaxiSvili 1983:113) _ garkveva dia-

xac Znelia, magram, faqtia, rom aSotis STamomavalTa

Soris dauZlevelma winaaRmdegobam iCina Tavi da IX

saukunis 70-80-ian wlebSi atyda kidevac dinastiuri

brZola.

pirveli didi konfliqti nasra gvaramis Zesa da

daviT I kurapalats (bagratis Ze) Soris moxda. am

brZolas DdaviTi Seewira, igi motyuebiT mokles 882

wels. Sedegad bagrationTa SavSeT-klarjeTis Sto

amxedrda nasras winaaRmdeg da daamarcxa igi. nasra

bizantiaSi gaiqca.

dinastiur brZolebs Seewira daviT I kurapalati

(bagratis Ze), nasra guaramis Ze, gurgen I (adarnases

Ze); brZolebSi ,,qarTvelTa samefos” wvrili Tu msxvi-

li feodalebis garda monawileobdnen gareSe Zalebic.

miuxedavad amisa, tao-klarjeTis aRmavali dideba

mniSvnelovnad ar Seferxebula. 888 wels gamarjvebuli

adarnase (bagrat I-is Ze) ,,qarTvelTa mefed” ekurTxa,

arsebiTad Tavi daaRwia bizantiis vasalobas da Sina-

ur Tu gareSe mtrebTan Tavdauzogavi brZoliT Tavis

samflobeloTa sazRvrebis gafarToebac SeZlo.

swored am adarnases STamomavlebi arian giorgi

merCules mier Tavis TanamedroveTa Soris moxsenebu-

li aSot kurapalati, bagrat magistrosi, sumbat eris-

TavT-erisTavi (Svilebi) da adarnase magistrosi (Svi-

liSvili); kerZod, ,,grigol xanZTelis cxovrebis” av-

tori wers rom Txzuleba daiwera:

,,qarTvelTa zeda mTavrobasa aSot kurapalatisasa,

Zisa adarnase qarTvelTa mefisasa...

~ 21 ~

erisTavTa erisTavobasa sumbatisasa, Zisa adarnase

mefisasa,

magistrosobasa adarnaseÁsa, Zisa bagrat magistro-

sisa.”

qronologiuri sivrce grigol xanZTelis klar-

jeTSi gadasvlidan misi moRvaweobis amsaxveli Txzu-

lebis daweramde savsea rogorc qarTvelTaTvis sasaxe-

lo, ise gulsaklavi epizodebiT, merCule ufro gvian-

deli, gansxvavebuli epoqis Svilia. xanZTelis dros

Casaxulma idealebma saukunis Semdgom ufro mwyobri

saxe miiRo, drois gamocdasac gauZlo da xelSesaxe-

bic gaxda. merCules sityvebze _,,qarTlad friadi

queyanaÁ aRiracxebis, romelsaca Sina qarTuliTa eniTa

Jami Seiwirvis da locvaÁ yoveli aResrulebis” _

msjeloba mravali kuTxiT SeiZleba, magram aq erTia-

nobisaken miswrafeba aSkarad Cans. niSandoblivia, rom

roca merCule Tavis Txzulebas wers, aSotis STamomav-

lebi ukve daqsaqsul-areulni arian da amis gamoZaxi-

licaa albaT, rom mwerali xazgasmiT saubrobs erTia-

nobis Sesaxeb.

roca mwerali aRwers, rogor mouwodeben grigoli

Tu febronia mefeebs (aSots, adarnases) maRali zneo-

bisken da rogor erevian maTs pirad cxovrebaSic ki,

roca mwerali progresul ZalTa miswrafebas Ggabriel

dafanCulis zemoxsenebuli sityvebiT gamoxatavs (,,aw

Cuen Tana ars Ãorcieli keTili, da Tquen Tana ars

sulieri keTili, da ese SevazavneT urTierTas.”), _

didi da Zlieri qarTuli saxelmwifos Seqmnis da ar-

sebobis safuZvelTa safuZvelze fiqrobs uTuod, sa-

fuZvelze, romelic saqarTvelos istoriis lamis yve-

la epoqis da yvela Taobis maradiuli ocnebaa: didma

Tu mcirem, visac qveynis bedi moekiTxeba, qiSpi da

mtroba daiviwyos da saqveyno saqmes emsaxuros, amasTan

qveynis SenebisTvis marto Zala da energia ar kmara _

~ 22 ~

sulis siwminde, zneobrivi srulfasovnebaa aucilebe-li...

rac Seexeba VIII-IX saukuneebis zogadqarTul su-

raTs, anu sxva ,,saqarTveloebs”, epoqis progresuli ni-

Sani is aris, rom regionSi arsebuli mravali ase Tu

ise damoukidebeli ,,nawilis” gaerTianebis safuZvelze

yalibdeba ramdenime ,,mTeli”. esenia tao-klarjeTis,

kaxeTisa da hereTis saxelmwifoebi, romlebic IX

saukunis damdegs arsebiTad Tavisufali arian arabTa

batonobisagan; Tbilisis saamiro, romelsac arabebi

floben; agreTve afxazTa samefo, anu dasavleTqarTu-

li saxelmwifo, romelic imxanad ukve bizantiisgan

damoukidebelia. am ,,mTelTa” erT did politikur er-

Teulad gaerTianebis procesSi warmmarTveli Zala

swored tao-klarjeTi, anu qarTvelTa samefo aRmoCnda

im inerciiT da energiiT, romelsac erTi mxriv wminda

berebis, meore mxriv ki aSot didis moRvaweobam daudo

safuZveli.

xanZTelis dros klarjeTi da SavSeTi eklesiura-

dac erTi samwyso iyo da anCis eparqias Seadgenda.

amdenad, grigolis TanamoRvawe berebis, erTi mxriv,

klarjeTsa da meore mxriv, SavSeTSi erTsulovan moR-

vaweobas im dros ar aferxebda mciredic ki raime

formaluri Tu iuridiuli dabrkoleba. aSotis STamo-

mavalTa Soris samflobeloTa gadanawilebis zemoxse-

nebul process unda mohyoloda SavSeT-klarjeTisa da

taoSi axali eparqiebis daarsebac. ukve bagrat aSot

didis Zis dros, daaxloebiT IX saukunis 30-40-ian

wlebSi, arsdeba (ufro zustad, ganaxldeba) iSxnis ka-

Tedra (kaTedras aRadgens saba, SemdgomSi iSxnis pir-

veli episkoposi), romelic maleve iqceva taos bagra-

tionTa erT-erT mTavar dasayrdenad.

~ 23 ~

ufro gvian, roca zemoxsenebuli ,,feodaluri

kolegialuroba” mmarTvelobisa gafermkrTalda, erTi

mxriv taoSi, kerZod banaSi, adarnase qarTvelTa mefis

(bagrat I-is SviliSvilis, daviT I-is Zis) mecadineobiT

arsdeba axali saepiskoposo. daaxloebiTYamave period-

Si (IX-X saukuneTa mijnaze) artanujel-klarji mflo-

belebi SavSeTSi aarseben tbeTis axal saepiskoposo

kaTedras.

amdenad, mosazrebas, rom axali eparqiebis daar-

seba tao-klarjeTSi aSotis STamomavalTa gankerZoe-

bisken miswrafebis Sedegia, TiTqos safuZveli gaaCnia,

magram, amave dros, unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom ekle-

siis erTianoba Seuryevelia da agreTve, Tu warmovid-

genT religiur-kulturuli aRorZinebis masStabs (ro-

ca grigoli am mxareSi Cavida mxolod erTi, opizis

monasteri arsebobda, saukunis ganmavlobaSi uamravi

didi Tu mcire savane aSenda da suraTic radikalurad

Seicvala), naTeli gaxdeba, rom saeklesio saqmianobis

organizaciuli srulyofisaTvis aucilebeli unda

gamxdariyo axali eparqiebis gaCena.

rogor gaimijna gayofis Semdeg anCisa da tbeTis

eparqiis sazRvrebi, dazustebiT amis Tqma Znelia. Tor-

metive savane rom anCelis samwysoa, es sakamaTo ar un-

da iyos da amaze qvemoT SevCerdebiT, magram isic

cxadia, rom xanZTelis moRvaweobis Semdgom periodSi

aq bevri ram Seicvala.

SavSeT-klarjeTis es mxare aSot didis Zis _

adarnases STamomavalTa samkvidrebelia, ufro mas

Semdeg, rac nasra guaramis Zisa da daviT I bagratis

Zis dapirispirebisas jer es ukanaskneli moikla Rala-

tiT, mere nasraze iZia Suri adarnase daviTis Zem. amis

Semdeg guaramis Sto Sewyda da nasras samflobeloebi

ganawilda. zemoxsenebuli gurgeni ,,warvida taoT, kal-

maxiT, mamuliT TvisiT, cxovrebad SavSeTs da artans”

~ 24 ~

(sumbat daviTis Ze 1955: 379). SesaZloa, taodan wamosv-

lac miwaTmflobelobis sakiTxebTan iyo dakavSirebu-

li (narkvevebi 1979: 455).

daviT I-is mkvlelobis Semdeg gurgeni kurapala-

tis wodebasac flobda (881-891 w.), magram male isic

Sida dapirispirebas Seewira. swored am gurgenis Svi-

lia aSot kuxi, romelic mTavrobda SavSeTSi 896-918

wlebSi da romelmac ,,aRaSena tbeTi SavSeTs da ganas-

rula igi yovliTa gangebiTa, da dasua pirvelad epis-

koposad sanatreli stefane”.

niSandoblivia, rom gurgen kurapalati xanZTaSia

dakrZaluli. giorgi merCule gvauwyebs, rom ,,gardac-

valebisa Jamsa anderZ eyo gurgen kurapalatsa, viTar-

med naTlias mamisa Cemisa ZualTa maxloblad damde-

viT, ferჴTa Tana misTa, da sxuaTa maT mamaTa Zualni

Cem zeda dausueneniT, _ romel yvesca egreT”.

SavSeTis mkvidri bagrationebis miswrafeba da

mowiweba xanZTis mimarT arc amis Semdeg ganelebula.

swored aSot kuxma, romelic, merCules TqmiT, iyo

,,RvTismsaxuri igi xelmwifeÁ, wmidaTa eklesiaTa maSe-

nebeli da monagebTa Semwirveli, da glaxakTa moRua-

weÁ”, daiwyo Seneba xanZTis axali eklesiisa da

,,uricxÂ Sesawiravi gardahmata mas”.

aSot kuxma ver moaswro xanZTis axali eklesiis

dasruleba. igi 918 wels gardaicvala da sainteresoa,

rom ara tbeTSi, aramed xanZTas dakrZales. aSoti uZe-

od gadaego da erismTavroba mis Zmiswuls, gurgens

ergo. ,,xolo gurgen, Zmiswuli aSotisi, didi igi

xelmwifeÁ friadTa naTesavTaÁ, RmerTisa mier dajda

erisTavTa-erisTavad, da man ganasrula eklesiaÁ igi

axali xanZTisaÁ”, _ wers merCule. SevniSnavT mxolod,

rom imave periodSi artanujs floben da sakuTriv

klarjeTSi Zalaufleba upyriaT adarnases Zis sumbat

mamfalis (artanujelis) STamomavlebs.

~ 25 ~

rogorc vxedavT, tbeTis eparqiis arseboba sulac

ar aris xelisSemSleli faqtori SavSeTis erisTave-

bisTvis, klarjeTis savaneTaTvisac rom iRvawon. an ki-

dev, am periodSi (IXs. II nax.) mainc, tbeTis eparqiis

sazRvrebi mkveTrad gamijnuli ar aris da mTeli es

regioni erTian samoqmedo sivrced rCeba.

am TvalsazrisiT niSandoblivia, rom opizis meo-

red maSenebeli guaram mamfalia da igi opizaSivea

dakrZaluli. aqve unda vaxsenoT brZaneba da sigeli

bagrat meoTxisa (1027-1072), romelic sayuradRebo cno-

bas gvawvdis klarjeTis udabnoTa Sesaxeb. bagrat

meoTxesTan quTaiss mividnen ,,mamani miZnajoroelni” da

,,mamani opizarni”. maT Soris saadgilmamulo dava iyo.

pirvelebma ,,moixunes sigelni” gurgen erisTavT-eris-

Tavis, gurgen mefeTa-mefis bagrat kurapalatisa (975-

1014) da giorgi mefisa (1014-1027), romelTa igi tyeni da

zRvarni miZnajoroisaTuis daemtkicnes”. opizelebma

waradgines ,,dawerili guaram mamfalisaÁ”. mefem ,,karsa

darbazisa” Sekriba ,,mRvdelT-moZRuarni, erisTavT-

erisTavni, erisTavni da yovelTa ჴevTa zemoTa da que-

moTa aznaurni, mecnierni sabWoTa saqmeTani” da ganixi-

la saqme. miZnaZorelebma moiges sadavo mamuli, magram

mefes ar surda opizelTa gawbileba da gulis mosa-

gebad uboZa ,,samamasaxlisoisa samsaxureblisa misisa”

sof. barevani (menabde 1962: 390).

gavixsenoT kidev erTxel, rom aSotis memkvid-

reebma, wminda grigolis winadadebiT, moixiles da moi-

loces ,,klarjeTisa udabnoni”. niSandoblivia, rom

,,xelmwifeTa maT” mravali Sesawiravi gaiRes da amas-

Tan, ,,maT udabnoTa zRvarnica ganveuTÂsnes” da, rac

mTavaria, ,,wmidaTa mamaTa”, grigol xanZTeli daadgines

,,arqimandritad yovelTa klarjeTisa udabnoTa zeda”.

es yvelaferi unda momxdariyo 826-840 wlebs Soris.

gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom aTormet udabnoTa mxa-

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res gansakuTrebuli adgili eWira sasuliero ierar-

qiaSi da Sesabamisi statusic hqonda. es iyo erTgvari

organizaciuli erToba gansakuTrebuli uflebebiT da

am uflebebis Sesaxeb merCulec miuTiTebs. ,,cxorebis”

mixedviT, ,,vinaÁTgan aRaSennes klarjeTisa didebulni

udabnoni, mRvdelni da diakonni maTni anCelTa episko-

posTagan ikurTxevian”; meore mxriv, anCeli episkoposis

kurTxevisaTvis kaTalikoss monasterTa werilobiTi

dasturi sWirdeboda: ,,odes episkoposTa akurTxevdian,

ukueTu sworad yovelTa maT udabnoTa wamebaÁ ara aqun

da wigni yovelTaÁ WeSmariti sawamebeli, kaTalikozman

saepiskoposoÁsa mis ÃelTa-dasxmaÁ episkoposad ara

inebios, arca saTno arn samrevloTa sabWoTaTa.”

dasasrul, unda mivmarToT mesxeTis saepiskoposo-

Ta aRwerilobas, XV_XVI saukuneebis dokuments, rome-

lic XIX saukunis bolos gamoaqveynes jer dimitri

baqraZem, mere Tedo Jordaniam. aq anCis da tbeTis epar-

qiebis Sesaxeb naTqvamia:,,anCelis samwyso: samwyals aqeTi sancxas (p. ingo-

royvas mixedviT ,,xanZTas” (ingoroyva 1954: 311; Sdr.agreTve: Zeglebi 1970: 245, 1155) da opizas Sua daxatu-

la, imis qvemoTi nigalis xevi, gaRma da gamoRmarTi

gonias samzRuramdin.

mtbevaris samwyso: daxatulas zedaTi anakerTis

aqeTi sula SavSeTi miWixianT batonis kaTalikosis, im

qveynis iasaulic is yofila, aWara dandalos zeiTi

mas hqonia, dandalos qvemoTi aWara quTaTelis samwyso

yofila” (baqraZe 1987: 77).

rogorc vxedavT, erT-erT orientirad aq moxsenie-bulia ,,daxatula”. am toponims axsenebs niko mari

(mari 2012: 330), Tumca Tavad, roca 1904 wels imogzaura

klarjeTSi, ,,daxatulad” saxeldebul adgilas ar mi-

sula.

~ 27 ~

ramdenad Seesabameba XV-XVI saukuneebis es aRwe-riloba IX-X saukunis realobas, Zneli saTqmelia. bun-dovania isic, Tu ras unda niSnavdes ,,daxatulas ze-daTi”. 2010 wlis eqspediciis dros davadastureT amtoponimis arseboba Tanamedrove klarjeTSic, 2011wels ki movinaxuleT kidec es adgili (m. CoxaraZe, m.faRava, z. SaSikaZe, n. tuRuSi). daxatula opiza-forTisgadasaxvevidan 3,5 kilometrzea. forTisken mimavalisaavtomobilo gzis piras dayudebul kldeze gamosaxu-lebaa, adgilis saxelwodebac am gamosaxulebas undaukavSirdebodes. SesaZloa, gamosaxuleba gacilebiTufro adrindeli iyos, magram faqtia, rom XV-XVI sau-kuneebis dokumentSi toponimi ,,daxatula” naxsenebia.

amdenad, ,,daxatula” saintereso aRmoCnda ara mxo-lod rogorc orientiri anCisa da tbeTis eparqiebissazRvarTa gamijvnisaTvis, aramed aseve, rogorc iduma-lebiT moculi dRemde SemorCenili Zegli saqarTve-los istoriisa.

gamosaxulebasTan miRweva erTob Zneli da saxi-faToa (kldeze acocebac SeiZleba, magram umjobesiaukana mxridan bilikebiT movla), yovel SemTxvevaSi,eqspediciis ramdenime wevrma forTel gamyolTan _ Se-misTan ilmazTan erTad, SeZlo es. mkafiod iq araferiCans da am gamosaxulebaSi adgilobrivTa msgavsad romwarmoidgino qalis da gvelis, an qalis da bavSvebis,an Tagvis da a.S. konturebi, didi Zala unda daatanofantazias.

SeiZleba davuSvaT, rom daxatula xanZTasa daopizas Sorisaa, magram, albaT, ara _ SuaSi. roca vam-bobT, rom Zneli gasarkvevia, ras niSnavs ,,daxatulaszedaTi”, vgulisxmobT imas, rom nigalis xevi daxa-tuladan dasavleTiTaa. maSasadame, Tu ,,imas (daxa-tulas) qvemoTi” dasavleTs niSnavs, ,,daxatulas zeda-Ti” aRmosavleT mimarTulebas unda miuTiTebdes. mag-ram am SemTxvevaSi tbeTis eparqiaSi eqceva wyarosTavi,

~ 28 ~

miZnaZori, mere da, SesaZloa, xanZTac. Tu ,,daxatulaszedaTi” niSnavs daxatulas CrdiloeT mxares, xolo,,aTormet udabnoTa” (anu anCis eparqiis am seqtoris)sazRvari gadioda karCxalis saTavesTan, CixisxevismiRma Tu sazgirels gadaRma (es yvelaferi daaxloe-biT erTi sivrcea), am SemTxvevaSic dabejiTebiT raimesmtkiceba Znelia, radgan gaurkveveli rCeba samxreTisazRvari: fraza ,,anakerTis aqeTi” isev ,,aTormet sava-

neTa” sivrcisken ubiZgebs mijnas. isRa dagvrCenia, gavi-meoroT, rom XV-XVI saukuneebis realoba, da Sesaba-misad, eparqiaTa sazRvrebi, SesaZlebelia, gansxvavde-boda IX-X saukuneebis suraTisagan.

asea Tu ise, grigol xanZTelis moRvaweobis drosmTeli klarjeTi, ,,aTormet udabnoTa” mxaris CaTvliTda masTan erTad, mTeli SavSeTiT, anCis eparqias Sead-genda. berebis Rvawli Tanabrad swvdeboda klarjeT-

sac da SavSeTsac. yovel SemTxvevaSi, udabnoTa momij-nave regions. aSot kuxis dros (895-918) daarsda tbeTiseparqia, romlis sazRvrebi uSualod ebjineboda, mag-ram ar moicavda ,,aTormet udabnoTa” mxares. SavSeli

~ 29 ~

erismTavrebis Zalaufleba Tu ara, gavlena mainc, amave

periodSi zemoxsenebul seqtorzec vrceldeboda. yo-vel SemTxvevaSi, isini sakmaod aqtiurad moRvaweobdnenam mxareSi da eweodnen aRmSeneblobiT saqmianobas.aqvea maTi saZvale.

III. klarjeTis savaneTa bediswera da Seswavlismokle istoria

rogorc dRis sinaTles Ramis sibnele mohyvebaxolme, ase saqarTvelos istoriis aRmaval periods daSemdgom amisa oqros xanas mohyva qarTuli saxelmwi-foebriobis moSla, daRmasvla, daknineba da iavarqmnaqarTuli sulierebisa, kulturisa, ganaTlebisa. jermonRolebis, mere osmal-sparsebis Zaladobam gaanadgu-ra, ukacurhyo ara mxolod klarjeTis savaneebi. im-denad gaiWima bneli saukuneebi, rom daviwyebas miecawinaparTa bevri didi saqme da Rvawli.

giorgi merCules ,,grigol xanZTelis cxovrebis”xelnaweris aRmoCenamde VIII-IX saukuneebis klarjeTisqarTul savaneTa Sesaxeb bevri ram ucnobi iyo qarTu-li sazogadoebisTvis. TviT vaxuSti batoniSvili, ro-melic samcxe-saaTabagos ,,saCinoTa adgilebTa” aRweri-sas axsenebs opizas, aTormet monasters da miuTiTebsmaTi mniSvnelobisa da grandiozulobis Sesaxeb, XVIIIsaukuneSi mxolod imas aRniSnavs, rom winaT aq ,,idgnenmonazonni moweseni mravalni da iyo friad Semkuli damdidari yovliTa saeklesios wesiTa da mamuliTaSewirulobiTa, da awca ars did-Senebulebani arameduqm calier ars” (vaxuSti 1973: 678).

mxolod XIX saukuneSi, 1845 wels, nikoloz Cubina-Svilma, romelmac imogzaura palestinaSi da aRwerajvris monastris siZveleebi, miakvlia ,,grigol xanZTe-

~ 30 ~

lis cxovrebis” XII saukuniT daTariRebul xelnawersda Seadgina misi mokle aRweriloba.

1889 wels aleqsandre quTaTelaZem pirvelad gamo-aqveyna nawyveti giorgi merCules Zeglidan: gazeT,,iveriis” 70-e, 72-e da 73-e nomrebSi dabeWda saistorioda sabibliografio werili ,,jvris monasteri da misiaRweriloba 1845 wlamde”, romelsac daurTo vrceliamonaweri ,,grigol xanZTelis cxovrebidan.”

merCules Txzulebis sruli teqsti moipova nikomarma 1902 wels. xelnaweri aRwera da mecnieruladgamosca 1911 wels.

qarTveli sazogadoeba imTaviTve dainteresda agio-grafiul TxzulebaSi moxseniebuli eklesia-monastre-biT. tao-klarjeTis didi nawili, saqarTvelos sxvaregionebTan erTad, maSin ruseTis imperiaSi Sedioda,magram am imperiis Sovinisturi bunebidan gamomdinareCvens mecnierebs Tu enTuziastebs saqarTvelos siZve-leTa kvlevisas uamravi dabrkoleba eRobeboda win.miuxedavad amisa, rogorc iTqva, aTi savanis adgilmde-bareoba, ase Tu ise, dadginda. dRemde sadavoa Satber-disa da xanZTis sakiTxi.

qarTul eklesiaSi grigol xanZTelis xsenebisdRed dawesebuli iyo 5 oqtomberi. sasuliero wre gri-gol xanZTels ki ixseniebda, magram, rogorc ukvevTqviT, merCules Txzulebis aRmoCenamde mas naklebadicnobda.

mwiria cnobebi xanZTeli moRvaweebis Sesaxebac. faq-tia, rom xanZTa iyo Zlieri sasuliero da kulturul-literaturuli kera. aqaur moRvaweTagan SeiZleba da-vasaxeloT arsen safareli, romlis kalams ekuTvnissayuradRebo istoriul-literaturuli xasiaTis Txzu-lebani; efrem mawyvereli, romelmac udidesi roliSeasrula qarTuli eklesiis erTianobisa da TviTmyo-fadobis ganmtkicebis saqmeSi.

~ 31 ~

xanZTis literaturul skolasTanaa dakavSirebulicnobili sabawmindeli moRvawe makari leTeli, romel-sac monawileoba miuRia pirveli qarTuli TariRianixelnaweris (864 w.) _ sinuri mravalTavis, gadanusxvaSi.makari grigol xanZTelis mowafe iyo da SoreulsabawmindaSi moRvaweobis drosac ar Seuwyvetia kavSi-ri Tavis ganswavlul moZRvarTan.

meaTe saukuneSi xanZTaSi moRvaweobda gamoCeniliqarTveli mwerali giorgi merCule, romelsac ekuTvnisqarTuli kulturis istoriisaTvis udidesi mniSvne-lobis Zegli: ,,SromaÁ da moRuawebaÁ RirsadcxorebisaÁwmidisa da netarisa mamisa Cuenisa grigolisi arqi-mandritisaÁ, xanZTisa da Satberdisa aRmaSeneblisaÁ damis Tana xsenebaÁ mravalTa mamaTa netarTaÁ”. aRniSnu-li Txzuleba avtors dauweria xanZTaSi. muSaobisprocesSi exmarebodnen winamZRvari Tevdore xanZTelida misi Zma ioane, Tumca, raSi gamoixateboda es daxma-reba, Zneli saTqmelia.

cnobilia XI-XIII saukuneTa ramdenime xanZTeli moR-

vawec – mose xucesi, stefane diakoni... (menabde 1962:405-406).

Tu gaviTvaliswinebT xanZTis savanis mniSvnelobasda mis gavlenas imJamindeli saqarTvelos saeklesiocxovrebaze, unda vivaraudoT, rom sxva cnobebi xanZ-Teli moRvaweebis Tu sakuTriv monasterSi gaCaRebulikulturul-literaturuli saqmianobis Sesaxeb uime-dod da ukvalodaa dakarguli.

klarjeTis savaneebis Tu sazogadod samxreT-dasav-leT saqarTvelos kvlevis SesaZlebloba mxolod XIXsaukuneSi gaCnda. 1828-1829 wlebis ruseT-TurqeTis omisSemdeg, adrianopolis zaviT, ruseTma miiRo axalcixisda axalqalaqis mazrebi (samcxe-javaxeTi, focxovi dapalakacio), xolo 1878-1879 wlebis omis Semdeg, berli-nis traqtatis ZaliT _ baTumis da yarsis olqebi

~ 32 ~

(aWara, SavSeTi, klarjeTi, kola, artaani, taos nawi-li); taos danarCeni nawili mxolod XX saukuneSimoeqca saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis Semad-genlobaSi da isic _ mcire xniT.

sanam qarTvelebi mecnierebisa da kvleva-ZiebisTvismoiclidnen, kidev bevr wyals unda Caevlo: ruseTisimperiis SemadgenlobaSi moqceuli saqarTvelo XIXsaukunis dasawyisSi, erTi mxriv, Zvel Wrilobebs iSu-Sebda, meore mxriv, axal, erovnuli cnobierebisTvisaranaklebad rTul, realobasTan Seguebas cdilobda.es ,,Seguebis” procesi ki imdenad mZime iyo, rom qarT-vel sazogadoebas samecniero kvlevis ki ara, muslimanqarTvelebTan, rogorc TanamoZmeebTan, urTierTobisniaTic aRar hqonda. mxolod samocianelTa samoRvaweoasparezze gamosvlis Semdeg gaxda SesaZlebeli samus-limano saqarTvelos mimarT arsebiTi yuradRebis gamo-Cena. ilia WavWavaZem, sergei mesxma, giorgi wereTelmada sxva moRvaweebma imTaviTve sworad moniSnes sxva-dasxva aRmsareblobis qarTvelTa urTierTobis gezida saTave daudes erovnuli konsolidaciis process.

niSandoblivia, rom ruseTTan SeerTebis Semdegerovnuli da qristianuli elementi samuslimano sa-qarTvelos bevr regionSi ki ar gaZlierda, aramed Se-sustda da bevrgan gaqra kidec. cxadia, es erTi mxrivrusuli politikis, meore mxriv, Tavadac koloniurireJimis marwuxebSi moqceuli saqristiano saqarTveloserovnuli Zalebis sisustis Sedegi iyo.

ruseTis imperia axali miwebis SemomtkicebisaTvisibrZoda da am teritoriebis istoriuli warsuli Tugeografia, adgilobrivTa cxovrebis av-kargi imdenadawuxebda, ramdenadac misi politikuri miznebisTvisiqneboda saintereso da sasargeblo. am damokidebulebisSedegi iyo swored muhajiroba _ samuslimano saqarT-velos mouSuSebeli iara. aseve adgilobrivTa Turqebadgamocxadeba, sxvadasxva juris xalxTa Camosaxleba da

~ 33 ~

regionis eTnografiuli aWreleba da sxva mravaliwvrili Tu msxvili boroteba (CoxaraZe 2009: 105).

aqve minda davazusto: roca zogadad samuslimanosaqarTvelos mimarT arsebuli interesis da regionisSeswavlis Sesaxeb vsaubrob, mxedvelobaSi maqvs aramxolod materialuri kulturis Zeglebi _ eklesia-monastrebi Tu cixe-simagreebi, aramed, masTan erTad _aqaurTa yofa da cxovreba, erovnuli da religiuriidentoba, sakuTari warsulis, awmyosa da momavlisadmidamokidebuleba da a. S. gasagebia, rom zemoxsenebulpirobebSi regionis kvleva da miTumetes, aq raime qar-Tul-erovnuli politikis gatareba ganuxorcielebeliocneba iyo; Tumca, pirveli nabijebi mainc XIX sauku-nis II naxevarSi gadaidga. am periodidan ukve CndebaarcTu masStaburi cnobebi ucxoel da qarTvel mog-zaurTa Tu mecnierTa CanawerebSi. mxedvelobaSi maqvsupirvelesad karl koxis, dimitri baqraZis, giorgiyazbegis, praskovia uvarovas, aleqsandre pavlinovisda sxvaTa naSromebi. samarTlianoba moiTxovs, aqvevaxsenoT dauRleli zaqaria WiWinaZis naRvawi da asevemaSindel qarTul presaSi mimobneuli masalebi.

XX saukunis dasawyisidan kvlevis areali Sedare-biT gafarTovda. niko maris ,,SavSeTsa da klarjeTSimogzaurobis dRiuri” axali etapia samxreT-dasavleTsaqarTvelos kvlevis saqmeSi. amave periodSi 1902, 1907da 1917 wlebis arqeologiuri mogzaurobebiT eqvTimeTayaiSvilma myari mecnieruli safuZveli Seuqmna tao-klarjeTis Zeglebis Seswavlis saqmes.

amdenad, ukve XX saukunis dasawyisidan regioniskvleva garkveul mimarTulebad yalibdeba da nela,magram bejiTad miiwevs win. samwuxarod, am keTil saq-mes gagrZeleba aRar ewera. leninur-bolSevikurma sab-WoTa qveyanam daunaneblad gaasxvisa qarTuli miwa-wyali da qarTvel mecnierTaTvisac didi xniT daiketakari. Tumca, kvleva ar SeCerebula: v. beriZis, p. zaqa-

~ 34 ~

raias, S. amiranaSvilis, l. menabdisa da sxvaTa naS-romebSi samxreT saqarTvelos istoriis mravali as-peqti aisaxa. sagangebod unda aRiniSnos pavle ingo-royvas ,,giorgi merCule”, romelmac XX saukunis 50-iani wlebidan qarTveli sazogadoebis yuradReba kideverTxel mimarTa Woroxis auzisaken.

qarTvel mecnierTa SesaZleblobani am epoqaSicSezRuduli iyo, maT ar hqondaT Zeglebis Tu xalxisadgilze naxvis saSualeba. metic, didi xnis ganmavlo-baSi am midamoebSi Sesvla ucxoelTaTvisac Wirda. mxo-lod XX saukunis 60-iani wlebidan gaxda regioni ev-ropel Tu amerikel mecnierTaTvis misawvdomi. nikolda Jan miSel tierebis, devid uinfildis, robert ed-vardsis, bruno baumgartneris da sxvaTa naSromebmagarkveulwilad Seavso sicariele, romelic arsebobdaqarTuli kulturis gamomzeureba-Seswavlis saqmeSi. aqsagangebod da xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos vaxtang joba-Zis damsaxureba. amerikaSi moRvawe qarTvelma mecnierma1965 wlidan moyolebuli urTules pirobebSi guldas-miT Seiswavla samxreT saqarTvelos Zeglebi da gamos-ca vrceli monografia ,,adreuli Sua saukuneebis mo-nastrebi istoriul taoSi, klarjeTsa da SavSeTSi”.

regionis SeswavliT dainteresebulia Turquli is-toriografiac. arc isaa gasakviri, rom Turqi mecnie-rebis naSromebi xSirad tendenciuria; gansakuTrebiTsamwuxaro isaa, rom dRemde Zeglebs arqeologebisnacvlad ufro ganZis maZieblebi Txrian da saboloodanadgureben isedac savalalo mdgomareobaSi myofnagebobebs. rac Seexeba profesional arqeologebs, Tuar CavTvliT m. qadiroRlus kvlevebs, ukanaskneliwlebis ganmavlobaSi mxolod SavSeTSi, saTlelis ci-xeze, vnaxeT Turq istorikosTa arqeologiuri eqspedi-cia, romelmac 2009 wlidan daiwyo am cnobili cixissakmaod masStaburi da kompleqsuri Seswavla.

~ 35 ~

qarTvel mecnierebs mxolod sabWoTa kavSiris daS-lisa da sazRvrebis gaxsnis Semdeg miecaT SesaZleb-loba, adgilze SeeswavlaT istoriuli saqarTvelosprovinciebi. samwuxarod, maTi saqmianobis sivrce danebadarTuli qmedebebi, gasagebi mizezebis gamo, dRe-sac SezRudulia. miuxedavad amisa, Woroxis auzSi amaTu im samecniero miznis mqone araerTi eqspedicia mo-ewyo. gamoqveynda mravali statia Tu monogrfia. Tana-medrove avtorTa naSromebma arsebiTad axali etapiSeqmna istoriuli samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloskvlevis saqmeSi.

xanZTis da Satberdis adgilmdebareobis SesaxebwarsulSi araerTi mosazreba gamoTqmula, magram masSemdeg, rac ,,grigol xanZTelis cxovrebis” sruliteqsti gamoqveynda, sabolood dadginda, rom es sava-neebi klarjeTSia. miuxedavad amisa, maTi moZebna maincgaZnelda ramdenime mizezis gamo:

pirveli mizezi isaa, rom klarjeTis im nawilSi,sadac sagulvebelia xanZTa Tu Satberdi, aseTi topo-nimebi ar dasturdeba.

meore mizezi isaa, rom adgilobrivma mosaxleobam,JamTa viTarebis gamo, dampyroblis ZaladobiTa da ze-gavleniT dakarga Zveli rwmena, istoriuli mexsiereba,droTa ganmavlobaSi eklesia-monastrebis Tu cixe-simagreebis naSTebi maTTvis arafrismTqmel nangreve-bad iqca. isini aRar aRZravdnen siamayes maSenebeliwinaprebis gamo.

samcxe-saaTabago, romlis nawilic iyo tao-klar-jeTi, adreve daadga separatizmis gzas, riTac saTavedaudo erTiani saxelmwifos da erovnuli cnobierebisrRvevis sabediswero process. male daiviwyes monRol-Ta gamanadgurebeli Setevebi da, ivane javaxiSvilissityvebiT rom vTqvaT, Sinauri brZoliTa da erTmane-Tis xocva-JletiT garTuli qarTvelebi TiTqos verc

~ 36 ~

ki amCnevdnen, rogor Seiqmna maT maxloblad axalididi da Zlieri osmaleTis saxelmwifo, romelmac Seu-Cerebeli ZalmosilebiT dedamiwis zurgidan aRgavaodesRac brwyinvale mbrZanebeli bizantia. osmalTagabatoneba ki, garda imisa, rom uSualo safrTxisSemcveli iyo, saqarTvelos dasavleTisken mimaval mTa-var da umokles gzas ukravda da mahmadianTa ZlierisabrZaneblis rkals artyamda (javaxiSvili 1982: 290).

sanam osmaleTis agresia Seuqcevad xasiaTs miiReb-da, samcxe-saTabago erTob dawinaurebuli qveyana iyo.XVI saukuneSi osmaleTma mTlianad daipyro es miwa-wyali da Seudga Zlieri tradiciebis qarTul mxareSiTurquli politikur-ekonomikuri sistemis SemoRebas.es iyo metad mZime da rTuli procesi. XVI-XVIII sauku-neebSi erTmaneTis miyolebiT gauqmda samcxe-saTabagosyvela saepiskoposo. maT Soris _ anCisa da tbeTis,romelTa SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda klarjeT-SavSeTissaxelovani savaneebi. anCisa ufro adre _ XVI saukunisII naxevarSi, tbeTis saepiskoposo kaTedra ki XVIIsaukunis meore naxevramde arsebobda. mosaxleobis is-lamizacias saukuneebi dasWirda. Tavdapirvelad _ fa-ruli qristianobisa da adreuli muslimanobis etapze_ mosaxleoba pativiscemiT ekideboda winaparTa reli-giasac da Zeglebsac. mere _ aRar. xanZTelebmac daSatberdelebmac, sxvaTa msgavsad, daiviwyes winaparTanaRvaw-naamagaric da toponimic. Tumca, esoden ganTq-muli geografiuli saxelebis daviwyeba mainc mravalkiTxvas badebs. bolos da bolos, uamravi ZvelisZveli,mniSvnelovani Tu umniSvnelo toponimia SemorCeniliklarjeTSic, SavSeTSic, taoSic, sperSic... asea Tu ise,konkretuli mizezis Zebna, albaT, mainc umadurisaqmea: saqarTvelos tragikul istoriaSi xom araerTimagaliTi dasturdeba, roca wyaroebSi daculi ama Tuim geografiuli saxelis zusti adgilmdebareobisdadgena ver xerxdeba.

~ 37 ~

IV. CanarTi pirveli: emociuri Canaweri parxlis

maxloblad Rvarcofs Camoyolili gveleSapis gamo

erTi kaci Rame wisqvilSi darCenila. Rame jinebi movi-den, ferxuloben. jinebi amboben qi, ,,oTxSafaTi”, ,,oTxSa-faTio”... ase samoben. isac, kacic, samobs da oTxSafaTsambofs. sabaxnamazixan jinebi dafantvilan. dafantvixanuTqvaman qi:

_Cven visameT, amanac isama qi, Cven oTxSafaTi vTqviT,amanac Tqva qi... ra eჲlugi vuyoTo?

_kaÁ kacia, aÁ kuzi movxsnaT da gavusworoTo, _uTqmian qi.

gaaswores da deifanten...movda aÁ kaci sofelSi. erT mezobelsac kuzi qonia

qi. aÁ kaci gasworebuli rom deinaxa, SiekiTxa, ram gagas-worao. uTxra am kacma wisqvilSi jinebTan samobis ambavi.wevda miore kacic wisqvilSi. Seiqna SvaRame. movden jine-bi. deÁwyen cekva. izaxian: ,,oTxSafaTi”, ,,oTxSafaTio”, ara-da, dRes xuTSafaTia. jinebi ityvian “oTxSafaTio”, sof-lieri kaci _ ,,xuTSafaTio”. dapantvixan jinebma Tqves:

_ aÁ kaci CvenTan samobda, hama Cven ,,oTxSafaTi”vTqviT, agi ,,xuTSafaTs” iZaxda. ra eilugi vuyoTo?

_ miore kuzic davadgaTo! _ uTqmian qi jinebsa.movda aÁ kaci sofelSi ori kuziT.”

(mamia faRava, ,,SavSuri Canawerebi” (Tb. 2011 w. gv. 210)mTqmeli: ibraim Caxmaxi (goraZe),

imerxevi, sof maCxateTi)

epigrafSi moyvanilis msgavs istoriebs dRes CvenSi

naklebad hyvebian. miTumetes, didi xania, gafermkrTa-

lebulia avsulebis Tu qajebis romantika. Woroxis

auzSi ki, kargad Tu moZebni, jer kidev gadaawydebi

tyis kacebsa da jazi-nenes, SeiTnebs da konWolizebs...

amgvari legendebi, Tanac qarTulad moTxrobili, ra-

Rac gaucnobierebeli naRveliT avsebs kacs _ maincada-mainc saxels rom ver daarqmev, iseTi naRveliT _ al-baT Zvelebur, ukve dasakargavad ganwirul, gulubry-

vilo romantikasTan uneblie Sexebis gamo.

~ 38 ~

magram aseTi Tqmulebebi yovelTvis rodi gagrZno-

binebs siTbos. gveleSapis ambebi klarjeTSic momisme-

nia da SavSeTSic, taoSic da sperSic. erT maTgans,

Rvarcofis mier dangreuli gzis piras rom gviambo

yurbanam1 _ Cvenma xevekelma megobarma, qvemoT sityva-

sityviT gadmovcem:

,,ormoci wlis win aJdaa2 dunaxian dedeef da... Rva-

ri wamosula... wrevlaÁ3 kido dunaxian, Rvari Camovda,

aqavrobaÁ aavso... ise didvani qvebi Camovda qi, Cven

gadavbeCdiT, ase didi qva [rogor] wamovda, wyalma [ro-

gor] wamoÁRo; RmerTis saqme, iSta... dunaxian aJdaa, ori

Tavi qonebia; ar jeravan, hama... devnaxeTo da! wverze

dunaxavan4 qi... Rvari wamosula, dakargula, aq wuRia,

xevSi... xevSi wasula, dakargula, veRar dunaxian...”

qarTuli miTologia gveleSaps warmogvidgens, ro-

gorc boroti Zalis gansaxierebas: “is aris saSineli

Sesaxedavi, didi da basrkbilebiani, piridan cecxls

hyris, mravalTaviania. gveleSapTan brZola did siZneles

warmoadgens, radgan xSirad, rogorc ki Tavs moWri,

maSinve axali amouva. gveleSapi wyalSi an miuval adgi-

las cxovrobs, adamians Zalian emtereba, ganukiTxavad

ylapavs. veSapi sadac daisadgurebs, iq mwuxareba da

tanjva-vaeba mefdeba. sazogadoebis axlo mobinadre

urCxuli wyals epatroneba da msxverplis gauReblad

aravis aZlevs” (Ciqovani 1948: 110).

rogorc vxedavT, taos Tu klarjeTis gveleSapic

qarTuli miTologiuri samyaros nawilia. sadac gvele-

Sapia, iq wyalic figurirebs. metic, roca gamoCndeba,

1saxelis kninobiT formas imitom viyeneb, rom Tavad gagvecno

ase - yurbanaჲ varo.2 aJdaa - gveleSapi.3wrevlaÁ - wleuls.

4 wverze dunaxavan - igulisxmeba, rom gveleSapi movardniliwylis talRas qeCoze (wverze) mohqceoda da ise mihyveboda wivi-liT.

~ 39 ~

ufro xSirad adidebul wyals Camohyveba xolme da vin

icis, iqneb Rvarcofi da mewyeric misi boroti zrax-

vebis Sedegia.

miTosi miTosad da, marTali rom vTqva, Woroxis

auzSi gveleSapi arsad Segvxvedria. samagierod, mis

nakvalevsa da namoqmedars yvela fexisnabijze vawyde-

bodiT: gveleSaps uWamia aqauri miwa, uxvrepia aqauri

wyali _ Cveni miwa-wyali... gveleSaps uRrRnia aqaurTa

suli _ Seusanslavs, CaunTqavs... narCenebiRaa mxolod.

amboben, male es narCenebic gaqrebao!...

me ki xan optimizmiT ganvimsWvalebi xolme, xanac

yovliswamlekavi pesimizmi mipyrobs...

xandaxan TiTqos darwmunebuli var, rom qarTuli

ena, aw minavluli qarTuli suli, qarTuli mzera,

arasdros Caqreba am mxareSi. Caqreba ki ara, ga-

cocxldeba, aRorZindeba, gaZlierdeba!..

xan kidev mgonia, rom uimedod ganwirulia yvela-

feri, rom Zveli saqarTvelos samudamo gamosaTxovaria

Woroxis dakbilul xeobebSi Cveni xetiali... erTi,

hadaha, ori Taobac da qarTuli mzeris nasaxic aRar

darCeba, garda eklesia-monastrebis, cixe-koSkebis

frTebCamoyrili naSTebisa, romlebic istoriis umowya-

lo dinebis utyv mowmeebad idgebian kvlavac da amiTRa

Seaxseneben mters Tu moyvares, rom odesRac am

midamoebSi amayi bunebis, maRali kulturis, rainduli

sulis, RvTis morwmune xalxs ucxovria, didxans ubr-

Zolia, magram moZalebuli mtrisTvis veRar gauZlia,

damarcxebula da daleula, daSretila.

es ori polusi, ori radikalurad gansxvavebuli

azri, ganwyoba, grZnoba verafriT movarge erTmaneTs,

ver gavaerTiane erT racionalur, obieqtur azrad,

ganwyobad, rwmenad: pirvelSi eWvi mepareba da

meorisTvis ar memeteba saqarTvelos naakvnari.

~ 40 ~

da mainc... Woroxis xeobaSi xom erTmaneTSia Caw-

nul-gadajaWvuli Zveli da axali, avi da kargi, gulis-

momkvleli da imedismomcemi: erT dros xom gveleSap-

sac gamouCnda mZleveli!..

da barem gavixsenoT kidev erTxel, rom is pirveli

da erTob mokrZalebuli savane, naTxovari bariT Tu

weraqviT, culiT Tu CaquCiT rom aSenes xanZTelebma

gaveranebul, gaukacurebul, imedgadawurul klarjeT-

Si, is savane, romliTac daiwyo aRorZinebis procesi,

swored wmida giorgis saxelobisa iyo!..

* * *...yurbana ki, Cveni megobari, xevaÁsa Tu qobaÁs, sav-

riaTisa Tu bowmindis romelime meheleSi isev SesZa-

xebs kldeebze dakiduli gzebiT gawamebul mZRols:

_ tariel, aayude araba, aq erTi kaÁ gurji cxovrobs,

davsxdeT da vilaparikoTo!..

~ 41 ~

T a v i m e o r e

Ziebani ,,aTormet savaneTa” mxareSi

I. niko mari da pavle ingoroyva

klarjeTis savaneebis, kerZod ,,grigol xanZTelis”

cxovrebaSi moxseniebuli Zeglebis, mizanmimarTulad

Zebna pirvelad niko marma scada. 1904 wels, roca man

specialurad am mizniT imogzaura klarjeTSi, zustad

iyo cnobili eqvsi savane: opiza, dolisyana, berTa,

daba, jmerki da wyarosTavi. mkvlevarma gamoTqva sar-

wmuno mosazrebebi oTxi savanis – miZnaZoris, bareTel-

Tas, parexis da meres Sesaxeb. toponimebi Tu aqa-iq

SemorCenili nangrevebi iZleoda amis saSualebas.

wminda grigolis cxovrebasTan yvelaze mWidrod

dakavSirebuli ori umniSvnelovanesi Zeglis _ xanZTis

da Satberdis _ identifikacia toponimebis mixedviT

ver xerxdeboda. ,,grigol xanZTelis cxovrebis” teqs-

tidan gamomdinare, naTeli iyo, rom sakuTriv xanZTa

imave sivrceSi iyo saZiebeli, romelSic zemoxsenebuli

eklesia-monastrebi iyvnen ganlagebuli. am midamoebSi

ki xanZTad sagulvebeli Zegli oriRa iyo darCenili:

mozrdili soflis, forTas, sxvadasxva ubanSi mdebare

erTmaneTisgan 3-4 kilometriT daSorebuli nagebobani.

erTi maTgani _ nukas saydris saxeliT cnobili patara

eklesia marma xanZTad miiCnia, xolo meore – qvemo

forTaSi mdebare didi da mSvenieri usaxelo samonast-

ro kompleqsi – Satberdad.

mars ar ucdia Tavisi emociis damalva: ,,verasodes

daviviwyeb STabeWdilebas, romelic Cemze moaxdina

~ 42 ~

xanZTam. SeuZlebelia sityvebiT gadmocema am STabeWdi-

lebisa. erTi ram aSkarad igrZnoba: es aris adgili

ukiduresi asketizmisaTvis” (mari 2012: 311), _ Cawera man

Tavis dRiurSi nukas saydris xilvisas.

emocia kidev ufro gaZlierda, roca Satberdad

gulvebuli qvemo forTis samonastro kompleqsi ixila:

,,Tavdapirvelad savanis danaxvaze amitaca dRevandelo-

bisagan gaqcevisa da Tavis daRwevis survilma. TiTqos

SevigrZeni raRacnairi didi siaxlove am gandgomili

monastris gardasuli realobisadmi. ise viyavi ganwyo-

bili, rom ar gamikvirdeboda gamocxadebac grigol

xanZTelisa, romelic gamcemda pasuxs kiTxvaze – sad

aris Satberdi? – miuxedavad imisa, rom grigoli iwo-

deboda xanZTelad, radganac xanZTa misi pirmSoa, me

mainc meCveneba, rom grigols udidesi amagi aqvs gaweu-

li Satberdis monasterze, gacilebiT meti, vidre xan-

ZTaze” (mari 2012: 327).

niko marma pirvelad moaqcia qarTvel mkvlevarTa

yuradRebis areSi es ori Zegli. am periodidan moyole-

buli maT mimarT interesi ar ganelebula miuxedavad

imisa, rom maris zogierTi mosazreba saeWvo Canda.

roca xanZTisa da Satberdis niko mariseul identi-

fikaciaze vsaubrobT, ori arsebiTi sakiTxi unda ga-

viTvaliswinoT uTuod.

pirveli isaa, rom SatberdTan dakavSirebiT man nak-

lebad gaiTvaliswina ,,grigol xanZTelis cxovrebaSi”

daculi cnobebi. am garemoebas miaqcia yuradReba pav-

le ingoroyvam da damajereblad uaryo qvemo forTis

SatberdTan gaigivebis SesaZlebloba. aqve unda SevniS-

no, rom pavle ingoroyva arasdros yofila aRniSnul

regionSi. mecnierma Tavisi daskvnebi wyaroebsa da niko

maris mier Camotanil masalebze dayrdnobiT gaakeTa!

klarjeTis savaneTa ganlagebis Sesaxeb mniSvnelo-

vani cnobebia daculi giorgi merCules ZeglSi. aq

~ 43 ~

aRwerilia, Tu rogor imogzaures klarjeTis Tormet

savaneTa mxareSi IX saukunis 30-ian wlebSi mefe-kura-

palatma bagrat I-ma da misma Zmebma grigol xanZTelisa

da sxva sasuliero pirebis TanxlebiT. kerZod, ,,gri-

gol xanZTelis cxovrebaSi” naCvenebia Semdegi marSru-

ti:

mogzaurebi wamosulan artanujidan da pirvelad

misulan SatberdSi, Semdeg mouxilavT jmerki, daba da

berTa.

aqve merCule SeniSnavs, rom ,,dolisyana monastrad

ukanaÁs iqmna”: dolisyanis monasteri klarjeTis sxva

udabnoebze gvian gaSenda. mefe-mTavarTa mogzaurobis

dros aq monasteri jer kidev ar iyo (Tumca, do-

lisyanis saxelwodebiT punqti arsebobda _ 826 wels,

roca ,,oroz-morozis ZeTa” aSoti mokles, misi laS-

qari swored dolisyanaSi idga), magram roca ,,grigol

xanZTelis cxovreba” iwereboda, monasteri ukve arse-

bobda da albaT amitom miiCnia mizanSewonilad merCu-

lem, ganemarta mkiTxvelisTvis _ ,,ukanaÁs iqmna” da

amitom ver mividnen iqo.

berTidan mogzaurebi gadasulan opizaSi, Semdeg _

xanZTaSi, romelic, rogorc warmodgenili marSruti-

dan Cans, erTi mxriv opizas esazRvreboda, meore mxriT

– miZnaZors. amis Semdeg ki mouxilavT miZnaZori,

wyarosTavi da barTelTa: ,,xolo xelmwifeTa maT moi-

locnes miZnaZoroÁ, wyaroisTavi da bareTelTaÁ da

adgilni maTni da munca misces Sesawiravi da miiRes

madli wmidaTa maT eklesiaTagan da netarTa mamaTa

RirsTa da wmidaTa moRvaweTagan.”

rogorc vxedavT, ,,aTormet savaneTagan” mogzauro-

bis aRwerisas dasaxelebulia aTi: Satberdi, jmerki,

berTa, daba, dolisyana, opiza, xanZTa, miZnaZori, wya-

rosTavi, bareTelTa. darCenil orTagan mere aTormet

udabnoTa Soris erTaderTi dedaTa monasteria da,

~ 44 ~

rogorc Cans, mefe-mTavrebi iq aRar asulan. parexis

Sesaxeb ki amave teqstis sxva monakveTSi aRniSnulia,

rom martomyofobis mosurne didma meudabnoe mama

miqaelma ,,pova Tavisa samkvidrebeli berTisa parexTa

da ganzraxviTa amis wmidisaÁTa daemkvidra maT Sina...”

magram mivubrundeT mogzaurTa marSruts; saxel-

dobr, am marSrutis gaTvaliswinebiT _ qvemo forTis

da Satberdis mimarTebas: faqtia, rom artanujidan

wamosuli mefeebi Satberdis moxilvis Semdeg gadadian

SavSeTiswylis marjvena sanapiroze da mdinares aRma

miuyvebian. qvemo forTa rom migveCnia Satberdad, maSin

mefeTa marSruti metismetad zigzagiseburi, alogikuri

da gaugebari iqneboda.

agiografiul TxzulebaSi isic garkveviTaa aRniS-

nuli, rom 12 savaned wodebuli yvela monasteri erT

seqtorSi, erTmaneTis axlomaxloa ganlagebuli da

erTgvar kompaqtur jgufs qmnis. Satberdi ki am jgu-

fisgan moSorebiT, calke mdebareobs. merCule wers:

,,xolo Satberdi daRacaTu sxuaTa maT udabnoTa... mci-

red Soravs, aramed ganuyoflad TanamoZme aris maTi...

moZRurebisa wesiTa... da yovelive keTilisa saqmiTa...”

forTis monasteri namdvilad ver CaiTvleba sxva

savaneebisgan moSorebul, calke mdgom nagebobad, Sesa-

bamisad, dauSvebelia misi gaigiveba SatberdTan.

sagulisxmoa agreTve, rom grigol xanZTelma aSot

kurapalatTan saubrisas daiCivla: xanZTis savanesTan

,,saTesi yanaჲ da saTibeli queyanaჲ raჲTurTiT ara ars

arca iqmnebis RirRolovanTa maT ficxelTa mwuerval-

Ta maT RadosTasa”. pasuxad aSotma Seswira ,,Satberdi-

sa adgili agarakad xanZTisa”. maSasadame, Satberdi Ta-

vidanve agarakad, anu sameurneod, eboZa saxnav-saTesi

miwebiT Rarib xanZTas. forTaSi saTibi Tu saxnav-

saTesi miwa imdenad cotaa, specialurad am mizniT misi

agarakad Sewirva warmoudgenelia.

~ 45 ~

amrigad, qvemo forTis samonastro kompleqsi rom

ar iyo Satberdi, imTaviTve damajereblad uaryo jer

kidev pavle ingoroyvam. mogvianebiT SatberdTan

gaaigives artanujidan 15-17 kilometriT daSorebuli

ieni rabaTis saxeliT cnobili saeklesio centri. es

mosazreba bolo wlebSi araerTma mkvlevarma gaiziara

da aseve damkvidrda turistul gzamkvlevebSic. XX

saukunis miwuruls gamoiTqva mosazreba, rom Satberdi

sofel boselTasTan mdebare SarbieTis samonastro

kompleqsia. miuxedavad amisa, Satberdis adgilmdeba-

reobis problema dRemde araa sabolood gadaWrili.

niko maris daskvnebTan dakavSirebuli kidev erTi

sakiTxi isaa, rom man nukas saydari, mcire zomis, mar-

tivi arqiteqturis da Semkulobis nageboba miiCnia ara

xanZTis ,,Zvel” qvis eklesiad, aramed _ im axal da

,,Suenier” eklesiad, romelic xanZTis samonastro komp-

leqsis umniSvnelovanes sulier da kulturul-

saganmanaTleblo centrad Camoyalibebis Semdeg aigo

aSot kuxis da gurgen kurapalatis, maTTan erTad ki

,,morwmune eris” da ,,yovelTa didebulTa xelmwifeTa

da aznaurTa” mecadineobiT da rudunebiT. qarTvel

mecnierTa da moRvaweTa cnobierebaSi verafriT uTavs-

deboda erTmaneTs erTi mxriv xanZTis, rogorc saekle-

sio centris, ganuzomeli mniSvneloba da aqauri moR-

vaweebis masStabi da, meore mxriv, nukas saydris metis-

metad mokrZalebuli zomebi da arqiteqtura.

am savsebiT logikur, istoriuli safuZvlis mqone,

ganwyobas sxva winaaRmdegobebic emateboda. kerZod is,

rom xanZTis bolo, ,,axali da Suenieri” eklesia X sau-

kuneSi aigo, nukas saydars ki specialistTa umravle-

soba IX saukuniT aTariRebs. amasTan, giorgi merCules

mixedviT, xanZTis ukanaskneli eklesiis asagebad qvebi

Sori adgilidan mohqondaT, nukas saydari ki adgilob-

riv mopovebuli qvebiTaa aSenebuli.

~ 46 ~

maSasadame, sul mcire, rac mocemuli mosazrebebi-

dan gamomdinare SeiZleba davaskvnaT, isaa, rom nukas

saydari ar aris xanZTis ukanasknelad, X saukunis I

naxevarSi, agebuli eklesia.

pavle ingoroyva fiqrobda, rom nukas saydari for-

Tis Zveli kaTedralia. forTaSi V-VII saukuneebSi sae-

piskoposo kaTedra arsebula. dvinis 506 wlis saekle-

sio krebis damswre qarTvel episkoposTa CamonaTvalSi

moixsenieba saepiskoposo forTa (ingoroyva 1954: 714).

es saepiskoposo centri arabTa laSqrobebis Semdeg

moispo.

samecniero literaturaSi arc es azria gaziarebu-

li. upirvelesad imis gamo, rom SeuZlebelia nukas

saydris daTariReba V-VI saukuneebiT. rogorc d. xoS-

taria aRniSnavs, igi gardamavali xanis tipuri nagebo-

baa, amasTan ,,warmoudgenelia, nuka saydari, romelic

miudgomel Sveul kldeze dgas, saepiskoposo taZari

yofiliyo. aseT miuval adgilebSi kaTedralebi ar

Sendeboda” (xoStaria 2005: 32). Tumca, zogierTi mkvle-

vari dResac ar gamoricxavs, rom nukas SemogarenSi

arsebuli nangrevebi SesaZlebelia, ,,iyos naSTebi swo-

red saqarTvelos erT-erTi pirveli saepiskoposo ka-

Tedralisa, forTisa. mogvianebiT, arabobis xanaSi

gaveranebuli monastris maxloblad SesaZlebelia, aSe-

nebuliyo axali eklesia, romelic dRes nukas saydris

saxeliT aris cnobili da aRmdgariyo Zveli monas-

teri” (giviaSvili...2004: 80).

sainteresoa, rom giorgi merCule Tavis Txzule-

baSi ar axsenebs forTas. faqtia, rom xanZTelis epo-

qaSi aseTi centri saerTod ar arsebobda; magram mer-

Cule arc winaT arsebul taZarze miuTiTebs: agiogra-

fiuli Txzulebis mixedviT, roca grigolma samonas-

tro cxovreba daiwyo, im mxareSi mxolod opizis mo-

nasteri iyo moqmedi. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom sxva

~ 47 ~

SemTxvevaSi mwerali aRmSeneblobis winare istoriasac

exeba (magaliTad, saba iSxnis ,,daqvrivebuli” eklesiis

,,meored maSenebelia”), Zveli forTis uyuradRebod

datoveba mraval kiTxvas badebs.

marTalia, dvinis saeklesio krebis siis mixedviT

TiTqos krebas eswreboda Teodos forTis episkoposi,

sxva wyaroebiT es kaTedra cnobili ar aris. TviT

toponimi forTa Sua saukuneebis teqstebSi arsad

gvxvdeba (xoStaria 2005: 32).

Sesabamisad, SeiZleba davuSvaT, rom forTis sae-

piskoposo kaTedra saerTod ar arsebobda; magram ra

vuyoT dvinis saeklesio krebis zemoxsenebul sias? ga-

saTvaliswinebelia, rom forTis episkoposi naxsenebia

kaxeT-hereTis episkoposebs _ bodbels, kawarels, Wer-

mels da xunanels _ Soris, rac albaT imaze unda

migvaniSnebdes, rom misi kaTedrac am mxareSia saZebne-

li. amdenad, damafiqrebelia s. kakabaZisa da k. kekeli-

Zis mosazreba, romlis mixedviTac siaSi naxsenebi

,,forTa” aris damaxinjebuli CeleTi _ erwo-TianeTis

eparqiis centri, moxseniebuli juanSeris CamonaTval-

Sic vaxtangis mier daarsebul saepiskoposoebs Soris

(kakabaZe 1994: 332).

ase rom, klarjeTi imTaviTve erT eparqias Seadgen-

da. Tavdapirvelad am regionis centri iyo axiza. roca

man Tavdapirveli mniSvneloba dakarga, centri anCaSi

gadavida. aq mniSvnelovani saeklesio centri da Semdeg

kaTedrac jer kidev arabobamde unda dafuZnebuliyo.

amrigad, Tu ZiriTad saTqmels mivubrundebiT, unda

vTqvaT, rom jer pavle ingoroyvam da Semdeg sxva

mklevrebmac damajereblad daasabuTes, _ SeuZlebelia

qvemo forTis usaxlo savane Satberdad miviCnioT. in-

goroyvam uaryo agreTve maris mosazreba imis Sesaxeb,

rom nukas saydari xanZTaa da miiCnia igi V-VI saukunis

Zeglad, Zveli forTis kaTedralad.

~ 48 ~

rogorc aRiniSna, Tanamedrove mklevrebs sxva ara

darCeniaT ra, rom xanZTad nukasa da qvemo forTas

savaneebs Soris erT-erTi miiCnion, rakiRa pavle ingo-

royvam nuka gamoricxa, klarjeTis am seqtorSi xan-

ZTad sagulvebel Zeglad mxolod qvemo forTa darCa.

Tumca, pavle ingoroyvas sxva, metad mniSvnelovani da

sagulisxmo argumentebic hqonda.

II. oriode sityva qvemo forTis samreklos

warwerebis Sesaxeb

pavle ingoroyvam yuradReba miapyro qvemo forTis

samreklos gumbaTis warwerebs.

cnobilia qvemo forTis samreklos gumbaTis oTxi

warwera. am warwerebs, pavle ingoroyvadan moyolebu-

li, xanZTis identifikaciaze msjelobisas xSirad

gadamwyvet mniSvnelobas aniWeben. amjerad CvenTvis

sainteresoa ori warwera. erT maTganSi naxsenebia deka-

nozi antone. kerZod, zemoxsenebuli warwera amoukve-

TavT asomTavruliT gumbaTis SigniT, aRmosavleT

mxares:

,,q. n~o ka~Zesa dekanozsa SeR antonesa m(amasa) damis dedamamas S(eunde)n R(merTma)n” (mari 2012: 333).

es warwera mxolod n. maris gamocemiTaa cnobili.

mosalodnelia, rom antone swored am monastris

dekanozi yofiliyo. sainteresoa, rom ,,antonis” nac-

vlad gvxvdeba ,,antone”. sagvareulo saxelSi ki

(n...o...kaZisa) qaragmebis gaxsna Zneldeba (kldiaSvili

1999: 53). Tumca es amjerad naklebad arsebiTia. faqtia,

rom warweras Semounaxavs dekanoz antones (antonis)

saxeli.

~ 49 ~

darejan kldiaSvili ganixilavs miZnaZoris svinaq-

sris (a-97) aSiaze Caweril mosaxsenebels, romelsac

dekanoz antonesa da misi Tanamedrove sasuliero pire-

bis Sesaxeb Semounaxavs cnoba. kerZod, aq dasturdeba

,,antone” swored ,,e” daboloebiT: ,,s(u)lsa xan[c]Tis

dekanozsa antones da misTa ded-mamaTa S(eunde)n

R(merTma)n” (kldiaSvili 1999: 54).

am minaweris Sesrulebis TariRi Tavsdeba XVI

saukunis farglebSi. mosalodnelia (Tumca, gadaWriT

amis mtkiceba SeuZlebelia), rom orive teqstSi swored

erTsa da imave pirovnebaze iyos saubari. mravlismet-

yvelia, rogorc zemoTac vTqviT, sakuTari saxelis ,,e”-

ze daboloeba (,,antone” nacvlad ,,antonisa”). anu, SeiZ-

leba vivaraudoT, rom miZnaZoris svinaqsarSi moxsenie-

buli antone qvemo forTis, e. i. xanZTis, dekanozi yo-

fila.

amrigad, mocemuli teqstebis SedarebiTi analizi

marTlac erTob myari argumentia qvemo forTis da

xanZTis igiveobis dasazusteblad; magram kiTxvebisTvis

adgili mainc rCeba da erT-erTi kiTxva SeiZleba

exebodes sityva ,,xanZTis” (,,xancTis”) dadasturebas

zemoxsenebul minawerSi: yofili saeklesio muzeumis

(A) koleqciis qarTul xelnawerTa aRwerilobaSi

mocemuli mosaxsenebeli Semdegnairad ikiTxeba: ,,sulsa

xianaTisa, kanozasa, antonesa...” (aRweriloba 1973: 447)

maSasadame, SeiZleba davuSvaT, rom a-metobiT Sesrule-

bul am mosaxsenebelSi saubaria ara xanZTaze, aramed _

msgavsi JReradobis mqone geografiul saxelze. CvenT-

vis saintereso sityvis (,,xianaTisa”) dasawyisi (,,xi” da

ara ,,xa”) ganamtkicebs am mosazrebas. marTalia, samxru-

li metyveleba icnobs ,,i” xmovnis gaCenis SemTxvevebs

(klde//kilde, kbili//kibili, Tbili//Tibili) magram

xmovani Cndeba mxolod sityvaSi mijriT TanxmovanTa

arsebobisas (faRava 2006: 3). amdenad, am SemTxvevaSi ,,i”-

~ 50 ~

s gaCenis safuZveli ar arsebobs. da Sesabamisad, qvemo

forTis gaigiveba xanZTasTan ukve eWvqveS dgeba: Tu

antone ara xanZTis, aramed msgavsi JReradobis mqone

sxva dasaxlebul punqtSi mdebare monastris dekano-

zia, maSin qvemo forTis kompleqsi xanZTa ki ara, sxva

monasteri yofila.

cxadia, es mosazrebac varaudia varaudis Sesaxeb. aq

mxolod imas Sevaxseneb mkiTxvels, rom Satberdad,

bgeriTi Semadgenlobis msgavsebis gamo, eqvTime Tayai-

Svili erTxans miiCnevda istoriul somxeTSi, md.

evfratis xeobaSi mdebare punqts xarberds, xolo T.

Jordania, gr. gurielis cnobaze dayrdnobiT, _ Woro-

xis xeobaSi TiTqosda arsebul sofel Saxbeds.

samreklos kidev erTi warwera, romelic pavle in-

goroyvam gamoiyena xanZTis identifikaciisTvis, Sesru-

lebulia asomTavruliT da ase ikiTxeba: ,,q(rist)e,

S(eiwyal)e m(a)rk(o)z, dedamama misi, S(eunde)n R(mer-

Tma)n”. miiCnia ra markozi mocemuli samreklos maSe-

neblad, pavle ingoroyvam igi gaaigiva sinas sulTa

matianeSi amave saxeliT moxseniebul pirovnebasTan,

romelsac matianis aSiaze daculi erTi minaweris Ta-

naxmad, xanZTis samreklo augia (ingoroyva 1954: 312-313).

qvemo forTis grigoliseul xanZTad miCneva ukve

saeWvod aRar Canda da miuxedavad imisa, rom imTaviTve

arsebobda sawinaaRmdego mosazreba (menabde 1962: 399),

Rvawlmosili mecnieris es versia gaiziara qarTvel

mecnierTa umravlesobam.

ukanasknel xanebSi sinas sulTa matianis markozTan

dakavSirebuli detalebi guldagul Seiswavla dare-

jan kldiaSvilma. rogorc mkvlevari ganmartavs, ,,ma-

tiane, romlis sruli saxelwodebaa ,,mosaxsenebeli da

matiane patiosnisa wmidisa RmrTisa damyarebulisa si-

naÁsi”, ekuTvnoda sinas mTis wmida giorgis qarTvelTa

~ 51 ~

eklesias. igi XV saukunis meore meoTxedis miwurulSi

unda iyos Sedgenili. droTa ganmavlobaSi matiane

sxvadasxva pirTa mier axali mosaxseneblebiT Seivso.

masSi yvelaze gvian Cans Setanili vinme markozis mier

mxedruliT, XVI saukunisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli a-

metobiT Sesrulebuli mravalricxovani mosaxseneb-

lebi. markozis sadaurobisa da vinaobis Sesaxeb cno-

bebi uxvad moipoveba matianeSi” (kldiaSvili 1999: 47).

pavle ingoroyvas mier gaxmianebul CvenTvis saintere-

so fragments vxvdebiT sulTa matianis dasawyisSi,

wina Tavisufal furcelze Setanil vrcel saojaxo

mosaxsenebelSi: ,,xanZTisa aRmaSenebelsa sulkurTxe-

ulsa mamasa grigolsa, sulkurTxeul yos RmerTman da

mayovnisa RvTismSobelman,… missa ymasa markoz, xanZTi-

sa samreklosa aRmaSenebelsa, _ RmerTman Seundosa.”

(kldiaSvili 1999: 47)

dRes samreklos warweraze moxseniebul markozs

aigiveben klarj mRvdelmonazon markozTan, romelic,

am mosazrebis Tanaxmad, moRvaweobda xanZTaSi, 1540-ian

wlebSi aago xsenebuli samreklo, 1545 wlis axlo xa-

nebSi ki gadavida sinas wm. ekaterines monasterSi.

(xoStaria 2005: 110, kldiaSvili 1999: 53-58). qvemoT mo-

viyvan vrcel amonawers darejan kldiaSvilis werili-

dan ,,sinas sulTa matiane (markozi _ xanZTis samrek-

los maSenebeli da sinas sulTa matianis bolo Semav-

sebeli”):

samreklos warweras ,,gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWe-

ba xancTis identifikaciisas, ramdenadac sinur matia-

neSi markozi wm. grigol xancTelis ymad da xancTis

samreklos aRmSeneblad warmogvidgens Tavs. klarje-

Tis Zeglebidan ki samreklo mxolod qvemo forTis

kompleqss aqvs. gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom qvemo

forTis samreklos warweraSi dekanozad moxseniebuli

antone nokaZe miZnaZoris svinaqsaris minawerSi xancTis

~ 52 ~

dekanozad iwodeba. aRsaniSnavia, rom markozi aseve

gvevlineba miZnaZoris svinaqsaruli sulTa matianis (a-

97) erT-erT Semavseblad. aseve yuradsaRebi Cans n. ma-

ris dakvirveba imis Taobaze, rom samreklos SigniT

xelosanTa mxedruli mosaxsenebeli paleografiulad

sinur xelnawerebsa da sinur matianeSi markozis mier

Setanili minawerebis msgavsia. es msgavseba savaraudos

xdis, rom qvemo forTis samreklos warwera Tavad mar-

kozis mier aris Sesrulebuli. yovelive zemoTqmulis

Semdgom saeWvo aRar unda iyos sinuri matianis mxed-

ruliT Sesrulebuli mosaxseneblebisa da qvemo for-

Tis samreklos markozis identuroba. oTxive ganxilu-

li warwera xancTis samreklos aSenebis Tanadroulia,

maTgan ori – markozisa da galatozTa warwerebi la-

pidarulia, Sesrulebulia erTi xeliT, rogorc Cans,

galatoz-xelosnis mier, enobrivi normebis daucvelad.

samreklos SigniT, mxedruliT, damaxasiaTebeli a-me-

tobiT naweri mosaxsenebeli ki, rogorc Cans, grafits

warmoadgenda da Tavad markozis mier unda yofiliyo

amokawruli”(kldiaSvili 1999: 56-57).

imasRa davumateb, rom es ukanaskneli warwerac mxo-

lod n. maris gamocemiTaa cnobili da misi teqsti ase

ikiTxeba: ,,q. lameniaT... (//RameraTo) Seiwayale: suli:galatozTa: da: maTaTa: deda: mamaT: Seunadanes: lame-niaT” (mari 2012: 333). maSasadame, gamodis, rom warwera,

romelSic markozia moxseniebuli, kalatozTa Sesru-

lebulia, xolo kalatozTa oridan erTi warwera _

markozs ekuTvnis...

miuxedavad imisa, rom zemoT ganxiluli masala da

mocemuli daskvnebi eWvs naklebad tovebs, vfiqrob,

zogierTi kiTxva mainc Cndeba. erTi maTgani samreklos

agebis TariRs exeba. niko mari am samreklos xanZTelis

Tanamedroved miiCnevda, rac samarTlianad uaryo

vaxtang jobaZem. sainteresoa, rom es ukanaskneli sam-

~ 53 ~

reklos da Sesabamisad mis warwerebs aTariRebs XIII-

XIV saukuneebiT, rac ufro realurad gveCveneba epoqis

xasiaTidan gamomdinare (Tumca, cxadia, arc sxva

versiis gamoricxva SeiZleba. magaliTad, tbeTis

samreklo swored XVI saukuneSi, 20-ian wlebSi augiaT).

v. jobaZe wers: ,,warwerebis paleografiuli niSnebi da

Sinaarsi gvafiqrebinebs, rom isini samreklos Tana-

droulia da SesaZloa daTariRdes XIII-XIV saukunee-

biT (jobaZe 2006: 54). maSasadame, vaxtang jobaZe samrek-

los warwerebs (ukidures SemTxvevaSi or warweras),

romlebSic moxseniebulia a) kalatozebi, b) markozi _

aTariRebs XIII-XIV saukuneebiT.

d. xoStaria da d. kldiaSvili, rogorc ukve vTqvi,

samreklos XVI saukunis 40-iani wlebis maxlobel xa-

naSi aSenebulad miiCneven, aseT viTarebaSi samreklos

markozis gaigiveba amave epoqaSi moRvawe sinas mTis

markozTan (romelsac Tavad Seusrulebia sulTa matia-

nis aSiebsa da cariel adgilebze minawerebi) meti al-

baTobiTaa mosalodneli. magram Tu msjelobis amosav-

lad miviCnevT v. jobaZiseul daTariRebas, maSin am ori

markozis gaigiveba ukve saeWvoa.

isic SesaZlebelia, sinas matianis Semavsebeli mar-

kozi, roca xanZTis samreklos maSenebelze wers, gu-

lisxmobs ara sakuTar Tavs, aramed XIII-XIV saukuneSi

moRvawe pirovnebas. Tavad jobaZe miiCnevs, rom ,,ramde-

nadac tao-klarjeTis monastrebs Soris mxolod qvemo

forTas aqvs samreklo, ueWvelia, rom sinas xelnawe-

rebSi moxseniebuli markozi da qvemo forTas samrek-

los warweraSi dasaxelebuli markozi erTi da igive

piria” (oRond _ ara sinas mTis Semavsebeli piri da

samreklos maSenebeli markozi _ m.C.).

miuxedavad amisa, eWvis safuZveli mainc arsebobs.

samreklo SesaZloa qvemo forTis garda sxvaganac

aegoT da is ,,sxvagan” yofiliyo xanZTis saxeliT cno-

~ 54 ~

bili ,,savane”. miTumetes, rom qvemo forTis warwera

markozis Sesaxeb saerTod ar amJRavnebs markozis sta-

tuss da am ukanasknelis Sesaxebac araa Tanxmoba.

pirdapiri mtkicebulebebis ararsebobis gamo bevri ram

mainc varaudad rCeba da SesaZlebelia, samreklos war-

weraSi moxseniebul markozs arc hqonoda Sexeba mSe-

neblobasTan. isic gavixsenoT, rom imave samreklos

sxva asomTavrul warweraSi mSeneblobasTan dakavSire-

buli pirebis, kalatozebis statusi moxseniebulia:

,,q(rist)e, S(eiwyal)e amisi ost(at)i g(a)lat(o)zni:

kldeli abesal(a)mas, misni amx(a)n(a)gni qam(i)rsa,

yaz(a)nsa, msax(u)r(a)sa S(eunde)n R(merma)n, v(i)nca Sen-

doba bar...”(mari 2012: 334; kldiaSvili 1999: 53)

maSasadame, SesaZlebelia, rom qvemo forTis warwe-

raSi moxseniebuli markozi da sinas xelnawerSi nax-

senebi markozi erTi da igive pirovneba iyos, magram,

dRes arsebuli monacemebis mixedviT, aseve SeiZleba vi-

varaudoT, rom samreklos warweraSi naxsenebi markozi,

romlis vinaobis da funqciis Sesaxeb araferi viciT

(anu imis Tqmac ki ar SegviZlia danamdvilebiT, rom

igi swored am samreklos qtitoria), sul sxva pirov-

nebaa, SesaZloa, sinas minawerSi xsenebuli markozis

Tanamedrove, an manamdeli epoqis moRvawe. aseT SemTx-

vevaSi qvemo forTis xanZTasTan gaigiveba kvlavac eW-

vqveS dgeba. arafers cvlis is, rom ,,aTormet savaneTa”

dRevandel teritoriaze mxolod qvemo forTaSia

samreklo. SesaZloa, nukas an sxva romelime Zeglis

midamoebSi arsebobdes samreklos naSTebic da misi ma-

Senebeli iyos romelime markozi. am saqmisTvis ki misi

moxsenieba sinas xelnawerSi savsebiT mosalodneli da

bunebrivi pativia.

aqve minda davazusto: Cemi mizani ar aris markozis

(gnebavT antones) vinaobis Sesaxeb XX saukunis 50-iani

wlebidan arsebuli mosazrebebis uaryofa. metic, gar-

~ 55 ~

kveuli albaTobiT dasaSvebia, es varaudebi WeSmarite-

bad miviCnioT, magram isic unda vaRiaroT, rom uamravi

kiTxva iCens Tavs da am kiTxvebze pasuxebis gacemis

gareSe problema gadaWrilad ver CaiTvleba. prob-

lemis gadaWris gzas ki iqneb odesme daadges qarTuli

mecniereba, iqneb adgilobriv ganZismaZieblebs odesme

Caenacvlon profesionali arqeologebi, an TurqeTis

sacavebSi dacul auracxel dokuments gamouCndes

gulmodgine mkvlevari da mopovebul iqnas am regionis

zusti aRwerilobani, rac Seavsebs im vakuums, romelic

dRemde arsebobs Woroxis auzis istoriasTan dakav-

SirebiT.

kidev erTi argumenti pavle ingoroyvasi emyareba

qvemo forTas usaxelo savanis erT-erT warweras, ro-

melzec didi qarTveli mecnieris mosazrebiT ikiTxeba

sityva ,,xanZTa”.

cnobili faqtia, rom qvemo forTis taZridan erTi

warweriani fila Camoitana fotografma d. ermakovma,

xolo misi teqsti gamoaqveyna eqvTime TayaiSvilma. sxva

fila iqve naxa da warwera gadmoiRo niko marma. pavle

ingoroyva varaudobs, rom es filebi erTi warweris

nawilebia, kerZod _ xanZTis didi warweriani qvis pir-

veli da mesame natexi. dakargul nawilebs (meore da

mesame qvas) mkvlevari Tavad aRadgens. aqve SevniSnavT,

rom n. SoSiaSvilis azriT es Tvalsazrisi xelovnuri

Cans da am ori qvis teqstebi erTmaneTisgan damoukide-

beli unda iyos. (SoSiaSvili 1980: 295)

qaragma xn~(c), romelsac p. ingoroyva ,,xanZTad” kiT-

xulobs, maris mier mikvleul qvazea, xolo ermakovise-

ul qvaze naxsenebia wmida giorgi. rakiRa zemoxsene-

bul fragments p. ingoroyva erTi warweris nawilebad

miiCnevs, miseuli interpretaciiT pirvel striqonSi

ikiTxeba: ,,saxeliTa RmrTisaiTa... xanZTisa wmidisa mTa-

~ 56 ~

varmowamisa giorgisiTa”. xanZTis taZaric agebuli iyo

wmida giorgis saxelobaze. Sesabamisad mecniers aRar

miaCnia saeWvod qvemo forTis gaigiveba xanZTasTan.

qarTvel mecnierTa nawilma ar gaiziara warweraTa

amgvari interpretacia. leo menabde Tvlida, rom ,,arc

cnobili qvebisa da arc miukvleveli qvebis warwerebis

gaSifrva ar aris damajerebeli. Zalze saeWvoa xsene-

bul qvaze ,,xanZTis” amokiTxva (menabde 1962: 399). qarag-

mis ,,xanZTad” amokiTxvis SesaZleblobas ar gamoric-

xavs n. SoSiaSvili, Tumca iqve kiTxvis niSansac svams.

sazogadod ki, misi azriT, ,,rac Seexeba forTis gaigi-

vebas SatberdTan (n. mari) an xanZTasTan (p. ingoroyva),

jerjerobiT arcerTi am igiveobis arc miReba SeiZ-

leba, arasakmarisi sabuTianobis gamo, da arc gamo-

ricxva” (SoSiaSvili 1980: 294).

III. miviwyebuli polemikis axali sicocxle

miuxedavad imisa, rom xanZTis identifikaciis Sesa-

xeb pavle ingoroyvas Tvalsazrisi dRes ZiriTadad

gaziarebulia, rom xanZTadaa moxseniebuli qvemo for-

Tis savane Tanamedrove turistul gzamkvlevebsa da

cnobarebSic, unda vaRiaroT, rom msjeloba am sakiT-

xTan dakavSirebiT ar dasrulebula da dResac aranak-

leb aqtualuria didi xnis win gaCenili kiTxva: sad

aris xanZTa?

ukanasknel periodSi qarTvelologiis am diaxac

mniSvnelovan problemas Seexo profesori mamia faRava.

wyaroebze, samecniero literaturasa da eqspediciaTa

masalebze dayrdnobiT scada, gaecocxlebina miviwyebu-

li polemika da daezustebina zogierTi sakiTxi xanZ-

Tis identifikaciasTan dakavSirebiT (faRava 2007: 210).

~ 57 ~

erTi ram cxadia: mas Semdeg, rac niko marma nukas

saydari miiCnia xanZTad, xolo qvemo forTis usaxelo

savane – Satberdad, qarTvel mecnierTa yuradReba swo-

red am ori Zegliskenaa mipyrobili; radgan xalxis

mexsierebas bevri araferi Semounaxavs da arc iseTi

dokumenti Cans, ueWvod rom mohfinos naTeli yvela-

fers, rogorc vTqvi, unda vaRiaroT, rom klarjeTis

am seqtorSi mxolod es ori savanea xanZTad saxelde-

bisaTvis Sesaferisi; miTumetes, dRes aRaravin daobs,

rom Satberdi sxvaganaa saZiebeli.

arqeologiuri gaTxrebis SesaZlebloba, samwuxa-

rod, ar arsebobs. amitom xanZTisa da Satberdis loka-

lizaciisaTvis yvelaze sando wyaro isev da isev

giorgi merCules ,,grigol xanZTelis cxovrebaa”. mamia

faRava eyrdnoba, erTi mxriv, swored aRniSnuli Txzu-

lebis monacemebs da problemis kvlevis istorias,

meore mxriv ki _ am mxareSi Tavisi mogzaurobebis da

Ziebis Sedegebs da nuka-qilised (nuka-saydrad) wode-

bul eklesias miiCnevs xanZTad.

mamia faRavas mosazrebebi mravali TvalsazrisiT

imsaxurebs yuradRebas. problema ocdameerTe saukune-

Sic aqtualuria. Zieba grZeldeba da Cemi azriT, Tu

guldagul mivyvebiT mocemul sakiTxs, kidev mraval

detalze Rirs dakvirveba:

vfiqrob, xanZTis identifikaciisaTvis udidesi

mniSvneloba aqvs imis gaTvaliswinebas, rom samonas-

tro kompleqsi TiTqmis ori saukunis (782-941 wlebis)

ganmavlobaSi Sendeboda. 780-ian wlebSi aSenebuli xis

nagebobaTa kvalic rom ar Semoinaxeboda, es cxadia da

naTeli, magram IX saukunis damdegs gabriel dafanCu-

lis SemweobiT aSenda qvis, xolo saukunis Semdeg jer

aSot kuxis da mere gurgenis SemweobiT aSenda xanZTis

axali eklesia (896-941 wlebs Soris).

~ 58 ~

giorgi merCule zemoxsenebul mSeneblobaTa aRwe-

risas Zunwad, magram mainc axasiaTebs nagebobebs: pirve-

lad agebuli qvis eklesia, misi sityvebiT, aris ,,Zueli

igi eklesiaჲ xanZTisaჲ”, xolo saukunis Semdeg daiwyes

,,axlisa mis da Suenierisa” eklesiis Seneba. gavixse-

noT, rom merCule xanZTaSi moRvaweobs swored X sau-

kunis Sua xanebSi da saubrobs rogorc TviTmxilveli,

mosalodnelia, sityvebi ,,Zveli” da ,,axali” is termine-

bia, romelsac berebi iyeneben am ori eklesiis gamijn-visaTvis. iseTi STabeWdileba rCeba, rom axali ekle-siis mSeneblebi Zvels ar Sehxebian. igi rom daengriaT,

merCule aucileblad aRniSnavda. piriqiT, agiografi

Zveli eklesiis Sesaxeb saubrobs, rogorc arsebuli

nagebobis Sesaxeb.

isic unda vivaraudoT, rom Zveli eklesia momcro

unda yofiliyo. sxva SemTxvevaSi axali eklesiis mSe-

nebloba saWiro ar gaxdeboda. amasTan, merCule axal

eklesias mSveniers uwodebs, maSin, roca Zvelis Sesa-

xeb raime msgavs epiTets ar iyenebs. esec Seesabameba am

nagebobaTa Senebis garemoebebs: qvis Zveli eklesia,

marTalia, aznaur gabriel dafanCulis SemweobiT Sen-

deboda, magram berebs materialurad maSinac uWirdaT,

xolo axal eklesias uSualod xelisufalni _ aSot

kuxi da gurgen kurapalati _ aSenebdnen.

maSasadame, roca xanZTis identifikaciaze vsaub-

robT, unda veZeboT erTmaneTis maxloblad sul cota

ori eklesiis kvali – erTi momcro, upretenzio arqi-

teqturis da Semkulobis, romelic IX saukunis dasaw-

yisiT TariRdeba da meore – X saukunis I naxevarSi

agebuli ,,Suenieri” eklesiisa.

Tu sad aris xanZTa, kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemas swo-

red am savanis mSeneblobasTan dakavSirebuli garemoe-

bebi arTulebs. mkvlevrebi umeteswilad msjeloben

giorgi merCulis TxzulebaSi aRwerili xanZTis uka-

~ 59 ~

naskneli mSeneblobis Sesaxeb. sinamdvileSi sakiTxi

sxvagvarad unda daisvas da Sesabamisad kiTxva ,,sad

aris xanZTa?” Semdeg saxes miiRebs:I. sad aris xanZTis samonastro kompleqsis is

nagebobani, romelic uSualod grigol xanZTelisxelmZRvanelobiT aigo IX saukunis dasawyisSi?

II. sad aris xanZTis ,,axali da Suenieri” eklesiaTu sxva samonastro nagebobani, romelic X sau-kunis I naxevarSi aigo aSot kuxisa da gurgen ku-rapalatis mecadineobiT?

rogorc vxedavT, saubaria sxvadasxva nagebobaze,

ufro metic, sxvadasxva epoqaze. dRes Znelia raimes

dabejiTebiTi mtkiceba, samxreT saqarTvelom xom arna-

xuli ubedureba gadaitana, amasTan, es Zeglebi sxva

saxelmwifos teritoriazea da kvlevis SesaZleblobac

SezRudulia. vin icis, iqneb marTlac arsebobs zemo-

xsenebuli orive samSeneblo epoqis, orive (an erTis

mainc) eklesiis naSTebi, an arcerTi aRar arsebobs _

gaqra, aRigava pirisagan miwisa soflian-nagebobebianad

da mTeli es msjelobani is xavsia, optimistebs uka-

nasknel imedad rom darCeniaT. yovel SemTxvevaSi,

Ziebas namdvilad aqvs azri. wminda grigol xanZTelis

naTeli xsovna, klarjeTis savaneebis, anu saqarTvelos

sinaÁs ganuzomeli mniSvneloba Cveni qveynis istorii-

saTvis ar miscems qarTvel mecnierebs damSvidebiT

yofnis uflebas.

IV. qvemo forTa

sofeli forTa arTvinis provinciis (ilis) SavSe-

Tis ilCeSi, mdinare SavSeTiswylis marjvena ferdobze,

~ 60 ~

forTiswylisa da karCxalas xeobebs Soris, sakmaod

vrcel teritoriazea ganfenili. rogorc cnobilia,

TurqeTis xelisuflebam XX saukunis II naxevarSi samx-

reT saqarTvelos TiTqmis yvela dasaxlebul punqts

Zveli saxelebi Seucvala. Sesabamisad, sofel forTas

dRes firnali (Pırnallı) hqvia. adgilobrivebi zogjer am

toponimis Sinaarss Taviseburad ganmartaven. zemo

forTeli 76 wlis ilias oquris azriT, saxelwodebawarmosdgeba Turquli sityvebis ,,fir” da ,,nal” Seer-

TebiT. ,,firi” wmida kacs niSnavs, ufro zustad, Tur-

qul-qarTul leqsikonSi am sityvis ramdenime mniSvne-

lobaa mocemuli: Pir _ 1) religiuri seqtis, an ordenisdamaarsebeli; 2) firi, romelime xelobis wminda mfar-veli; 3. kargad, mSvenivrad (leqsikoni 2001: 1169); ,,nali”_ arabuli warmoSobis sityvaa da TurqulSic da qar-

TulSic erTi da igive mniSvneloba aqvs (leqsikoni

2001: 1052).

iliass sjera, rom aq odesRac wminda kaci mosula

cxeniT da amitom qvia firnali. cxadia, SeuZlebelia,

cota xnis win darqmeuli soflis saxeli raime Zvel

istorias an legendas ukavSirdebodes, magram wminda

kacis motivi mocemul regionSi mainc sainteresoa, me-

tadre maSin, roca aq uamravi istoria ukavSirdeba

wmindanTa saqmianobas. cxadia, aqaurebi WeSmariti mus-

limanebi arian da qristianuli warsulis aRaraferi

axsovT, umetes SemTxvevaSi _ arc sakuTari qarTuli

fesvebisa, magram Taobidan Taobaze gamotarebul isto-

riebs TanamedroveTa gonebaSi zogjer imdenad ori-

ginaluri saxe miuRia, rom aSkarad sacnauria sxvada-

sxva istoriuli epoqis tragikuli daRi cnobierebaze.

amitom ar unda gagikvirdes, Tu moismen xezreTi alis

motivTan gadajaWvul ,,Tamara dodoflis” istoriebs

da saswaulebs am mxareSi arsebul uamravi ziareTisa

~ 61 ~

da wminda kacebis nadgomi adgilebis Sesaxeb. gasage-

bia, rom es wminda kacebic da ziareTebic (maT Soris

sakuTriv forTis ganTqmuli ziareTi, romelzec qve-

moT visaubrebT) amJamad uTuod da ugamonaklisod

islams ukavSirdeba, magram me mainc ase mgonia, rom

aTormet savaneTa mxareSi siwmindesa da warsulTan

asocirebuli faqtis Tu movlenis umowyalod trans-

formireba da sruliad moulodneli interpretacia

Zveli klarjis, aw ukve gaTurqebuli qarTvelis,

sulis interciaa...

sofel forTas SavSeTiswylidan daSorebis an si-

maRlis Sesabamisad ZiriTadad or nawilad yofen: qve-

mo da zemo forTad. zogjer gamoyofen mesame nawil-

sac, _ Sua forTas. adgilobrivTa TqmiT, sofeli Svid

ubnad iyofa: (SevecdebiT, warmovadginoT ise, rogorc

gamoTqvamen) 1. sabor, 2. sumur, 3. paroT (//xaroT), 4. qe-

leT (//geleT //keleT), 5. seridana, 6. baRlik (//baRlar),

7. dabasinda. Tumca, isic unda aRiniSnos, rom zogi-

erTi am punqtis ubnad (meheled) dasaxleba pirobiTia,

radgan CamoTvlisas zogjer mezresa da yiSlasac

(saZovars, droebiT sadgoms) meheled asaxeleben.

sofeli gaTurqebuli qarTvelebiTaa dasaxlebuli.

mikrotoponimebis umravlesoba qarTulia, magram aqaur-

Ta gamoTqmaSi Turqulis gavlena imdenad didia, rom

didi dakvirveba sWirdeba adamians, adgilis saxelwo-

debaSi qarTuli Ziri rom daiWiros. qarTul sityvebs

aRmoaCen aqaurTa Turqul metyvelebaSic, magram esec

gaucnobierebelia: rogorc vTqvi, forTelebma aRarc

qarTuli ician da TavianTi qarTuli fesvebisac bevri

araferi axsovT.

XX saukunis dasawyisSi ,,aTormet savaneTa” mxareSi

jer kidev waawydeboda kaci qarTulis mcodnes. niko

maris TqmiT: ,,qarTuli ena ase Tu ise esmiT axal-

TaSic: mcxovreblebi arian Widilidan gamosulebi,

~ 62 ~

mudmivebi an zafxulis gamterebelni. Tumca, CemTan

mosaubre moxuci forTelia... vercerT frazas ise ver

amTavreben, rom Turqulze ar gadauxvion. arafers

vambob Turquli sityvebis minarevze adgilobriv qar-

Tul metyvelebaSi” (mari 2012: 311). TurqeTis saqarTve-

loSi qarTuli enis daviwyebis sakiTxs qvemoT sagange-

bod Sevexebi, aq ki mxolod imas SevniSnav, rom dRes

bevrgan es mwiri qarTulic saocneboa.

qvemo forTaSia swored is mozrdili samonastro

kompleqsi, romelsac niko mari Satberdad, pavle in-

goroyva ki xanZTad miiCnevda. am adgils adgilobri-

vebi baRlars an baRliks eZaxian, rac qarTulad ba-

Rebs niSnavs. amgvari saxeli savsebiT Seefereba komp-

leqsis qvemoTYmdebare ferdobs.

qvemo forTis monasteri gaSenebulia terasebze,

mTis sagangebod mosworebul samxreT-aRmosavleT fer-

dobze. monastrisa da mimdebare teritoriebze SemorCe-

nilia mxolod eklesiis kedlebi, samreklo, patara

saydari wyaros Tavze, darbazuli tipis meore eklesia,

nangrevebi satrapezos mozrdili nagebobisa, sxvada-

sxva damxmare saTavsosa Tu senakisa, galavnis naSTebi.

ngrevas JamTa viTarebis garda adgilobrivma mcxovreb-

lebmac Seuwyves xeli:Lqvebs, rogorc mza masalas, iye-

nebdnen saxlebisa Tu sxva nagebobebis mSeneblobisaT-

vis; garda amisa, aqac dauRlelad eZiebdnen ganZs,

Txridnen, angrevdnen da miwasTan asworebdnen maTive

winaprebis nageb Zeglebs.

specialistebi miiCneven, rom qvemo forTis eklesia

warmoaCens klarjeTis arqiteqturis axal etaps da

mTeli rigi siaxleebiT igi winamorbedia ara mxolod

opizis da dolisyanis, aramed _ daviT kurapalatis

~ 63 ~

mier taoSi agebuli didi taZrebisac.1 amave dros,

mSeneblobisas gamoyenebulia ufro Zveli, qarTuli

klasikuri arqiteqturis elementebic.

eklesia jvargumbaTovani Senobaa, Caxazuli jvris

tipisa. igi aRmarTulia substraqciiT Seqmnili tera-

sis aRmosavleT nawilSi. arsebuli saxiTac grandio-

zul STabeWdilebas tovebs, Tumca Zlier dazianebu-

lia. Cangreulia mklavis kamarebi sabjeni TaRebiTurT.

samwuxarod, Cvens droSi, sul cota xnis win (2007

wlis dekemberSi), Camoingra gumbaTi.

monastris teritoriis dasavleTiT mdebare oriaru-

siani samreklo yvelaze ukeT aris Semonaxuli. samrek-

lo ar aris eklesiis Tanamedrove. specialistTa az-

riT, igi XV-XVI saukuneebSi, an ufro adre, unda iyos

agebuli.

monastris galavnis gareT aris arqiteqturulad

gaformebuli wyaro, masze daSenebulia patara darba-

zuli sadad nagebi samlocvelo, romelsac amJamad

gadaxurva da kedlebis zeda nawilebi mongreuli aqvs.

qvemo forTaSi uTuod mravali warwera unda yofi-

liyo. bevri maTgani dakargulia. niko maridan moyole-

buli mxolod ramdenimea aRmoCenili. zogierTi war-

weris teqstis interpretacia dRemde sadavoa. yvelaze

kargadaa Semonaxuli samreklos warwerebi, romlebSic

ixseniebian samreklos mSeneblobasTan dakavSirebuli

sxvadasxva pirebi (jobaZe 2006: 39-55, xoStaria 2005: 93-

110).

1Zeglebis arqiteqturaze saubrisas ZiriTadad veyrdnobi v.

jobaZisa da d. xoStarias naSromebs (jobaZe v., adreuli Suasaukuneebis qarTuli monastrebi istoriul taoSi, klarjeTsada SvSeTSi. Tbilisi, 2006 w.; xoStaria d., klarjeTis eklesiebi

da monastrebi, Tbilisi, 2005 w.).

~ 64 ~

V. nuka-saydari da misi Semogareni

nukas eklesia, igive nuka-saydari, rogorc adgilob-

riv uwodeben, mdebareobs mdinare karCxalas xeobaSi.

karCxala SavSeTiswylis marjvena Senakadia. Tu Sesar-

Tavidan am ulamazes xeobas auyvebi, samiode kilomet-

ris Semdeg SeniSnav marjvena sanapiros cicabo fer-

dobze SeyuJul, frialo kldis qimze jadoqruli os-

tatobiT agebul ornavian bazilikas. axla xeobaSi

ukanasknel wlebSi gayvanili samanqano gzebic adis:

erTi karCxalas marjvena ferdobze, nukas saydris Tav-

ze, zemo forTisken mimavali, meore – marcxena sanapi-

roze, nukas mopirdapire mxares. saydari orive gzidan

Cans, oRond didi dakvirvebaa saWiro, reliefTan osta-

turad Sexamebuli eklesia rom gaarCio gars Semoja-

ruli kldeebisgan. Soridan sxva raime nagebobis kvali

ar Cans. arc axlodan, Tu sagangebod ar daiare ekle-

siis Semogareni – sakmaod didi perimetri.

eklesia Sua forTaSia. mimdebare ubans (meheles),

sadac oriode saxli dgas, geleTi (//keleTi) hqvia.

gamoRma, karCxalasve sanapiroze, veranabaRebia. amave

seqtorSia wyarosTavi da miZnaZori. rac Seexeba qvemo

forTas, igi ufro samxreT-dasavleTiTaa, nukadan pir-

dapiri xaziT 3-4 kilometris daSorebiT.

eklesiasTan misvla ori gziT SeiZleba: an zemodan

unda daeSva sulisSemZvrelad cicabo marjvena fer-

dobze, an kidev marcxena ferdobidan mdinare karCxa-

laze unda gadaxvide Zveli TaRiani qvis xidiT da

kldovan bilikebze abobRde. orive SemTxvevaSi termini

,,gza” da ,,biliki” pirobiTia. aq mogzauroba sariskoa

da baTumis SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universi-

tetis 2009 wlis eqspediciis (xelmZRvaneli prof. mamia

faRava) wevrebma xifaTSi Caigdes Tavi, gamyolis

gareSe rom moixiles nuka. uTuod GRmerTi gvfaravda,

~ 65 ~

ramdenimesaaTiani xetialis Semdeg mSvidobiT rom

gamovaRwieT. Tumca, am xetialma erTob gvargo: Cven

zemodan daveSviT da gzis ZebnaSi SemoviareT nukas

mTeli Semogareni erTob didi radiusiT. movixileT da

aRvnusxeT sakmaod did teritoriaze ganfenili naSTe-

bi, rogorc Cans, Tu grandiozuli ara, mozrdili

kompleqsisa. nukas taZridan kldovani bilikebiT isev

dabla daveSviT karCxalas napiramde, TaRian xidTan da

amovediT ukve marcxena ferdobze, sofel veranabaRe-

bis bolos.

amboben, nuka-saydari gansakuTrebuli brwyinvalebi-

Ta da SemkulobiT ar gamoirCevao. asecaa, magram udi-

desi dakvirvebiT SerCeuli adgili, kldeebs Soris

kldisave qimze amoyvanili, garemoze Sexamebuli,

mkacri da sada xazebiT gamoyvanili patara eklesia

xuroTmoZRvris Rirsebebze miuTiTebs upirvelesad da

Zalauneburad gafiqrebinebs adamians, rom am adgils

sxvanairi nageboba ar mouxdeboda. aq aSenebuli

saydari zustad aseTi unda yofiliyo.

sakuTriv nukas saydarSi Sesvla dRes TiTqmis SeuZ-

lebelia. eklesia Tavidanve mxolod dasavleTidan iyo

misadgomi, magram axla mcire baqani, romelic aq iyo,

CamoSlilia da mxolod alpinistis aRWurvilobiT Tu

moaxerxebs adamiani SeRwevas.

nuka-saydari agebulia kldis mcire, sagangebod

mosworebul bunebriv Sverilze, romelic gadidebulia

uxeSad damuSavebuli qviT naSeni maRali sayrdeni

kedliT.

eklesias aqvs erTi Sesasvleli dasavleTi kedlis

SuaSi. sxva adgilas kari mas verc eqneboda – aRmosav-

leTisa da samxreTis fasadebi, aseve dasavleT fasadis

nawilic miudgomelia, xolo CrdiloeTidan Senoba

mTel sigrZeze kldes ekvris da nawilobriv masSia

nakveTi. ZiriTad sivrceSi oTxi sarkmelia. sxva sarkm-

~ 66 ~

lebi ufro mcire zomisaa da naklebi mondomebiT Cans

gakeTebuli.

sayuradReboa marTkuTxa kamarovani saTavsi ekle-

siis iatakis qveS, mis samxreT-dasavleT kedelTan. amJa-

mad is Cangreulia. am saTavsis daniSnuleba ucnobia.

vaxtang jobaZe SeniSnavs, rom ramdenadac eklesiis

irgvliv saflavebis mowyobis pirobebi ar aris, SesaZ-

loa, es oTxi kriptad (samarxad) yofiliyo gamoyenebu-

li, iseve, rogorc oSkSi (jobaZe 2006: 61).

eklesia nagebia adgilobriv mopovebuli qviSaqvis

uxeSad damuSavebuli blokebiT. samSeneblo xsnari

Zunwad aris naxmari. alag-alag wyobis erTi rigis

farglebSi sxvadasxva zomis qvaa gamoyenebuli, rac

rigebis uswormasworobas iwvevs. farTo RreCoebi qvebs

Soris xsnariT aris amolesili (jobaZe 2006: 61).

kldeebis wyobaSi uxeSad natexi qvaa gamoyenebuli,

konstruqciulad mniSvnelovan adgilebze ki (igulis-

xmeba karis RiobTa damaboloebeli TaRebi, gamyofi da

kamaris sabjeni TaRebi da sxva) Tlili qvebi (xoSta-

ria 2005: 213). rogorc specialistebi SeniSnaven, es Ta-

viseburebebi IX saukunis SenobebisTvisaa damaxasiaTe-

beli; amdenad, nuka-saydari swored IX saukuneSi unda

iyos agebuli.

niko mari axsenebs nuka-saydris wyarosac (mari 2012:

311). veWvob, rom dRes es wyaro arsebobdes, yovel

SemTxvevaSi, Cven ar gvinaxavs, Tumca, sagangebod arc

gviZebnia.

marTalia, nuka-saydari Znelad misadgomia da ami-

tom _ ukeT Senaxuli, magram masac miswvda xeli ganZis

maZieblebisa, romelTa saqmianobam didi ziani moutana

sakuTriv taZars da albaT ufro meti _ iqve mimo-

fantul naSTebs Zveli nagebobebisa.

taZris asaSenebeli adgili sagangebod aris Ser-

Ceuli. cicabo mTa, frialo kldeebi uzrunvelyofda

~ 67 ~

berebisa da mSeneblebis usafrTxoebasa da bunebriv

dacvas. roca tao-klarjeTis samonastro kolonizacia

iwyeboda, mteri jer kidev mZlavrobda. xalxs kargad

axsovda murvan yrus usastikesi damsjeli laSqroba

da marbielTa sxva Semosevebi. swored am Tavisebure-

baze miuTiTebs vaxtang jobaZe, roca SeniSnavs, rom im

periodis saqarTveloSi monastrebis uSiSroeba damoki-

debuli iyo ara galavnebze, rogorc siriasa da sa-

berZneTSi, aramed maT bunebrivad dacul strategiul

mdebareobaze, rac amasTanave malavda maT potenciuri

mtris Tvalisagan. es Tavisebureba aSkarad Cans tao-

klarjeTis X saukunis Sua xanebamde agebul yvela

monasterSi. opizaSi, parexSi, wyarosTavSi, miZnaZorSi

da sxva. mxolod X saukunis Sua xanebidan adgilobriv

mefeTa mier regionis usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis

Semdeg iwyeba monastrebis gaSeneba iolad misasvlel

xeobebSi, rogorSic aris gaSenebuli oSkis, oTxTa ek-

lesiis, parxlis da xaxulis monastrebi (jobaZe 2006:

62).

minaweri karCxalas xeobisTvis

nukas saydari da mimdebare nangrevebi bevr sai-dumlos inaxavs. erTi ram cxadia, nagebobani sak-maod did teritoriaze unda yofiliyo ganfenili.nangrevebis xasiaTi da masStabi mowmobs, rom CvensTvalwin aris mniSvnelovani samonastro kompleqsi,romlis mxolod erTi umciresi nawilia nukassaydari. iqve, mdinare karCxalaze, sicocxliT savseZveli droebis mowmed da dasturad, kidev ori Zeg-lia _ erTmaneTisgan daaxloebiT kilometriT daSo-rebuli ori TaRiani xidi, rogorc adgilobrivebiuwodeben, egriqofru (mrude xidi) da duzqofru(swori xidi). axlomaxlo mesame xidic unda iyos.

~ 68 ~

bunebrivia, intensiuri misvla-mosvla rom ar yofi-liyo, xidebsac ar aagebdnen.

xiluli realoba im didi istoriis umciresnawilsRa warmosaxavs. XIX-XX saukuneebis mijnazemeti informacia iyo adgilobriv xalxSi. vai, rom aminformaciis udidesi nawili ukvalod daikarga.marTalia, niko maris donis mecnieris erTxel Cav-lac ki masStaburi samecniero eqspediciis tolfasiiyo, magram uamravi ram darCa mosakiTxic, gasagonic,sanaxavic, gasarkvevic. guldagul aqauroba aravisukvlevia. amas hqonda Tavisi obieqturi mizezebi,magram mizezebis analizi verafers Svelis.

Cven gvainteresebs ara mxolod is, rac ase Tuise cnobilia, rac wyaroebSi weria, rac ama Tu immogzaurs daunaxavs da aRuweria, aramed upirvele-sad is, Tu ra ician aqaurebma, ra aris CarCenilimaTi istoriuli mexsierebis wiaRSi... amitom daJi-nebiT vekiTxebiT erTsa da imaves yvelgan. suraTiki, romelic am daJinebis Semdeg ixateba, erTob sain-teresoa da xSirad moulodnelic _ aq jer kidev argamqrala yvelaferi!

CvenTvis saintereso teritoria grigol xanZTe-lis moRvaweobiT gasxivosnebuli ,,aTormet savane-Ta” mxaris erTi (Crdilo-dasavleTi) nawilia da igiklarjeTidan CrdiloeT SavSeTamde, imerxevamdea ga-daWimuli. materialuri kulturis ZeglTa naSTebida, rac gansakuTrebiT saocaria da STambeWdavi,xalxis mexsierebas dRemde SemorCenili legendebadqceuli nafleTebi warsuli didebisa, mowmobs, romam midamoebSi cxovreba duRda da gadmoduRda, romes mxare WeSmaritad iyo imJamindeli saqarTvelossulierebis saTave.

forTaSi, magaliTad, gaixsenes Zvelebis monaT-xrobi: Camliqidan nukas saydramde imdenad mWidrodasaxleba yofila, Txas rom Camoevlo, miwaze fexsar daadgamda, saxuravebze gadmoivlidao. igive

~ 69 ~

Tqmuleba kidev ufro xatovnad da qarTul enazegviambo gamiSeTelma gurjma mustafa uzunma (gamiSi-Zem): ,,lekobnidan (maWaxlis iailaa) veranabaRebSiCasvlamde didi qalaqi (//dasaxleba) yofila. Tikanpirveli saxlis yavarze Seagdebden, uknidanac ZaRlduuficxavden, yavridan yavarze uxteboda, miwazefex ar daabijebda, ise Cevdoda veranabaRebSi. imadgilsac naqalaqevs etyoden.”

kaxabreli israfil avjis TqmiT ki naqalaqevimTel xeobas erqva, SavSeTiswylis SesarTavamde.

zemoxsenebuli ,,gza”, romelic ,,Tikans unda Ca-moevlo”, ZiriTadad swored karCxalas xeobas gas-devs. karCxalas xeoba imsaxurebs gansakuTrebul yu-radRebas: swored aq gadioda aTormet savaneTa, anusaqarTvelos sinaÁs, anu saqarTvelos aRorZinebismTavari ZarRvi. am xeobaSia mere, miZnaZoro da wya-rosTavi, am xeobaSia nuka-saydari, romelsac dRemdeukavSirdeba varaudebi Tu eWvebi xanZTis Sesaxeb; amxeobaSi araerTi ucnobi savanis naSTicaa; am xeobismcxovrebTa cnobierebaSi daleqila warsuli dide-bis mravali gamoZaxili; es xeoba idumlad inaxavssaqarTvelos istoriis mraval furcels, romelTawakiTxva, vai, rom SeuZlebelia...

karCxalaSi aRiareben ,,Tamara dodoflis”brwyinvalebas, smeniaT misi qorwilis, wyarosTavis,,SvidsarTuliani” qilisas grandiozulobis, TaRia-ni xidebis Senebis Tu mravali sxva fantastikuriistoriis Sesaxeb (am Tqmulebebs qvemoT mivubrun-debiT). imasac dabejiTebiT gvixsnian, rom aqaurobavazis da Rvinis qveyana yofila _ didZali Rvinoiwureboda da amave midamoebSi gamavali saqaravnegzebiT gahqondaT... baTumSi!.. aba tyuilad ki arSemorCenila toponimebad didvenaxi Tu uzumbaRi(uzum - Turq. yurZeni).

gana imas vambob, es daSretil istoriul mexsie-rebaSi, qarTuli fesvebis narCenebs CabRauWebul

~ 70 ~

cnobierebaSi CarCenili faqtebi maincadamainc IX-XTu XI-XII saukuneebis inerciaa da maSindel ambebsinaxavs. ase dazusteba umaduri saqmea da faqtebTanmiZaleba. magram miuxedavad imisa, Tu romeli epoqe-bis kvali Semoinaxa cnobierebam, cxadia, rom dide-buli warsulis, mCqefare cxovrebis naSTebi daile-qa aqauri sazogadoebis mexsierebaSi. mTavari isaa,ras hyvebian aqaurebi da ara is, am monayolidan ramarTals hgavs da ra _ zRapars.

karCxalas xeobis soflebi romelTa amJamindeli

saerTo Turquli saxelwodebaa alabalik (Alabalık)dRes erTi samuxtroa (garda mdinaris saTavisken ar-sebuli karCxalis dasaxlebisa, romelic bazgireTsekuTvnis). patar-patara ubnebi (meheleebi) mTel xeo-baSia asxmuli. maTgan zogierTSi SeiZleba oriodkomli cxovrobdes, zogic mozrdili sofelia. jamegogaSia da aq mezobeli soflebidanac dadiansalocavad.

karCxalas SesarTavidan moyolebuli mdinarispi-ra dasaxlebuli Tu dausaxlebeli adgilebis sa-xelwodebebi Semdegi TanmimdevrobiT lagdeba: Sa-quSeTi, orixevi, maWuxeTi, veranabaRi, kondalaTi,axalTa, mizazoli (miZnaZori), warnikauli (wyaros-Tavi), didvenaxi, goga, mere, nayoravi, kaxaberi (kxbe-ri), Sainaxo, kaklovani (karklovan), karCxali, lo-dixevi, CavlieTi, nayanvari, ÁaRisadnobi, yvavinajva-ri, qvamarilaÁ, janjiri, mosaqcevi da sazgireli.ukanaskneli punqtebi scildeba karCxalas xeobas,imerxevisken (bazgireTiswylis xeobisken) gadadis daimiTacaa saintereso rom aq, zRvis donidan 2350metr simaRleze naSTebia eklesiisa, romelsac adgi-lobrivebi Tamar mefis saxels ukavSireben da war-weriani qvebis Sesaxebac yvebian, qvebisa, romlebicaq aRmouCeniaT, magram dakargula. aqedanve SeiZlebagadasvla aRmosavleTiT maWaxelSi, CrdiloeTiTzemo aWaraSi, dasavleTiTa da samxreTiT _ sakuTriv

~ 71 ~

SavSeTSi. sazgirelidan arcTu ise Sorsaa imerxevisxanZTac. mTeli es midamo savsea naeklesiari,namonastrali, nasoflari (aRarafers vambob cixesi-magreebze) adgilebiT, rac dasturdeba uamravi naS-TiT nagebobebisa Tu toponimebiT (veranabaRi, nayan-vari, nataZrevi, yvavinajvari, naurmali, nafuzari,naguTnisTavi, nadarbazevi, nasaydrevi, naqilisvari,najvarevi, nasaxlevi, nafurnevi da a.S.). aSkaraa, rommTeli es seqtori klarjeT-SavSeTisa iyo umniSvne-lovanesi sasuliero centri da arsebiTad erTiansistemas warmoadgenda.

mTeli xeoba qarTvelebiTaa dasaxlebuli _ awukve gaTurqebuli gurjebiT. qarTuli ena didi xa-nia daviwyebuli aqvT, rogorc vTqviT, meoce sauku-nis dasawyisSic ki iSviaTad waawydeboda kaci aqvinmes, oriod winadadeba rom gadaeba qarTulad.miuxedavad amisa, qarTuli warmomavlobis Sesaxebician, xazgasmuli dabejiTebiT amboben xolme(samwuxarod, unda vaRiaroT: ara yovelTvis da arayvela), rom adgilobrivni arian da ara mosulebi.Cveni mamebisa da dedeebisgan gagvigonia, qarTvelebirom vyofilvarT, ena jer kidev dedeebma daiviwyes,magram imaT winaprebs scodniaT qarTulio _ gviTx-ra israfil avjim da iqve daakonkreta, _ mamaCemisdeda 136 wlisa gardaicvala, qarTuli icoda daimisgan ufro viciT, qarTvelebi rom varT da amsoflebSi yvela adgilobrivia, gurji.

magram mivubrundeT gansaxilvel Temas: Tu nukas

saydari aris xanZTis Zveli, grigol xanZTelis mier

aSenebuli, nageboba, ra iqna ,,axali da Suenieri” ekle-

sia?

am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad saWiroa sagangebo

yuradReba mivaqcioT swored Senoba-nagebobaTa zemo-

~ 72 ~

xsenebul mravalricxovan naSTebs, romelic jer ki-

devaa SemorCenili nukas saydris mimdebare ferdobze,

erTob vrcel teritoriaze.

am nangrevebis nawili jer kidev niko marma SeniSna.

igi saubrobs CamoSlil galavanze, kedlebis fragmen-

tebze, romelic eklesiis maxloblad SeiniSneba. ufro

moSorebul, eklesiis Crdilo-dasavleTiT arsebul

nangrevebze mari arafers ambobs (mari 2012: 305).

es nangrevebi samonastro nagebobebisa mimofantu-

lia Znelad misawvdom cicabo ferdobze da dafarulia

mcenareebiT. albaT amitom iyo, rom vaxtang jobaZem

ver SeniSna isini. kerZod, jobaZe wers: ,,niko mari

laparakobs samonastro nagebobebze, romelic zustad

Seesabameba ,,grigol xanZTelis cxovrebaSi” aRwerils.

magram Cem mier adgilze Catarebulma kvleva-Ziebam ase-

Ti nagebobebi ar gamoavlina. me verc WiSkriani gala-

vani vipove, romelsac axsenebs niko mari. nukas sayd-

ris axlo-maxlo arc berTa senakebis naSTebia, arc _

nagebobebi, romlebic SeiZleboda yofiliyo skripto-

riumi, satrapezo Tu sakuWnao. metic, topografiuli

pirobebi SeuZlebels xdis imgvari samonastro nage-

bobebis arsebobas, rogoric aRwerilia ,,grigol xanZ-

Telis cxovrebaSi” (jobaZe 2006: 62).

arada, nangrevebi aSkarad arsebobs _ ufro meti da

ufro vrcel teritoriaze ganfenili, vidre niko marma

SeniSna. misi srulad daTvaliereba da aRwera, swored

topografiuli pirobebidan gamomdinare, uaRresad

Znelia. arqeologiur gaTxrebze ki, gasagebi mizezebis

gamo, dRes laparakic zedmetia. es nangrevebi, rogorc

ukve iTqva, sakmaod vrcel teritoriazea mimofantuli.

eklesiis maRla, Crdilo-dasavleTiT, terasebis, Seno-

baTa kedlebis Tu saZirkvlis naSTebi saydridan 100-150

metris daSorebiTacaa gafantuli. samwuxarod, umetes

SemTxvevaSi yvelaferi miwasTanaa gasworebuli da

~ 73 ~

Znelia saubari qvebis wyobasa Tu nagebobaTa struqtu-

raze, magram erTi ram cxadia _ suraTis mTlianobaSi

warmodgena iZleva masStabur kompleqsze saubris

saSualebas.

ras unda gamoewvia am kompleqsis iavarqmna, amaze

pasuxs gviani Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelos tragikuli

istoria iZleva. am mxares ar daklebia monRolebis,

osmalebis Tu sxva momxdurTa TareSi. ganZi da sim-

didre upirvelesad eklesia-monastrebSi egulebodaT

da umowyalod arbevdnen maT. rac xmliT mosulma

mterma daaklo, ganZis maZieblebma mouTaves. mas Semdeg,

rac winaparTa xsovnis da maTi religiis mimarT mowi-

webis grZnoba miinavla, adgilobrivebi Tu specialu-

rad am mizniT Soridan mosulebi daunaneblad Txrian

cixe-simagreebs Tu koSkebs, eklesiebs, monastrebs, saf-

lavebs... ganZis maZiebelTa Jins amZafrebs da acxove-

lebs moaruli legendebi mavanis da mavanis mier saun-

jis povnisa da gamdidrebis Sesaxeb. ar gamovricxavT

mewyris an msgavsi bunebrivi movlenebis zemoqmedebis

SesaZleblobasac: ferdobis struqtura isea darRveu-

li, SeiZleba visaubroT stiqiis kvalzec.

VI. imerxevis xanZTa

geografiuli saxeli ,,xanZTa” dasturdeba ara

klarjeTis CvenTvis saintereso seqtorSi, aramed sxva-

gan – imerxevSi, sofel ubis Tavze. am garemoebas jer

kidev niko marma miaqcia yuradReba. pirvelad swored

man aRniSna, rom sofel diobnidan ubisken gadasas-vlelze aris adgili, romelsac adgilobrivebi xanZ-

Tas an xansTas uwodeben. raime nagebobis kvali marma

aq ver aRmoaCina samagierod, maxlobel soflebSi –

~ 74 ~

dabasa da ubeSi _ ramdenime eklesiis, SesaZloa mo-

nastrisac, naSTebs miagno (mari 2012: 212-213).SuSana futkaraZem, romelmac Tanamedrove mkvlevar-

Tagan pirvelma naxa imerxevis xanZTa, savsebiT samarT-

lianad miuTiTa, rom xanZTisa da Satberdis adgil-

mdebareobis mkvlevarma es faqti unda gaiTvaliswi-

noso. amasTan, frTxilad gamoTqva varaudi, rom ,,iqneb

dRevandeli Wala (xanZTis _ m. C.) aris is davakeba,

sadac pirvelad aaSenes xanZTis xis senakebi da xis

eklesia, Semdeg ki didi taZari” (futkaraZe 1993: 189).roland TofCiSvilis azriT, ,,xanZTis monasteri iq

iyo, sadac toponimi ,,xanZTaa”. arqiteqturulma Zeglma

ubralod Cvenamde ver moaRwia. aq xom sxva araerTi ek-

lesia da taZari moispo” (TofCiSvili 2010).imerxevis xanZTaSi (ubis xanZTaSi//ubur xanZTaSi)

rom axvide, sofel ubidan unda gahyve mTis gzas. ubeSi

asvla ori gziT SeiZleba: erTi svirevanis gavliT,

meore xevwrulidan, zaqieTisa da dabis gavliT. qalaq

SavSaTidan xanZTa 52 kilometriTaa daSorebuli, ubi-

dan _ 17 kilometriT. gzad unda gaiaro saTave, sadac

zafxulobiT imerxevis yvelaze masStaburi festivali

imarTeba. aq, xanZTamde Svidiode kilometris daSore-

biT, gza orad iyofa: marjvniv _ diobnisken, marcxniv _

xanZTisken.

xanZTa warmoadgens saTibs da saTibis Tavze wamo-

marTul goraks. adgilobrivebi saubroben am gorakze

arsebul nagebobaTa naSTebze Tu nagebobaTagan gadar-

Cenili qvebis fragmentebze. zogma SeiZleba gaCvenos

patara tafobi gorakis SuaSi, sadac TiTqos (dedeebis

TqmiT) qilise yofila. miwis zedapirze araferi Cans.

TiTqmis mTeli goraki tyiTaa dafaruli. amdenad, ze-

moxsenebuli fragmentebi da naSTebi ufro aqaurTa

mexsierebis kunWulSi arsebobs da maTi moZebna Znelia,

Tu SeuZlebeli ara.

~ 75 ~

gorakis mwvervalidan mijriT miwyobili mTebis

panorama ganumeorebel STabeWdilebas axdens. Tu aq

odesme yofila raime nageboba, misi amSeneblis gemov-

nebas wuni ar daedeba. mwvervali zRvis donidan 2000

metrze metia.

,,Tamara dodofals” ubeSic axseneben. adgilobrivi

mcxovreblebi ar gamoricxaven uwin aq eklesiis arse-

bobas, Tumca dRes raime nagebobaTa kvalis povna SeuZ-

lebelia. ukanasknel periodSi gaxSirebuli kontaqte-

bis wyalobiT, grigol xanZTelis Sesaxebac smeniaT da

Tu kargad CaeZiebi, SeiZleba Zveli istoriis Tana-

medrove interpretaciac moismino. magaliTad, ubeli

ali qebaZe Zvelebisgan yurmokruls Tu ukanasknel

wlebSi mosmenil-gagonils Semdegnairad alagebs (mom-

yavs sityva-sityviT): ,,_oTxas weliwad win qristiani

iyo aqevroba... oTxasi wlis... ima ukan muslimani

gavxdiT; im Teref miekrnen... imaTac ewyinen, hama...

grigori xanZTeli, profesor, iqidam qi gamoqceula

aqa, Talebe ukiTxvebia, qilisa guukeTebia... selCuki

Turqeb guuwuxebian da Teqren iq wasula.

selkCuk-Turqebi muslimanoba eme ijeboden, iqidan

gamoqceula, serbesad aq vikiTxovo yolai, qilisa guu-

keTebia. memren iuz sene iuz elli sene yalmiS hane... as

weliwad imaukan kido wasula iqa. i qilisac dang-

revla, daflatula, hama, imaTTvin, qarTvelebisTvin es

adgilebi emeÁ ari, ician, ician... wminda, ho!”

moxuci ubelis naambobi sxvaTa Soris CavurTe aq,

keTili, Tbili da, amave dros, simwris RimilisaTvis.

ise, imerxevis am ubanSi grigol xanZTeliseuli xanZ-

Tis arseboba Zneli warmosadgenia ramdenime mizezis

gamo. mizezTagan umTavresi isaa, rom es SesaZlebloba

savsebiT ewinaaRmdegeba giorgi merCuleseul cnobebs,

metadre mefe-mTavrebisa da berebis mogzaurobis isto-

rias – imerxevis xanZTa verafriT ver Tavsdeba mogzau-

~ 76 ~

robis marSrutSi. arc garemo pirobebi emTxveva merCu-

les TxzulebaSi aRwerils.

maSin saidan gaCnda geografiuli saxeli xanZTa

imerxevSi? amis Taobaze mxolod varaudebis gamoTqma

SeiZleba.

1. SesaZloa, JamTa avbedobis gamo odesRac swored

xanZTidan am adgilebSi gamoqceul-gadmosaxlebulma

xalxma wamoiRo xsovna Zveli sabinadro adgilis Sesa-

xeb da axal sacxovrebelsac xanZTa uwoda.

2. SesaZlebelia, es teritoria iyos xanZTis saxnav-

saTesad Sewiruli erT-erTi adgili. ,,grigol xanZTe-

lis cxovrebaSi” garkveviT weria, rom aSots ara mxo-

lod Satberdi Seuwiravs: ,,Sewirna adgilni keTilni

da Satberdisa adgili agarakad xanZTisa” anu, kargi

miwebi da Satberdi, e. i. isic uboZa da isico. ubis

xanZTa, anu, rogorc adgilobrivebi uwodeben, ,,uburi

xanZTac” mTaSia, magram aq ufro moiZebneba saxnav-

saTesad Tu saTibad gamosadegi adgilebi. marTalia,

mTlad klarjeTis xanZTaze mikruli araa, magram arc

imdenad Sorsaa, berebs rom gasWirvebodaT misiT sar-

gebloba. rasakvirvelia, SesaZlebelia isic, rom sxva

dros sxva xelisufalsac Seewira monastrisTvis miwa.

maSasadame, ubis Tavze mdebare tafobi SesaZlebe-

lia, iyos xanZTis erT-erTi agaraki, saxnav-saTesi da

saTibi miwa, romelsac, mflobeli monastris Sesabami-

sad, imTaviTve daumkvidrda saxeli ,,xanZTa”.

3. kidev erTi varaudi imerxevSi toponim xanZTis

gaCenisa am sityvis etimologias ukavSirdeba. kerZod,

mamia faRava ,,xanZTas” Semdegnairad ganmartavs:,,xanZ-Ta’Si gamoiyofa xanZ Zireuli masala da T(a)

mravlobiTis sufiqsi. igive Ziri dasturdeba xanZ-ar’Si.aWarul dialeqtSi S. niJaraZe adasturebs ,,SexanZ-

vas” – gadaxarSvis, gadaxrakvis, zedmetad moxarSvis

~ 77 ~

mniSvnelobiT. ,,cota gamunele cecxli, cav, ar Seixan-

Zos SeWamandma”.Cans, xanZ Ziri analogiuri mniSvnelobiT ixmarebo-

da sxva samxrul kiloebSic.

SexanZva’sTan erTad ixmareba daxanZva, xanZva... misi

ZiriTadi mniSvnelobaa daxrakva, Caxrakva, Cawva. ityvian

,,CeixanZa saWmelio”, an kuraRebia (gvalvebi) da ,,miwa

deixanZao”.

daxanZva, SexanZvas eZaxian mzis simxurvaliT miwis

zedapiris Tu xexilis nayofis Sexrakvasac: xangrZliv

sicxeebs rom daiWers, qveyana gedeixanZvis” (faRava

2007: 149).maSasadame, SeiZleba davuSvaT, rom xanZTa toponi-

mad qceuli sazogado saxelia, romelic, raRac

konkretuli saerTo niSnis gamo, ramdenime adgils

erqva. msgavsi SemTxvevebi araerTgzis dasturdeba sa-

qarTveloSi. magaliTad, ,,agara” sulxan-sabas ganmarte-

biT aris ,,sadguri sazafxulo”, ,,agaraki” _ ,,adgili

sayanuri, gina savenaxe, gina daba”, _ Sesabamisad, sa-

qarTveloSi ramdenime agaraa. ,,xerTvisi” _ ,,xevTSesaya-

ria”, Sesabamisad, saqarTveloSi araerTi xerTvisia.

nukas saydaric da ubis zemoxsenebuli tafobic

mzisgulzea, Sesabamisad, SesaZloa, xanZTa mzisgulze

mdebare punqts aRniSnavdes da am or adgilas es

toponimi erTmaneTisagan damoukideblad gaCnda.

VII. ,,Zmao, STavideT venaxad...”

,,grigol xanZTelis cxovrebaSi” daculia erTi me-

tad saintereso cnoba. kerZod, erT-erT epizodSi aR-

niSnulia: grigolma ubrZana did zenons: ,,Zmao, STavi-

~ 78 ~

deT venaÃad, romel ars gzasa Tana opizisasa, rameTu

Jami iyos sTulisaÁ”. am venaxebSi Sexvdnen isini makari

opizels. maT erTad gaaTies Rame. diliT makari

,,warvida opizad, xolo mamaÁ grigol da zenon aRvides

TÂisad monastradve”.

mamia faRava, ganixilavs ra mocemul epizods, wers:

,,moyvanili amonarididan Cans, rom grigoli da

zenoni ,,STavidnen venaxad” (aq udavod igulisxmeba

forTis venaxebi, romelic xanZTidan (awindeli nukas

saydridan) opizisaken mimaval gzazea), meore dRes ki

,,makari warvida opizad”, grigoli da zenoni ,,aRvides

Tvisad monastradve”.

vxedavT, rom forTis baRebi xanZTasa da opizas So-

risaa. Txzulebidan isic Cans, rom igi sakmaod daSo-

rebulia orive monastridan, imdenad, rom iq wasul

xanZTel berebs makarisTan erTad Ramis gaTevac ki

mouxdaT venaxebSi.

meorecaa da xanZTa venaxebis maRla mdebareobs;

naTqvamia, rom grigoli da zenoni ,,aRvides Tvisad mo-

nastradve”, xolo ,,makari warvida opizad”. Tu

gaviTvaliswinebT opizis, forTisa da nukas saydris

mdebareobas (isini erT seqtorSi mdebareoben), ganla-

geba aseTia: opiza da forTa daaxloebiT erT zolzea

(forTa SedarebiT maRlaa), nukas saydari ki oriveze

ufro maRlaa.

yovelive es gvarwmunebs, rom dRevandeli nukas say-

daria swored Zveli xanZTa” (faRava 2007: 147).

vfiqrob, es gansja imsaxurebs yuradRebas. cxadia,

venaxis adgilmdebareobasTan dakavSirebiT mxolod

varaudebis daSveba SeiZleba. amasTan, SevniSnav, rom,

rogorc merCule gadmogvcems, berebma Rame venaxis

maxlobel saxlSi gaaTies: ,,erTsa Sina saxlsa iyvnen

samive.” maSasadame, venaxTan axlos saxlicaa, Txzule-

bidan ar Cans, es saxli adgilobrivi mcxovrebisaa Tu

~ 79 ~

berebis aSenebuli. orive varianti dasaSvebia, magram

saintereso isaa, rom venaxis maxloblad saxlis

arseboba, miuxedavad imisa, vis ekuTvnis igi, amtkicebs,

rom venaxi xanZTisgan sakmaod Sorsaa:

1. merCules Txzulebidan cxadi xdeba, rom xanZTis

axlo-maxlo raime sofeli, dasaxleba ar arsebobs.

sxva rom araferi vTqvaT, xanZTa ,,udabnoa” ugzo da

saero pirTaTvis, anu ,,soflisa wesiT mcxovrebelTa-

gan”, miuvali. maSasadame, Tu saxli adgilobrivi

mcxovrebisaa, unda vigulisxmoT, rom venaxi, rogorc

saerosaTvis misawvdomi adgili, xanZTidan moSorebi-

Taa.

2. Txzulebis mixedviT, zemoxsenebuli venaxi grigo-

lis gaSenebulia: ,,STavides ornive venaxsa Senebulsa

missa”,_ aRniSnavs merCule. Tu saxli berebis agebulia,

unda vigulisxmoT, rom igi gankuTvnilia maTTvis, vinc

venaxis movla-patronobiTaa dakavebuli. venaxi rom

xanZTis monasterze yofiliyo mikruli, iseve, rogorc

forTis baRebia mikruli qvemo forTis usaxelo sava-

neze, maSin aseTi saxlis ageba saWiro aRar iqneboda _

venaxSi momuSave berebi Cveulebrivad icxovrebdnen

monastris senakebSi. amdenad, unda vigulisxmoT, Tu

saxli berebis kuTvnilebaa, venaxi xanZTisagan sag-

rZnoblad Sorsaa.

rac Seexeba qvemo forTas, Tu fantazias Zalas da-

vatanT, SeiZleba isic vivaraudoT, rom venaxSi myofma

berebma, romlebic iseTi rwmeniT warmoTqvamdnen fsal-

munebs, rom ,,saxli igi bneli mzisa mcxinvarebam gana-

naTla”, am mcire mogzaurobiT mianiSnes, Tu moniSnes

adgili, sadac momavalSi axali monasteri unda aSene-

buliyo. adgili ara maincadamainc xanZTis mesame ,,axa-

li da Suenieri” eklesiisa, aramed sxva savanis asage-

bad, savanisa, romelmac qvemo forTis nangrevebis sa-

~ 80 ~

xiT moaRwia Cvenamde da romlis Sesaxeb cnobebi dai-

karga.

asea Tu ise, nukas saydari rCeba xanZTis maZiebel

mkvlevarTa interesis sagnad. am versiis amoReba

samecniero mimoqcevidan naadrevia; amasTan, vfiqrob,

SesaZlebelia dazusteba, rom Tu nukaa xanZTa, maSin

igi uSualod grigol xanZTelis mier gabriel dafan-

Culis SemweobiT IX saukunis dasawyisSi agebuli qvis

eklesia unda iyos. xolo aSot kuxisa da gurgen

erisTavT-erisTavis mecadineobiT X saukunis pirvel

naxevarSi aSenebuli ,,axali da Suenieri” eklesia,

rogorc Cans, JamTa viTarebis gamo, daingra da misi

naSTebi axlac daiZebneba nukas SemogarenSi.

VIII. kvlavac mosazrebebi argumentebis Sesaxeb dagamo

rogorc ukve vTqvi, xanZTis adgilmdebareobasTan

dakavSirebiT Tanamedrove qarTvelologiaSi ZiriTa-

dad ori mosazreba arsebobs. isic cxadia, rom nuka-

saydaric da qvemo forTis eklesiac erT zonaSi, erT-

maneTis maxloblad, 3-4 kilometris daSorebiT mdeba-

reobs, amitom umravlesoba argumentebisa, romelTac

mecnierebi iyeneben TavianTi poziciis gasamyareblad,

met-naklebi albaTobiT gamodgeba rogorc erTi, aseve

meore versiis sasargeblod. Tumca, unda vaRiaroT

isic, rom zogierT SemTxvevaSi nuka-saydris ,,upirate-

soba” aSkaraa. ganvixiloT konkretuli magaliTebi:

1. pavle ingoroyva wyaroebze dayrdnobiT savsebiT sa-

marTlianad miuTiTebs, rom:

~ 81 ~

klarjeTis 12 savane teritoriulad erT zonaSi

iyo moqceuli. isini erT gancalkevebul teri-

toriul erTeuls, calke mxares Seadgendnen.

klarjeTis 12 savaneTa es mxare mdebareobda

artanujisa da anCis maxloblad.

klarjeTis am 12 savaneTa mxaris sazRvrebi iyo

erTi mxriT (CrdiloeTiT) _ Rados mTa,

romelic karCxlis mTebis ganStoebas warmoad-

gens, xolo meore mxriT (samxreTiT) sazRvari

iyo SavSeT-imerxevis wylis xeoba.

xanZTa da opiza erTimeoris uSualo mosazRv-

reebi iyvnen (ingoroyva 1954: 309-310).

rukaze daxedvac ki sakmarisia, rom davaskvnaT: ro-gorc nukas saydari, aseve qvemo forTas eklesiazustad Tavsdeba am sazRvrebSi.

2. IX saukunis 30-ian wlebSi klarjeTis 12 savaneTa

mxareSi bagrat kurapalatis, misi Zmebis da berebis

mogzaurobis analiziT pavle ingoroyvam daasabuTa,

rom SeuZlebelia qvemo forTis eklesia iyos Satberdi

(ingoroyva 1954: 319). magram igive marSruti Tanabrad

gamodgeba rogorc qvemo forTis, aseve nuka-saydris

xanZTad saxeldebisaTvis sasargeblo argumentad: mefe-

mTavrebi da berebi opizidan xanZTaSi gadavidnen, mere

miZnaZoris mimarTulebiT gaswies. nukaca da qvemo

forTac opizasa da miZnaZors Sorisaa.

3. pavle ingoroyva imowmebs mesxeTis saepiskoposoTa

sazRvrebis zemoxsenebul aRwerilobas. aRwerilobaSi

aRniSnulia, rom erTimeoris mosazRvre punqtebs xan-

ZTasa da opizas Soris mdebareobda adgili, romel-

sac rqmevia daxatula. gavixsenoT, rom dokumentSi

~ 82 ~

anCelis samwyso asea warmodgenili: ,,samwyals aqeTi

sancxas (//xanZTas) da opizas Sua daxatula, imas

qvemoTi nigalis xevi, gaRma da gamoRmarTi gonias

samzRvaramdin”. xanZTa//sancxis igiveobaze kamaTi am

SemTxvevaSi naklebad arsebiTia. saxelwodeba daxatu-

la moxseniebuli aqvs niko marsac mogzaurobis dRiur-

Si da, rogorc vTqviT, es toponimi dResac dasturdeba

da igi namdvilad aris opizasa da forTas Soris,

magram verc imas ityvis vinme, rom daxatula opizasa

da nuka-saydars Soris ar ariso.

4. vaxtang jobaZe SeniSnavs, rom ,,xanZTis monastris

sayrdeni kldeebis aRwera ,,grigol xanZTelis cxovre-

baSi”, romelsac imowmebs niko mari Tavisi mosazrebis

dasacavad, marTlac udgeba nukas saydars, magram is

aseve Seefereba qvemo forTis monasters, romelic,

Cveni azriT, aris namdvili xanZTa” (jobaZe 2006: 62). ki-

dev erTxel davakvirdeT yuradRebiT ,,grigol xanZTe-

lis cxovrebis” teqsts da SevadaroT igi amJamindel

realobas:

giorgi merCules TxzulebaSi xazgasmulia, rom

xanZTis kldeebi ,,uficxlesia” klarjeTis kldeTa

Soris da monastrisaTvis berebma daavakes es ficxeli

kldeebi. ,,da erTobiT juari dasweres adgilsa mas da

iwyes saqmed senakebisaTÂis qveynisa davakebad, rameTu

kldeÁ igi xanZTisaÁ uficxles ars ufroÁs yovelTa

maT klarjeTisa udabnoTa”; Tavdapirvelad grigolma

xis eklesia aaSena ,,da Semdgomad sayudeli TÂisi da

TiTo senakebi ZmaTa maTTvis mcireÁ da erTi senaki

saostigned didi”. es moxda VIII saukunis 80-ian wlebSi.

mogvianebiT, IX saukunis dasawyisSi, grigoli aSe-

nebs qvis eklesias gabriel dafanCulis moraluri da

materialuri daxmarebiT. berebma kidev erTxel gaswies

didi Sroma, kidev erTxel daavakes ,,adgili igi saek-

~ 83 ~

lesioჲ” da ,,keTilad gansrulda Zueli igi eklesiaÁ

xanZTisaÁ SewevniTa qristeÁsaiTa da meoxebiT wmidisa

giorgisiTa, da locviTa netarisa mamisa grigoli-

siTa...”

davixsomoT, rom aq saubaria xanZTis Zvel eklesia-

ze. gavixsenoT, rom giorgi merCulec xanZTaSi moR-

vaweobs (oRond ara grigolis mier aSenebul am Zvel

eklesiaSi) da grigolis mowafeebisa da mowafeTa mo-

wafeebis monaTxrobis mixedviT wers Tavis Txzulebas.

axali monastris Temas Cven kidev mivubrundebiT,

axla ki isev teqsts mivmarToT da gavixsenoT, rogor

aRuwers grigoli demetre mefes xanZTis da sazoga-

dod, monastrebis, midamoebs:

,,da ars igi ugzo da miuval raÁTurTiT soflisa

wesiTa mcxovrebelTagan, rameTu RadoTa mTaTa Sina

maRalTa ars mkÂidrobaÁ maTi, da mortymul ars erT

kerZo mTaÁ igi, da erT kerZo SavSeTisa didTa wyalTa

Sekrebisa garemoslvaÁ garemoadges zRudis saxed uZ-

ravisa.

da esreT yovliT kerZo SezRudvil arian mTaTa mi-

er da Ãevnebisa, da wyalTa maTgan saSinlad Znelovan-

Ta adgilTa mravalTaÁsa.

da monasterTa maT Sina ara ars saTibeli queyanaÁ,

arca yanaÁ saÃnavi, aramed didiTa SromiTa roWikisa

mislvaÁ aqus karaulisa zurgisa...”

demetre mefesTan saubari 826 wlis axlos Sedga. am

dros ,,aTormetTagan” agebulia xanZTa da mere. SesaZ-

loa, dawyebulia sxva monastrebis mSeneblobac.

grigoliseuli aRwera yvelaze metad amJamindeli nuka-

saydris Semogarens emTxveva, magram rakiRa arc for-

Taa Sara-gzaze, kidev ufro ukan davixioT da gavixse-

noT, rom roca berebi pirvel nabijebs dgamdnen klar-

jeTSi, xanZTaSi Casul grigols, daxvda ,,vinme beri...

~ 84 ~

martod myofi, kaci marTali da wmindaÁ, romlisa

saxeli Ãuedios.”

Tu Cven am TvalsazrisiTac SevadarebT nukas da

forTas, ganmartoebiT dayudebuli meudabnoe beris

moRvaweobisTvis savsebiT Sesaferisi adgili swored

nukaa. niko maris emociac amas efuZneboda – es aris

bunebrivi garemo ukiduresi asketizmisaTviso. Sesabami-

sad, arc is varaudi iqneba logikas moklebuli, rom

,,martod myofi ჴuediosi” swored aq naxa grigolma da

es adgili SearCia eklesiis mSeneblobisaTvis.

5. vaxtang jobaZis azriT, ,,iseT damrec ferdobze,

rogorzec nukas saydari dgas, SeuZlebelia sakmarisi

sasoflo-sameurneo produqtis moyvana xanZTisodena

monastris Temis saWiroebis dasakmayofileblad” (jo-

baZe 2006: 62).

am mosazrebas usityvod unda daveTanxmoT; Sesabami-

sad, albaT igulisxmeba, rom qvemo forTis Semogaren-

Si SesaZlebelia monastris TemisaTvis sakmarisi sa-

soflo-sameurneo produqtebis moyvana; magram es yve-

laferi, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT merCules Txzulebis

teqsts, mxolod imas adasturebs, rom SeuZlebelia,

qvemo forTa iyos grigolis xanZTa.

kidev erTxel gavixsenoT grigolis ,,qebaÁ xanZTi-

saÁ.” beri aSots eubneba, rom xanZTaSi ,,saTesavi yanaÁ

da saTibeli queyanaÁ raiTurTiT ara ars, arca iqmne-

bis RirRlovanTa maT ficxelTa mwuervalTa maT Ra-

dosaTa”. anu saxnav-saTesi da saTibi miwa sruliad ar

aris da arc iqneba uswormasworo da RorRian, cicabo

mTis kalTebzeo. amitomac iyo, rom aSot kurapalatma

agarakad, anu saxnav-saTesad Seswira ,,adgilni keTilni

da Satberdisa adgili”.

afxazeTis mefe demetresTan saubrisas ki grigoli

pirdapir acxadebs, rom monastrebisTvis sakmarisi

~ 85 ~

sasoflo-sameurneo produqtebi ver mohyavT ,,aTormet

savaneTa” mxareSi:

,,da monasterTa maT Sina ara ars saTibeli queyanaÁ,

arca yanaÁ saxnavi, aramed didiTa SromiTa roWikisa

mislvaÁ aqus karaulisa zurgiTa, da mcired venaxni

WiriT da urviT daungrevian da egreve mtilebi”. anu,

monastrebis midamoebSi arc saTibi, arc saxnav-saTesi

miwa ar aris, sakvebi didis gaWirvebiT, saxedriT

miaqvT, wvalebiT CauyriaT patara venaxi da aseve

bostnebi gauSenebiaTo.

grigoliseuli aRweriloba sakmaod naTel warmod-

genas uqmnis mkiTxvels da visac nukas midamo unaxavs,

dameTanxmeba, rom es adgilebi sasoflo-sameurneo saq-

mianobisTvis sruliad gamousadegaria; am Tvalsazri-

siT forTaSic bevri araferia saxarbielo, magram iq

odnav ukeTesi mdgomareobaa...

6. vaxtang jobaZe aRniSnavs: ,,grigol xanZTelis cxov-

rebis” mixedviT, sanam xanZTis eklesiis mSeneblobas

daiwyebdnen, saWiro gamxdara miwis mosworeba. esec ar

Seefereba nukas saydars – aq mosasworebeli miwa saer-

Tod ar aris, mxolod kldea” (jobaZe 2006: 62).

faqtia, rom nukas saydari kldezea agebuli. isic

udavoa, rom eklesiis asagebi adgilis davakeba gamxda-

ra saWiro, Tanac _ araerTgzis. pirvelad maSin, roca

berebi xis eklesias agebdnen: ,,iwyes saqmed senakebisT-

Âis queynisa davakebaÁ, rameTu kldeÁ igi xanZTisai

uficxles ars ufroÁs yovelTa maT klarjeTisa

udabnoTa da SromiTa didiTa qmnes adgili igi,” xis

eklesiasTan erTad grigolma aaSena ,,sayudeli TÂisi

da TiTo senakebi ZmaTa maTTvis mcireÁ da erTi senaki

saostigned didi”. rogorc vxedavT, aq saubaria ara

mxolod eklesiaze, aramed nagebobaTa kompleqsze –

berTa samyofel, aseve satrapezo Tu sxva daniSnule-

~ 86 ~

bis senakebze. miwis davakebasTan erTad naxsenebia

ficxeli kldeebic, anu, SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom

nagebobaTa nawili zed kldeze iyo aRmarTuli,

nawilic _ miwaze. am SemTxvevaSi aucilebeli iqneboda

rogorc kldis, aseve miwis mosworeba. adgilis moswo-

reba saWiro gamxdara meore, qvis eklesiis mSeneblobis

drosac: ,,xolo netarman grigolman adgili igi saek-

lesioÁ daavaka,” – aRniSnavs merCule. cnobili araa,

qvis eklesia zustad im adgilas aSenda Tu moSorebiT,

am monakveTSi arc miwis davakebazea saubari, arc _

kldisa. naxsenebia mxolod saeklesio adgili, rome-

lic SeiZleba swored is klde yofiliyo, romelzec

dRemdea SemorCenili nukas saydari. SesaZlebelia,

mSeneblebma axali adgili daavakes, an Zveli gaafar-

Toves. bunebrivia, qvis eklesiis mSeneblobas mohyvebo-

da qvisave damxmare nagebobebis mSeneblobac. reliefi-

dan gamomdinare, es nagebobebi SeiZleba yofiliyo

kldeebSic da miwazec.

mesamed xanZTis eklesiis mSeneblobas, rogorc ukve

araerTgzis aRiniSna, Sesdgomian X saukunis dasawyis-

Si, roca xanZTis winamZRvrad mama arseni iyo. samSeneb-

lo adgili amjeradac moaswores:

,,...iqmna dawyebaÁ axlisa mis da Suenierisa eklesii-

saÁ ficxelsa mas kldesa zeda, romelica friadiTa

SromiTa da qviT-kiriTa myariTa mravalTa JamTa daa-

vakes, da esreT Seracxes SemzadebaÁ adgilisa misa, vi-

Tarmca sruliad aReSena.”

rogorc vxedavT, aqac upiratesad ficxel kldeeb-

zea saubari. asec rom ar iyos, nukas eklesiis mimdeba-

re vrcel teritoriaze nagebobaTa nawili miwazea age-

buli, nawili - ,,ficxel kldeebze” _ msgavsad gadarCe-

nili saydrisa; nawilic sruliad ganadgurebulia da

odindeli suraTis srulad aRdgena dRes SeuZlebelia.

~ 87 ~

7. vaxtang jobaZe nukas saydris xanZTasTan gaigivebis

sawinaaRmdegod kidev or arguments gvTavazobs: I. ,,nu-

kas saydari bazilikaa da samSeneblo teqnikaSi IX sau-

kunis eklesiebisaTvis (parexTa, esbeki) damaxasiaTebel

niSnebs atarebs; ris gamoc SeuZlebelia, is miviCnioT

xanZTis eklesiad, romelic X saukunis I naxevarSi

aSenda. II. giorgi merCulis mixedviT qvebi xanZTis

monastris asagebad Sori gzidan mohqondaT, nukas

saydari ki adgilobriv mopovebuli qvebiTaa aSenebu-

li” (jobaZe 2006: 62).

Tu davuSvebT, rom nukas saydari ara bolo, X sau-

kuneSi agebuli, aramed IX saukunis daswyisSi uSua-

lod grigol xanZTelis mecadineobiT aSenebuli nage-

bobaa, zemoxsenebuli winaaRmdegobebi TavisTavad mo-

ixsneba. bunebrivia, es eklesia swored IX saukunisTvis

damaxasiaTebeli samSeneblo teqnikiT da arqiteqturiT

unda iyos aSenebuli da amasTan _ adgilobriv mopove-

buli qviT. merCule mxolod X saukuneSi mimdinare

xanZTis eklesiis bolo mSeneblobis Sesaxeb ambobs,

rom ,,xolo qvaÁ da kiri friad SoriT moqunda ZnelTa

maT gzaTa kacTa zurgiTa, da yoveli sasworiTa iwone-

boda, rameTu iyiddes maSenebelni igi.”

minaweri xanZTis optimisti maZieblebisTvis

gamyolTa Temas, albaT, odesme sagangebod mivub-rundebi. SavSeTsa Tu klarjeTSi, amier da imier-taoSi, spersa Tu lazeTSi, zogjer pirvelive Sem-xvedri, iSviaTad anazRaurebis fasad, umetes SemTx-vevaSi savsebiT uangarod, mogatarebs da gaCvenebsyvelafers, rac unaxavs Tu gaugonia, guldagul mo-giZebnis Zveli ambebis mcodnes, erTxelac ar daga-madlis, ar daiwuwunebs, uSurvelad gascems adamia-nur siTbos da sikeTes, zogjer sakuTari fesvebis

~ 88 ~

ZiebaSic Cagyveba, gaaRviZebs cnobierebis kunWulSimiyuJuls, winaprebisagan darCenils da iqneb gur-jobis sevdac moeZalos.

israfil avji 56 wlis kacia, kaxabreli, karCxa-las xeobidan, xmel-xmeli, moZravi, dauzareli dadauRalavi. yoCaRad dadis cicabo bilikebze, gabe-dulicaa. fakiris simSvidiT wvda kudSi Sxamiangvels... mimtevebelic: gaavdrdebao da ar gvirCiakarCxalas zemo xidze Casvla... aq uceb icis gaavd-reba, nakadulebi Rvarcofad iqceva, miwa _ talaxismasad _ hoda, roca samSvidobos gadmovediT, Zafi argvqonda mSrali da sufTa. erTi sayveduric ardascdenia... israfili enawylianicaa da, amave dros,eSmaki. aSkaraa, davlili aqvs guldagul aqauroba,bevri smenia, bevri unaxavs, bevric uTxria albaT oq-ros cieb-cxelebiT Sepyrobils.

bevris Tqmac SeuZlia da, etyoba, dafarvac. zog-jer Znelia Cawvde glexuri gamWriaxobiT mikibul-mokibuls: samiode wlis win TiTqos aq viRac profe-sori mosula, somexi. rukebic hqonia, yvela nagebo-bis Tu bilikis saxeli scodnia. uTqvams, aqaurobawinaT gurjebisa iyo, magram somxebsac ucxovriaTo.ar daumalavso, israfilma, oqros eZebdao. gadameTseZebda, aris aq aseTi adgili, iqac kldeze miSenebu-li qilisea, kargad vicnob iqaurobas, magramdavumale, ar miviyvane iqamdeo...

ratom movayole axla amodena ambavi:Cven xom xanZTis, sxva toponimebis, ama Tu im am-

bis Sesaxeb yvelas da yvelgan vekiTxebiT xolmedauzareblad: dids Tu pataras, SavSeTSi, klarjeT-Si, taosa Tu sperSi, mizanmimarTulad Tu Cveulebi-samebr, inerciiT... israfilsac vkiTxeT, xanZTa sa-daao. veraferi gvipasuxa.

meore dRes, wyarosTavze asvlisas, sityvam moi-tana da SeZlebisdagvarad avuxseniT, rom xanZTa da

~ 89 ~

is savaneebi, romlebzec masTan erTad davdiodiT,qarTuli kulturis umniSvnelovanesi Zeglebia.

gamyolebis mimarTac gamovxateT madliereba. amanTu Seaguliana israfili, yovel SemTxvevaSi cotaxnis Semdeg gaixsena Tu ,,gaixsena”, rom xanZTis Se-saxebac smenoda raRac.

misi TqmiT, berTis midamoebSi aris adgili ni-kauri, iq aris qilisa da im adgils hqvia xanZTa.

erTaderTi, rac israfil avjis naubars logikisfarglebSi aTavsebs, isaa, rom nikaurs (swored ni-kaurSia berTas monasteri) zemoT aris mahale, ro-melsac hqvia xazabeTuri (axla Caxmaxli). rogorcCans, israfilma sityvaTa JReradobis garkveulimsgavseba, aseve berTis eklesiis arsebobis faqtierTmaneTs gadaaba da gulwrfelad scada Cveni dax-mareba...

garda amisa, Cveni megzurisve TqmiT, forTas ga-daRma, SavSeTiswylis mopirdapire mxares, kideverTi patara eklesiaa, imasac xanZTas uwodebeno.

2005 wlidan moyolebuli es adgilebi SeZlebis-dagvarad movlili gvaqvs araerTgzis, msgavsi ara-feri gvsmenia. israfilTan erTad Zebnis dro aRariyo, miTumetes rom safuZveli gvqonda, eWviT movki-debodiT gamyolis nagvianev gulmodginebas, magramnaambobi firzec CavwereT da amasTan am eWvs, yoveliSemTxvevisTvis, minawerSi Cateul ambad vtovebT op-timisti mkiTxvelisTvis.

IX. gunaTles vani

,,grigol xanZTelis cxovrebaSi” orjeraa moxse-

niebuli gunaTle. pirvelad im epizodSi, roca gri-

goli, gabriel dafanCulis TxovniT, dedaTa monas-

trisTvis eZebs adgils da mas ,,gunaTles maxloblad”

~ 90 ~

ipovis da meored maSin, roca berebi ,,roWikisa Txovad

xanZTisaTvis” gunaTleSi mivlen abulasaTTan, gabriel

dafanCulis SvilTan.

pavle ingoroyva, niko maris Canawerebze dayrdno-

biT, miiCnevda, rom gunaTle SavSeTSia. ,,gunaTle

dRemdis arsebobs SavSeTSi (mas amJamad ewodeba gurna-

Teli). aq daculia nangrevebi savanisa, romlis Sesaxe-

bac mogviTxrobs giorgi merCule,” _ wers igi (ingo-

royva 1954: 381).

ukanasknel xans mklevarma darejan kldiaSvilma

nukas saydari ,,grigol xanZTelis cxovrebaSi” moxse-

niebul gunaTles vanTan gaaigiva. misi azriT, xanZTa

dafanCulTa gvaris mamakacTa samarxia, xolo amave

feodaluri saxlis dedaTa saZvle gunaTles dedaTa

monasteria, dRes nuka-saydris saxeliT cnobili

(kldiaSvili 1998: 162-180).

mkvlevrisTvis ,,sadavo aRar aris, rom xanZTa qvemo

forTaSi mdebare samonastro kompleqsia” da ara nuka-

saydari. Sesabamisad, raki nuka arqiteqturuli forme-

biT VIII-IX saukuneebis mijnas, anu klarjeTSi farTod

gaSlil samonastro mSeneblobis periods miekuTvneba,

unda gamoiricxos imis albaToba, rom mis Sesaxeb

araferia naTqvami 951 wels, grigolis gardacvalebi-

dan 90 wlis Semdeg daweril agiografiul Txzule-

baSi, romelSic dawvrilebiTaa aRwerili klarjeTis

eklesia-monastrebi da maTi istoria (kldiaSvili 1998:

164).

vfiqrobT, sakiTxi savsebiT samarTlianad aris

dasmuli da imsaxurebs yuradRebas.

mivmarToT isev merCules Txzulebas:

,,cxorebis” mixedviT, gabriel dafanCuli ,,Semkul

iyo yovliTa sisruliTa da simdidriTa, sibrZniTa, ha-

sakiTa da axovnebiTa, yovelsa zeda saqmesa gamarjve-

biTa da keTiladmorwmunoebiTa qebul iyo.”

~ 91 ~

gabriels ,,maxloblad vansa grigolisasa aqvndes

zogni sofelni”. amgvari formulireba (,,zogni sofel-

ni”) ukve niSnavs, rom mas sxvaganac unda hqonoda sof-

lebi, anu ,,zogni” maxloblad, ,,zognic”, albaT, moSo-

rebiT. gunaTlec dafanCulTa samflobeloa, magram

teqstidan ar Cans, igi xanZTis mezobel sofelTa So-

risaa Tu sadme sxvagan (magaliTad, SavSeTSi) mdeba-

reobs.

grigoli daxmarebis saTxovnelad gabrielis ojax-

Si midis, magram kerZod romel dasaxlebul punqtSi,

am epizodis mixedviT, ar Cans. Txzulebis Tanaxmad,

wminda bers ojaxis ufrosi Sin ar daxvda, xolo misma

meuRlem, mariamma, pativiscemiT miiRo. wasvlisas mo-

nastris gzis dasaswavlad xalxi gaayola da Semdgom-

Si Tanadgomis pirobiT daaimeda grigoli.

Sin dabrunebulma gabrielma gaixara, roca beris

stumrobis Sesaxeb gaigo, grigols wigni gaugzavna da

kvlav mobrZaneba sTxova. berma ismina misi Txovna.

didebulma aznaurma pativiT miiRo beri, warudgina Ta-

visi oTxi Ze _ patriki, gvarami, arSuSa da abulasaTi,

sTxova locvebSi moxsenieba da ageba qalTa monast-

risa, romelic iqneboda ,,samarxavi micvalebulTa de-

daTa.”

samonastro adgili grigolma mxolod Ziebis mere

SearCia (,,Zieba yo”) gunaTles maxloblad. sad aris gu-

naTle, arc amjerad Cans. mSeneblobaze saubrisas mer-

Cule erTi winadadebiT ifargleba: ,,xolo netarman

grigol Zieba yo gulismodgined da pova adgili keTi-

li gunaTles maxloblad, jvari daswera da mun aRa-

Senes monasteri dedaTaÁ, romelsa aw hrqÂan gunaTles

vani”. rogorc vxedavT, avtori aq ar asaxelebs ,,fic-

xel kldeebs”, rac esoden damaxasiaTebelia nukas mi-

damoebisaTvis da es faqtic nukas da gunaTles gaigi-

vebis sasargeblod ar metyvelebs.

~ 92 ~

Zneli saTqmelia-meTqi, dafanCulTa gunaTle im

“zog” sofelSia nagulisxmevi, xanZTis maxloblad ro-

maa, Tu sxvagan. mogvianebiT merCule kvlav axsenebs gu-

naTles, rogorc gabriel dafanCulis vaJis _ abulasa-

Tis sacxovrebel adgils. esec niSandoblivi faqtia.

zemoxsenebuli movlenebidan mravali welia gasuli.

teqstis mixedviT, ar Cans, es igive sofelia, sadac

winaT grigoli Sexvda gabriels, Tu sxva romelime

dasaxlebuli punqti. ufro safiqrebelia, rom sxva

sofeli iyos.

abulasaTTan grigolis mowafe _ netari epifane

mivida ,,roWikisa (sazrdos) Txovad xanZTisaTvis”. abu-

lasaTi dahpirda, rasac Seni Zmebi erT dRes momkian,

Tqveni iyoso.

epifanem Sekriba Zmebi, visac kargad exerxeboda

mka da Seudgnen gulmodgine garjas. SuadRisas ukve

gamoCnda, rom saRamomde mTeli yanis aRebas SeZlebd-

nen. ukeTurma kacebma dedofals acnobes, rac misTvis,

rogorc Cans, moulodneli aRmoCnda da kaci gaugzavna,

raTa mka SeewyvitaT. berebma yuri ar aTxoves ambis

momtans. maSin isini, dedoflis brZanebiT, ZaliT

gayares.

am epizodis analizisas marTla SeiZleba dauSva,

rom rakiRa ramdenime berma, Tundac ,,keTilad momkel-

Ta”, erTi dReSi SeZles mTeli yanis aReba, rogorc d.

kldiaSvili SeniSnavs, ,,arc gunaTles saxnav-saTesi mi-

webi unda yofiliyo gamorCeuli sivrciTa da siuxviT”

(kldiaSvili 1998: 175). magram Cven arc is viciT, sxva

sayane adgilebi iyo gunaTleSi Tu ara; Zalian Tu

moindomeb, imis gamoTvlac SeiZleba scado, ra far-

Tobze SeZlebdnen mosavlis aRebas berebi da moiZeb-

neba Tu ara nuka-saydris midamoebSi imxela sayane te-

ritoria, ramdenime saukeTeso momkelma mTeli dRis

ganmavlobaSi rom imuSaos; veWvob, rom moiZebnos...

~ 93 ~

SeiZleboda dagveZebna paralelebi sazRapro eposTanac

(gmiris mier warmoudgenlad mcire droSi Sesrulebu-

li didi moculobis samuSaos motivi) _ agiografiam

xom uxvad gamoiyena klasikuri (antikuri xanis) mwer-

lobisa da xalxuri sityvierebis Taviseburad gadamu-

Savebuli mxatvruli arsenali.

magram aseT ,,wvrilmanebze” drois dakargva ar

Rirs, radgan xsenebuli epizodi nawarmoebSi CarTulia

im adgilas, sadac netari epifanes _ grigolis

mowafis, saswaulebis Sesaxebaa moTxrobili.

giorgi merCules sityviT, ,,didi epifane simdab-

liTa TÂisiTa miiwia sazomsa TÂisisa moZRurisasa da

cremlTa daTxeviTa sulTa ukeTurTa ganasxmida da

sneulTa mswrafl ganhrkunebda, da mravalTa sxvaTa

saswaulTa iqmoda, urCTa rai gvemiTa ganswavlida da

morwmuneTa locviTa sikvdilisagan iÃsnida”.

netarma epifanem mas Semdeg, rac berebi yanidan

gaaZeves, ufals SesTxova dedoflis Sendobaca da ama-

ve dros, mcirediT dasja misi, raTa ,,iswavos ara gmo-

baÁ glaxakTaÁ”.

ufalma kadnierebisaTvis dedofals madli gana-

Sora da maSinve ,,dasca igi sulman ukeTurman”. mxo-

lod epifanes da ZmaTa misTa locvis wyalobiT gani-

kurna. amis Semdeg dedofali ,,keTilad Seicvala da

Seuvrda epifanes da ZmaTa maT da didiTa keTiliTa

ganutevna igini sixaruliT.”

aq naTlad Cans epifanes saswaulis Zala: man jer

risxva mouvlina dedofals, Semdeg gankurna RvTisave

nebiT. yanis mkis epizodic nawilia beris saswaulebisa:

roca abulasaTi mkis nebas rTavda, albaT verc war-

moidgenda, rom berebi mTel mosavals (Tundac mxolod

erTi yanis mTel mosavals) waiRebdnen. rakiRa man Tqva

,,_ dResa erTsa Sina raica momkon, mimiciao”, aq ukve

igulisxmeba, rom raRac nawilis micemas varaudobda,

~ 94 ~

Torem vin dauSlida im yanis mTeli pureuli Tavidanve

gadaedo eklesiisTvis.

berebis gulmodgineba moulodneli aRmoCnda de-

doflisTvisac: abulasaTma Tavisi gadawyvetilebis

Sesaxeb gunaTles myof cols amcno da Tavad ,,sxvad

qveyanad” wavida. dedofals arc ukmayofileba gamouxa-

tavs da arc winaaRmdegoba gauwevia. igi mxolod mas

Semdeg Sewuxda (,,Seiurvao”, _ wers merCule), roca

SuadRisas ,,kacTa vieTme ukeTurTa” ambavi miutanes _

,,srulad mohmkian vidre mwuxradmde ifqlsa mas friad

keTilsa”. ramdeni momkeli muSaobda yanaSi, ucnobia,

magram naTlad Cans, rom abulasaTsac da, bunebrivia,

dedofalsac mxolod mosavlis nawilis micema hqon-

daT ganzraxuli. berebis Sromisunarianoba yvelasTvis

moulodneli aRmoCnda. Sesabamisad, gunaTles mciremi-

wianobaze dabejiTebiT saubari Znelia da mkis isto-

riis dakavSirebac nuka-saydris midamoebTan Wirs am

ukanasknelis reliefis gamo: raRa am klde-RreSi mivi-

dodnen saroWikod da samkalad berebi...

rogorc vxedavT, nukas eklesiasTan gunaTles

vanis gaigivebis pirdapiri argumentebi arc merCules

TxzulebaSi da arc romelime sxva wyaroSi ar dastur-

deba. me ukve araerTxel Sevexe klarjeTis ,,aTormet

udabnoTa” geografias, amitom detalebs aRar mivub-

rundebi, magram unda SevniSno isic, rom radgan Zvel

qarTul wyaroebSi moxseniebul Tormet savanes Soris

imave epoqaSi agebuli gunaTle ar ixseneba, SeiZleba

vivaraudoT, rom gunaTle ara klarjeTis am seqtorSi,

aramed sxvagan mdebareobda. vTqvaT, swored SavSeTSi,

gurnaTelSi (axla Susuz), rogorc pavle ingoroyva

miiCnevda. maris dros aq, kokiSaurad (kokoSaurad) wo-

debul adgilas, eklesiis kedlebi jer kidev Semor-

Cenili iyo.

~ 95 ~

grigolis Rvawli SavSeTsac rom swvdeboda, naT-lad Cans merCules TxzulebaSi. aq moixsenieba klar-jeTis mosazRvred mdebare qveyana SavSeTisa, aqauridasaxlebuli punqtebi, naxsenebia SavSeTis mxarismoRvaweebi da sxva.

arsebiTad SavSeT-klarjeTi, rogorc zemoTacaRvniSne, iyo erTi seqtori, moRvaweobis erTi are. amasmowmobs materialuri kulturis ZeglTa (eklesia-monastrebis, cixe-simagreebis, qvis xidebis) ganlagebacda dRemde SemorCenili legendebic. aranakleb mniSvne-lovani faqtoria isic, rom anCidan klarjeTis aTor-met savaneTa mxarisken ramdenime gza midioda da erTimaTgani swored corcel-anklia-gurnaTelze gadioda(kidev erTxel gavixsenoT, rom SavSeTi jer kidev anCiseparqiis nawili iyo maSin, xolo grigolma ,,Zieba yo”adgili gunaTles vanisTvis); marTalia, es gza ar iyopirdapiri, magram SavSeTSi mimaval kacs SeeZlo, misiTesargebla da Semdeg imerxevis an wefTas Tu Cixisxe-vis, an sulac SavSeTiswylis xeobiT (bareTelTas gav-liT) gadasuliyo wyarosTavs, miZnaZors, xanZTas, opi-zas... amrigad, gunaTle-gurnaTelis ganxilva grigolxanZTelis moRvaweobis farglebSi savsebiT bunebriviCans.

gurnaTeli SavSeTiswylis marcxena ferdobze, saT-lelis cnobili cixis mopirdapire mxares, forTisaRmosavleTiT, daaxloebiT 25 kilometris moSorebiTmdebareobs. igi tipuri SavSuri sofelia _ dafenilivelebiT, wiwvovani da Sereuli tyeebiT. guliani, stu-marTmoyvare gurjebi ki arian, magram aqaurebs qarTu-li didi xania (XIX saukunidan moyolebuli) daviwyebu-li aqvT (Tumca, erTi gurnaTleli gvarwmunebda,babuaCemma jer kidev icoda qarTuli enao). niSandob-livia, rom qarTul fesvebze uars ar amboben. dResacdasturdeba qarTuli mikrotoponimebi, maT Sorismaris mier moxseniebuli kokiSauri (kokoSauri), velTa,

~ 96 ~

agreTve balaTi, naToZirevi (//nataZrevi), patarayana,wiwelTa, aRnauri, Zvelyana, naurma, jurmuli, ujamur-Ta, jafaroTxaro, aRma-daRma, WilluRi...

qarTuli aRar ician-meTqi gurnaTelSi, magramqarTuli sityvebi aqaurTa TurqulSi jer kidev ismis.anu, Tu metismetad miveZalebiT faqtebs, SeiZlebavTqvaT, rom ise laparakoben qarTulad, verc acnobie-reben Tavad... dae, lirikul CanarTad CameTvalos,magram uTuod unda gavixseno, rogor dagviRamda gur-naTelis ganapiras, erT-erT naeklesiarze, mdinareorTvalwylis (orTvalsus) piras 2010 wels, oqtom-berSi. ukan, soflis dasaxlebul ubnebamde metad Sorigza iyo, tyiani. amitom, gamyolTa rCeviT, vamjobineT,mdinare gagvetopa da sofel ankliaSi gadavsuliyaviT,_ iqidan avtomobiliT SeiZleboda gurnaTelSi asvla.

gamyolebma sacalfexo xidi eZebes da ver ipoves.hoda, roca Sarvlebakapiwebulebi da fexSiSvelebi miv-topavdiT yinuliviT civ wyalSi, erT-erTma gamyolmaTiTqos Tavi imarTla: aq winaT wanwalaqi iyo, magram

wyals wauRiao. es winadadeba, cxadia, Turqulad Tqva,magram sanam zaza SaSikaZe gviTargmnida, sityva ,,wanwa-laqi” manamde miswvda smenas. wanwalaqs Turme viwro,

sacalfexo, bewvis xids uwodeben. es sityva sabasleqsikonSicaa: ,,wanwala ars erTi latani ra xidiviTgasdva gasavlelad” (orbeliani 1993: 364); ZalauneburaderTmaneTs gadaeba lingvisturi asociaciebi: wanwali _siaruli _ sawanwalo _ sasiarulo _ xidi _ gadasasv-leli... amas daemata saerTo ganwyoba: vin icis, iqnebmarTlac Zveli gunaTles vanis maxloblad mdinareSimivtopavdiT kldesa da RreSi CarCenili mogzaurebida qarTvelobadaviwyebuli, magram erTob gulmodgine,patiosani, Tavaziani, fesvebs monatrebuli gurjigamyolebi... da ra gasakviria, rom es mSvenieri sityva

~ 97 ~

ise gvemSobliura, viTomc Cvens mxleblebSi erTipatara, Zveli saqarTvelo aRmogveCinos!

Tanamedrove gurnaTelSi Zveli, aqtiuri sasulierocxovrebis kvali imiTRa Cans, rom ramdenime naekle-siaris Tu nataZrevis naxva jer kidev SeiZleba. iqnebgunaTles vani marTlac gurnaTelSi iyo, magram dRespraqtikulad SeuZlebelia gansazRvra imisa, kerZod,sad mdebareobda igi. Tumca, varaudebis daSveba SeiZ-leba: CvenTvis saintereso savane gurnaTelSi SemorCe-nili sami ,,naqilisvaridan” erT-erTi unda iyos.

erTi maTgani, rogorc vTqvi, niko marma aRwera. gu-naTles vanTan igi mogvianebiT pavle ingoroyvam gaai-giva. maris TqmiT, eklesia tyeSia, maRla, kokoSauradwodebul adgilas. eklesia iyo Zveli, tipurad Sav-Suri, wagrZelebuli, oTxkuTxa, SigniT naxevrad mom-rgvalebuli sakurTxevliT. naSeni iyo patara, msxvili,uxeSad damuSavebuli qvebiT. XX saukunis dasawyisSisakurTxevlis kedeli SedarebiT kargad yofilaSemorCenili da jer kidev waawydebodi jvrebian qvebs.

unda iTqvas, rom sakuTriv kokoSaurSi eklesiisnaSTebze veravin migviTiTa. gasaTvaliswinebelia isic,rom ama Tu im mikrotoponimiT saxeldebuli teritori-is sazRvrebi xSirad pirobiTia. imis dazustebac Wirs,magaliTad, balaTi (balaZe cxovrobda iq da imitomhqvia balaTio, ase agvixsnes), kokoSauris nawilia, Tumisgan gamijnuli. yovel SemTxvevaSi, es ori ubanigurnaTelis erT seqtorSia da, Cveni varaudiT, balaT-Si mdebare naqilisvaria swored is SavSuri eklesia,romelic niko marma aRwera. dRes igi miwasTanaa gaswo-rebuli, aRarc kedlis naSTebia, saZirkvelic miwiT damcenareebiTaa dafaruli. soflis muxtris, miqaeldemirjis TqmiT, ngrevaSi ganZis maZieblebmac iTamaSesdidi roli. faqtic iqve vnaxeT (2010 wlis ivlisiseqspedicia): oqros povniT anTebul romeliRaca gur-naTlels profesionali arqeologis gulmodginebiT

~ 98 ~

gadauTxria miwa da iq nanaxma suraTma Cveni gamyolebiimdenad Seawuxa, ramdenjerme bodiSic moixades, Tana-soflelTa sixarbiT darcxvenilebma.

samwuxarod, arc niko mari da arc sxva maSindeliavtorebi gurnaTelis sxva savaneebis Sesaxeb arafersamboben; arada, sofelSi uaRresad saintereso suraTiixateba.

kidev erTi nagebobis kvali maRlobzea: gurnaTelsirgvliv mTebi akravs. aRmosavleTis ferdobze erTigorakia, romlis zeda nawils buCaTi, xolo Suas _naToZirevi//nataZrevi hqvia. adgilobrivTa TqmiT, winaTaq monasteri yofila. axla miwis zedapirze aRaraferiCans, magram uZvelesi savanis xsovna aqaurTa mexsiere-baSi ar waSlila.

mesame nageboba, mdinare orTvalwylis marjvena na-pirze mdebare zemoxsenebuli naeklesiari Tu namonas-trevi, mravalmxrivaa saintereso. soflis centridaniqamde daaxloebiT erTi saaTis fexiT savalia. koko-Sauridan wasuli mgzavri ZvelisZveli saurme gziTgaivlis iaxmeTurs, yaraiaRs da cicabo ferdobiTmdinaris piras Cava. am adgils qilises eZaxian.

naeklesiarze misvla orTvalwylis marcxena napir-ze mdebare sofel ankliidanac SeiZleba. es gza ufromosaxerxebelia, magram mdinaris gatopvaa saWiro (Sev-niSnavT, rom amave mdinares ankliaSi Sratxevi uwodes).

Cven orive gza gaviareT da SeZlebisdagvaradmaxlobeli midamoebic davaTvaliereT.

nagebobaTa kvali TvalsaCinoa, Tumca, yvelaferimiwasTanaa gasworebuli. ganZismaZiebelTa ,,naRvawi”aqac Cans. gauTxriaT Zveli saflavebic da Zvlebi mi-waze yria. dRes Znelia dabejiTebiT saubari imaze,mTeli samonastro kompleqsi iyo aq Tu _ mxolod ek-lesia. rogorc Cans, axlomaxlo dasaxlebac yofila.amasTan, gamyolebma moSorebiT gvaCvenes uzarmazari

~ 99 ~

gaTlili qva, romelzec raRac niSnebi Tu figurebiiyo amokawruli.

adgili savsebiT Sesaferisia monastrisaTvis, Tum-ca, rogorc vTqvi, dabejiTebiT raimes mtkiceba Znelia.Tu aqac lirikas mivmarTavT, Tan fantaziasac dava-tanT Zalas da midamosac guldasmiT davaTvalierebT,SeiZleba misaRebad mogveCvenos arcTu fantastikuriSeferilobis azri, rom nukas saydris da gurnaTeliszemoxsenebuli savanis asaSenebeli adgili erTi pirov-nebis (vTqvaT, grigol xanZTelis) gemovnebiTaa SerCeu-li. gansxvavebac didia, magram saerTo ganwyobiT esori adgili raRacnairad exmianeba erTmaneTs. Tu nukassaydars mdinare karCxalas napiridan (marcxena napiri-dan) gaxedav, xolo gurnaTelis qilisas ankliidan _orTvalwylis aseve marcxena napiridan, aSkarad igrZ-noba msgavsi xedva, oRond sagangebod unda aRiniSnos,rom sagrZnobia reliefis mniSvnelovani gansxvavebac:gurnaTelSi ficxeli kldeebi araa. kacma rom Tqvas,arc Seefereba qalTa monasters...

niSandoblivia, rom prof. SoTa mamulaZe 2010 wliseqspediciis mier gurnaTelSi, nafuZrad wodebul adgi-las aRmoCenil monumenturi Senobis naSTebs didgvaro-vani feodalis nasaxlarad miiCnevs da ar gamoricxavs,rom SesaZlebelia, warsulSi swored aq yofiliyodafanCulTa ojaxis sacxovrebeli (SavSeTi 1911: 81)

mokled, kiTxva bevria, pasuxebi _ cota. me ki minda,gurnaTelSi marTlac sjerodeT, rom qilises Tavze,mdinarispira maRlobTan xandaxan mainc gadmodgebaxolme TeTrebSi Cacmuli TeTrwvera kacis aCrdili,romlis danaxva SeiZleba, miaxloeba _ ara... eslegendac ukan moxedva iqneba _ gaucnobierebelinaRveli winaprebis, Zvelis, dakarguli fesvebisa dawarsulis gamo, warsulisa, romelic aRarasodesdabrundeba...

~ 100 ~

T a v i m e s a m e

Zegli, ziareTi da sxva Zveli ambebi

I. JamTaaRmwerlis istoria da Zeglis

wmida giorgis eklesia forTis ziareTze

samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos mkvlevarTaTvis im-

TaviTve iyo cnobili JamTaaRmwerlis erTi cnoba, ro-

melic XIII saukunis II naxevarSi monRolTa laSqrobis

tragikul istorias aRwers. es cnoba uxsenebiaT an

ganuxilavT jer kidev dimitri baqraZes da giorgi

yazbegs, ufro gvian _ pavle ingoroyvasa da leo me-

nabdes. ukanasknel periodSi am cnobas yuradReba

miapyres daviT xoStariam da mamia faRavam. CvenTvis es

cnoba upirvelesad imiTaa saintereso, rom iq aRwe-

rili movlenebi swored aTormet savaneTa mxareSi

viTardeba.

Tegudars, monRol ufliswuls, Tavis mokavSires-

Tan SesaerTeblad saqarTveloze unda gaevlo, isic

Tavisi ,,bargiT, dedawuliT” da laSqriT gamoemarTa

da aq samxreT-dasavleTis gziT Semovida: ,,momarTa

mTaTa RadosaTa, karCxalTa da karisaTa, romel ars

SavSeTsa da aWaras da dadga mTasa SavSeTisasa fiW-

vTas” (narkvevebi 1979: 579).

vidre saubars gavagrZelebde, erTi ram unda Sev-

niSno kidev: mkiTxvels Sevaxseneb forTelebis monaTx-

robs _ mWidrod dasaxlebuli karCxalas xeobis hiper-

bolizebul aRweras, CamliqSi Txas rom Sesvamdnen

xolme saxlis saxuravze da nukamde ise Camobakundebo-

da, miwaze fexs ar daadgamda, saxuravebze gadmoivli-

da.…,,Cam” (çam) Turqulad fiWvia, Sesabamisad _ ,,Camliq”

~ 101 ~

(çamlık) _ fiWvnari. vin icis, iqneb Tegudari swored ze-

moxsenebul CamliqSi dabanakda (fiWvTas!). qarTuli to-

ponimebis Turqulad Targmna da saukuneTa ganmavloba-

Si ase damkvidreba Cveulebrivi movlenaa TurqeTis sa-

qarTveloSi.1

JamTaaRmwereli mogviTxrobs erTi saswaulis Sesa-

xeb, Tegudaris laSqars rom ukavSirdeba: opizis mo-

saoxreblad daZruli monRolTa jari swored Zeglis

mTasTan gaanadgura niaRvarma. ioane naTlismcemelma,

romlis saxelobisac iyo opiza, ,,daicva misi samyofi”

,,da mouvlina nisli da sibnele, da verRara vidodes

ferxiTa saZageliTa, rameTu miaxlebul iyvnes udab-

nosa da dadges mTis mis Zirsa, romelsa ewodebis Zeg-

li, romelsa zeda Sen ars eklesia wmidisa giorgisi,

romel ars [Soris] opizas da miZnaZorisa” maSin ioane

naTlismcemelma ,,moavlina qari sastiki mTisa Radosa

da xoSkakala setyua da wvima mZafri da iqmna mdina-

reze didi, romelic gasworda viTarca wueramde Zeg-

lisa, romeli awca ixilvebis didi igi naRuarevi,

romelic STavals marTl zeda-zeda wyalsa SavSursa”

1Txis ambavi erTob popularulia karCxalas xeobaSic da mis

gadaRma bazgireTSic. igi kidev erTxel Segvaxsenebs xatovanieniT, rom ,,aTormet savaneTa” mxaris es seqtori mWidrod dasax-lebuli yofila. Txis ,,marSrutis” sawyis punqtad TqmulebisversiebSi sxvadasxva adgili saxeldeba. ZiriTadad lekobani,Cermuqi (igive sof. karCxala) da Camliqi.

Cveni saTqmelisTvis didi mniSvneloba ar unda hqondes,magram mainc davazusteb, rom ufro logikuri Cans Cermuqis anlekobnis xseneba. orive am xeobaSia, saTavisken. lekobani ufromaRlaa.

rac Seexeba Camliqs, aseTi toponimi arTvinis provinciaSiramdenimea: sakuTriv qalaq arTvinSi, artanujiswylis xeobaSi,iusufelsa da SavSeTis mTebSi, karCxaladan arcTu ise Sors,

CixorSi (Artvınlı 2013: 90). amdenad, vin icis, iqneb TegudarisfiWvTa swored Cixoris Camliqi iyo...

~ 102 ~

...yvela TaTari daiRupa, garda erTisa, romelic Tegu-

darTan gaiqca ambis misatanad (qarTlis...1959: 257).

Woroxis auzSi rom bevria saZiebeli da sakvlevi,

araerTxel gviTqvams. maT Soris erT-erTi swored Zeg-

lis wminda giorgis eklesia da masTan dakavSirebuli

kiTxvebia. miuxedavad imisa, rom ZvelTaganve cnobili

iyo istoriuli faqtic da daaxloebiT adgilic, sadac

es ambavi moxda, rogorRac mecnierTa yuradRebis miRma

darCa, rom toponimi ,,Zegli” dRemdea SemorCenili da

metic _ Zeglis wminda giorgis eklesiis kedlebi

axlac dgas. 2011 wlis zafxulSi Cven wilad gvxvda

pativi, rogorc Cans, Tanamedrove mkvlevarTagan

pirvelebs mogvexila es eklesia, rac kidev erTxel

adasturebs, rom mcire Tu did aRmoCenaTa periodi

Woroxis auzSi jer kidev araa dasrulebuli.

rogorc vTqvi, JamTaaRmwerlis zemoxsenebul cno-

bas dimitri baqraZidan moyolebuli araerTi mkvlevari

Sehxebia. Tumca, Zeglis adgilmdebareobis garkveva,

Cven dromde aravis ucdia. pirvelad am sakiTxiT ramde-

nime wlis win dainteresda daviT xoStaria. igi, gani-

xilavs ra zemoxsenebul epizods, dasaSvebad miiCnevs

matianeSi naxsenebi Zeglis wmida giorgis eklesiis

identifikacias nuka-saydarTan (xoStaria 2005: 207)...

visac karCxalas xeoba, forTisa da opizis midamoe-

bi dauvlia, dameTanxmeba, _ JamTaaRmwerlis ,,Zeglis”

nuka-saydarTan dakavSirebis mcdeloba araa safuZvels

moklebuli. forTis ziareTis naxvamde es varaudi

dasaSvebad migvaCnda, magram isic bunebrivia, rom mwiri

informacia eWvis safuZvelsac qmnida da imTaviTve

SevniSnavdiT: ,,erTmniSvnelovani da ueWveli daskvnis

gakeTeba dRes diaxac Znelia _ Tu SeuZlebeli ara. vin

icis, Zeglis mTaze iqneb sxva eklesiac iyo, romelic

wyaldidobam daangria _ wyali mTis wvers uswordebo-

dao, ase hiperbolizebulad aRniSnavs aboboqrebuli

~ 103 ~

stiqiis masStabs mematiane. XIII saukuneSi Tu ufro

gvian dangreul SenobaTa kvalis naxva dRes gaZnel-

deba: gana saqarTveloSi cota ram warixoca pirisgan

miwisa JamTa avbedobis gamo?” (CoxaraZe 2010).

is, rom sxva TemebTan erTad Zeglis, rogorc to-

ponimis Sesaxeb unda mogvekiTxa ,,aTormet savaneTa”

mxareSi, Tavidanve CaviniSneT 2010 wlis eqspediciis

mosamzadebel etapze. warmatebis imedi maincadamainc

ar gvqonia da uTuod bedma gagviRima, roca forTaSi

gadaveyareT enawylian moxucs, ilias oqurs, romelmac

,,Zeglis” arseboba Tanamedrove forTaSic dagvidas-

tura. roca mas viTomc sxvaTa Soris vkiTxe, Zegli sad

aris-meTqi, pasuxi CvenTvis iyo moulodneli, Torem

berikacma xeli mTisken gaiSvira da mSvidad migviTiTa

mwvervalisken _ ai Zeglio... eklesiis Sesaxeb ki arafe-

ri uTqvams. im weliwads ver movaxerxeT Zeglis mTaze

asvla.

ilias oqurisa Tu sxva adgilobrivTa monaTxrobi

diaxac STambeWdavi iyo, magram, rogorc aRmoCnda,

kidev ufro mniSvnelovani win gveloda: Zeglze asvla

mxolod 2011 wlis zafxulSi movaxerxeT eklesiis

naSTebic maSin vnaxeT (m. CoxaraZe, m. faRava, z.

SaSikaZe, n. tuRuSi) _ matianis mier aRwerilma ambavma

xorci Seisxa da gaiba idumali Zafi warsulTan...

Zegli forTis Tavzea. SavSeTis gzatkecilidan

forTis (firnalis) gzaze Tu auxvev, asaxvevidan

Zeglamde 22 kilometria. zemo forTasTan misvlamde

marjvniv unda mihyve gzas da axvide forTis ჲailamde.

mas ,,ziareTi ჲailas” uwodeben, rac mosalodnelicaa

imitom, rom Zegli ziareTia da igi ჲailidan naxevar

kilometrze mdebareobs. es adgili administraciula-

dac forTas ekuTvnis, Tumca ufro opizis mxaresaa.

,,Zegli” rom mecnierTa yuradRebis gareSe darCa,

SeiZleba imiT aixsnas, rom iq ziareTia (amazec qvemoT)

~ 104 ~

da adgilis dasaxelebaSi ,,ziareTi” ,,forTis ziareTi”

,,ziareTi ჲaila” ufro cnobili da gavrcelebulia. Tu

sagangebod ar moikiTxe, SeiZleba bevri ram ise giTx-

ran ziareTze, Zegli arc axsenon.

samanqane gza TiTqmis zed Zeglamde midis. es aris

Semindvreba, saidanac oTxive mxriT gaSlilia sivrce.

rogorc iTqva, Zeglis ziareTze aris patara eklesiis

naSTebi. kedlebi Tumca CamoSlilia, magram alag-alag

2, 2,5 metramdea SemorCenili qvebis wyoba. eklesia didi

ar unda yofiliyo, daaxloebiT 35-40 kvadratuli met-

ri. sxva nagebobaTa kvali axlomaxlo ar Cans, Tumca,

vin icis, ramdeni saidumlo dahfara miwam. eklesiis

win ori saflavia, adgilobrivTa TqmiT, Sehidebisa, anu

wminda kacebisa (wminda omSi daRupulebisa). saflavebi

ganaxlebuli da movlilia. Sehidebis Sesaxeb legen-

debsac hyvebian, Tumca mainc warmoudgenelia, rom

muslimani wminda kacebi qristianuli eklesiis win

daesaflavebinaT; tao-klarjeTSi ar maxsendeba sxva

SemTxveva eklesiis ezoSi wmindanTa, Tundac Sehidebad

saxeldebul wmindanTa saflavebis movla-Senaxvisa. aq

damarxul pirTa religiur kuTvnilebaze msjeloba

amjerad zedmetad mimaCnia, mTavari isaa, rom

saflavebi eklesiis ezoSia da, xalxis azriT, isini

RmerTis kacebi arian. es faqti mravali varaudis

gamoTqmis saSualebas iZleva. varaudebis gamoTqma ki

safrTxiloa... isic Zneli saTqmelia, rodis iqca es

midamoebi ziareTad. bevri kiTxva Cndeba, magram imasRa

vityviT, rom saflavis motivi saerTod damaxasiaTebe-

lia ziareTisTvis _ Tu ziareTia, e.i. saflavic unda

iyos iqve.

eklesiis da saflavebis maxloblad sagangebod

augiaT e.w. dasaZinebeli, fardagiT dafaruli ficru-

li sawoli, romelic SemoRobilia da gadaxuruli.

~ 105 ~

mimdebare mikrotoponimika qarTulia: tba, saCino, baxa-

buxa, afliani, naguTli...

ziareTis naeklesiaridan Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT

janjiris iailaa da sazgireli, anu is punqtebi, sai-

danac SavSeTis erT-erTi gza eSveba karCxalas xeobis-

ken da, gnebavT, opizisken. samxreTiT, ufro samxreT-

aRmosavleTiT, forTaa, samxreT-dasavleTiT _ opiza.

Zeglidan opizisken samanqane gzac eSveba. am gziT

opizamde manZili 11 kilometria. amdenad, Zeglze asvla

opizis gziTac SeiZleba. gzebi aqaurobisTvis Cveuleb-

rivia, gruntis, Tavisi aRmarT-daRmarTebiT, SeZlebis-

dagvarad movlili. Tu uamindoba araa, gamarTul av-

tomobils misi daZleva ar gauWirdeba.

eklesiis adgilmdebareoba, misi Semogarenis amJamin-

deli funqcia, masTan dakavSirebuli rwmena-warmod-

genebi cxadyofs, rom igi Tavis droze mniSvnelovani

savane unda yofiliyo.

specialistebis azriT (2013 wels Zegli azoma da

Seiswavla profesorma SoTa mamulaZem, manamde foto

da videomasalebi gavacaniT profesor guram yifians),

eklesia namdvilad tovebs adreuli Senobis STabeWdi-

lebas da igi IX-X saukuneebisa an ufro adrindeli

unda iyos.1

vfiqrobT, rom swored es eklesia (Zeglis ziareTze

arsebuli nangrevebi) aris naSTebi JamTaaRmwerlis

mier naxsenebi wmida giorgis eklesiisa. sxva rom

araferi vTqvaT, opizasa da miZnaZors Soris mxolod

aq dasturdeba toponimi Zegli da am adgilasaa Semor-

Cenili ZvelisZveli eklesiis nangrevebi. es garemoeba

eWvis safuZvels naklebad tovebs.

1Zeglis Seswavla grZeldeba da masalebic gamoqveyndeba, me

mxolod zemoxsenebul mkvlevarebTan pirad saubarSi gamoT-qmuli mosazrebebi momyavs maTive nebarTviT.

~ 106 ~

II. CanarTi meore: qarTvelobamonatrebulTaTvis

rogorc vTqvi, Zegli ziareTia da ziareTis Temac

erTob popularulia samuslimano saqarTveloSi.

ziareTi rwmenasTan dakavSirebuli adgilia. ,,ziareTSi

wasvla” sakulto adgilebis molocvasTan asocirdeba.

am tradiciaSi SeiZleba aRmovaCinoT rogorc musli-

manuri, aseve _ qristianuli da warmarTuli Sreebi.

miuxedavad imisa, rom tao-klarjeTis romelime zia-

reTi SeiZleba naeklesiarze an mis maxloblad iyos,

aseTi adgilebi Tanamedrove gurjebis SegnebaSi aRar

ukavSirdeba qristianobas. damkvirveblisTvis moulod-

neli zogierTi faqti ufro tradiciis Zala Tu

gaucnobierebeli inerciaa.

mravlismetyvelia, rom adgilobrivTa warmodgeneb-

sa da TqmulebebSi Zeglis ziareTTan wminda kacebis

(Sehidebis), aseve brZolis... istoriaa dakavSirebuli.

zemoT ukve vaxsene ,,sulis inercia”. es gamoTqma Ta-

namedrove mkiTxvels SesaZloa, zedmetad romantizebu-

lad moeCvenos, magram isic faqtia, rom adgilobrivTa

cnobierebaSi daleqili da xSirad uTavbolod areul-

dareuli informaciis fragmentebi, rogorc vTqvi, sxva-

dasxva istoriuli epoqis da winaparTa zepirsityvieri

Tqmuleba-gadmocemebis Taviseburi gamoZaxilia. klar-

jelTa Tu taoelTa cnobierebis kvleva sxva saqmea,

sxva Temaa, sxva gansjis sagania da amjerad am Temas

Tu am mimarTulebas naklebad vexebi. Tumca mainc unda

movitano ZeglTan, nuka saydarTan, wyarosTavTan, ,,Tama-

ra dodofalTan”... dakavSirebuli istoriebi, romlebic

arapirdapir (vin icis, iqneb pirdapirac) ukavSirdeba

gansaxilvel problemebs da Tavisi moulodneli, lo-

gikas da istoriul safuZvels moklebuli interpre-

taciebiT mravalmxrivi ganzogadebis da daskvnebis

saSualebas iZleva. magram zogjer yovelgvari anali-

~ 107 ~

zis gareSe motanili nedli masala gacilebiT mrav-

lismetyvelia da ufro acxovelebs fantazias. wignis

mesame nawili mTlianad am masalas daeTmoba. aq mxo-

lod mcire fragmenti momaqvs forTasa da karCxalas

xeobaSi Sekrebili masalisa da barem madlierebiT

aRvniSnav Rvawls profesor zaza SaSikaZisas, romlis

gareSec erTob gaWirdeboda adgilobrivebTan dialogi

– aTormet savaneTa mxareSi xom qarTuli aRar ician,

magram warsulis ucnaurad akinZuli fragmentebi mainc

SerCenia cnobierebas.

Cemi mxriv Sevecdebi, zemoxsenebuli ilias oqurisa

da axalgazrda gamyolis _ muraT giuris monaTxrobi

fragmentebi ise gadavaba erTmaneTs, rom logikuri

xazic gaimarTos da Txrobis manerac SeZle-

bisdagvarad iqnas SenarCunebuli.

forTelebis rwmeniT, uxsovar droSi am midamoeb-

Si xezreTi ali mosula. mas berTis mxridan gadmouv-

lia da Tan ori wminda kaci (Sehidi) xlebia. mxleb-

lebi Zeglad wodebul adgilas, gamoqvabulSi dauto-

vebia, Tavad sadRac wasula da, roca dabrunebula,

orive daxocili, dakluli daxvedria. iqve dausaf-

lavebia. maSasadame, Zeglze xezreTi alis mxlebeli

ori muslimanis, ori Sehidis, sasaflaoa. amitomaa aq

ziareTi. xalxi am ziareTze artanujidan, trapizoni-

dan, aqCaabadidan Camodioda.

xezreTi (,,hezreTi” _ uwmindesi) ali yuranis perso-

naJia, muhamed winaswarmetyvelis biZaSvili da amave

dros, siZe, ali ibn ali talibi, meoTxe da ukanaskne-

li marTlmorwmune xalifa, muhamedis yvela laSqrobis

monawile, RvTismosavi da islamis erTguli pirovneba,

mamaci meomari da brwyinvale mWevrmetyveli” (islami

1999: 229).

~ 108 ~

xezreTi ali muslimanTa folklorSi xSirad figu-

rirebs (SioSvili...2010: 172). igi xalxuri zepirsityvie-

rebis popularul personaJad Cans forTaSic _ qarTve-

lobadaviwyebul qarTvelTa sofelSi. xolo Tamar

dedoflis CarTva am ciklis TqmulebebSi ukve aris

interesis Semcveli da, aseve, warsulTan damakavSire-

beli Zafebis naglejebze, daSretil erovnul cno-

bierebaze dakvirvebis gzac (xezreTi ali, nebismier

sxva personaJTan SedarebiT, Zlieria da amas xSirad

xazgasmuli kmayofilebiT aRniSnaven respodentebi).

xezreTi ali rom mosula, aq erTi Tamara yofila,

misTvis uTqvams, gamuslimandio. an sakuTari surviliT

unda gamuslimande, an sisxls davRvri, Tavebs davaWri

yvelas da ase gavamuslimanebo. Tamaras uTqvams _ sad

medina da sad forTa, SuaSi eqvsi Tvis gzaa da rogor

mogvwvdebio (igulisxmeba _ jariT rogor moxvalo _

m. C.). es rom gaigona, xezreTi ali Sejda frTosan

raSze, gaiqrola da Tamaras hkiTxa: Seni sarwmunoeba

ufro WeSmaritia, Tu Cemio? Tamaram uTxra _ Cemio.

ratom Senio? – aq salocavia, iq RmerTis saxlio, _

Taviseburad auxsna Tamaram da Tan dasZina, _ Tu Seni

sarwmunoebaa marTali, mTebSi rom gveleSapia, is

mokalio.

am gveleSaps, Turme, yoveldRe erTi kaci mihyavda

artanujis tyeSi da Wamda. xezreTi ali avida mTaSi

(mTxrobeli Zeglis mimarTulebas miuTiTebs) da dau-

Zaxa gveleSaps. is kidev gamoxta da gaiqca arTvinis

mimarTulebiT. xezreTi alim qva esrola da ver daa-

wia. mere aiRo da xmali esrola. mTa Suaze gadaixsna,

xmals gza utia. xmali gveleSaps CaerWo da mokla.

xezreTi alim gamarjvebis yiJina dasca. Tamaram dua

(locva) CaikiTxa (alahis sadidebeli locva warmos-

~ 109 ~

Tqva arabulado, _ gviTxra mTxrobelma ilias oqurma

da gaaxmiana kidec: ,,la illah il allah!”)

artanujSi Tarixi yofila, Tamaras Zma. am Tarixs

kidev Zma hyolia – Tomari zengi. imas ukiTxavs _

Tarixi raRas Svrebao? uTqvamT, ras Svreba da mZvin-

vare xezreTi alis erT yiJinas ver gauZlo da gamus-

limandao.

amis Semdeg xezreTi alim araerT gvelveSaps moaW-

ra Tavi. male yvela gamuslimanda, Tamarac gamusliman-

da da aqaurobas SerCnen qarTvelebi (anu rakiRa gamus-

limandnen xezreTi alim daindo, aRar daxoca qarTve-

lebio _ m.C.). imis mere ki rusi movida...

Tamaram icoda, xezreTi ali rom unda mosuliyo da

miuval kldeze Tavisi oqros da simdidris dasamalad

aaSena nuka qilise. iqidan aris darCenili saxelwodeba

,,nuka-saydar” anu ,,nuqi-saxla”. nuqi oqros niSnavs,

patara oqros, ,,saxla” igivea, rac ,,damale”, ,,Seinaxe”1.

am naambobSi saqarTvelos istoriis tragikuli

nafleTebis aRmoCenas didi dakvirveba ar sWirdeba,

miTumetes zedmetad mimaCnia maTi detaluri analizi.

mxolod ukanasknel abzacs minda mivapyro yuradReba.

SesaZlebelia, arabulis, Turqulis an Zveli osma-

luris romelime dialeqtSi veZeboT nuq//nukis msgavsi

JReradobis sityva da igi aRniSnavdes saunjes, Zvirfa-

seulobas; marTalia, amjerad mainteresebs ara is, Tu

rogoria am sityvis Sinaarsi realurad, aramed is, Tu

rogor esmiT igi forTelebs, magram mainc niSandob-

livia, rom Turqul-qarTul leqsikonSi mocemulia

1es ,,ganmarteba” mxolod ilias oqurisgan movismine, isic maSin,

roca monaTxrobis dazusteba scada. sxva SemTxvevaSi yvelamTxrobeli da TviT iliasic, eklesias uwodebs an ,,nuka-qi-lises” an ,,nuka-saydars”.

~ 110 ~

sityva Nukre _ vercxlis zodebi, Nukut _ (arab) fulebi

(leqsikoni 2001: 1076), anu, nuq arabulad fulia.

rac Seexeba meore sityvas, saxla _ nawarmoebia

Turquli zmnidan SAKLAMAK, rac niSnavs Senaxvas, dac-vas, dafarvas, gadanaxvas (leqsikoni 2001: 1209). saxlaaris gramatikuli forma _ mxolobiTi ricxvis meore

piris brZanebiTi kilo, anu _ Seinaxe, gadamale da a.S.

nukas ,,SenaxvasTan” sxva legendebSic akavSireben

karCxalelebi (zogierT maTgans qvemoTac SevexebiT).

SesaZloa odesRac marTlac gaxiznes klarjebma am

miuval monasterSi saeklesio saunje da es qoneba,

iseve rogorc mravali sxva nadavli, momxduris xelSi

aRmoCnda. ,,saydris” ,,saxla”-d interpretacia ki fanta-

ziis nayofi unda iyos, TandaTan, nel-nela, droTa

dinebiT damkvidrebuli aqaurTa SegnebaSi, roca

mSobliurs daJinebiT enacvleba ucxo ena, roca jer

kidev axsovT sityva ,,saydari” rogorc toponimi, mag-

ram misi mniSvnelobisa ara ician ra, JReradobis msgav-

sebaTa gamo es sityva uneburad ukavSirdeba maTTvis aw

ukve nacnobi Sinaarsis mqone ,,saxla”-s...

es tendencia araTu primitiuli cnobierebis done-

ze, uneburad da SemTxveviT, aramed TurqeTis oficia-

luri samecniero wreebis donezec SeimCneva. Turquli

istoriografiasac axasiaTebs xolme msgavsi ,,etimolo-

giuri cdani” (SaSikaZe, faRava 2010: 123-126), aq ki imis

Tqmac sakmarisia, rom zogierTi Turqi avtoris azriT,

iseTi Zveli qarTuli geografiuli saxelebic ki,

rogoricaa bari, parxali, axiza, anCi, xeva da sxva,

Turquli warmoSobisaa.

am mimarTebiT Tamami varaudebis daSveba mainc uma-

duri saqmea; cnobierebis idumali Zafebis realobasTan

mibma rTulia da sifrTxile gvmarTebs, magram iqneb

saxeldeba ,,nuka” swored osmalTa pirveli Semosevebis

Jams gaCnda, roca ganwiruli qarTvelebi gaurbodnen

~ 111 ~

pirsisxlian mters da mSvidobiani momavlis amao ime-

diT cdilobdnen winaparTa rudenebiT Seqmnili saun-

jis gadamalvas miuval simagreebsa Tu eklesia-monast-

rebSi.

da roca ,,nuka-saydris” ganmartebis aqaurTa cno-

bierebaSi CabeWdili versiis ganxilvas vcdilobT, vin

icis, iqneb aw ukve dakargul toponim ,,xanZTis” ,,nuka-

qilised”, ,,nuka-saydrad” (ganZis eklesiad, ganZis Sesa-

nax adgilad) gardaTqmis istorias vakvirdebiT...

sityvam moitana da imasac gavixseneb, rom xanZTis,

rogorc ganZTsacavis motivi qarTveli mwerlebis fan-

taziasac kvebavda. mxedvelobaSi maqvs levan goTuas

moTxroba ,,xanZTis zarebi”, romelic samxreT-dasavleT

saqarTvelos istoriis yvelaze Savbnel periods – XVI

saukunis Sua xanebs _ exeba da opizis da xanZTis

darbevis istorias asaxavs mxatvrulad.

cxadia, es uneblie asociaciaa da forTelebis mo-

naTxrobs literaturuli masala aranairad ar ukav-

Sirdeba.

III. Temis gagrZeleba, anu ,,Zegli” da ziareTi

aranakleb sainteresoa Tavad sityva Zeglis etimo-

logia da misi mimarTeba ziareTobis tradiciasTan.

sityva Zegli uZveles qarTul werilobiT wyaroebSi

araerTgzis dasturdeba. misi ganmarteba, erTi mxriv,

ukavSirdeba risame sazRvars (,,Zegli _ samzRvariviT,

weriT da ornatad iTqmis” (orbeliani 1993: 352); Zegli

_ didi sveti martod dadgenili niSnad, anu samZRvrad

(CubinaSvili 1825)); meore mxriv, Zegli aris ,,gamosaxu-

leba, qandakeba, kerpi” (abulaZe 1973: 524; faRava 2012:

204). garda amisa, Zegli gamoiyeneboda rogorc iuri-

~ 112 ~

diuli termini aqtis, traqtatis, dadgenilebis, xsene-

bis mniSvnelobiT (abulaZe 1973: 352) (Sdr. Zegliswera,

Zeglisdeba...), anu Zegli erT-erTi mniSvnelobiT aris

kanoni (an kanonTa krebuli), ganaCeni, dadgenileba, gan-weseba: ,,kanonmdebeli kreba sasamarTlo wigns adgenda

xolme... amisTana krebis naRvawsa da dadebuls «Zegli»

ewodeboda xolme” (iv. javaxiSvili _ www.ena.ge1).am mniSvnelobaTa Soris garkveuli asociaciuri

kavSirebis Zieba araa safuZvels moklebuli. yovel

SemTxvevaSi, sityvis Tavdapirvel, Zireul mniSvnelo-

basa da misgan axali sityvebis warmoqmnis logikaze

varaudebis gamoTqma SeiZleba, Tumca es ar aris Cveni

mizani.Zeglis etimologiasTan dakavSirebuli masalis Zie-

bisas ivane qeSakaSvili ganixilavs am sityvas, rogorc

Zvel wyaroebSi dadasturebul iuridiul termins da

mis mimarTebas aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis

dialeqtebTan. mdidari dialeqtologiuri da eTnogra-

fiuli masalis safuZvelze daaskvnis, rom am terminis

safuZveli saerTo-saxalxo enaa.

magaliTad, Zeglisdeba (Zeglis dadeba) giorgi

brwyinvales mefobis periodSi Sedgenili qarTuli

samarTlis wignia. igi gankuTvnili iyo aRmosavleT sa-

qarTvelos mTianeTisaTvis, sadac am droisaTvis sru-

li anarqia sufevda. metad gaxSirebuli iyo sxvadasxva

saxis danaSauli. mefis xelisuflebis Sesustebis

garda, Cveulebriv movlenad iqca ,,erTmaneTis Ralatad

dasxma da daqceva cixeTa, sikvdili, colis wagura da

ubralod dagdeba da mravalferni ulusoba”. amdenad,

1ganmartebiTi leqsikonis eleqtronuli versia _ arnold

Ciqobavas saxelobis enaTmecnierebis institutis da enis

modelirebis asociaciis erToblivi proeqti

~ 113 ~

giorgi brwyinvales konkretuli mizani hqonda _ mTis

sazogadoebisTvis Sesaferisi samarTlis wignis Sed-gena. ,,Cuen, mefeTa mefeman giorgim, Zeman yovelTa So-

ris warCinebulisa mefeTa-mefis dimitrisaman, davdeviT

Zegli ganaCeni ese mas Jamsa” (Zeglebi 1963: 401).

,,Zeglis dadebis”, agreTve sxva analogiuri wyaroe-

bis mixedviT, Zegli da ganaCeni sinonimebia, ganaCeni ki

niSnavs dawesebas, dakanonebas; Sesabamisad, logiku-

ria, rom giorgi brwyinvalis Semdgomi periodis sa-

marTlis ZeglebSi ,,ganaCeni” ikavebs ,,Zeglis” adgils.

samagierod swored mTis dialeqtebma Semoinaxa termi-

nebi Zegli, Zeglis dadeba, danadebi...

,,Zegli adevs” am dialeqtebSi niSnavs ,,valdebulebaakisria”. zogierT SemTxvevaSi (mag mTiuleTSi) es val-

debuleba aucileblad Sesasrulebelia, anu dakanone-

bulia. Sesabamisad, Zegls dadeba valdebulebis dade-

bas, dakanonebas niSnavs.

aranakleb sainteresoa, ra valdebulebebze SeiZ-

leba iyos saubari da ranairad sruldeba es valdebu-

leba. niSandoblivia, rom valdebulebis (Zeglis) Ses-

ruleba ZiriTadad religiuri ritualis saxes Rebu-

lobs da salocavs, jvars, xatobas ukavSirdeba xolme.

xevsuruli, fSauri Tu TuSuri dialeqtologiur-

eTnografiuli masalebis mixedviT terminebi Zegli//

Zeglis dadeba//danadebi gamoiyeneba ,,an uSualod jva-

ris winaSe misi ymis valdebulebis aRsaniSnavad, rac

imave jvaris RvTaebrivi Zalmosilebis gamo kanonize-

buli xdeba, anda jvariTaa gaSualebuli. _ es im Sem-

TxvevaSi, rodesac gvars, sofels Tu Tems Sesabamisad

meore gvaris, soflisa Tu Temis winaSe valdebuleba

akisria. danapirebi jvaris karze unda aRsruldes. da-

nadebi Zegli (//dakisrebuli valdebileba) STamomav-

lobaze gadadis, e.i. memkvidreobiTi xasiaTisaa (qeSaka-

Svili 1991 : 82).

~ 114 ~

meti sinaTlisaTvis Zeglis tradiciasTan dakavSi-

rebuli oriode magaliTi moviyvanoT:

xevsureTSi erTi kvirawmindelis mier mtrisTvis

moqneuli xmali jvris galavans moxvedria. misTvis es

danaSaulad CauTvliaT da kvirawmindelebisTvis daud-viaT Zegli: ,,weliwadSi (axal wels) dasturoba unda

gaewiaT arxotis jvarSi _ unda daeklaT saklavi da

eduRebinaT erTi qvabi ludi.”

,,liqokis TemSi arsebula dasturis Zegli. rodesac

dasturs jvaris samsaxuris vada gauvidoda, mas unda

mieyvana salocavSi aranakleb ori wlis mozveri. es

iyo dasturis Zegli. aseTi valdebuleba karatis jva-

ris yvela dasturze vrceldeboda.”

,,piroba-valdebulebis ganviTareba-gaRrmavebis gamo,

zogierT jvarSi sagangebo dRe gamouyviaT da misTvis

,,Zengloba-dRe” uwodebiaT. magaliTad, xevsureTSi,

sof. ჴaduSi aRdgomidan mesame dRes yofila meZeng-

leoba anu Zegloba-dRe. am dros sanebis jvarSi unda

misuliyo yvela meZegle da Seesrulebina yvela dana-

pirebi” (qeSakaSvili 1991 : 84).

,,Zeglis dadebis mizezi yofila mZime avadmyofobac.

avadmyofis patroni jvris winaSe debda aRTqmas, rom

Tu misi wyalobiT avadmyofi gadarCeboda, ZRven-zeda-

Sesa da locva-vedrebas ar moaklebda, aseT SemTxveva-

Sic jvris dResaswaulebidan erT-erTi iqneboda Ser-

Ceuli” (qeSakaSvili 1991 : 82).

Tu DSevajamebT mocemul informacias da misgan ga-

movyofT erT-erT arsebiT aspeqts, SeiZleba iTqvas,

rom termini ,,Zegli” aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTis

dialeqtebSi aRniSnavda garkveul valdebulebas, da-

napirebs da es valdebuleba ama Tu im formiT unda

aRsrulebuliyo salocavze, rac aucileblad gulis-

xmobda salocavze misvlas da garkveuli ritualis

~ 115 ~

aRsrulebas, anu ,,Zegli” pirdapir Tu arapirdapir

ukavSirdeba salocavs.

am kuTxiT aSkara da TvalsaCinoa paraleli ziare-

Tobis tradiciasTan, romelic esoden gavrcelebulia

Woroxis auzis ,,qveynebSi”. kidev erTxel gavimeorebT,

rom CvenTvis saintereso adgili forTis ჲailaze (,,ro-

melsa zeda Sen ars eklesia wmidisa giorgisi”), ro-

melsac Zegli hqvia, ziareTia, aq dRemde adian xolme

adglobrivebi Tu Soridan mosulebi da garkveul ri-

tuals asruleben.

,,ziareTi” (Ziyaret) TurqulSi arabulidan Sesuli

sityvaa da sanaxavad wasvlas, Sesaxvedrad wasvlas

niSnavs (Develioğlu 2007: 1190).

qarTul leqsikonebSi sityva ,,ziareba” ganmartebu-

lia erTi mxriv, rogorc Tanamonawile, Tanamonawileo-

ba (orbeliani 1993: 281), meore mxriv _ qristianuli

eklesiis erT erTi wesi _ Rvinis Sesma, sefiskveris

SeWma (qegl 1990: 504).

,,ziareTi”, rogorc toponimi, araerTgzis dasturde-

ba da CvenTvis cnobil yvela SemTxvevaSi zemoxsenebul

rituals ukavSirdeba. ziareTi sofelsac hqvia SavSeT-

Si (SavSeTiswylis marcxena sanapiroze), garda amisa,

eruSeTis qedis umaRlesi mwvervalis (TurqeTis teri-

toriazea) saxelwodebac ziareTia.

ra aris ziareToba da rogor aRasruleben tao-

klarjeTSi am tradicias?

ziareTSi wasvla iq RamisTevasac gulisxmobs da

msxverplis Sewirvasac. bevri morwmune ramdenime dRis

ganmavlobaSi rCeba. ziareTze asulma unda daiZinos

uTuod (Tumca dRes bevrgan daZinebis motivi miviwyebu-

lia). ZilSi, sizmarSi euwyeba mlocvels mosalodneli

sikeTis Tu miznis misaRwevad aucilebeli moqmedebis

Sesaxeb. momlocvelic valdebulebas iRebs, Sepirdeba

~ 116 ~

(!) am moqmedebaTa Sesrulebas (vTqvaT, msxverplis Se-

wirvas da sxva). aqaurebs swamT, rom ziareTis siwmin-

dis ZaliT uzneo znes Seicvlis, uSvilos Svili mie-

cema, ugnurs goneba daubrundeba da a. S. amitom zog-

jer didi manZilis gavlasac ar eridebian.

winaT ziareTSi gurjebi sanTlebsac anTebdnen. ax-

la _ naklebad, ufro zustad, aRar anTeben.

tao-klarjeTSi araerTi ziareTia. maT Soris erT-

erTi yvelaze saxelganTqmuli da popularuli swored

forTis ziareTia.

niko mars Cauweria adgilobrivi gurjebis monaT-

xrobi ziareTis Sesaxeb:

,,ziareTSi wavalT, mums (sanTels, m.C.) gavakeTebT,gavadnobT, Zafs CavyofT da ameviRebT, waviRebT, ziare-TaT fortas wavalT da meris[s] aWaras. fortis zemoTaris Cveni ziareTi, erT saaT gouwevs. ziareTze mar-tod moSenebuli saxli ari qvidan, yulaÁ moSenebuli,yulandeli, maSindeli.1

ziareTSi dawvebian, sizmarSi naxven. etyvis sizmar-

Si, es dakalio, Áa fuli aCuqeo, Sin dakalio, Áa aq da-

kalio. racxasac rom etyvis, daklavs. yoC. cxvar et-

yvis, Ãar, zroxas etyvis. qaTami gagvigonia, sxva Citi

ar gagvigonia.”

sizmarSi naxul moTxovnas, pirobas asruleben da

imedi aqvT, CaTqmuli survili auxdebaT.

,,ziareTSi midian fortis, Wkua romen dakarguli

eqneba... kari ara aq, Seva Sig kaci Áa qali, (igulisx-meba, rom eklesiaSi Sediodnen da Rames aTevdnen. axla

1SevniSnav, rom xazgasmul winadadebaSi swored Zeglis

wminda giorgis eklesia igulisxmeba: sanTels eklesiaSianTebdnen da daZinebiTac iq iZinebdnen! cxadia, niko mars amdetalze yuradReba ar miuqcevia, radgan igi ziareTze aryofila da eklesiis arsebobis Sesaxebac araferi icoda.

~ 117 ~

Ramis gasaTevi gareTaa, Ria ficruli _ m.C.) perangs Ca-

icvams marto, oqro, vercxli ar eqneba, marto perangi

da nifxavi, mum aanTebs, sam, Svid, xuT, cxras. Cemi der-

di racxa ario, vnaxo sizmario. da dawveba. Tu ar naxa

sizmari, ar mouxda. Tu naxa, Tvals daabaniebs sizmar-

Si (moutans racxas, ise eCveneba), asvams da etyvis yur-

banio”.

sanTlebs qvebze dgamen. rCebian erT-or Rames, sams

da met dRes. ufro Soridan mosulebi, ufro didxans

rCebian. midian fexiT, radgan mgzavrobisaTvis saWiro

gza ar aris. midian maisSi da ivnisSi. molebi aq ar

erevian. zogierTi maTgani Caxedavs wignSi (yuranSi) da

urCevs wigniT wasvlas ziareTze” (mari 2012: 224).

es meoce saukunis dasawyisis masalaa. ziareTSi

wasvlis tradicia 21-e saukuneSic SemorCa, Tumca _

sagrZnoblad gaRaribebuli da gafermkrTalebulia

(moiSala sanTlebis danTeba, gaqrobis pirasaa

msxverplis Sewirvis wesi da sxva.)

ziareTobis Sesaxeb axlac yvebian:

_ ,,rZals Svili ar uCndeboda, aviRe misi mandili

da ziareTs wavedi, forTas. mandili TavqveS amovide

da daviZine. ZilSi erTi TeTrwvera moxuci gamomecxa-

da. xis nafoti momca. es nafoti Cem rZals miveci. imave

wels SeeZina Svili” (meriem guli, sof. forTa, 2013 w.)._ ,,ziareTSi viarebodiT, daviTeTSi (svirevanis

mehelea), dRvabieTSi. nislaTaa iq axlos, iqac iyo zia-

reTi. forTaSic... fexiT wevdoden, evdoden iqa, sizmar

naxavden. racxas Ceifiqrebda (Sepirdeboda), imaze

naxavda sizmars” (imerxevi, CaqvelTa, 2007 w.)1._ ,,agze, zeiT, moyoriliviT iqneba mezeri (saflavi,

m.C). imgvar adgilze RarWs Tu rameis eSinia an Tu ver

1qarTul enaze Caweril teqstebSi mTqmelis dialeqturi metyve-

leba SenarCunebulia.

~ 118 ~

gaTxovda baxala, rame Tu Wirs, ziareTSi wevlen, daw-

vebian. Tu imaze deiZinebs da Ceifiqrebs, uusruldeba,

Tu ver deiZinebs, ar uusruldeba...

ustamis gedeiar, mohobnur iailas etyvian, Taa,

igze erTi adgili iyo, yore iyo, mezeri. igze wveboden.

erTi ziareTic forTas yofila. iq daha kaiao, ity-

vian...” (imerxevi, agara, 2009 w.)._ ,,ziareTi aris gaRma mTaze, buiuq mezerluRi

(didi sasaflao _ m.C) hqvia. gvalvebis dros avidodiT,

saklavs SevwiravdiT: Tu bevri moviyridiT Tavs, xars,

Tu ara _ cxvars...” (niaz iaziji, sof. boselTa, 2013 w.)

es klarjeT-SavSeTis masalaa. niSandoblivia, rom

dRemde SemorCa ziareTobis xsovna mesxeTSic. aq zia-

reTze midioda rogorc qristiani, aseve muslimani

mosaxleoba. SeiZleba davasaxeloT, magaliTad, bizma-

reTis ziareTi sof. udesTan (mgelaZe 2001); aseve amaR-

lebisa da sakvirikes ziareTebi (beriZe, 2011: 134).

ziareTs axseneben aWaraSic. magaliTad qedaSi, pir-

veli maisis sakrebuloSi dasturdeba toponimi ,,ziare-

Ti”. adgilobrivTa TqmiT, am adgilas evliebis (wminda-

nebis) saflavia. Turqobis dros iq adiodnen da zia-

robdnen, roca rame gauWirdebodaT. ,,iq misuli xalxi

saflavze iZinebs da naxulobs sizmars, saflavi imasac

gicxadebs, gexmareba Tu ara. Tu dagexmareba, isev saf-

lavze gaiRviZeb, Tu ar SeuZlia daxmareba, sflavi

gverdze mogisvris, magram Sen ver igrZnob, ise gageR-

viZeba sxva adgilas” (es 2012 wlis Canaweria. Caiwera

studentma Tamar surmaniZem, qedaSi.).

kidev uamravi masalis motana SeiZleba ama Tu im

ziareTze asvlis, daZinebis an molocvis, msxverplis

Sewirvis Tu CaTqmuli survilis asruleba-arasrule-

bis Sesaxeb. magram warmodgenili masalac cxadyofs,

rom aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi arsebuli

~ 119 ~

tradiciis zogierTi motivi _ salocavSi wasvla, avad-

myofis miyvana salocavze, valdebulebis dakisreba-

dakanoneba (Zeglis dadeba), msxverplis Sewirva _

Woroxis auzSi cnobil ziareTobasTan dakavSirebiTac

TvalsaCinoa. niSandoblivia, rom orivegan figurirebs

,,Zegli”, erTgan rogorc garkveuli ritualis, wesis,

valdebulebis aRmniSvneli termini, meoregan _ ro-

gorc toponimi _ saxelwodeba adgilisa, romelic

klarjeTSi asocirdeba zemoT aRwerilisgan arsebiTad

gansxvavebul, magram zogierTi detaliT msgavs ri-

tualTan. amasTan, unda SevniSno, rom Cemi mizani ri-

tualTa Sedareba ki araa, aramed _ sityvis mniSvnelo-

baze dakvirveba...

Sesabamisad, SeiZleba davuSvaT, rom ,,Zegli” dawese-

bis, dakanonebis, valdebulebis, amasTan _ garkveul

ritualTan dakavSirebuli mniSvnelobiT ara mxolod

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTis dialeqtebis kuTvnile-

ba iyo da klarjeTSi toponimis gaCenac sityvis Tav-

dapirvel da SesaZloa, zogadqarTul mniSvnelobas

ukavSirdeba.

anu, Tu SevajamebT Cvens msjelobas, Semdeg suraTs

miviRebT:

1. Zvel qarTulSi arsebobda sityva ,,Zegli” ganaCe-

nis, valdebulebis mniSvnelobiT;

2. es mniSvneloba Seinaxa aRmosavleT saqarTvelos

mTis dialeqtebma;

3. zemoxsenebul dialeqtebSi xSirad am sityviT

aRiniSneba valdebuleba, romelic garkveul religiur

ritualTanaa dakavSirebuli;

4. samxreT saqarTveloSi arsebobs toponimi ,,Zeg-

li”_ adgili, romelic am toponimiT aRiniSneba dakav-

Sirebulia valdebulebasTan, romelic Tavis mxriv,

garkveul rituals ukavSirdeba.

~ 120 ~

5. SesaZlebelia, ,,Zegli” ganaCenis, valdebulebis

mniSvnelobiT winaT ara mxolod aRmosavleT saqarTve-

los mTis dialeqtebis kuTvnileba iyo da toponimi

,,Zegli” sityvis swored zemoaRniSnul mniSvnelobas

ukavSirdebodes: adgils, sadac uZveles droSi aRasru-

lebdnen garkveul rituals da romelic dakavSirebu-

li iyo garkveul valdebulebasTan, droTa ganmavlo-baSi ewoda Zegli (// ganaCeni, valdebuleba)

unda vaRiaroT isic, rom miuxedavad araerTi Tval-

Sisacemi analogiisa, es metad frTxili varaudia.

klarjeTSi dRes bevri ram miviwyebulia, waSlilia da

Zveli Canawerebic mwiria. salocavSi siarulis Tu iq

garkveuli valdebulebebis (Zeglis) aRsrulebis Zveli

wesisa da rigis srulfasovani aRdgena dRes SeuZlebe-

lia. paralelurad dalagebuli es informacia sainte-

reso daskvnebis safuZvels ki qmnis, magram mainc rCeba

araerTi kiTxva da zogierT maTganze albaT pasuxic

moinaxeba; faqti isaa, rom Zeglis wmida giorgis ekle-

siis idumalebiT moculi naSTebi dRemdea SemorCenili.

roca aseT rames waawydebi, gasakviri araa, rom raRac

gaucnobierebeli naRveliT savse emocia geufleba,

TiTqos istoriis dawyvetili Zafebis erTmaneTze ga-

dabmas cdilob, cdilob da ver abam, TiTqos xeliT

exebi warsuls, exebi da bundovnad grZnob raRac amaR-

lebuls da tragikuls, romlis srulfasovani aRqma

gonebiT SeuZlebelia, magram qvecnobieri miganiSnebs

da, warsulTan Sexebis sixarulTan erTad, giCndeba

uzarmazari tkivili ubedurebiT savse amave warsulis

gamo... es wignic am tkivilis erTi gamoxatulebaa mxo-

lod da meti araferi!..

~ 121 ~

T a v i m e o T x e

gurjebi da qarTuli ena TurqeTissaqarTveloSi

I. XIX saukune

XVI saukunidan moyolebuli samxreT saqarTve-

loSi gansakuTrebiT gaZlierda osmaleTis eqspansiuri

politika, rac sabolood mTeli am regionis inkorpo-

raciiT dasrulda. osmaleTi regionSi myarad dam-kvidrebas isaxavda miznad, amitomac mizanmimarTulad

cdilobda arsebuli eTnokulturuli sistemis Zirfes-

vianad mospobas da osmaluri social-politikuri

wyobis damkvidrebas.

pirobiTad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom XVI saukunis 60-

ian wlebSi dasrulda osmalTa mier qarTuli teri-

toriebis inkorporaciis pirveli etapi... 1578 wlamde,

anu lala mustafa faSas ,,aRmosavleTis laSqrobamde”,osmalebs dapyrobili hqondaT artaani, aWara, SavSeT-

maWaxeli, nigali, taoni (amier da imier tao).

rogorc mkvlevari zaza SaSikaZe miuTiTebs,

osmaluri wyaroebis mixedviT, daaxloebiT 1535-1566

wlebs Soris periodSi arzrumis sabeglarbegos Semad-

genlobaSi moeqca Semdegi qarTuli sanjayebi (sadro-

Soebi): isfiri (speri), fasini (basiani), mamirvani,

ferTeqreqi, aqCakale, olTu (olTisi), TorTomi, taos-

kari, qemxisi, fanaskerti, artanuji, livana, artaani,

SavSeTi, baTumi, aWara, maWaxeli da foTi (SaSikaZe

2008: 262).

1579 wels ki sulTanma daaarsa Cildiris (axalci-

xis) safaSo, romelSic axladdapyrobili samcxis da

~ 122 ~

javaxeTis miwebi Sevida; mogvianebiT ki, morigi admi-

nistraciuli reformis Semdeg, aq TiTqmis yvela qar-

Tuli provincia iqna gaerTianebuli.

osmaleTma miznad daisaxa uZveles, mama-papaTa

tradiciebis erTgul qarTul mxareSi Turquli poli-

tikur-ekonomikuri sistemis SemoReba. es iyo metad

mZime da rTuli procesi. arc osmaleTisTvis iyo ioli

mesxeTis mtkiced Camoyalibebuli socialur-politiku-

ri da kulturuli cxovrebis moSla, misi sabolood

damorCileba da gardaqmna. mesxebi didxans ibrZodnen,

Tavs ar uxridnen dampyrobels, magram uTanasworo

brZolaSi damarcxdnen da mSobliur miwas rom Ser-

Cenodnen, gamahmadiandnen. Tu mesxeTis politikuri da-

morCilebisaTvis osmaleTs erTi saukune eyo, sarwmu-

noebrivi TvalsazrisiT es brZola samasi wlis gan-

mavlobaSi gagrZelda. qristianobisTvis sabediswero

aRmoCnda is, rom sarwmunoebrivi sakiTxebi saadgil-

mamulo urTierTobebs daukavSirda. amasTan, marTlma-

didebloba osmaleTs agonebda an bizantias, an samxre-

Tisken daZrul da madamoZalebul ruseTs.

TurqeTis qarTvelobaSi erovnuli identobis yve-

laze myari elementi aRmoCnda ena, magram osmaluri

social-politikuri wyobis damyarebas, mosaxleobis

gamahmadianebas mainc mohyva qarTuli enis jer Sesus-

teba, SemdgomSi ki, samuslimano saqarTvelos araerT

regionSi, saerTod dakargva.

XVI-XVIII saukuneebis tragikulma movlenebma

TiTqos danarCeni saqarTvelos yuradRebis miRma Caia-

ra. daSlil-danawevrebuli, mtrebiT garSemortymuli

qveynis mefe-mTavrebsa da xalxs TavianTi gasWirvebo-

daT da aqaurobisTvis veRar iclidnen da Tu ic-

lidnen, verafers axerxebdnen. XIX saukuneSi ki, roca

TiTqos gaCnda orad gaxleCili xalxis urTierTobis

Sansi, qarTuli ena amodena regionis umetes nawilSi

~ 123 ~

ukve gamqraliyo, an suls Rafavda, sadac darCa, iqac

safreTxe emuqreboda axali batonisa da patronis

(ruseTis imperiis) politikis gamo.

ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi yofnis period-

Si mSobliur fesvebs mowyvetil musliman qarTvelebs

TiTqos miecaT TanamoZmeebTan urTierTobis SesaZleb-

loba, magram ruseTs Tavisi imperiuli zraxvebi amoZ-

ravebda da am xalxis bedi ar awuxebda. amitomac Seuw-

yo xeli muhajirobas _ mosaxleobis didi nawilis

ayra-gadasaxlebas, adgilobrivTa Turqebad gamocxade-

bas, sxvadasxva aRmsareblobis qarTvelTa gaucxoebas.

es uaRresad mtkivneuli da, amave dros, erTob vrceli

Temaa, amitom amjerad mxolod tendenciis mimaniSne-

beli oriode magaliTiT Semovifarglebi: zaqaria WiWi-

naZe gadmogvcems xalxis mexsierebaSi daleqil tragi-

kul istorias XIX saukunis 20-30-iani wlebis Sesaxeb:

rusebis Semosvlis Semdeg, roca mesxeTis farulma

qristianebma CaTvales, rom maT rwmenas safrTxe aRar

emuqreboda, mTavarsardalTan xalxi gagzavnes da auw-

yes TavianTi ambavi. cxadia, mfarvelobis imedic hqon-

daT: Riad vaRiarebT qristianobas da eseni dagvifa-

raven SesaZlo safrTxisgano. mesxebis gadmocemiT, be-

buTovma Turme ase upasuxa xalxis Txovnas: ,,_ gaswiT,

daikargeniT aqedan, Tqve TaTrebo, rom aq Tqveni erTi

kacic ar darCes, gaswiT, gaswiT, wadiT, wadiT, moSor-

diT aqaurobas! Tqveni aq darCena ar SeiZleba, Tqven

TaTrebi xarT, wadiT iqiT, saiTac Tqveni Zmebi midian,

CqaraT, CqaraT, Torem am ambavs Tqveni TaTrebi Se-

gityoben, Cven arafers daxmarebas ar mogcemT, isini ki

Tqven sul dagxocaven. wadiT girCevniaT, rusebi Tqven

ar migiReben, radganac Tqven ar xarT kai xalxi,

rusebis mteri xarT” (WiWinaZe 1912: 68).

es XIX saukunis I naxevris istoriaa. aranakleb

masStaburi iyo muhajiroba ruseT-TurqeTis 1877-78

~ 124 ~

wlebis omis Semdgom. mdgomareoba arc momdevno

periodSi Secvlila. imave ganwyobiT Sedioda rusi

saldaTi samuslimano saqarTvelos miwaze XX saukunis

dasawyisSic. eqvTime TayaiSvili gadmogvcems, Tu

rogor epyrobodnen rusi jariskacebi tao-klarjeTis

taZrebs I msoflio omis dros. Rvawlmosili mecnieri

isev ruseTis armiis oficers, poruCuk Sugurovs

imowmebs da mogviTxrobs: ,,iSxanSi mxatvroba moSlili

dagvxvda da etyoboda, zogierTi freskis moSla axali

saqme iyo. me vkiTxe soflis muxtars, ratom SliT

suraTebs-meTqi? man mipasuxa: Cven magis gveSinia da

xeli arasdros gvixlia: eseni sul rusis saldaTebma

xiStebis wveriT moSaleso. marTlacda, TviT xaxulis

yofili komendanti Sugurovi gvimowmebs rusis

saldaTebis da praporSCikebis barbarosobas, romel-

Tac miawers xaxulis RvTismSoblis qandakebis gafuWe-

bas da dasZens: ,,gana eseni ar iyvnen, iSxnis taZarSi

mizanSi srola rom atexeso? zogierTi saldaTis

fsiqologiis mixedviT, - ambobs Sugurovi, - yvela

eklesia saTaTreTSi, qarTulia is Tu somxuri, ,,TaT-

ruli eklesiaa” da araviTari pativiscemis Rirsi ar

ariso” (TayaiSvili 1991: 219).

mxolod saqristiano saqarTvelos erovnuli inte-

ligencia, adgilobriv progresul moRvaweebTan erTad,

cdilobda, dadebiTi zegavlena moexdina movlenaTa

ganviTarebaze, magram samwuxarod, maTi SesaZleblobe-

bi SezRuduli iyo.

XIX saukunis mosaxleobis sametyvelo ena qarTu-

li iyo aWaraSi, klarjeTisa da SavSeTis did nawilSi,

ramdenadme samcxe-javaxeTSi, agreTve taoSi – alag-

alag, kerZod parxlisa da TorTomis midamoebSi. foc-

xovsa da kola-artaanSi mxolod nasaxi iyo Semor-

Cenili.

~ 125 ~

amjerad ar vexebiT lazeTs. imasRa vityviT, rom

XIX saukunis lazistanSi umetesad kargad icodnen

mSobliuri ena. igi ZiriTadi saurTierTo ena iyo.

XIX saukunis samuslimano saqarTveloSi ena yve-

laze srulyofilad mainc aWariswylis xeobaSi, maWa-

xelsa da qobuleTSi axsovdaT. qarTuli aq ZiriTadi

saurTierTo ena iyo. XIX saukunis bolos Turqulis

mcodne gurjic ar iyo bevri. metic, rogorc zaqaria

WiWinaZe SeniSnavda, ,,aq saqme isea dayenebuli, rom

erTi yavaxanis patroni, romelic osmaloeli TaTaria,

qarTvel mahmadianebs qarTulad elaparakeba. aseve sxva

savaWro adgilebSi aq myofi sxva qveynis osmaloebi da

berZnebi mTel dRes qarTulis saubars arian iZule-

buli” (WiWinaZe 1913: 2).

aq qalebma, rogorc wesi, qarTuli enis garda

sxva ena ar icodnen. qarTuli simRerebi, winaparTa

tradiciebi da wes-Cveulebebi kargad iyo daculi;

mokled, rom ara rwmenis sxvaoba, aqaurobas saqris-

tiano saqarTvelosgan ver gaarCevdi. metic, zogjer

adgilobrivebi ,,ruseTis saqarTvelosTan” SedarebiT,

samuslimano saqarTvelos erovnul Rirsebas ufro

maRla ayenebdnen... suleiman beJaniZes uTqvams erTxel

zaqaria WiWinaZisaTvis: ,,_ Tqven amis fiqri nu gaqvT,

Cven qarTul enas Tqvenze ukeT SevinaxavT. Tqven erTi

is brZaneT, rusuls TqvenSi ufro metni laparakoben,

Tu CvenSi _ TaTrulso. Cveni begebisa da molebis

umetesma nawilma TaTruli arc ena ician da arc wera-

kiTxvao, TqvenSi ki yvelani ucxo enaze laparakoben,

nametur qalebi... CvenSi ki erT qalsac ver naxavT, rom

is TaTrulad laparakobdeso.”

qarTuli klarjeTSic icodnen, metadre _ livana-

Si. livana, murRulis xeobasTan erTad, samuslimano

saqarTvelos erTi im nawilTagania, sadac qarTuli ena

da erovnuli cnobiereba yvelaze myarad iyo daculi.

~ 126 ~

marTalia, qarTuli wera-kiTxva aRar axsovdaT, magram

ena kargad SemoenaxaT. zaqaria WiWinaZe livanaSi 38,

murRulSi 31 sofels CamoTvlis da SeniSnavs, rom

mxolod arTvinis maxlobel ramdenime soflis qar-

Tvel mahmadianebs daviwyebiaT qarTulio (WiWinaZe 1912:

148). qalebma osmaluri saerTod ar icodnen. locvisas

alahis nacvlad xSirad RmerTs axsenebdnen. icodnen

qarTuli Selocvebi, leqsebi, zRaprebi. murRulis da

devesqelis xeobaSi Zvelebur mravalxmian simRerebsac

moismenda kaci.

rac Seexeba sakuTriv klarjeTs (am SemTxvevaSi,

viwro mniSvnelobiT, am toponimis qveS vgulisxmobT

teritorias livanas, SavSeTsa da imerxevs Soris, arta-

nujis gaswvriv arTvinamde), aq qarTuli ena bevrgan

daviwyebuli hqondaT me-19 saukuneSive. zaqaria WiWinaZe

mxolod aTiode sofels asaxelebs qarTulis mcodnes

(maT Soris anCas, anakerts da sx.). ufro optimisturia

kowia maWavarianis cnoba, romelic 84 sofels CamoTv-

lis (maWavariani 1894: 4), magram es informacia gadaWar-

bebuli Cans. sakuTriv ,,aTormet savaneTa” mxareSi, opi-

zis, xanZTis, dolisyanis, jmerkis, dabis, berTis, pare-

xis, miZnaZoris, meres midamoebSi, qarTulis naSTebsRa

Tu waawydeboda kaci. mSobliuri enis mcodne TiTebze

CamosaTvleli gaxldaT da es codnac ZiriTadad

Sereuli Turqul-qarTuliT metyvelebas niSnavda.

artanuji ZiriTadad Turqulenovani iyo. aq, sxveb-

Tan erTad, cxovrobdnen somxebica da gasomxebuli

qarTvelebic. mimdebare soflebi sul gurjebisa iyo.

,,droebis” korespondentis cnobiT, maT qarTuli ena ar

icodnen, magram Camomavloba kargad axsovdaT. isic

icodnen, rom winaT qristianebi iyvnen (droeba 1879: 3).

rogorc XIX saukunis mogzaurTa umravlesoba

miuTiTebda, aTormet savaneTa mezobel mxareSi _ Sav-

~ 127 ~

SeTSi mosaxleoba TiTqmis mTlianad qarTuli iyo:

qarTvelebi mosaxleobis 90%-ze mets Seadgenda.

qarTulad kargad laparakobdnen TiTqmis mTel

imerxevSi, praqtikulad yvela sofelSi. mxolod yvira-

las xeobis saTavisken, aseve sakuTriv imerxeviswylis

zemo welSi _ diobanSi, Soltisxevsa da wyalsimerSi

uWirdaT.

qarTuli kargad axsovdaT imerxeviswylis momij-

nave mcire xeobebSi _ ustamissa da CixisxevSi.

sakuTriv SavSeTSi, imerxevs miRma, mxolod ram-

denime sofelSi laparakobdnen qarTulad. es soflebi

SavSeTis CrdiloeTiTaa da zogjer maT imerxevsac

miakuTvneben. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs garyilobi, juarebi

(//Wuarebi), SavimTa, wiTureTi, axaldaba, sinkoTi.

amdenad, Tu imerxevs ar miviRebT mxedvelobaSi,

unda vTqvaT, rom sakuTriv SavSeTSi qarTuli ena aRar

axsovT ukve XIX s. II naxevarSi. Tumca, ,,aRar axsovT”

mainc pirobiTad naTqvamia. rogorc Cans, SavSeTSi

qarTuli enis amovardnis procesi mTeli XIX saukunis

ganmavlobaSi mimdinareobda. aq davimowmebT erTi

SavSelis naambobs, romelic zaqaria WiWinaZes mohyavs:

,,SavSeTSi am 40 wlis winaT yvela moxucma qalma

da kacma icoda qarTuli laparaki. amis Semdeg aq xmebi

mohfines, rom gurjijas enaze laparaks Tavi gaanebeT,

Torem dRes Tu xval rusi mova aq, tbeTs aiRebs da ma-

Sin, vinc qarTulad ityvis raimes, imas ueWvelad

gaaqristianeben. SavSelT didad eSinodaT amisi da ami-

tom yoveli SavSeli Tavis Svils mxolod mahmadianurs

laparaks da wera-kiTxvas aswavlida. ase da amrigad,

SavSeTSi qarTuli enis Zirianad amovardnis dro 1840

wlidan iwyeba” (WiWinaZe 1915: 30).

rac unda kritikulad movekidoT am Canawers,

saeWvo ar unda iyos, rom XIX saukunis Sua xanebSi aq

jer kidev laparakobdnen qarTulad, magram gaosmale-

~ 128 ~

bis _ Sesabamisad, mSobliuri enis amovardnis process

ukve Seuqcevadi xasiaTi hqonda.

isic cxadia, rom imxnad mahmadianma qarTvelebma

(imaTac, vinc qarTuli ena daiviwyes), umetes SemTxve-

vaSi, kargad icodnen, rom maTi winaprebi qarTveli

qristianebi iyvnen.

erTob Wreli suraTi iyo samcxe-javaxeTSi. mosax-

leobis umravlesobas qarTuli sisxli hqonda, magram

maT did nawils mSobliuri ena daviwyeboda. javaxeTSi,

samcxesTan SedarebiT, naklebi gurji iyo darCenili

da maTi umravlesobac gaTurqebis gzas adga. aq cxov-

robdnen qarTveli qristianebic, maT Soris _ marTlma-

dideblebi (romlebic osmalobis dros farulad qris-

tianobdnen) da kaTolikeebi. am ukanasknelTa Soris

bevri somexi mRvdelTmTavrebis samwyso iyo. am sakiTxs

qvemoT ufro dawvrilebiT SevexebiT, aq ki imas vity-

viT, rom samcxe-javaxeTi, istoriuli samxreT-dasav-

leT saqarTvelos ruseTTan SeerTebis Semdeg, erT-

erTi mware magaliTia, qarTveli sazogadoebis imedisa

da molodinis sawinaaRmdegod, qarTuli elementis

kidev ufro Seviwroebisa.

qarTveli mahmadiani iyo artaanis mcxovrebTa

umravlesobac. zogierT xeobaSi gurjebsac uwodebdnen

Tavs, Tumca qarTuli ena TiTqmis aRar icodnen da

sakuTari qarTvelobisa Tamar mefis meti aRara axsov-

daT (WiWinaZe 1913: 230). erTaderTi sofeli, sadac jer

kidev ismoda qarTuli, veli iyo. aq, qarTvel kaToli-

keTa sofelSi, XIX saukunemde Cveulebrivad saubrob-

dnen mSobliur enaze. velelebi samcxe-javaxeTSi gad-

mosaxlebulan da gasomxebulan (arvelaZe 2005: 424).

miuxedavad amisa, eqvTime TayaiSvilis cnobiT, ardaga-

nis okrugSi, velSi, misi eqspediciis dros, 1902 wels,

qarTuli ena jerac ismoda (TayaiSvili 1991: 222).

~ 129 ~

CildirSi (CrdilSi) XIX saukunis dasawyisSi jer

kidev axsovdaT qarTuli ena, Tumca, male moispo. amas

xeli Seuwyo jer erTi muhajirobis pirvelma talRam

1830-ian wlebSi, meorec, osmaleTidan gadmosaxlebulma

somxebma (rogorc cnobilia, es mxarec 1829 wlis

adrianopolis zaviT SeierTa ruseTma da samcxe-java-

xeTis msgavsad, aqac Caasaxla somxebi), romlebmac

Seaviwroves qarTuli ena (WiWinaZe 1913: 222).

uaresi mdgomareoba iyo yarsSi. zaqaria WiWanaZis

cnobiT, yarsis TemSi 1877 wels 170 aTasamde qarTveli

mahmadiani cxovrobda, XIX saukunis bolosTvis ki

amaTi ricxvi mniSvnelovnad Semcirebula, ZiriTadad,

muhajirobis mizeziT. vinc darCa, imaTSic qarTuli ena

daviwyebas miscemia, gaqrobis piras iyo toponimebic.

alag-alag SeiZleboda mosmena bundovani gadmocemebisa

Tamar mefis Sesaxeb, romelsac aqaurebi TavianTi

winaprebis mefed miiCneven (WiWinaZe 1912: 21, 88).

XIX saukunis eruSeTsa da olTisSic qarTuli ena

arsebobis ukanasknel wlebs iTvlida. eqvTime Tayai-

Svilis cnobiT, olTisis okrugis soflebSi – fanas-

kertSi, anzavSi, maikomSi _ qarTuli esmodaT mxolod

moxucebulebsa da ufro qalebs, vidre mamakacebs

(TayaiSvili 1991: 222).

rac Seexeba taos im nawils, romelic XIX sauku-

neSi ar moqceula ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi,

unda iTqvas, rom informacia am regionis Sesaxeb mwi-

ria. XIX saukunis qarTulma sazogadoebam parxlisa da

misi midamoebis Sesaxeb ase Tu ise srulfasovani

cnobebi giorgi yazbegis mogzaurobis (1874 w.) Semdeg

miiRo.

g. yazbegma imiertaoSi, parxlis midamoebSi aRmoa-

Cina 80-mde ojaxi qarTveli faruli qristianisa. ufro

metic, aq cxovrobdnen marTlmadideblebi, romlebic

aSkarad aRiarebdnen winaparTa rwmenas. unda aRiniS-

~ 130 ~

nos, rom TurqeTis SemadgenlobaSi darCenil mTel ma-

Sindel qarTul miwa-wyalze am periodisaTvis es erTa-

derTi adgilia, sadac Riad Tu farulad qarTveli

marTlmadideblebi cxovroben.

“amJamad parxlis midamoebi mniSvnelovania imiT,

rom aq SemorCa marTlmadidebluri aRmsareblobis

ramdenime qarTuli ojaxi. es faqti srul yuradRebas

imsaxurebs. qristianuli aRmsareblobis ojaxTa ricxvi

xuTs udris, magram amboben, rom aq kidev aris 80-mde

faruli qrisitiani. aqaur qristianul Tems hyavs Tavi-

si mRvdeli, romlis xarisxi RebraZeTa gvaris samemk-

vidro sakuTrebad darCa. am gvaris axlandelma warmo-

madgenelma, 60 wlis mRvdelma, Tavisi samwyso ukve

gadasca Svils, romelic xeldasxmulia axalcixeSi”

(yazbegi 1995: 147).

yazbegi qristianuli Temis adgilsamyoflad ar-

menxevs asaxelebs. axsenebs agreTve kobaks. eqvTime

TayaiSvili _ “sofel xeveksa da armenxevs”, Tumca, iqve

saubrobs ara “soflebis”, aramed “soflis” Seaxeb (Ta-

yaiSvili 1991: 218); sofeli xevekia miTiTebuli 1917

wlis arqeoligiuri eqspediciis wevrTa mier gadaRe-

bul im fotozec, sadac aqauri qristianebi arian aR-

beWdilni.

es cnobebi mravali TvalsazrisiT aris mniSvne-

lovani da saintereso: yazbegis mogzaurobidan ram-

denime wlis Semdeg, XIX saukunis 80-ian wlebSi imave

midamoebSi mividnen ,,kavkasiaSi qristianobis aRmdgeni

sazogadoebis” wevrebi – eq. TalakvaZe da d. mgalobli-

Svili. maT sofel kobakSi, adgilobriv farul qris-

tianebTan erTad, yvela religiuri wesis dacviT

locva aRavlines eklesiis nangrevebSi. sainteresoa,

agreTve, rom isini ,,qristianobis aRmdgeni sazogadoe-

bisaTvis wardgenil angariSSi (scssa 140) SeniSnaven:

,,es iyo pirveli qristianuli locva ager ukve 200

~ 131 ~

wlis ganmavlobaSio”. kobaki da xeveki mezobeli sof-

lebia. Tu eqvsiode wlis win am midamoebSi farulTan

erTad Ria qristianebic iyvnen da mRvdelic hyavdaT,

ranairad iqneboda es locva ,,pirveli 200 wlis

ganmavlobaSi?” rogorc Cans, maspinZlebi mainc frTxi-

lobdnen da guls rodi uxsnidnen ucxoebs. adgilob-

rivTa sifrTxileze angariSis avtorebic miuTiTeben

da isic cxadia, rom sifrTxile faruli qristianobis

damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebaa.

yazbegis Tanaxmad, sakuTriv sofel parxalSi qar-

Tuli ena yvelam ar icis. kobakis da armenxevis mkvid-

rebma ician, magram isini Seryvnil qarTuls laparako-

ben. bunebrivia, am miyruebuli xeobis mcxovrebni Zvel

taour dialeqtze metyvelebdnen maSinac. es dialeqti

ki rogorc saliteraturo qarTulisgan, aseve imJamin-

deli “ruseTis saqarTvelos” sxva dialeqtebisgan ram-

denadme gansxvavebuli iqneboda. SesaZloa gvefiqra,

rom swored am uCveulobam mosWra yuri yazbegs. Ta-

vadac SeniSnavs, rom “gansakuTrebuli kiloTi da

Cqari metyvelebiT aqaurTa ena Taviseburia da igi ru-

seTis saqarTvelos arc erTi kuTxis metyvelebas ar

hgavso” (yazbegi 1995: 142), SeiZleba imis daSvebac, rom

dialeqturi metyveleba CaTvala Seryvnil qarTulad.

Tumca isic aRsaniSnavia, rom sxva SemTxvevebSi, kerZod

aWaris, imerxevis, livanis mcxovrebTa Sesaxeb saubri-

sas, igi sagangebod aRniSnavs adgilobrivTa gamarTu-

li qarTulis Sesaxeb. SavSelebze (imerxevlebze) wers,

rom “saojaxo metyvelebaSi isini sufTa qarTuliT,

mTliani saqarTvelos mosaxleobis, e.i. kavkasiis mTiu-

lebis aqcentiT laparakoben,” (yazbegi 1995: 90); rac

Seexeba livanelebs - “Woroxis sanapiros mcxovrebni

sufTa qarTuls laparakobeno” (yazbegi 1995: 116).

zemoxsnebuli istoriis metad saintereso gag-

rZelebaa mocemuli eqvTime TayaiSvilis 1917 wlis

~ 132 ~

arqeologiuri eqspediciis angariSSi. aqve unda iTqvas,

rom eqvTime TayaiSvilma, rakiRa Tavad ver moaxerxa

parxalSi asvla, iq gagzavna eqspediciis ori wevri: d.

SevardnaZe (mxatvari) da i. zdaneviCi (moxalise xuroT-

moZRvari alpinisti) (TayaiSvili 1960: 4).

rogorc ukve vTqviT, taos es nawili osmaleTis

imperiis SemadgenlobaSi rCeboda ruseTis kavkasiaSi

damkvidrebis Semdegac da Sesabamisad, qristianul sam-

yarosTan kontaqtis saSualeba metismetad SezRuduli

iyo. 1874 wlidan 1917 wlamde lamis naxevari saukunea

gasuli. es mTeli Taobis Secvlas niSnavs. miuxedavad

amisa, faruli qristianoba SenarCunebulia imdenad,

rom rogorc ki SesaZlebloba miecaT, ganacxades wi-

naparTa rjulis erTgulebis Sesaxeb. kerZod, eqvTime

TayaiSvili wers:

“ukanaskneli msoflio omis dros, rodesac rusis

jarma daikava Woroxis baseini, am soflis mTelma mo-

saxleobam aSkarad aRiara Tavisi qristianuli rwmena

da did sixaruls ganicdidnen. Cvenma 1917 wlis arqeo-

logiuri eqspediciis wevrebma d. SevardnaZem da g.

zdaneviCma inaxules igini da hqondaT maTTan saubari

mrevlis mowyobis Sesaxeb. Cvens sakaTalikoso sabWos

unda gaegzavna maTTvis mRvdeli, rom fronti ar

moSliliyo da rusis jars ar mietovebina es mxare”

(TayaiSvili 1991: 217).

e. TayaiSvili eyrdnoba eqspediciis mier mopove-

bul masalebs, agreTve zogierTi samxedro piris in-

formacias, (amasTan, SeniSnavs, rom rusebis mier Sek-

rebili cnobebi srulfasovnad ver CaiTvlebao: ,,mcxov-

rebni yovelTvis ar amxelen, rom qarTulad laparako-

ben. amas garda, mamakacebi, metadre rusis moxeleni,

dedakacebs ver naxuloben, ojaxebSi ver Caixedaven,

sadac ufro daculi aris qarTuli ena. zogjer arc

eklesiis Sesaxeb awvdian cnobebs...”) da CamoTvlis

~ 133 ~

soflebs, romlebSic qarTuli ician, upiratesad, parx-

liswylis xeobaSi, agreTve, Woroxis piras. igi wers:

,,Cveni 1917 wlis eqspediciis mier Sekrebili cnobebiT

da nametnavad, im cnobebiT, romelnic gadmogvca al.

st.-Ze matiaseviCma, soflebi, romlebSic yvela qarTu-

lad laparakobs, arian Semdegni: kobaki, armenxevi, xeve-

ki, gudaxevi, xumxali, balxi, xod-suflia, utavi, vanis-

xevi, kirvanisi, oTxTa eklesia (dorTqilisa) da bi-

naTi... am mxareSi aris kidev erTi didi sofeli maRal

zekarze (uReltexilze), iSxnis maxloblad (sofeli

iSxnis samuxtroSi Sedis), sofelSi 208 suli mcxov-

rebia da yvela qarTulad laparakobs. am soflis

saxeli rukaze aris CilCimi, magram namdvilad misi

saxelia WimWimi” (TayaiSvili 1991: 223).

mas Semdeg didi xani ar iyo gasuli, rom es re-

gioni saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis Semad-

genlobaSi moeqca (igulisxmeba erTa ligis mier cno-

bili sazRvrebi) es is periodia, romlis Sesaxebac

viqtor nozaZe werda: ”1920 wlis dasasrulisaTvis

qarTuli teritoria gaerTianda da gamrTelda: Seiqmna

didi saqarTvelo, Tavis Zvel sazRvrebSi, Tavisi qar-

Tuli miwa-wyliT, romelic JamTa siavis srbolaSi da

istoriuli ukuRmarTobiT moswyda mas. aRsdga saqarT-

velo”. (nozaZe 1991: 73). magram samwuxarod, menSevikur

saqarTvelos arc dro hqonda, arc SesaZlebloba da

SesaZloa, arc survili, rom saTanadod moekiTxa da

moexeda aqaurobisTvis.

eqvTime TayaiSvilis eqspediciis Semdeg aqauri

qarTvelebis Sesaxeb cnobebi metad mwiria. 1959 wlis

mogzaurobis dros denis sesil hilzi Sexvedria adgi-

lobriv mcxovrebs, „mTavrobis finansur agents“, rome-

lic, SesaZlebelia, sulac kobakis Tu xevekis mcxov-

rebi yofiliyo. Cveni yuradReba hilzis Canawerma imiT

miiqcia, rom zemoxsenebuli gurji am ucxo kacTan

~ 134 ~

saubrisas gulistkivils gamoTqvams, rom adgilobrivT

TandaTan aviwydebaT mSobliuri ena. kerZod, hilzi

aRniSnavs: „amboben, aRmosavleT TurqeTis dRevandeli

qarTuli mosaxleoba gamuslimanebuli STamomavlobaa

warmoSobiT qaristiani xalxisa, romelTa qveyana erT

dros kavkasionidan Woroxis mdinaremde da mis Sena-

kadamde iyo gadaWimuli. me ar davuwye gamokiTxva im

agents, radgan is aucileblad uaryofda yovelgvar

kavSirs qristianebTan. magram is wuxda, rom ganaTle-

bis da emigraciis gamo qarTuli ena ikargeboda“

(hilzi 1972: 133).

vin icis, iqneb es finansuri agenti swored im

faruli qristianebis STamomavali iyo da arc uareyo

qristianebTan misi winaprebis kavSiri...

Tanamedrove xeveksa da kobakSi (kobaki // qobaki //

qobai, xeveki // xevai), aseve, balxSi isev axsovT qarTu-

li. upiratesad _ saSualo da ufrosi Taobis warmo-

madgenlebs. es midamoebi taos im mcirericxovan

soflebs Sorisaa, sadac dRemde Semoinaxes mSobliuri

ena, legendebi da warmodgenebi warsulisa da winap-

rebis Sesaxeb. isic unda aRiniSnos, rom parxliswylis

auzis miuvali soflebis umravlesoba dRes lamis

daclilia mosaxleobisgan. aqaurebi did qalaqebs

etanebian da maTi umravlesoba mxolod zafxulobiT

amodis winaparTa keraze (CoxaraZe 2009: 73).

oriode sityva unda vTqvaT speris Sesaxebac. aq,

rogorc ganapira mxareSi, qarTuli ena ufro adre

daiviwyes, Tumca, vaxuSti bagrationis cnobiT, XVIII

saukuneSi qarTuli ena aq jer kidev ismoda. misi sity-

viT speris mcxovrebni yofilan ,,...kacni iuwye msgavsni

samcxisani da aw mohmadianni sruliad, eniTa qarTu-

liTa da zniTa osmalTaTa” (vaxuSti 1973: 686) .

~ 135 ~

sainteresoa, rom qarTul enaze molaparakeTa So-

ris iyvnen tao-klarjeTis somxebi. es faqti imsaxurebs

yuradRebas: XIX saukunis saqarTveloSi eWvi ar epare-

bodaT, rom tao-klarjeTis somxoba gvar-tomobiT wi-

naT qarTvelebi iyvnen. istoria marTlac warmoaCens

qarTvelTa gasomxebis realobas. am saqmeSi, osmalur

politikasTan erTad, somexi samRvdeloebis wvlilic

aris; maTi mecadineobiT, upiratesad iZulebiT, verago-

biT da aTasi ukadrisi xerxiT, qarTvelebi, qristianad

gadarCenis imediT, gadadian somxur tipikonze. al.

froneli wers, rom, ,,osmalos mTavroba mtris TvaliT

uyurebda laTinursa da qarTul wirva-locvas; laTi-

nuri evropas agonebda, im evropas, romelmac araerT-

xel welSi gazniqa odesme qedmaRali osmaleTi. qarTu-

li kidev _ Seupovar gurjistans, romlis damxoba

Seadgenda mahmadianuri osmaleTis politikisa da dip-

lomatiis enas. amitom gaafTrebulma da gaalmasebulma

osmaleTma sastikadac dauwyo devna laTinur da

qarTul enaze wirva-locvas da RvTismsaxurebas; som-

xuri ena ki miCneuli hqondaT maSindel osmalebs. som-

xebisa ar eridebodaT da didi TavazianobiT ekidebod-

nen TviT somxeTis ersa” (froneli 1991: 38).

amdenad, qristianobis SenarCunebisken miswrafeba

erTi mxriv da meore mxriv, osmaleTis gansakuTrebuli

damokidebuleba somxuri eklesiis (rogorc grigoria-

nuli, aseve kaTolikuri) mimarT (rac, meoce saukunis

dasawyisamde, somxebs privilegirebul mdgomareobaSi

ayenebda), aseve somxuri eklesiebis aqtiuroba ganapi-

robebTa CveneburTa erTi nawilis TandaTanobiT

gasomxebas.

zaqaria WiWinaZe aRniSnavda: ,,amboben, qarTvelTa

devnilobis dros zogierTma qarTvelma, romelTac

surdaT mahmadianobidan Tavi gadaerCinaT, Tavi kaTo-

liked aRiara da kaTolikes sarwmunoebas SeuerTdao;

~ 136 ~

Semdeg am qarTvel kaTolikeebisaTvis enad somxuri ena

gardiqca. mas Semdeg qarTvelebma iwyes somxurad lapa-

rakis miCveva da drois ganmavlobis meoxebiT maT

samSoblo enad somxuri ena gardaiqcao. ai, aseTi

kaTolikebis ricxvs miekuTvnebian ardanujis, SavSeTis,

arTvinis da bevri sxva adgilebis kaTolikebio, rom-lebic dRes TavianT vinaobas somxobiT xataveno. am

azris dasamtkiceblad kmara isic, rom jerac kidev

maTSi qarTuli enis sityvebi ar aRmofxvrila da

laparakis dros eseni Zalian bevr qarTul sityvebs

xmaroben. iseT sityvebs, romlebsac araviTari msgav-

seba da naTesaoba ar aqvT somxurTan. grigorianelebic

aseve arian qarTvelobidan gasulni” (WiWinaZe 1915: 303).

amdenad, XIX saukuneSi, XX saukunis dasawyisSic

ki, samuslimano saqarTveloSi gasomxebis procesi das-

rulebuli araa da am periodis mogzaurebi Tu mecnie-

rebi procesis daskvniTi etapis damkvirveblebad gvev-

linebian. am TvalsazrisiT niSandoblivia Canawerebi

karl koxisa, romelmac XIX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi

orjer (1836 da 1843-44 wlebi) imogzaura kavkasiaSi. igi

adasturebs kavkasiaSi qarTvelTa gasomxebis faqts da

aRniSnavs: ,,savaWro saqmes Cveulebriv, qarTvelebi

ganageben. es is qarTvelebia, romlebsac somxuri sqiz-

ma aqvT miRebuli da amitom somxebad iwodebian. isini

umTavresad arTvinSi cxovroben” (koxi...1981: 192). koxi

mogviTxrobs samefo gvaris mqone erTi gasomxebuli

qarTvelis Sesaxeb, romelsac ,,bolomde ver uareyo

qarTveloba”, magram mainc somxad miaCnda Tavi. SevniS-

navT, rom arTvinSi XIX saukunis 70-ian wlebSic, mus-limanebTan erTad, qristianebic cxovrobdnen. qalaqSi

sul 2000 saxli iyo. amaTgan asamde somex grigoria-

nelebs ekuTvnodaT, 600 _ somex kaTolikeebs, danarCeni

_ mahmadianebs. aq idga xuTi meCeTi, oTxi kaTolikuri

da erTi grigorianuli eklesia. qarTuli laparaki qa-

~ 137 ~

laqSi iSviaTad ismoda, samagierod, gareubnebSi yvela

qarTulad laparakobda (yazbegi 1995: 110).

zemoxsenebuli istoriis Tematuri gagrZelebaa

ukve XX saukunis dasawyisSi niko maris mxleblis _

artanujeli kaTolike somxis, ambarcum topsujianis

ambavi: ,,_ Cemi winaprebi qarTveli kaTolikebi iyvnen, _

uTqvams ambarcums, _ me qarTuli ar vici, mamaCemma

qarTuli icoda, babuaCemma ki saerTod ar icoda

somxuri” (jafariZe 1996: 180).

analogiuri suraTebis xilva taoSic SeiZleboda.

eqvTime TayaiSvili, magaliTad, miuTiTebs (1917 w.)

olTisis okrugis sof kilikosis Sesaxeb, rom aq som-

xebi cxovroben, magram somxurad ki ar laparakoben,

aramed _ Turqulad. maT mier gadakeTebul Zvel ekle-

siaSi inaxeba Zveli qarTuli saxareba, ,,romelsac did

Tayvans scemen somxebi da berZnebi. saxarebis Zala

muslimanebsac swamT da zogjer avadmyofebic mohyavT

aq gansakurneblad. mcxovrebni am soflisa orTulidan

arian mosulni da amboben, winaT Cven qarTvelebi

viyaviT, xolo Semdeg grigorianeloba miviReTo” (Ta-

yaiSvili 1991: 332). imasRa SevniSnavT, rom zaqaria WiWi-

naZis cnobiT, orTulSi (WiWinaZe mas ,,morTuls”

uwodebs) XIX saukunis bolos jer kidev icodnen qar-

Tuli ena (WiWinaZe 1915: 242).

minaweri ,,ermenis” (,,somexis”) gagebisaTvis SavSeTsa

da klarjeTSi

SavSeTsa da klarjeTSi ,,somexs” Tu ,,ermens”zogjer sruliad moulodnel konteqstSi gixse-neben. SeiZleba giTxran, rom romelime ueWvodqarTuli cixe da metadre ,,qilisa” ,,ermenebis” na-Senebia; saxlis ukan Tu yanis boloSi aRmoCenili

~ 138 ~

saRvine ,,dergebi” ,,ermenebis” Cayrilia... wyalsi-merSi soflis ubans hqvia ,,somexeTi”; weTeleTSisaZovaria ,,somxeTuris” saxelwodebiT; SavqeTSicaris saZovari, romelsac ,,ermeni haRilars” uwo-deben. erTma gogelma (karCxalas xeoba) isic Tqva,aquroba winaT ermenebis adgili iyoo.

SavSeTis da klarjeTis oriod sofelSi som-xebi rom cxovrobdnen, cnobilia, magram zemoxse-nebul faqtebs sxva safuZveli unda hqondes uTu-od.

,,sxva safuZvelis” gagebisaTvis aq mxolodimas davjerdebiT, rom met-naklebad gaTvicnobie-rebuli adgilobrivi gurjebis monaTxrobis ko-mentirebas vcdi. maTi monaTxrobi, Tavis mxriv,mama-papaTa gadmocemebs eyrdnoba.

cnobilia isic, rom marTlmadidebel qar-TvelTa gamahmadianebis Semdeg regionSi qristian-Tagan mxolod somxebi (an gasomxebuli qarTve-lebi) darCnen _ grigorianelebi an kaTolikeni.cxadia, isini rwmenis garda cxovrebis wesiTacgansxvavdebodnen mahmadianTagan da Sesabamisad,verc am ukanasknelTa keTilganwyobas imsaxureb-dnen.

isic cnobilia, rom qarTvelTa gamahmadianebaerTbaSad ar momxdara da karga xnis ganmavlobaSiSavSeT-klarjeTis muslimanTa gverdiT qarTveliqristianebis ojaxebic cxovrobdnen. zogierTi ad-gilobrivis TqmiT, droTa ganmavlobaSi, islamisgafarToeba-ganmtkicebiT Zlierdeboda aseTi oja-xebis mimarT gaucxoebis grZnoba. qristiani ametapze ukve somexTan asocirdeboda. qarTvelimuslimani qristianad mxolod somexs icnobda damisTvis cneba ,,qristiani” TandaTan cneba ,,somxis”sinonimad iqca. Sesabamisad, aqa-iq SemorCenil

~ 139 ~

qristian TanamoZmesac _ Sen somexi xar da imitomar Rebulob islamso, _ ase etyodnen. gadmocemiT,am mxareSi yvelaze gvian maWaxeli da Cixisxevigamahmadianebula. (dRes Cixisxevi am mxareSi yve-laze erTgul morwmuneTa xeobad iTvleba. baz-gireTlebi xumroben, Cven sakmarisad gvaqvsnaloci, Cixisxevi gvian gamahmadianda da imaTacxom unda aaTavon Cvendenio...)

Aamave mTxroblis cnobiT, bolos vinc miiRoislami, imas ,,donmes” uwodebdnen.

,,donme” Turquli sityvaa da SemobrunebulsniSnavs. Aadre gamahmadianebulebi gvian gamahmadia-nebulebs uZaxdnen ase. Aaxlac ityvian calke aRe-bul ojaxebze _ donmebi ariano. sinamdvileSi yve-laferi xsovnaSi gaucnobiereblad CarCenili faq-tebis anareklia mxolod: es xalxi didxans qris-tianobda, gvian gadavida mahmadianobaze (albaTdaaxloebiT XIX saukunis pirvel an meore meoT-xeds mainc unda gulisxmobdes es ,,gvian gadasv-la”) da amitom arian ,, donmebic” da ,, somxebic”.

Aamrigad, adgilobrivTa gagebiTac ,,somexi” an,,ermeni” xSirad qristianobis sinonimia (miTume-tes, rom imave cixeebTan, ,,qiliseebTan”, ,,dergeb-Tan” Tu sawnaxelebTan dakavSirebiT ,,ermenebTan”erTad rusebsac axseneben) da ara _ eTnikurikuTvnilebis aRmniSvneli.

oriode sityviT unda SevexoT e.w. rusul periods

am urTierTobebisa. saqarTveloSi ruseTis damkvidre-

bis Semdeg, metadre ,,osmalos saqarTvelos” didi na-

wilis SemoerTebis Semdeg, TiTqosda ruseTs erT-

morwmune eris WrilobaTa moSuSebaze unda ezruna,

magram aRmoCnda, rom qarTul marTlmadidebel ekle-

~ 140 ~

siasTan damokidebuleba, erTmorwmuneoba diplomatiu-

ri niRabi yofila mxolod, agresiuli miznebis SeniR-

bva. SeerTebis Semdeg am faqtorebma mniSvneloba da-

karga da axalma baton-patronebma eklesia politikur

izolaciaSi moaqcies. aTasoTxaswliani avtokefalia

gauuqmes da peterburgis sinodis danamatad gadaaqcies.

ucxour misions carizmma daupirispira somexi kaToli-

keni. imis gamo, rom laTin patrebs evropis saxelmwi-

foTa ,,Spionebad” miiCnevdnen, maT ukiduresad aviw-

roebdnen. somex kaTolikeebs ki, rogorc rusuli ori-

entaciis matareblebs, yovelnairad xels uwyobdnen.

mTavroba imazec ki Tanaxma iyo, kavkasiis yvela kaTo-

like somxurenovan tipikonze gadasuliyo an grigoria-

neloba mieRo. TandaTan aikrZala kidec kaTolikeTaT-

vis laTinur Tu qarTul enaze wirva-locva. RvTis-

msaxureba marto somxur enaze darCa. amiT gaTamame-

bulma somexma kaTolikeebma kidev ufro meti energiiT

gaaCaRes antiqarTuli propaganda, roca daiwyes mtki-

ceba, _ ar arsebobs qarTveli kaTolike, yvela isini

somxis Camomavlebi ariano (arvelaZe 2005: 441). am zRap-

rebs imTaviTve dasabuTebulad uaryofdnen qarTveli

moRvaweebi (m. TamaraSvili, al. xaxanaSvili da sxvani),

magram carizmis politikiT frTaSesxmuli mezRapree-

bis alagmva diaxac rom Wirda. es yvelaferi ki uaR-

resad amwvavebda ori moZme (qarTul-somxuri) eklesie-

bis urTierTobas.

Woroxis auzis qarTvelTa gasomxebis ambavi kidev

erTi gulsaklavi, amave dros vrceli, rTuli da ase

Tu ise cnobili istoriaa. Cven arc dagvisaxavs miznad

am istoriis Txroba da analizi. amjerad mxolod

imaze miTiTeba gvinda, rom gasomxebulma qarTvelebma

XIX saukuneSi jer kidev ician TavianTi warmomavlobis

Sesaxeb da, rac aseve mniSvnelovani faqtia, maTi

nawili kvlavac inarCunebs winaparTa enas.

~ 141 ~

amdenad, mTels osmalos saqarTveloSi XIX-XX

saukuneTa mijnaze qarTul enas floben faruli

marTlmadidebeli qristianebi, romlebic am dromde

SemorCnen parxlis midamoebSi, gamuslimanebuli gur-

jebi, qarTveli kaTolikeni da gasomxebuli qarTvele-

bis nawili _ grigorianelebic da kaTolikenic. rac

Seexeba im teritoriebs, sadac qarTuli ena aRar is-

moda, samwuxarod, moculobiT igi ukve am periodi-

saTvis sagrZnoblad aRemateboda ,,meqarTuleTa” miwebs.

II. Canawerebi qarTuli enis TanamedrovegeografiisTvis

Tanamedrove TurqeTSi qarTuli ena jer kidev is-

mis. marTalia, dRes Znelia zustad daasaxelo gur-

jebis, maT Soris meqarTuleTa, ricxvi, magram gadaWar-

bebuli Cans mosazrebebi aq aTeuli milioni qarTveli

muslimanis binadrobis Sesaxeb. oficialuri statisti-

ka, bunebrivia ar arsebobs. am sakiTxze winaaRmdegob-

rivia mosazrebebi CveneburTa Sorisac. zogi mxars

uWers zemoxsenebul mravalmilionian statistikas, zo-

gic ufro mokrZalebul ricxvs asaxelebs. magaliTad,

gurjebis sakiTxebSi sakmaod kargad gaTvicnobiere-

bulma imerxevelma nejaT zumbaZem gaixsena qarTvel

sasuliero pirebTan erTi Sexvedra, roca mas uTxres,

TurqeTSi 10 milioni gurji cxovrobso. ,,iqnebodes,

mec gimixardeba-meTqi, vuTxari, _ gviambobda Cveni

respodenti, _ ,,qarTveli var” mTqmelic aRar aris-meT-

qi.” iqve dasZina _ ,,sami milioni mgonia; samzec bevri

viqnebiT, mara, rom kiTxo, ar amJRavneben qi...”

~ 142 ~

es ,,ar amJRavneben” dResac aqtualuri da mtkiv-

neulia. Cven araerTxel mivuTiTeT, rom TurqeTis

qarTvelobaSi nacionaluri identobis yvelaze myari

elementi ena aRmoCnda da isic faqtia, rom bevri SavSi

Tu klarji gurjobas winaparTa enis codnasTan

aigivebs; magram paralelurad arsebobs sxva, sagan-

gebod aRsaniSnavi da imedismomcemi realobac _ qar-

Tuldaviwyebuli da amis miuxedavad, gurjobiT moa-

maye, patrioti Tavisi fesvebisa, sakmaod bevria Cve-

neburTa, gansakuTrebiT muhajirTa STamomavlebs So-

ris. magram es sxva Temaa, erovnuli cnobierebis sxva

Sreebia, Sesabamisad, sxva gansjas imsaxurebs da

amitom amjerad ar vexebiT.

Tanamedrove samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos sam-

wuxaro sinamdvile ki isaa, rom mSobliurma enam aSka-

rad daTmo poziciebi. qarTuli ena ician mxolod

imerxevis ocdaTxuTmetamde sofelSi (17 samuxtro),

livanisa da murRulis ormociode sofelSi, zeda

maWaxlis eqvsiode sofelSi (maWaxeli dRemde iTvleba

CveneburebSi qarTvelobis etalonad) da taos sam

sofelSi. amdenad, mTels tao-klarjeTSi qarTuli

oTxmocdaaTamde sofelSiRa ician (lazeTs arc amje-

rad vgulisxmobT). es aris da es: sul raRac aTi Tu

oci procenti amodena teritoriisa, iqneb arc amdeni!..

sagangebod unda SevCerde binaTze: zemoT mivu-

TiTebdi, rom am sofels e. TayaiSvili meqarTuleTa

Soris asaxelebs. binaTi taosa da klarjeTis piro-

biTi sazRvris midamoebSia _ melos, xodis, WimWimis

maxloblad (arTvini-iusufelis axali gziT arTvini-dan melos asaxvevamde 21 kilometria, binaTis asaxve-vamde _ 26, xodis asaxvevamde _ 29, xolo WimWimis asax-vevamde _ 34 kilometri). Woroxis auzis am seqtorSi

~ 143 ~

qarTuli ena aRar ismis, magram CamoTvlil soflebSi

dRemde axsovT Taoba, romelic qarTulad laparakob-

da. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT eqvTime TayaiSvilis monace-

mebs da masTan erTad adgilobrivi mosaxleobis mo-

naTxrobs, unda vivaraudoT, rom meoce saukunis 50-ian

wlebamde mainc aq qarTuli ismoda. rac Seexeba binaTs,

am seqtorSi erTaderTi qarTulenovani kunZulia da

piradad CemTvis sasiamovno moulodneloba iyo: aqac

mxolod xsovnaRa meguleboda qarTuli enisa. marTa-

lia, sxvaganac uTqvamT binaTelTa qarTulis Sesaxeb,

magram yofila SemTxvevebi, adgilze misulebs zedme-

tad gulmodgine mTqmelis mier aRwerili suraTi ar

dagvxvedria... amitom advilad asaxsnelia Cveni (m. Coxa-

raZe, m. faRava, g. maxaraSvili) sixaruli ZvelisZvel

jamesTan Sekrebilma binaTlebma qarTulad rom agvixs-

nes, ,,_ Cveni sofeli qarTulia da Cvenc ierli (adgi-

lobrivi) varTo!” isic dasZines amayad, rom am so-

felSi rusi ar yofila: ,,_ melos aqeTke ver mosu-

lano”...

binaTelTa metyveleba TiTqos taours waagavs,

Tumca es, ase vTqvaT, saxeldaxelo STabeWdilebaa mxo-

lod da emyareba erTi mxriv _ zogierTi toponimis

warmoebas (musxoliskari, kacikari, petetkari, Wedli-

anTkari da sx.), meore mxriv _ ,,baTumiTan lazuTi

w’meiRebden” tipis formebs. erTxelac unda gavimeoro,

rom es mxolod saxeldaxelo STabeWdilebaa, rac

TviT binaTelTa Sexedulebasac ewinaaRmdegeba: maTi

TqmiT, binaTelTa metyveleba gansxvavdeba taos (qo-

baÁs, xevaÁs, balxis) gurjTa metyvelebisgan. erTmane-

Tis, cxadia, esmiT, magram _ Cveni qarTuli ufro

SavSeTisas hgavso, _ amboben.

~ 144 ~

qarTulad aqac mxolod ufrosi Taoba lapara-

kobs. mizezad, msgavsad sxva soflebisa, imas asaxele-

ben, rom qarTuli enis saarsebo sivrce Seviwroebulia

da praqtikuli aucilebloba ar arsebobs. garda amisa,

periodi, roca qarTuli ena sastikad idevneboda, am

sofelmac gaiara da Sedegi yvelafrisa gaxlavT is,

rom 20-30 wlis Semdeg diaxac saintereso da uZvelesi

qarTuli fesvebis mqone qarTul sofelSi winaparTa

enis mcodne aRaravin iqneba.

sazogadod ki unda SevniSnoT, rom meqarTule

soflebis zusti raodenobis dasaxeleba Wirs, radgan

iqauri adgilobrivi marTvis organo _ samuxtro

zogjer aerTianebs ramdenime dasaxlebul punqts da am

punqtebs rogorc adgilobrivebi, aseve mkvlevrebi xan

erT, xan ramdenime soflad miiCneven. garda amisa,

zogjer erTi soflis ubnebi (meheleebi) xeobaSi isea

gafantuli, zogierTi avtori maT damoukidebel sof-

lad asaxelebs da ara _ ubnad (amjerad vsaubrobT

istoriul qarTul provinciebze da amitom muhajire-

bis qarTuls ar vexebiT).

rogorc vxedavT, sivrce, sadac XIX saukuneSi

qarTuli ena ismoda, Semcirebulia. amasTan a) sagrZ-

noblad gaRaribebulia leqsika; b) leqsikaSi gacile-

biT ufro metadaa Sereuli Turqizmebi; g) iSviaTad

Sexvdebi axali Taobis warmomadgenels, mSobliuri ena

rom icodes: saSualo da umcrosi asakis ymawvilebma

aRar ician qarTuli.

zogjer qarTulenovani sivrcis gareTac waawy-

debi qarTuli enis mcodnes. es aucileblad dedis an

bebiis gavlena iqneba. meqarTule soflebidan gaTxo-

vilTa ambavi erTi saintereso Temaa: mSobliuri enis

wiaRSi abrunebdnen ,,gadatrialebulebs” gurji qalba-

~ 145 ~

tonebi. ,,abrunebdnen~-meTqi imitom vambob, rom esec

ufrosi Taobis istoriaa.

mcire minaweri mSobliuri enis bejiTadSemnaxavi qarTveli dedebis gamo

erTma imerxevelma megobarma miambo: insultis

Semdeg dadaCems, romelic imxnad sakmaod asakovani

iyo, pirwmindad daaviwyda Turquli da mxolod qar-

Tulad axerxebda komunikaciaso. mixeil javaxiSvi-lis ,,miwis yivili” maxsendeba uneburad: medicinaSi

am SemTxvevasac moeZebneba albaT axsna, magram Cveni

istoriis nawilia es faqtic da kidev erTxel aR-Zravs tkivils.

me ki daJinebiT vekiTxebi yvelas da yvelgan –

taoSi Tu klarjeTSi, SavSeTSi Tu muhajirTa STa-momavlebis Soreul soflebSi _ sizmarSi romel

enaze laparakobT-meTqi. pasuxi yovelTvis rodia

imedismomcemi: rac ufro dabla iwevs asaki, Turqu-

li enis wili izrdeba. axalTaobaSi ki batondeba _sizmarSic da cxadSic...

saocari pasuxi gamca am kiTxvaze erTma unielma

Cveneburma: dafiqrda, awona da miTxra _ aqamde ardavkvirvebivar, magram axla rom vixseneb, deda Tu

mesizmreba, mxolod mas velaparakebi qarTulado!

aseTi pasuxi Cems kiTxvaze sxvisgan aRargamigonia...

enadaviwyebul sofelTagan zogSi kargad uwyian,

gurji winaprebi rom hyavdaT, zogan mxrebs iCeCaven,

zoganac civad uaryofen qarTul fesvebs. saxelmwifo

ideologia da aseve saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi TaobaTa

cvlis procesi ganapirobebs msoflmxedvelobriv wina-

aRmdegobebsac. tipuri gamonaTqvamebia aqaurebisTvis:

~ 146 ~

,,winaT SesaZloa gurjebi cxovrobdnen, magram axla...

ar viciT, vin varT.” es ,,ar vici” ukve niSnavs mex-

sierebis wiaRSi miyuJuli qarTvelobis qeqvas. esecaa,

zogjer Zveli qarTuli ambebis mokiTxva aRizianebs

aqaurebs da gamoxataven kidec; Tumca aseTi ram mainc

iSviaTia. ZiriTadad Tbilad, stumarTmoyvrulad

gvxdebodnen – swored Cveni qarTvelobis gamo!

qarTuli enisadmi damokidebuleba araerTgvaro-

vania. enadaviwyebulTa Soris ,,damokidebulebis” sakiT-

xi saerTod ar dgas. erTaderTi imaze SeiZleba yurad-

Rebis gamaxvileba, rom ,,meqarTule” da ,,meTurqule”

gurjebs Soris erTgvari jibria.

imerxevSi gviTxres – SavSebi, vinc gurji ar icis,

Cven ,,fiyv” gviZaxian (fiyvi uSnod Camosxmuls, ugvans

niSnavso, _ agvixsnes), Cven kidev maT grZelCoxianebs

veZaxiT da amiT vabrazebTo.

,,_visac qarTuli daviwynia, gurjs ar vetyviT, _

gviTxra agaris jamis xojam (Cixisxevelma) vahid seCkin-

ma, _ imitom, rom gurjijas ar laparikobeno; pawasac

vbRezdebiT: Cven rom viciT, imaT ratom deiviwyes, _

vityviT erTmaneTSi”.

taoSi xevaÁs (aseve qobaÁs, balxis) gurjebs par-

xlelebTan jibri aqvT. xandaxan, metadre qorwilebSi,

muSti-krivzec gadadian. ,,davtyepeT da movediTo”, _

Cveni TandaswrebiT waitrabaxa erTi aseTi qorwilidan

sofelSi mobrunebulma TvalCalurjebulma mevludam.

mere qobaÁSic gaixsena es ambavi, roca iqaur maspinZ-

lebze gviTxra, _ ,,esenic dastyepdnen parxlelTao”,

ras erCiTo, rom vkiTxeT, ,,_ aba, ratom daiviwyes

qarTuli enao!” _ erT-erT mizezad es daasaxela!..

damaxasiaTebelia, rom ufrosi da ramdenadme

saSualo Taobis imerxevelTa (da livanelTa, da xe-

~ 147 ~

vaÁelTa...) saurTierTo, sasaubro ena, ojaxSic da

ojaxs miRmac, xSir SemTxvevaSi, qarTulia. Turquls

ufro maSin iyeneben, roca sxva eTnosis warmomadgen-

lebTan uxdebaT urTierToba, an kidev oficialur

garemoSi imyofebian.

rac Seexeba gurjebis qarTulis zogad saxes,

enaTmecnierebi zemoxsenebuli soflebis CveneburTa

metyvelebaSi gamoyofen SavSur, klarjul da taour

dialeqtur erTeulebs. yvela maTgani ganicdis Turqu-

li enis Zlier gavlenas. aRniSnuli kiloebi enaTesa-

vebian erTmaneTs da maT SemounaxavT bevri saerTo ni-

Sani (faRava 2006: 11-12). unda vifiqroT, rom am mida-

moebSi daaxloebiT analogiuri viTareba iqneboda XIX

saukuneSic; amasTan, Turqulis gavlena maSin jer

kidev ar iyo ase Rrma da yovlismomcveli.

minaweri xatilas xeobidan gadaxvewili gurjebis gamo

xatilas xeoba arTvinTan axlos, Woroxismarcxena napirze, mdebareobs. xeobis sigrZe 50kilometrze metia. igi naqeralad wodebul adgi-las orad iyofa. aqedanve kaCkaris mTiT gza par-xlis xeobaSi gadadis. dRes es ulamazesi xeobanakrZalad aris gamocxadebuli, daculia saxel-mwifos mier da arTvinis provinciis erT-erTpopularul turistul obieqts warmoadgens.

Cveni interesi xatilas mimarT upirvelesadiman gamoiwvia, rom praqtikulad swored am xeo-basTan mTavrdeba qarTuli enis gavrcelebis area-li Tanamedrove livanaSi. Woroxis marcxena sana-piros bolo „qarTulenovani“ soflebia omana dauzurma (marjvena sanapirosi - axaldaba). xatilas

(dRes Taşlıca) mosaxleoba qarTulad veRar lapa-

~ 148 ~

rakobs, Tumca xsovna am enaze molaparake winapre-bis Sesaxeb aqa-iq SemorCenilia.

saintereso da garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, para-doqsulic isaa, rom xatilas xeobidan gadasaxle-bul muhajirTa STamomavlebs, romlebic Turqe-Tis marmarilos zRvis regionSi, saqarias provin-ciaSi (ilSi), cxovroben, dRemde axsovT qarTuliena. niSandoblivia, rom maT, mSobliur enasTanerTad, mSobliuri xeobis Tu soflis saxelicSemounaxavT. hendekis raionis (ilCes) sofel gun-doRans (Zv. inamie) dResac ,,zomoTa xatilas”uwodeben, xolo iqramies _ ,,qomoTa xatilas".xatilad iwodeba aqiazis ilCes sofeli reSadiec.xatilelebi, dasaxelebulis garda, sxva sofleb-Sic cxovroben.

rac Seexeba arTvinis xatilas, igi mTel xeo-baSi mimofantuli patar-patara dasaxlebebisgan,anu meheleebisgan (ubnebisagan) Sedgeba. xeobaSiCagvawerines 19 ubnis saxeli: 1. Witimzara, 2. xaj-vani, 3. iTlieTi, 4. meidani, 5. jixieTi, 6. molazi,7. muxlana, 8. leRvieTi, 9. natangrevi, 10. SarTevi,11. baSxatila, 12. xanjiveTi, 13. vexnaTi, 14. molasi,15. naqeravi, 16. nasoflavi, 17. kvaati, 18. daviTeTi,19. xanZarTi.

ubnebis es CamonaTvalic cxadyofs, rom qar-Tuli enisa da Zveli qarTvelebis xsovna xati-laSi upirvelesad swored toponimebs Semouna-xavs. dasaxelebulis garda, mravlad waawydebi sa-Tibisa Tu saZovris, mindvris Tu gorakis, yanisaTu baxCis, Relisa Tu Walis qarTuli warmomav-lobis saxelebs: xevi, didyaniTavi (//didRaniTavi),

~ 149 ~

samziari, mikrili, wyaro, cifrana, didvake, Wala,vake, nakeravi, nagoravi, kerketa da mravali sxva.

xatilelebma, rogorc aRvniSneT, qarTuli enaaRar ician, Tumca, maT mexsierebas TaobaTa isto-riebic Semounaxavs da dResac SeiZleba naxoaraerTi moxuci, romelic ityvis, rom misi babuaqarTulad laparakobda. metic, zogierTi xati-lelis Turqul metyvelebaSi SeiZleba qarTulisityvebic gaigono.

xatilelebma, cxadia, kargad uwyian muhajiro-bis Sesaxebac. bevr maTgans gadasaxlebul naTesa-vebTan urTierToba winaTac hqonda da dResacaqvs. muhajirobamde xatila mWidrod dasaxlebu-li xeoba yofila. XIX saukunis 70-iani wlebisbolos da 80-iani wlebis dasawyisSi xatilelTaumravlesobam datova samSoblo da muhajiradwavida. marto zemoT dasaxelebul sam sofelSixatilelTa 300-mde ojaxi cxovrobs.

Zveli istoriebi dRemde akavSirebs warsul-Tan xeobaSi darCenil xatilelTa ufros Taobas.rac Seexeba materialuri kulturis Zeglebs,unda aRiniSnos, rom xanZarTSi (//xanzarTSi) das-turdeba naeklesiari, romelic dRes aqaurTaTvisaraviTar Rirebulebas ar warmoadgens. am Tval-sazrisiT sainteresoa e. veidenbaumis erTi Cana-weri. Woroxze naviT daSvebisas (1878 w.) xatilasxeobis qvemoT mas da mis Tanamgzavrebs SeuniS-navT gamoqvabulis farTo Sesasvleli. „gvarw-munebdnen, _ wers mogzauri, _ rom SesasvlelisTavze gakeTebulia warwera, romelSic moxseniebu-lia mefe Tamari. ar gadavsulvarT napirze gamoq-vabulis dasaTvaliereblad, radgan mogveCvena,

~ 150 ~

rom igi miuwvdomelia cicabo asasvlelis gamo“(veidenbaumi 2005:74).

dRevandeli xatilelebis istoriuli mexsie-reba aRar inaxavs Tamar mefis xsovnas. arc imwinaprebisas, visac cixeebi Tu eklesiebi uSenebia.

es faqtebi imitom gavixsene, rom erT metadsaintereso garemoebas mivapyro yuradReba. zemoTvTqvi, rom zogierT xatilels gadasaxlebul na-TesavebTan urTierToba winaTac hqonda da dResacaqvs-meTqi.

Cvenma erT-erTma respodentma _ ismeT alTun-TaSma mogviTxro, rom 1967 wels, samxedro samsa-xuridan dabrunebis Semdeg, zemoxsenebul sofelreSadieSi Casula, saqarias olqSi. iq misi muha-jirad wasuli naTesavebi cxovrobdnen. naTesaviyofila muxtaric. pirvel rigSi muxtars is ukiT-xavs, icoda Tu ara ismeTma qarTuli ena. rocauaryofiTi pasuxi miuRia, gaukicxavs _ Tu qarTu-li ar ici, ra kaci xaro!

ismeTs reSaadieSi dasaxleba undoda. muxtarsuTqvams, _ vinc qarTuli ar icis, am sofelSi vericxovrebso da samosaxlo miwis gadacemaze uariganucxadebia...

samwuxarod, dRes reSadieSi, iseve rogorcinamiesa Tu iqramieSi, qarTuli enis mimarT aseTidamokidebuleba naklebad igrZnoba. axalma Taobamrogorc xatilelTa, ise qarTvel muhajirTa sxvasoflebSi, winaparTa ena aRar icis. Tumca ufrosTaobaSi ena SenarCunebulia.

2014 wlis zafxulSi analogiuri viTarebadavafiqsireT sinopis provinciaSi najviadan ga-daxvewili muhajirebis soflebSi (lala, aqqiraCi,

~ 151 ~

Tangili da sx.). najvia xatilas mimdebare sofe-lia, dRes igi qalaq arTvinzea mikruli daaqaurebi qarTulad ver metyveleben. samagierod,sinopelma najvielebma, ase Tu ise, Seinaxes wina-parTa ena.

amrigad, arTvinis xatilaSi Tu najviaSi ukvedidi xania daaviwydaT qarTuli. samagierod arT-vinidan gadaxvewilma muhajirebma Soreuli saqa-rias Tu sinopis provinciebSi Seinaxes mSobliurienac da xsovnac qarTveli winaprebis Sesaxeb.

,,gurjobis” ganmsazRvreli Tanamedrove TurqeTis

saqarTveloSi qarTuli enaa. adgilobrivTaTvis gurji

is aris, vinc qarTuli ena icis. ,,eski (Zvelad, winaT)

gurjebi viyaviTo”, Tu getyvis Cveneburi, cxadia, imas

gulisxmobs, winaprebi qarTvelebi iyvnen, Cven ki aRar

varT qarTvelebio. qarTuli enis daviwyeba xSirad

gurjobaze uaris Tqmis tolfasia. SeiZleba aseTi

formulirebac gaigono: ,,me gurji var, Cemi Svili ar

aris gurji”. igulisxmeba, rom Svilma qarTuli ena ar

icis. aseTsac gaigoneb: ,,Cveni RarWebi (bavSvebi) rom

geჲzdebian, gurjebi iqnebian... sisxli eqnebaT, ena _

ara.”

rogorc vTqviT, bevrgan XIX saukunis bolos ukve

qarTulad aRar laparakobdnen, magram maSin sakuTari

gurjobis Sesaxeb kargad uwyodnen.

dRes ki bevri uars ambobs qarTul warmomavlo-

baze, zogi Segnebulad, zogic _ Seugneblad. Tumca,

unda iTqvas, rom gurjoba cnobierebis romeliRaca

kunWulSi mainc Tvlems, magram qarTuli identobis

gaRviZebasa da gaRvivebaze Znelia saubari.

samwuxarod, amJamindel meqarTule soflebSi is

suraTia, rac albaT sakuTriv SavSeTsa Tu arT-

~ 152 ~

vinszeda klarjeTSi iyo XIX saukunis dasawyissa da

Sua xanebSi: umcrosma Taobam aRar icis qarTuli da

aTeuli wlebis mere iq misuli kaci imasRa gaigebs,

,,eski gurjebi viyaviTo”, ramdenime Taobis Semdeg esec

gaqreba iseve, rogorc sakuTriv SavSeTSi Tu sxvagan.

ufrosi Taoba ganicdis qarTuli enis kvdomis

process. cxadia, gulgrilobis faqtebsac waawydebi

(,,javri maq, Tu deiviwyen...”), magram ufro xSirad gu-

listkiviliT yvebian mimdinare procesze, Tumca, misi

SeCerebis Zala aRar gaaCniaT.

ufrosi Taobis gaRizianeba qarTulis dakargvis

gamo erTi ustamiseli moxucis sityvebSic gamoixata:

,,_ qarTuls ar laparakoben imitom, rom ar kadrulo-

beno”, _ ase gviTxra da ufro imaT gulisxmobda, vinc

mxolod zafxulobiT Camodis xolme soflebSi. unda

iTqvas, rom amgvari ganwyoba livanasa da murRulSic

davafiqsireT. rogorc Cans, did qalaqebSi gadasaxle-

bulTa STamomavlebSi zogjer marTlac arsebobs

tendencia _ qarTul enaze laparaki cud tonad, iqneb

CamorCenilobadac, iTvleba. Tumca, Cveni zogadi STa-

beWdilebebidan da dakvirvebebidan gamomdinare SeiZ-

leba iTqvas, rom Tu aseTi tendencia arsebobs, igi

mkrTaladaa gamoxatuli.

CveneburTa soflebSi dResac waawydebi dedabrebs,

qarTulis garda sxva enas rom ar floben, magram

aseTi ram iSviaTia. ZiriTadad yvelam icis Turquli,

romelic aRmatebulia, ZiriTadi, sagareo enaa, qarTu-

li ki Sinaur, saojaxo enad rCeba. am TvalsazrisiT

SeiZleba kuriozsac waawyde: marTalia, CaqvelTelma

muhamed uzunma kiTxvaze _ gurjija ukeT ici Tu Tur-

qulio, _ gurjijao, gadaWriT gvipasuxa, magram roca,

iqneb avalaparakoTo da CaveZieT, ratomaa, aqaurebi ,,hem

TurqCes laparakobT, hem gurjijaso?” misma meuRlem,

Cvenma keTilma maspinZelma, Tbilma dedakacma aqeT

~ 153 ~

gvkiTxa gulwrfeli gaocebiT: ,,_ RarWebi (bavSvebi)

Tqvenc geyolebaT da rom kiTxuloben (swavloben), ra

enaze kiTxulobeno?” aqaoda CvenTan sagareo, ganaTle-

bis misaRebi ena Turqulia da gana TqvenTan sxvagvara-

daao?”

qarTul enasTan da qarTvelobasTan (gurjobas-

Tan) damokidebulebis TvalsazrisiT TurqeTis qar-

Tveloba SeiZleba ramdenime jgufad davyoT. cxadia, es

dayofa pirobiTia, magram garkveul warmodgenas iZleva

(raodenobriv mimarTebebze saubari Znelia, Tumca imis

Tqma ki SeiZleba, rom am TvalsazrisiT optimizmis

safuZveli naklebia). kerZod, es jgufebia:

I. qarTul enas floben, sakuTar vinaobas ganasxva-

veben TurqeTis sxva erovnebaTagan. qarTveloba

maTTvis mniSvnelovani Rirebuleba da siamayis sa-

fuZvelia;

II. qarTul enas floben, gurjebi rom arian, ician,

gurjsa da sxva erovnebis warmomadgenlebsac mij-

naven erTmaneTisagan, magram rogorc saxelmwifos

erTguli qveServrdomebi, Tavs Turqebad miiCneven.

gurjoba maTTvis garkveuli Rirebulebaa;

III. qarTul enas floben, Tavs gurjad miiCneven,

magram zogjer ,,gurji” ,,Turqis” saxeoba hgoniaT.

qarTveloba, rogorc Rirebuleba, maTTvis arse-

bobs, Tumca es grZnoba ramdenadme minavlebulia;

IV. qarTul enas ar floben, magram gurjebad miiC-

neven Tavs, amayoben warmomavlobiT, interesdebian

winaparTa samSoblosa da TavianTi warmomavlobis

istoriiT;

V. qarTul enas ar floben, ician, rom qarTuli war-

momavlobisani arian, Tumca Tavs Turqebad miiCne-

ven. qarTuli warmomavloba, rogorc Rirebuleba,

minavlulia, magram zogjer Tavs iCens xolme;

~ 154 ~

VI. qarTul enas ar floben, daviwyniaT qarTuli

warmomavlobis Sesaxebac, Tumca zogjer SeiZleba

SesaZleblad miiCnion gurji winaprebi rom hyav-

daT. es SesaZlebloba maTTvis TiTqmis aranair

Rirebulebas ar warmoadgens. bunebrivia, Tavs

Turqebad miiCneven;

VII. arc qarTul enas floben da arc qarTuli war-

momavlobis Sesaxeb ician raime. Turqebad miiC-

neven Tavs da amiT amayoben.1

miuxedavad imisa, rom mosaxleobis eTnikuri sura-

Ti, erTi SexedviT mainc, sakmaod Wreli Cans, mgonia,

rom Woroxis auzis xeoba-soflebis mcxovrebTa didi

umravlesoba adgilobrivia, Zvel qarTvelTa STa-

momavalia. marTalia, minavlul-daSretili istoriuli

mexsiereba aqauri mosaxleobisa TiTqos optimizmis

adgils naklebad tovebs, magram mainc yvelaze dama-

jerebeli, mocemuli mosazrebis gansamtkiceblad, to-

ponimebia _ qarTuli toponimebi, uamravi, usazRvrod

bevri saxeli xeobisa Tu soflisa, mTisa Tu gorakisa,

tyisa Tu mindvrisa, saTibisa Tu Walisa, mdinarisa Tu

nakadulisa, yanisa Tu baRCisa, naeklesiarisa Tu naci-

xarisa... es saxelebi TaobaTa mexsierebaSi gamotare-

bul-Senaxulia, _ gaucnobiereblad, aramizanmimarTu-

lad! Tu qarTvelebi wavidnen da maT adgilze sxvebi,

araqarTvelebi dasaxldnen, maSin isini verafriT Sei-

naxavdnen Zveli mosaxleobis toponimebs da miTumetes,

maT mier Seqmnili axali toponimebi qarTuli warmoe-

bisa ver iqneboda.

1am ukanasknel jgufs vuSvebT, rogorc SesaZleblobas, rogorc

TurqeTSi mimdinare procesebis logikur Sedegs, Torem amisaRricxva SeuZlebelia.

~ 155 ~

gurjebi TavianTi amJamindeli samSoblos, Turqe-

Tis erTguli moqalaqeebi arian da TavianTi rjulis _

islamis WeSmariti morwmuneni. amiT Tavi moaqvT da

amasTan bevri maTganisaTvis qarTuli warmomavloba

siamayis safuZvelia. erTmaneTis Tanadgomac SeuZliaT

da bevri dawinaurebula saxelmwifoebriv Tu sazoga-

doebriv asparezze. ukanasknel xanebSi axalgazrdebSic

igrZnoba interesis gaRviveba fesvebisa da winaprebis

mimarT da zemoT daxatuli arasaxarbielo suraTis

miuxedavad, swored es SeiZleba iqces safuZvlad op-

timizmisa, rom CveneburebSi qarTvelobis Segneba da

qarTuli ena ar amoiZirkveba.

III. optimisturi CanarTi impresionistulifragmentiT

Aam CanarTisTvis SemeZlo tkiviliT gamexsenebina,

rom Woroxis auzis XXI saukunemde moRweul qarTul

soflebSic ki axali Taoba veRar flobs mSobliur

enas. miTumetes didi qalaqebidan sofelSi – romelime

bazgireTsa Tu jvarixevSi, marmawmindasa Tu kaparWeT-

Si, eliasxevsa Tu balxibarSi Casuli patarebi bebia-

babuebTan tkbilqarTuliT veRar saubroben, magram

qarTuli xmebi mainc aRibeWdeba maTs cnobierebaSi.

SemeZlo meTqva Woroxis xeobaSi mudmivad Tanam-

devi SegrZnebis Sesaxeb, rom aqauri materialuri kul-

turis ZeglebTan _ eklesiebTan da monastrebTan, ci-

xeebTan da koSkebTan, naliebTan da Zvelebur saxleb-

Tan... erTad qarTuli nakvalevis niSania, erTi Zvirfasi

ZeglTagania saukuneebis qariSxals gamotarebuli da

gadarCenili qarTuli mzera! _ aqaur qarTvelTa Tva-

lebSi mokiafe esoden nacnobi, Tbili da mSobliuri

sxivi...

~ 156 ~

SemeZlo mesaubra imaze, rom qristiani da musli-

mani qarTvelebis arseboba didi xania aRiarebuli

realobaa. musliman qarTvelTa didi umravlesoba ki

dRes TurqeTSi cxovrobs da isini Zalian didxans mok-lebuli iyvnen dedasamSoblosTan urTierTobis saSua-lebas. tkivili memleqeTis gamo saukuneTa ganmavlo-baSi RrRnida imaT suls, amitom erTad unda vcadoT

Zebna ara ganmasxvavebeli da damaSorebeli, aramed _

gamaerTianebeli, saerTo Rirebulebebisa.

SemeZlo momeTxro im epoqaze, roca Cveni saerTo

winapari, Zveli qarTveli kaci, agebda taZrebsa Tu ci-

xe-koSkebs, qmnida genialuri simartiviT moxazul an-

bans, werda ,,vefxistyaosans“, mReroda jadosnur ,,mra-

valJamiers“, Wrida unikalur CuqurTmas... qmnida yvela-

fer imas, rac dRevandeli qarTvelisTvis, miuxedavad

religiuri aRmsareblobisa, unda iyos siamayis safu-

Zveli.

SemeZlo meocneba, rom miuxedavad ama Tu im sakiTx-

Tan dakavSirebuli religiuri da msoflmxedvelob-

rivi gansxvavebulobisa, sxvadasxva rwmenis qarTvelTa

erTianobis safuZveli iqneba is saerTo Rirebulebebi,

romlebic obieqturad warmoadgens Cveni istoriis di-debas da erTi maTgani swored saqarTvelos naakvnaris

- tao-klarjeTis Zeglebia: ambiciuri, amayi, Tavisuf-

lebismoyvare, maRali kulturiT gamorCeuli xalxis

agebuli. Zeglebi, romlebmac, maSenebeli winaprebis

gamo, siamaye unda mohgvaros yvela qarTvels, ganur-Cevlad religiuri mrwamsisa,

SemeZlo dabejiTebiT meTqva, rom qarTvelisaTvis,

amxela dedamiwis zurgze, upirvelesad, isev qarTve-lia imedi da Semwe... saqarTvelosa da TurqeTis qarT-velTa gacnoba-daaxloebis procesi axlaRa daiwyo,

amitom dabrkolebebi arsebobs da, samwuxarod, moma-valSic iarsebebs. imedi unda viqonioT, rom es procesi

~ 157 ~

mtkice erTianobiken miswrafebiT warimarTeba bolomde

da saerTo ZalisxmeviT Camoyalibdeba is Rirebulebe-bi, romelsac orive mxare udavod aRiarebs da daeyrd-noba.

SemeZlo mexsenebina, rom TurqeTis konstituciaSi

cota xnis win Setanili Sesworebis Tanaxmad am qveynis

erovnul umciresobebs skolebSi mSobliuri enis

swavlis SesaZlebloba miecaT.

da bolos, SemeZlo gamexsenebina saqarTveloSi

Camosuli gurji biWis ambavi, romelmac, ukve didobaSi,

aq iswavla qarTuli werac, kiTxvac, laparakic da ro-

ca erT-erT gakveTilze avtobiografiis dawera daava-

les, Tavisdauneburad cnobierebaSi aRbeWdili is qar-

Tuli xmebic gaacocxla.

impresionizmic amitom vaxsene. ,,gamosawyveteli”

wyevlaa, magram didnenes piriT naTqvams sikeTe moyveba

mxolod. es uboroto wyevla dRemde SeiZleba gaigono

goderZidan parxlamde _ Seyovnebul droSi CarCenili

bebiebisgan.

Ffragmentis, wamis STabeWdileba zogjer ufro

Rrma kvals tovebs, vidre movlenaTa mTeli jaWvis in-

terpretacia. Aamdenad, Tumca mocemul Temaze saubris

dawyebisas bevri ramis gaxseneba SemeZlo, me mxolod

erTi xoxleveli gurjis gauwafavi xeliT nawers da-

vurTav am Tavs:,,1990 welSi stambulSi davibade. 6 wlis viyavi da

baRSi moswavle var. Zalian muziri1 viyavi. Semdeg 10wlis var da stanbulidan, wavalT quTahiaSi. imitomrom mamaCemi leqtori moxda da ukve universitetSi mu-Saobs. me quTahiaSi violini viswavle. Aamis gamo Zali-an didi madloba sayvarelo hasan kojaoRli. Cemi mu-sikas maswavlebeli iyo. Mme miyvars katebi, ZaRlebi, Wi-

1 muziri - mavne

~ 158 ~

tebi, naturaluri. Amis gamo drodadro sofelSi miv-divar. sofelSi Cemi bebia aris. bavSvi viyavi da is Cem-Tvis: ,,gamosawyveTeli!” ambobda... kide ambobs. marTa-lia. Semdeg aq movedi. baTumSi var. naxoT, jer ra iq-neba.

msoflioSi CemTvis TurqeTi kargi samSobloa.magram saqarTvelo davinaxe da axla vfiqrob albaTCemi samSoblo saqarTvelo. Yyovel gvari miyvars...

sufTa haeri TurqeTSi ki aris magram saqarTvelo-Si yovelaferi kargia.”

~ 159 ~zurab xabaZisilustracia

~ 160 ~

T a v i m e x u T e

,,aTormet savaneTa” mxaris

meoce saukune: ocneba da realoba

I. meocnebe poetebi... anu saqarTvelos aRdgena dadacema

XX saukunes saqarTvelo ruseTis imperiis farg-

lebSi dadgenili sazRvrebiT Sexvda, anu samxreT sa-

qarTvelos qarTuli teritoriebis didi nawili, maT

Soris klarjeTis ,,aTormet savaneTa” mxarec, saqarTve-

los SemadgenlobaSi iyo da safrTxec TiTqos arsai-

dan Canda, sanam pirveli msoflio omis qariSxali ar

amovarda. omis daskvniT etapze, 1918 wlis 3 marts, aw

ukve bolSevikurma ruseTma germaniasa da mis mokavSi-

reebTan separatuli zavi dado. bolSevikebs TavianTi

gasWirvebodaT, magram es zavi mwared Seexo saqarTve-

los: germaniis zemoxsenebul mokavSireTagan erT-erT-

ma, osmaleTma, ruseTisgan xonCiT mirTmeuliviT miiRo

ukve karga xnis win gamotirebuli teritoriebi – baTu-

mis, yarsisa da artaanis olqebi. amaT garda, osmaleT-

ma axalcixe-axalqalaqis mazrebic miitaca da saqar-

Tvelos mTeli istoriuli mesxeTi Camoscilda.

imxnad amierkavkasia cdilobda bolSevikuri ruse-

Tisgan gamijnvas da faqtobrivad, warmoadgenda damo-

ukidebel saxelmwifos, romelSic sami qveyana _ saqar-

Tvelo, somxeTi da zerbaijani iyo gaerTianebuli.

brest-litovskis zavamde ukve Seqmnili iyo sakanon-

mdeblo funqciebis mqone amierkavkasiis seimi (1918

wlis Tebervali), romlis Tavmjdomarec qarTveli men-

Seviki karlo CxeiZe iyo. seimis erT-erTi saWirboroto

sakiTxi swored osmaleTTan urTierToba aRmoCnda.

~ 161 ~

ruseT-TurqeTis 1914 wlis sazRvris aRdgenis mcdelo-

ba kraxiT damTavrda. osmaleTi kategoriulad moiT-

xovda brestis zaviT gadacemuli teritoriebis dau-

yovnebliv daclas. omi gardauvali iyo, magram,

samwuxarod, amierkavkasiis xelisuflebas omis niaTi

ar gaaCnda. ,,araoficialurad ukve 27 martidan (9

aprilidan) dawyebuli omi 31 marts (13 aprils) ukve

oficialuri xdeba da samxedro moqmedeba osmalur

jarsa da qarTul-somxur nawilebs Soris (azerbaijan-

ma uari Tqva osmaleTis winaaRmdeg omze, _ m.C.) grZel-

deba 9 (22) aprilamde. mouwyobeli qarTul-somxuri

moxalise razmebi osmalur regularul jarebs ver

uZleben. 2 (15) aprils osmalebma daikaves baTumi, ukve

17 aprils _ ozurgeTi da bolos gaimarTa brZola

Coloqze, sadac osmalebi sastikad damarcxdnen”

(nozaZe 1989: 26); Tumca, bevri TviTmxilveli, (umjobe-

sia, Tu vityviT – saqarTvelos sazogadoebrivi azri)

,,osmaleTis regularuli jaris” Zlierebaze metad

qarTuli armiis uZlurebas aRniSnavda. am ganwyobas Tu

savalalo faqts zustad asaxavda maSindeli presa.

kerZod, gazeTi ,,saqarTvelo” aRniSnavda: ,,is, rac

baTumSi xdeboda, pirdapir auwerelia. aseT uTaobas,

aseT Seugneblobas, iSviaTad Tu vinme gamoiCens, vin

ufrosobs, vin ganagebs, ,,ZaRli patrons ver icnobso”,

swored es iyo.

vinc rom xalxs, jars rames daabralebs, is isto-

riis winaSe iqneba pasuxismgebeli. axla ki yovelive

pasuxi unda moeTxovos im pirT, vinc meTauroben, visac

mindobili aqvT Tu TviTon ,,miindo”, kanoniT Tu

ukanonod, am ,,demokratiuli” omis warmoeba.

omi ki gagonila, magram ,,demokratiuli omi” ki

arsad gagonila. amdeni xnis molaparakebam ilaji

waiRo. ori saaTi omia, ori dRe – zavi. mere isev omi:

~ 162 ~

,,nu esvriT, Torem osmalebi gabrazdebian da Cven

delegatebs ar gamouSvebeno...” (falavandiSvili 1918).

maSindeli presa gulistkiviliT aRniSnavda, rom

,,baTomi osmalos jaris samasma kacma aiRo. netavi gena-

xaT, ra jaria, gamxdari, Sav-yviTeli, mSieri, mwyurva-

li (sami dRe-Rame ara gviWamia rao), Camoglejili. er-

Ti sityviT, garegnulad glaxakni yoveli mxriT. amas-

Tan SedarebiT, ra mSvenier sanaxaobas warmoadgendnen

Cveni jariskacebi, gansakuTrebiT aficroba? magram ima-

Tis dasustebuls sxeulSi suli Rvioda, amaTs Zalzed

danoyierebul sxeulSi ki – suli simdablisa da laC-

robisa... Cvenma saxelovanma meomrebma rom Seityves,

TaTari modiso, unda genaxaT, vin rogor uSvela Tavs,

ra ambavi iyo rkinigzis sadgurze, ranairad gaitena

matarebeli...” (i.i. 1918).

amgvari mwvave da mware Sefasebani obieqtur safu-

Zvels ar iyo moklebuli: bolos da bolos saqarTve-

los uzarmazari teritoria CamoaWres gareSeTa nebiT

da ZaliT, menSevikuri mTavroba ki, konstantine gam-

saxurdias Tqmisa ar iyos, ,,Cveulebrivi mitingebiTa da

galimaTiiT erToboda” (gamsaxurdia 1991), magram esecaa

_ istoriis Carxi maSin Cveni qveynis sasargeblod ro-

di trialebda da Zalac, rogorc yovelTvis, iolad

xnavda aRmarTs.

es tragedia qarTulma mwerlobam miiRo ise, ro-

gorc unda mieRo qveynis patriotulad ganwyobil na-

wils, imaT, visac qveynis bedi aRelvebda.

,,brZaneba ismis da smena, Cqara

gaSaleT mzeze kriala xmlebi,

an davibrunoT Cveni aWara

anda baTomTan davtovoT Zvlebi!

adre sulTani nu gaixarebs,

aRmosavleTis adrea taSi, _

Cven davibrunebT baTomis karebs

~ 163 ~

mware iqneba Cveni revanSi,” –

werda paolo iaSvili leqsSi ,,dacemul baToms”

(iaSvili 2004: 42).

Tumca mwerlebs marto mowodebebiT da poeziiT

ar gamouCeniaT Tavi. araerTma Semoqmedma ibrZola

samSoblosaTvis. konstantine gamsaxurdia igonebs:

,,osmaleTma gadmolaxa saqarTvelos sazRvari,

baTumi aiRo da me iZulebuli gavxdi, kalmis nacvlad

xmali ameRo xelSi da es iyo Cemi sicocxlis ubed-

nieresi wuTebi.

,,revanSi”, ,,revanSi”, _ ayvirda mTeli axalgazrdo-

ba.

tfilisis universitetSi mitingi gavmarTeT qris-

tefore raWveliSvilma, jvebe ioselianma da me. am mi-

tingze CoxiT gamovedi, xmali gavaSiSvle da vTqvi:

,,saqarTvelos axalgazrdobis saxeliT oms vucxa-

deb osmaleTs”.

aTas xuTasi studenti Caewera imave krebaze moxa-

lised” (gamsaxurdia 1991).

konstantine gamsaxurdia, SesaZloa, emociuri iyos

sakuTari rolis warmoCenisas, magram unda iTqvas, rom

igi savsebiT sworad afasebs movlenebs. mwerali samx-

reT saqarTvelos problemas, TurqeTis Zlevas,

erovnuli Rirsebis saqmed miiCnevs da marcxiT gam-

warebuli qveynis uniaTo mTavrobis dapatimrebas, daxv-

retasac ki ganizraxavs (gamsaxurdia 1991). misi azriT,

erovnuli mTavroba, general mazniaSvilis meTaurobiT,

SeZlebda qveynis swor gzaze dayenebas. swored maznia-

SvilTan erTad ioma mweralma Turqebis winaaRmdeg da

gaimarjva. es iyo erTi im iSviaT gamarjvebaTagani, ro-

melic Cvenma jarma moipova 1918 wlis aprilSi: ,,me im

xidze vigeme udidesi bedniereba da axlac vxedav, ra

Zlieria Turme mamulisadmi siyvaruli. nayar futkar-

saviT zuodnen Cems yurebTan osmalos tyviebi, me miv-

~ 164 ~

sdevdi Cvens generals, saocrad vyiJinebdi da vesrodi

mtrebs. axlac mikvirs, erTi tyvia ar momxvedria im

dRes. frontidan mSvidobiT mobrunebuls dedaCemma

makoca da miTxra: ,,es Cemma locvebma giwies, Svilo”.

k. gamsaxurdia kidev erT wyevla-krulvian sakiTxs

exeba ,,landebTan lacicSi”. Ralatis Tema, samwuxarod,

ucxo arasdros yofila Cveni qveynis istoriaSi. qar-

Tvelma sazogadoebam, da maT Soris qarTvelma musli-

manebma, sakadrisi pasuxi gasces moRalateT, zogierTma

ki (sanganiZe 1918; gollend 1918) mTeli am sakiTxis –

samuslimano da saqristiano saqarTvelos urTierTo-

bis, cnobierebis deformaciis problemis analizi

scada.

zemoT ukve vaxsene paolo iaSvili da misi leqsi

,,dacemul baToms”. erTi saintereso Temaa kidev moder-

nistebis da kerZod, ,,cisferyanwelebis” damokidebule-

ba sazogadod omTan erTi mxriv da meore mxriv, Tur-

qebis winaaRmdeg brZolasTan. modernistebisTvis revo-

lucia da omi Zvelis radikaluri ngrevis, ganaxlebis

gza iyo da rakiRa Tavadac xelovnebasa da literatu-

raSi revolucionerebad, radikaluri siaxlis damner-

gavad miiCnevdnen Tavs, omis heroika maTTvis savsebiT

misaRebi iyo. konstantine gamsaxurdia ukve vaxseneT;

1915 wels grigol robaqiZe gazeT ,,Кавказ”-Si aqveynebswerilebis ciklis ,,omi da kultura”, romelSic kul-

turis moRvaweTa Tvalsazrisia gadmocemuli am aqtua-

lur problemaze.

imave wels gazeT ,,saqarTveloSi” ibeWdeba tician

tabiZis esse ,,omis Tema qarTul mwerlobaSi”.

igi pacifizmis winaaRmdegaa mimarTuli da amar-

Tlebs omis aucileblobas, qarTvelTa mebrZol suls,

romelic winaT dids Tu pataras gaaCnda.

,,beri mematiane sardaliviT laparakobs, senakSiac

Sedis sisxlis almuri”, - wers ticiani, roca ixsenebs

~ 165 ~

Zveli qarTvelis meomrul xasiaTs (sigua 2012:70). swo-

red am heroikuli sulis gamovlena iyo ramdenime ,,yan-

welis” gadawyvetileba, iaraRiT xelSi daecvaT Turqe-

bisgan mamuli.

TanamedroveTa cnobiT, paolosa da ticians aw-

yurTan gamarTul brZolaSic miuRiaT monawileoba. am

movlenas eZRvneba swored paolos leqsi ,,ali arse-

niSvils” (iaSvili 2004: 44), romelsac aseTi epigrafi

axlavs: ,,vagoni cxenebiT. xuTi gusari awyurisaken.

aprili, 1918 weli”. leqsSi bevri simbolisturi saxea,

bodlericaa naxsenebi, loengrinic da salomeac, Tum-

ca, denTis suni aSkarad igrZnoba:

,,gacocxlda Seni ucnauroba,

gadaqceuli marjanis xvavad;

darCeba Cveni mogzauroba

sikvdilis dRisTvis Sesanaxavad”.

am saomar ganwyobasTan dakavSirebiT Salva afxai-

Ze igonebs: ,,baTums saSiSroeba moeloda. saWiro iyo

misi dacva, am dacvaSi maSin quTaisSi mcxovrebma pat-

riotulad ganwyobilma, magram saomrad sruliad moum-

zadebelma axalgazrdobamac miviReT monawileoba. Cven

razms meTaurobda Cveni sasiqadulo mwerali daviT

kldiaSvili, razmi idga xulosTan... daviTi gaxarebu-

li iyo axalgazrdobis patriotuli aRgznebiT, magram

rogorc mxedarma, isic kargad icoda, Tu risi maqnisi

viyaviT, male Cveni razmi Secvala jaris patara

nawilma” (afxaiZe 1988: 23).

TavganwirvisTvis mzadaa kidev erTi cisferyanwe-

li valerian gafrindaSvili. igi mouwodebs qarTve-

lebs moqalaqis movaleobis aRsrulebisken, mterTan

rainduli brZolisken da ase mimarTavs samSoblos:

,,samSoblo, Svilebs nu exaTrebi,

iyavi mkacri da miudgomi;

gemuqrebian Smagi TaTrebi,

~ 166 ~

magram axsovdeT aspinZis omi,

roca qarTvelma medidur xmaliT

sZlia mterebis brbo uamari

roca ereklem Tavisi xmaliT

kvlav asaxela didi Tamari.”

poeti mzadaa TavganwirvisTvis da imaves mouwo-

debs sxvebsac:

,,maS, Zmebo, erTad gavwiroT Tavi,

nuTu gvimtyunebs bedi masxara,

an gamarjveba da an saflavi,

mters SevebrZoloT, Tofebi Cqara!”

(gafrindaSvili 1990: 67)

tician tabiZe baTumis tragedias gamoexmaura leq-

siT ,,ori aprili”. ori aprili, mogexsenebaT, baTumis

dacemis dRea da am leqsSi, Salva afxaiZis ar iyos,

(afxaiZe 1988: 24), ufro qviTini ismis, vidre _ imedis

naperwkali:

,,baTomi misces da orpirze modis TaTari,

atmis yvaviliT sisxliani stiris aprili.

yviTel saturnis ubedobiT avad gamxdari,

poetis sulic saqarTvelos kuzad daxrila”.

STambeWdavi poeturi saxea saqarTvelos kuzad

daxrili suli poetisa. is kuzi TiTqos TvalnaTliv

izrdeba. swored axla dgeba axali dro. sabediswero

wuTi, romelmac unda gadawyvitos, rogori iqneba sa-

qarTvelos xvalindeli cxovreba:

uaxlovdeba saukunis mas meoTxedi,

hgonia, TiTqos saqarTvelos win daibada,

sabediswero wuTs elodi, wuTo, moxvedi,

piero wuTiT wiTel qudSi gagaribaldda”.

Rirseuli qveyana ocnebiT (piero) ar Seiqmneba,

brZolaa saWiro (garibaldi). garibaldi – italiis sa-

xalxo gmiri _ xom TavisuflebisTvis, erTianobisTvis

brZolis da gamarjvebis simboloa. isic gavixsenoT,

~ 167 ~

rom axalgazrda ilia WavWavaZes surda italiaSi was-

vla da garibaldis razmSi Cawera. amitom araa gasakvi-

ri, rom es saxe ufro gvian, 1927 wels daweril leqsSi

,,... da garibaldis wiTeli qudi” kidev erTxel gaiel-

vebs:

,,cxraasTvrametis vigoneb aprils

da TaTrebisgan daqceul baToms.

vxedav qarTvel jars iaraRayrils

da es sircxvili dResac Zvals aTbobs.

gviduRda suli SurisZiebis,

am ca da qveynis gadarevaSi,

Cveni wyurvili iyo – egebis

agveRo TaTris erTi revanSi”.

magram davubrundeT ,,or aprils”; Tavmoyvare kacis

godebaa am leqsis ukanaskneli striqoni:

,,sakuTar Tavis da qaldeas axal Sercxvenis

tanjuli fiqriT samudamod moviqancebi.

ax, megobrebo Cemi suli mWvartlia sxvenis,

cremliT savsea Cemi wili Cveni yanwebis.”

(tabiZe 1999: 31)

sxvaTa Soris, or aprils sxva leqsSic (,,tanit

tabiZe”) axsenebs; aq sxva Temaa, saTqmelic sxvaa da

sulac ar minda, faqtebze moZaleba gamovides, magram

Tu saerTo ganwyobas davakvirdebiT, SeiZleba gaCndes

,,ori aprilis” asociaciac:

,, me ase giwer, Svilo, or aprils,

ar vici kidev ramdeni damrCa.

vigoneb droSas, karTagens daxrils,

rom Seagines tanitis farCa...” (tabiZe 1999: 51)

magram movlenebi elvis uswrafesad ganviTarda.

qarTul mwerlobas da mTel qarTvel xalxs ewera

samxreT saqarTvelos dabrunebiT gamowveuli sixaru-

lis gancda: I msoflio omSi germania da misi mokavSi-

reebi damarcxdnen. osmaleTi iZulebuli gaxda, samxre-

~ 168 ~

Ti kavkasia da saqarTvelos zemoaRniSnuli teritorie-

bi daetovebina. 1918 wlis 30 oqtombris mudrosis zavis

Tanaxmad baTumSi inglisis nawilebi Sevidnen. am pe-

riodSi gansakuTrebiT gaaqtiurdnen adgilobrivi pat-

riotuli inteligenciis warmomadgenlebi.

niSandoblivia, rom saqarTvelos damoukideblo-

bis dResaswauli xsenebul regionSi pirvelad swored

maSin, 1919 wels, izeimes. 26 maiss gaimarTa sazeimo

kreba (CoxaraZe 1991), romelsac uamravi xalxi eswrebo-

da da romelmac Semdegi rezolucia miiRo: ,,saqarTve-

los damoukideblobis wlisTavze 1919 wlis maisis 26-s

q. baTomSi Sekrebili mravalaTasovani yriloba musli-

man da qristian qarTvelTa, aRtacebiT da aRfrTova-

nebiT egebeba dRevandel dResaswauls, ulocavs mas

gulmxurvaled, rogorc TavisTavs, ise mTel saqar-

Tvelos, mis damfuZnebel krebas, suverenul gamomsax-

vels xalxis nebisa da saqarTvelos mTavrobis Rir-

seul winamZRolT Tavisufali, damoukidebeli erisas.

baTumis musliman da qristian qarTvelTa yriloba

aRiarebs rom erTi WeSmariti da samarTliani gza

qarTveli xalxisTvis aris Tavisufali, damoukidebeli

da gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos cxovrebis gza.

aRiarebs amas saWirod da saqveynod, msoflios

gasagonad xsenebuli yriloba, ficsa sdebs, rom mTeli

Tavis arsebiT, sityviT Tu saqmiT, suliT da guliT,

WkuiT, gonebiT, qonebiT da sisxliT Seewireba Tavis

samSoblo saqarTvelos damoukideblobisa, gaerTiane-

bisa da Tavisuflebis ganmtkicebas. raTa qarTveli

xalxi Tavisufali, sakuTari saxiT Sevides sakacobrio

Tavisufal ojaxTa wreSi, vaSa saqarTvelos, vaSa

momavals, Tavisufal, Tanaswor, Zmur saerTaSoriso

ojaxs (saxalxo saqme 1919).

baTumis olqis ,,inglisuri periodi” 1920 wlis

zafxulamde gagrZelda. inglisis mTavrobam miiRo mTe-

~ 169 ~

li olqis saqarTvelosTvis gadacemis gadawyvetileba.

7 ivliss saqarTvelos jari baTumSi Sevida.

minaweri avtonomiisTvis:

1917-21 wlebSi samuslimano saqarTvelosurTulesi viTarebis naTelsayofad imis aRniS-nvac sakmarisia, rom sul raRac 3 wlis ganmav-lobaSi aqauroba jer osmalebis xelSi gadavida,Semdeg ingliselebisa. mere mcire xniT damyardakanonieri xelisufleba saqarTvelos demokratiu-li mTavrobisa. bolos rusebi dabrundnen qarT-vel bolSevikebTan erTad. aseT pirobebSi kidevufro mwvavdeboda adgilobrivi politikuri Za-lebis dapirispireba, metadre regionis politi-kur mowyobasTan dakavSirebiT. erTmaneTs ZiriTa-dad ori mimarTuleba upirispirdeboda: ,,samusli-mano saqarTvelos gamaTavisuflebeli komiteti”am regions saqarTvelos ganuyofel nawilad miiC-nevda mis momavals avtonomiuri erTeulis saxiTmoiazrebda. Turqofiluri gaerTianeba ,,sedaimi-leTi” aseve avtonomias moiTxovda, oRond _ Tur-qeTis SemadgenlobaSi (CoxaraZe 1997: 73).

pirveli paradoqsi aRwerili viTarebisa isaa,rom TurqeTis SemadgenlobaSi avtonomia erTad-erTxel moiTxoves qarTvelma muslimanebma daisini, bedis ironiiT, swored is qarTvelebi iyv-nen, romlebic mSobliuri qveynis erTianobas upi-rispirdebodnen da separatizmis gzas adgnen.

meore paradoqsi is iyo, rom es separatistiqarTvelebi avtonomiis moTxovniT Zalauneburadswored TavianT^qarTvelobas usvamdnen xazs daosmaleTis sinamdvileSi lamis qarTuli patrio-tizmis ideas uyridnen safuZvels.

~ 170 ~

mesame paradoqsi is iyo, rom musliman qar-TvelTa avtonomiis idea aqtiurad mxardaWerilida waxalisebuli gaxldaT TurqeTis saxelmwi-fos mier.

magram am minawerSi cneba ,,paradoqsi” mainc pi-robiTi Sinaarsisaa, erTgvari publicisturi xer-xi. sinamdvileSi es idea politikuri satyuaraiyo, mizanmimarTuli da Rrmad gaazrebuli poli-tikuri satyuara. maSin am satyuaram ar gaWra _qarTvelma muslimanebma gamaTavisuflebeli komi-tetis, anu erTiani saqarTvelos gza arCies. mag-ram male, roca samuslimano saqarTvelo kideverTxel gadanawilda ruseT-TurqeTs Soris daregionis umetesi nawili TurqeTis Semadgenlo-baSi moeqca, gurjebis avtonomia TurqeTSi aRara-vis gaxsenebia...

magram mivubrundeT poetebsa da politikas.

zemoT ukve vaxsene tician tabiZe da sazogadod,

qarTuli nacionaluri heroika, omTan damokidebuleba

da aRtacebuli patriotizmi. cxadia, yvela warmatebul

nabijs sixaruliT exmaureboda qarTuli mwerloba,

vTqvaT, varlam ruxaZis leqsiT:

,,kmara monoba! mSoblis alersma

Tavisuflebis mze dagvafaros,

rom gaixaros gulma nalesma

Seexmatkbilos Svebis samyaros”.

(erToba 1920)

an moxuci Sio mRvimelis sityvebiT:

,,Sav dRes davayriT Cvens mtersa,

Sinaursa Tu garesa,

gind tkbilad momsalmebelsa,

gind avad moubaresa...” (saxalxo saqme 1920)

~ 171 ~

magram nabij-nabij warmatebebi ukve veRar avsebda

qarTul suls. omi am SemTxvevaSi istoriuli samar-

Tlianobis aRdgenis gzad iqna gagebuli da amitomac

iyo, poetebi kvlavac rom cdilobdnen samxedro saq-

meebSi garevas, gulistkiviliT saubrobdnen qarTveli

jaris araorganizebulobaze – rakiRa jer kidev mtre-

biT varT garSemortymuli ,,respublikis mTavrobam mer-

yeobas Tavi daanebos, man unda Sehqmnas disciplinire-

buli jari, anda daiRupos!” – werda tician tabiZe 1918

wels (tabiZe 1918). jari da armia TiTqos ra poetis

saqmea, magram am werilebs da survilebs sxva miswra-

feba, sxva ocneba kvebavda: ocneba didi saqarTvelos

aRdgenisa. Tu 1918 wels baTumis dabrunebis survilic

metismetad Tamam ocnebad gamoiyureboda, sul cota

xnis Semdeg mwerlebi da sazogadod, saqarTvelos pat-

riotuli wreebi, savsebiT samarTlianad da safuZvlia-

nad, yvela qarTuli teritoriis gaerTianebaze msje-

lobdnen! mxedvelobaSi maqvs isev tician tabiZis we-

rili ,,irridentisaTvis” da vidre mcire monakveTs mo-

vitande am saocari patriotuli aRmafreniT dawerili

werilidan, ganvmartav, rom iredentizmis saxeliT cno-

bilia politikuri da sazogadoebrivi moZraoba me-19

saukunis bolosa da meoce saukunis dasawyisis italia-

Si, romelic miznad isaxavda italielebiT dasaxlebu-

li sasazRvro mxareebis italiasTan SeerTebas. ase

rom, saTauridanac gasagebia, saiTken miiswrafoda oc-

neba poetisa, romelic werda:

,,baTomis dabrunebis Semdeg Sewyda patriotuli

aRtaceba.

mxolod CvenTvis, poetebisTvis, didi xania dawye-

bulia sxva irridenti: bizantieli meqronikeni aRniSna-

ven, rom saSualo saukunis poetebs xSirad uyvarT ga-

meoreba xmovani sityvis: ,,trapizoni”.

~ 172 ~

es sityva unda gaismas qarTul poeziaSi da unda

aRdges ufro meti brwyinvalebiT.

respublikuri zRvari ver gaCerdeba im zRvarze,

romlis iqiTac iwyeba lazistani da trapizoni.

trapizoni pirdapiri gzaa saqarTvelosi aziis

siRrmeSi da am gzas daipyrobs qarTveli jari...

trapizonSi aSendeba uzarmazari verfebi da is

iqneba axali sidoni.

qarTul jars axali omis sagani aqvs,

qarTvel poetebs axali leqsis da simRerisa:

- samudamo irridenti!

- lazistani da trapizoni” (kasraZe 1920).

am werils maSin bevri gamoexmaura. zogi aRfrTo-

vanda, zogmac – naadrevad miiCnia (,,lazistanis sakiTxs

icnobs qarTveli xalxi, mis gadasaWrel gzasac gamo-

naxavs, magram lazistanis irridentis waRma-ukuRma

srolas, romelsac am dros Cveni erisTvis zianis mo-

tana SeeZlo, metiCara novatorebi unda eridebodnen”

(imereli 1921).) magram es yvelaferi naklebad arsebi-

Tia; mTavari is imedia, romelsac asruleba ewera;

erTxelac davimowmeb viqtor nozaZes:

,,1920 wlis dasasrulisaTvis qarTuli teritoria

gaerTianda da gamrTelda: Seiqmna didi saqarTvelo,

Tavis Zvel sazRvrebSi, Tavisi qarTuli miwa-wyliT,

romelic JamTa siavis srbolaSi da istoriuli

ukuRmarTobiT moswyda mas. aRsdga saqarTvelo!” (noza-

Ze 1989: 73)

magram, samwuxarod da savalalod, saqarTvelos

aRzevebis dro jer kidev ar damdgariyo: safrTxe –

sabWoTa ruseTi da qemalisturi osmaleTi – ukve kar-

ze iyo momdgari.

vai, rom trapizonamde gadaWimuli saqarTvelo

poetebis ocnebad darCa mxolod...

~ 173 ~

II. ocnebis dasasruli, anu nebadarTuli

patriotizmi socialisturi realizmis epoqaSi

vinc ra unda Tqvas, me mainc ase mgonia, rom

mxatvruli literatura, romelic mravals da mraval-

gzis miuCnevia cxovrebis sarked, xSirad ukeT gamo-

xatavs sazogadoebis, xalxis gulisTqmas, imedebsa da

imedgacruebebs, vidre _ mematianis qronikebi. erT-erTi

mizezi esecaa, naSromis am nawilSi literaturis isto-

rias rom mivmarTe. marTalia, XX saukunis qarTulma

mwerlobam, upiratesad obiqetur garemoebaTa gamo, ver

SeZlo samxreT saqarTvelos problemaTa sisruliT

warmoCena, magram rac asaxa da rogorc asaxa, isic

mravalmxriv interess iwvevs.

1921 wlis 25 Tebervals saqarTveloSi sabWoTa

xelisufleba gamocxadda. saqarTvelos ssr revkomis

imave wlis 16 ivlisis dekretiT Seiqmna aWaris avto-

nomiuri sabWoTa socialisturi respublika. es movle-

na ruseTsa da TurqeTs Soris 16 martis moskovis Se-

Tanxmebisa da TurqeTsa da amierkavkasiis respublikebs

Soris 13 oqtombris yarsis xelSekrulebis konteqstSi

Tavsdeba: axali, bolSevikuri imperiis xelisufalTa

nebiTa da ZaliT samxreT saqarTvelos teritoriebis

umetesi nawili TurqeTis SemadgenlobaSi moeqca. am

sabediswero movlenaTa analizi da Sefaseba scildeba

naSromis farglebs da imasRa vityvi, rom qarTvelma

sazogadoebam, ufro zustad, erovnuli inteligenciis

da politikuri speqtris bolSevikur saqarTveloSi

SemorCenilma nawilma, gabrZolebaRa SeZlo.

am gabrZolebis erT-erTi kera gazeTi “social-

list-federalisti” iyo. rogorc cnobilia, qveynis ,,ga-

wiTlebis” Semdeg socialist-federalisturi partia,

cxadia, bolSevikebis nebis Sesabamisad, erTxans ga-

nagrZobda legalur funqcionirebas da gazeTsac ga-

~ 174 ~

moscemda. am gazeTis irgvliv Semokrebili moRvaweebi

cdidlobdnen, zomierad, magram obieqturad gaeanali-

zebinaT arsebuli viTareba. Sesabamisad, gazeTi ara-

erTxel Seexo samuslimano saqarTvelosTan dakavSire-

bul sakiTxebs. imxnad am Temaze mravali saintereso

werili dabeWdes Tedo Rlontma, vaxtang kotetiSvil-

ma, konstantine gamsaxurdiam, platon qiqoZem, efrem

CaxunaSvilma da sxvebma (CoxaraZe, 2012: 72). petre mi-

rianaSvilma, magaliTad, SeSfoTebulma imiT, rom

,,aqamde iyo samuslimano saqarTvelos mejlisi, dRes

ki SemouRiaT aWaris mejlisi”, _ Ria weriliT mimarTa

mejlisis Tavmjdomares hasan lorTqifaniZes. werilis

avtorisaTvis gaugebaria, “SavSeTi, livana da sxva

qveynebi samuslimano saqarTvelosi sad unda wavides,

vis unda gadaeces?”

mirianaSvili saubrobs qarTvelTaTvis Woroxis

auzis istoriul rolsa da funqciaze, exeba musliman

TanamoZmeTa Tavis mSobliur enaze ganaTlebis auci-

leblobis, aseve avtonomiis, miwaTsargeblobis, socia-

lizmis Temebs da mouwodebs sxvadasxva rjulis

qarTvelTa Zmobisaken, samuslimano saqarTvelos mTeli

teritoriis (“artaan-olTisi-WaneTi-ispir-TorTomis

raionebis CaTvliT”) aWaris avtonimiis gamgeblobaSi

moqcevisaken (socialist-federalisti 1921).

rac Seexeba mwerlobas, aqac metad specifikuri

viTareba sufevda. cnobilia faqtia, rom bolSevikebi

mizanmimarTulad cdilobdnen mTeli mwerlobis moq-

cevas upirobo gavlenis qveS da amisaTvis meTodebs

daxvewilad rodi arCevdnen. samxreT saqarTvelos Se-

saxeb wera aravis aukrZalavs, magram erovnuli tkivi-

lis gamoxatva principulad miuRebeli iyo. “Zmuri

kavSiris” kosmopolituri propagandiT gamsWvaluli

ideologia sruliad ugulebelyofda erovnul intere-

sebs da miswrafebebs. amitomac iyo, rom proletaruli

~ 175 ~

mwerloba radikalurad gaemijna patriotul Tematikas.

gaemijna ki ara, lamis xmalSemarTuli ebrZoda mas da

asrulebda ra kompartiis direqtivebs, cdilobda,

mkacrad SemosazRvrul CarCoSi moeqcia literatura.

magram survili erTia da SesaZlebloba – meore.

proletarul mwerlobas arc niWi eyo, arc Zala, rom

win aRdgomoda (Tavis rigebSic ki) qarTuli mwer-

lobis mravalsaukunovan tradicias. erovnuli motivi,

marTalia, Seaviwrova, moaduna, magram ver aRmofxvra.

Sesabamisad, cocxlobda samxreT saqarTvelos Temac –

mwerloba axerxebda xolme proletariatis mier dawe-

sebuli sazRvrebis darRvevas xan saistorio romanebis

farglebSi, xanac Tanamedroveobis amsaxvel Txzule-

bebSi. da barem imasac SevniSnav, rom xsenebul Temaze

Seqmnili nawarmoebebi pirobiTad SeiZleba or _ ideo-

logiur da ideologiisgan Tavisufal (aseTic arse-

bobda) _ jgufad davyoT. cxadia, pirveli sWarbobs da

arc esaa gasakviri, magram meorec arsebobs. pirvelis

SemTxvevaSic ki zogjer sacnauria, rom ideologia sa-

Sualebaa, safaria patriotuli gulisnadebis gamosav-

lenad.

meore msoflio omis Semdgom CvenTvis saintereso

sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT gansakuTrebuli viTareba Se-

iqmna. amis Sesaxeb qvemoT visaubrebT, manamade ki unda

aRiniSnos, rom samxreT saqarTvelos Tema yvelaze

damaxasiaTebeli, metadre, 30-iani wlebidan, aWaraSi

moRvawe mweralTa SemoqmedebisaTvis iyo. es niSandob-

livi faqtia. aWara xom Tavad iyo monawile cxoveli

istoriuli procesebisa; swored am regions Seexo

yvelaze mwvaved gayofa-ganawilebis, gasxvisebis tragi-

kuli movlenebi. didi xani ar iyo gasuli mas Semdeg,

moskovSi, stambol-ankarasa Tu evropaSi miRebuli ga-

dawyvetilebebis gamo rom gadadioda igi xelidan

xelSi. mravali monawile am procesebisa jerac cocxa-

~ 176 ~

li iyo da arc ezosa Tu yanis boloSi gavlebuli

sazRvrebis gamo erTmaneTs mowyvetili naTesavebis

tkivils uCanda daamebis piri. amasTan, es iyo regioni,

romelmac saukuneebs gamoatara qarTuli ena, cnobie-

reba, zneoba, tradicia... meore mxriv ki gacocxlebuli

mxatvruli sityva axlaRa ikrebda Zalas, axlaRa Cnde-

boda saukuneebiT dagubebuli saTqmelis gamoxatvis

saSualeba da imdenad Rrma iyo Wriloba, imdenad maRa-

li Rirebulebisa iyo es Tema, rom TviT socialisturi

realizmis pirobebSi fexadgmulma adgilobrivma mwer-

lobamac ki araerTxel gadaabija damkvidrebul

zRvars.

ideologiuri mxare amjerad naklebad gvaintere-

sebs. isedac cxadia, rom meTologiuri sayrdeni moce-

muli Temisa, umetesad, Tavsdeba imxnad damkvidrebul

SablonSi, romlis Tanaxmadac kapitalistur qveyanaSi

(Cvens SemTxvevaSi TurqeTSi) mcxovrebi mSromelebi

iCagrebian, sabWoeTSi ki bednierad cxovrobden:

“aqauri qarTvelni

sul bnelSi varT daxSulni,

gvenatreba Suqi mzis,

Suqi didi stalinis!” _

ase aTqmevinebs xofel aSuRs erTi poeti. magram yve-

laze niSandoblivi ideologiuri nawarmoebebisaTvisac

ki is aris, rom swored “iqaur qarTvelebzea” saubari

maTSi da ara “mTeli TurqeTis mSromel mosaxleo-

baze”. am ukanasknelis badali ukiduresobani xom eso-

den damaxasiaTebeli iyo proletaruli kulturisaT-

vis, gansakuTrebiT misi adreuli etapisaTvis.

magram, rogorc aRvniSneT, es arsebiTi, oRond

mainc sxva mxarea problemisa da amjerad mas ar vexebi.

me ufro is tkivili, dauZleveli sevda maRelvebs, ase

mkafiod rom gamovlinda mxatvrul literaturaSi da

~ 177 ~

amasTan, yuradRebas mivapyrobT jerac SerCenil imedsa

da brZolis Jinze:

“mTebo, nislebo, gaswieT,

msurs klarjeTs, SavSeTs gavxedo,

Cvenia, gana gavswireT,

vin aris, mand rom Tavxedobs?!

me vici, raa klarjeTi,

ra sibrZnis Tesli miTesa,

davjdebi, sevdad davjdebi,

gavedreb am mTebs, im mTebsa.

... Cemi xarT, pirs nu maridebT,

Cemi xarT, ar dagexsnebiT,

mziv siyvaruliT saTqmelo,

o, mTebo didi mesxeTis!” _

jer kidev 1936 wels werda amas mamia varSaniZe, baTu-

meli poeti (varSaniZe, 1950: 23)

xSirad xdeba xolme, rom poeti sxvebze ufro

gabedulia. misi ocneba win uswrebs realobas. albaT

amitom Tu gamokrTis brZolis, monobasTan verSeguebis

motivi mamia varSaniZis baladaSi “aSuRi”, romelic

daaxloebiT imave periodSi, 1938 wels aris dawerili:

“mesxi var, mesxeTs

siyvarulis leqsebs vumReri,

Cemi mamuli

male brZolis bairaRs gaSlis,

mesxebs ar uyvarT faSebi da monis uReli.

samSoblo ar gaqvT?!

rad mosulxarT Cems qveyanaSi,

bolos inanebT,

Tuki nebiT ar gabrundebiT.

(varSaniZe, 1955: 153)

magram isic unda vaRiaroT, rom omamdel mxatv-

rul literaturaSi (SevniSnavT imasac, rom mocemuli

~ 178 ~

Tema ufro lirikam asaxa) Warbobs gulistkivili,

cremli da vaeba arsebuli viTarebis gamo. imedi ZmaTa

SeerTebisa bJutavs mxolod. am tkivilian ganwyobas

gamoxatavs swored leqsi “vici” (1937 w):

“saidan mesmis me Zaxili gulis momkvleli,

ras momZaxian CanCqerebi ase idumals?!

vin dakla Cemi meakvane dauCoqveli

da mogugune zari Cemi vin damiduma?!”

(varSaniZe 1950: 29)

viTareba radikalurad Seicvala meore msoflio

omis Semdeg, roca omSi gamarjvebuli sabWoTa kavSi-

ris TurqeTTan urTierTobis axali etapi dadga. marTa-

lia, omis miwuruls YTurqeTi antifaSistur koali-

cias SeurTda, omis periodSi mainc germaniis Tanam-

zraxvelad miiCneoda. yovel SemTxvevaSi, masTan mWid-

ro savaWro-ekonomikuri urTierToba hqonda da amas-

Tan, arsebobda safrTxe sabWoTa kavSirze misi Tav-

dasxmisa. Sesabamisad, omis Semdgom sabWoTa xelisuf-

lebam, rogorc Cans, mizanSewonilad miiCnia TurqeT-

Tan angariSis gasworeba da sababs eZebda amisaTvis.

amitom saqarTveloSi gaCnda imedi samSoblosgan mog-

lejili miwebis dabrunebisa, istoriul sazRvrebSi

teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgenisa. miTumetes, rom

sabWoTa kavSiri pirdapir moiTxovda artaanis, arTvi-

nisa (saqarvelosTvis) da yarsis (somxeTisaTvis) ol-

qebis daTmobas da 1936 wlis 20 ivnisis montereis xel-

Sekrulebis pirobebis gauqmebas – bosforis sruteSi

Tavisufali navigaciis uflebas da aseve, sruteSi sab-

WoTa gemebisaTvis samxedro-saremonto bazis Seqmnas.

es sakiTxebi sagangebod ganixiles “didi sameulis”

(sabWoTa kavSiri, aSS, inglisi) potsdamis konferen-

ciaze (samuSia 2003:6).

1945 wlis 14 dekembers gazeT “komunistSi” gamoq-

veynda gamoCenili qarTveli istorikosebis _ simon

~ 179 ~

janaSias da niko berZeniSvilis _ werili “TurqeTi-

sadmi Cveni kanonieri pretenziebis Sesaxeb”. werilis

avtorebi asabuTebdnen saqarTvelos uflebas TurqeTis

sazRvrebSi moqceul samxreT saqarTvelos istoriul

teritoriaze da daaskvnidnen: ,,qarTvel xalxs unda

daubrundes Tavisi miwa-wyali, romelzec arasodes

uTqvams uari da verc ityvis. Cven mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs

artaanis (ardaganis), arTvinis, olTisis, TorTumis,

ispiris, baiburTis, giumiSxanes raionebi da aRmosav-

leTi lazistani trabzonisa da giresunis raionebis

CaTvliT. e. i. saqarTvelisTvis warTmeuli teritorie-

bis mxolod nawili” (janaSia, berZeniSvili 1945).

gasagebia, rom werili xelisuflebis nebiT da

miTiTebiT momzaddeboda da gamoqveyndeboda, magram

arc isaa saeWvo, rom am SemTxvevaSi mimTiTebelTa neba

da eris suliskveTeba erTmaneTs daemTxva. paradoqsu-

li tragizmi situaciisa da epoqisa ki is gaxldaT,

rom erovnuli satkivrisa da miswrafebis gulwrfeli

gamoxatvisTvis maincadamainc komunisturi partiisa da

mTavrobis direqtiva gaxda aucilebeli.

s. janaSias da n. berZeniSvilis werils imave an

momdevno wlebSi mohyva araerTi cnobili mecnieris,

sasuliero Tu sazogado moRvawis werilebi. aSkara

iyo, rom mzaddeboda safuZveli umniSvnelovanesi po-

litikuri gadawyvetilebis aRsrulebisaTvis. Aam

safuZvels eyrdnoboda swored 1947 wlis oqtomberSi

gaerTianebuli erebis delegaciis generaluri asamb-

leis sxdomaze sabWoTa delegaciis meTauri andrei

miSinski, romelic acxadebda: “es mkvidri qarTuli

miwa-wyali unda daubrundes saqarTvelos respublikas,

qarTvel xalxs istoriul, geografiul, politikur da

yovelgvar sxva safuZvelze. es marTebulia imitom, rom

es miwebi qarTulia.” (saqarTvelos istoria 2012: 436).

~ 180 ~

magram mivubrundeT mxatvrul literaturas. bu-

nebrivia, rom qveynisaTvis saWirboroto am procesSi

aqtiurad Caeba Cveni mwerloba. omisSemdgomi qarTuli

literaturis erTi Zlieri nakadi swored am Temam

Seqmna. Zveli Tu axali Taobis, proletaruli Tu aka-

demiuri warsulis, dedaqalaqelis Tu provincielis,

lamis yvela mwerlis SemoqmedebaSi gaiJRera samxreT

saqarTvelos motivma. zogan ufro mgznebared, omaxia-

nad, zoganac mokrZalebiT, frTxilad, bolSevikuri

ideologiis mometebuli doziT, magram mTavar sakiT-xSi gulwrfeli erTsulovneba sufevda – yvela usa-

marTlobad miiCnevda, rom es miwebi saqarTvelos aRar

ekuTvnoda. mwerlebi TiTqos gaaerTiana saerTo miswra-

febam: dutu megrelis, giorgi leoniZis, irakli abaSi-

Zis, grigol abaSiZis, alio adamias, varlam Jurulis,

lado mrelaSvilis da mravali sxva Semoqmedis Txzu-

leba daibeWda imxnad Jurnal-gazeTebis furclebze. am

nakadis nawili iyo baTumSi moRvawe mwerlebis Semoq-

medebac. marTalia, aWaris mweralTa organizacia xanie-

ri tradiciiT ver daikvexnida, magram warTmeuli miwa-

mamulis satkivari, rogorc aRvniSneT, aq ufro mZaf-

rad aRiqmeboda da nayofierad aisaxa kidec es satkiva-

ri mamia varSaniZis, giorgi saluqvaZis, nestor mala-

zonias, parmen ruruas, nana gvariSvilis, fridon xal-

vaSis, kapiton rusiZis da sxvaTa SemoqmedebaSi.

yvelaze meti emocia amjeradac poetebis wilad

modioda. Taobebis tkivilad iqca giorgi leoniZis 1946

wels dawerili leqsis (,,mesxeTi”) striqonebi:

“ise davberdi,

veRar vnaxe tbeTi, Satberdi...

verc artanuji, oSki, xaxuli...

rodis mouva maT gazafxuli?

veRar vemTxvie mesxeTis miwas,

sadac gminaven Zveli lodebi,

~ 181 ~

sadac aCrdili mama-papaTa

SemogvZaxian – Sen gelodebiT...”

metad STambeWdavia saocrad sada, umartivesi ub-

raloebiT gamorCeuli striqonebi grigol abaSiZisa:

“taoSi idga erTi taZari

svetebmaRali, uzarmazari...”

da Semdeg isev emocia, Jamis avbedobaze miniSnebiT

gamowveuli:

“zed aRebeWda CuqurTmiT xuros

vazis mtevnebi, gmirTa zRapari,

TaRebs exvia xavsi da suro

fanjrebSi idga Savad Sambnari.”

Tu SevecdebiT arsebuli literaturuli masalis

erTgvar sistematizacias da ganzogadebas, imis

gansazRvras, Tu ra suliskveTebisa iyo nebadarTuli

patriotizmis farglebSi gamoqveynebuli mxatvruli

qmnilebebi, SesaZlebelia, es nawarmoebebi Temis,

xedvis, kuTxis Tu mizandasaxulobis Sesabamisad,

ramdenime jgufad davyoT.

upirveles da umTavres maxasiaTeblad am litera-

turuli nakadisa unda CaiTvalos gamoxatva qarTveli

xalxis gulistkivilis – dakargul-gaCanagebuli isto-

riuli teritoriebis gamo.

swored, am niSniT iqca ganzogadebul mxatvrul

saxed qarTul poeziaSi Woroxi – mdinare, romelic

saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi iyo utyvi mowme mravali

Taobis qarTvelTa tragediisa:

“modis da ambobs Woroxi

rogor gaCnda da iwvala,

moaqvs Slami da goroxi

esec xom Cveni miwaa”,_

werda 1947 wels fridon xalvaSi, jerac axalgazrda

poeti (xalvaSi 1947).

~ 182 ~

ufro adre analogiuri ganwyoba giorgi leoniZem

gamoxata zemoxsenebul leqsSi “mesxeTi”:

“iq xe ara dgas, rom ar oxravdes:

_ gazafxulia, rad ar ayvavdi!

iq Tvali mxolod nangrevebs erTvis,

Woroxis kvnesas – qvaTa RaRadi...”

Woroxis auzi qarTuli civilizaciis akvani iyo.

axla naakvnaria imitom, rom “ganwirulia da gadamw-

vari”. Aam mxares saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi aCanagebda

mteri da rac gadarCa, isic sazRvarma gahyo:

“gaRma-gamoRma ezomoWrili

odebi hfaravs orive maRlobs,

gamoRma cxovrobs erTi ZmisSvili,

gaRma meore ZmisSvili saxlobs”.

(abaSiZe 1949)

xsenebuli motivis nawilad SeiZleba CaiTvalos

warsulis gaazreba. tragikuli istoriuli realobis

obieqturad warmoCenis mcdelobani. mebrZoli aTeizmis

qveyanaSi, damTrgunveli aTwleulebis Semdeg, qarTvel

mwerals SesaZlebloba mieca, ase Tu ise mibruneboda

istoriis saWirboroto sakiTxebs, ewera da esaubra

qarTuli qristianuli kulturis da civilizaciis ak-

vanze, gabedulad exsenebina mefeebi da aTabagebi,

mtbevrebi da opizrebi, “oSkis zarebi” da “mesxeTis

mTebis did taZrebi”, “rusTavelis da merCules mamu-

li” da “xatebi fasis uTqmeli”.

amxela regionis gaCanageba saukuneTa ganmavloba-

Si grZeldeboda. gana romeli dampyrobeli yofila si-

keTis momtani, magram is codvis kalo, romelic osma-

lebma samxreT saqarTveloSi daatriales, eniT auwe-

relia:

“Jletdnen barels da mTielsac

mxecTa veluri urdoni,

~ 183 ~

Woroxs sxva feri mieca –

Sig sisxli iyo imdeni.” (malazonia 1947)

garda imisa, rom mosaxleoba gaiJlita, mterma

daangria savaneebi, materialuri kulturis Zeglebi, sa-

qarTvelos warsuli sidiadis da eris Rirsebis Tval-

saCino mowmeebi:

“vin swvavda anCis Tormet savanes?

vin daangria Satberdi, xanZTa?

mxares – rusTvelis meiavnanes

xonTqris maxvili mainc ar ascda.”

(g. abaSiZe 1949)

ibrZola qarTvelma, bevri ibrZola, magram ver

SeZlo mtrebis mogerieba. Zala ar eyo. amitomac gauCa-

nagda samSoblo:

“xanZrebis ferfliT gaxda WaRara,

baRebis CexviT,

balRebis xocviT,

ar mogvasvena,

ar gagvaxara,

ver gaZRa Cveni sisxliT da xorciT.

Cven gvspobda

Tavad mospobis Rirsi,

gamwarda lxini,

gawyda qorwili,

brunavda qarTli veSapis pirSi –

Turqis xaxaSi xmalamowvdili.”

(abaSiZe 1949)

miuxedavad am ganuwyveteli ubedurebisa, qarTve-

li mwerlebis rwmeniT, mesxis Camomavali ar gatyda.

bevri dakarga, bevri gawira, magram qarTuli suli

SeinarCuna. amitom SerCa dedasamSoblos monatrebis

mudmivi grZnoba sevdiT aRsavses da miswrafeba saqar-

Tvelosken:

~ 184 ~

“gulmkerds vagebeb Woroxis Sxefebs,

Zvlebis yoreze TvalmoRaluli,

wyali ki ara, es cremlebia

lazeTis mxridan gadmoRvaruli,” –

ase aTqmevinebs lado mrelaSvili TurqeTel lazs da

gacocxlebuli imedis Sesaxebac miuTiTebs iqve:

“avdgebi, rogorc vefxvi mSieri,

Woroxo, nuRar gtanjavs fiqrebi,

me qarTvelebis var naSieri,

lazi viyav da lazi viqnebi”.

(mrelaSvili 1948)

qarTveli mwerlebis mier daxatuli suraTis

mixedviT,Yiqaur qarTvelTa Tanadrouli Taobac did

gasaWirSia. aq, rogorc aRvniSneT, mxolod socializm-

kapitalizmis dapirispireba rodia arsebiTi. qarTveli

ubeduria upirvelesad imitom, rom mSoblis ubesaa

mowyvetili:

“orive mxridan xma wydeba gvian,

orgvari bedis gamomxatveli,

wyalgaRma miwas TurqeTi hqvia,

wyalgaRma sikvdils natrobs qarTveli”.

(abaSiZe 1949)

Sesabamisad, gasakviri aRaraa, rom poetebis rwme-

niT, TurqeTeli qarTvelic mzadaa, dauyovnebliv

SeuerTdes brZolas erTianobisTvis:

“Zma ZmisTvin, Savi dRisTvina,

aba es xmali risTvina,

lazuri xmali kaSkaSa

xelSi aiRo vaJkacma.” (varSaniZe 1950: 27)

aq ganxiluli masalac cxadyofs, rom mweralTa

survili TurqeTis qarTvelobis samSoblosaken miswra-

febis daxatvisa _ aSkaraa. SesaZloa am miswrafebis

mxatvruli asaxvis zogierTi detali gadaWarbebulad,

konkretuli realobidan an istoriuli ganviTarebis

~ 185 ~

logikidan daSorebulad mogveCvenos. magaliTad, is,

rom gurjebi, umeteswilad mzad arian, samSoblos er-

TianobisTvis ibrZolon, an is, rom ilo mosaSvils

“CaZiruli qvebis” personaJi beJan aRa iolad kiTxu-

lobs uZveles warwerebs nangrevebis qvebze, an is, rom

gurjma glexma SesaZloa ojaleSis Rvino daaxvedros

stumars da a. S. magram amgvari “gadacdomebi”, rogorc

Cans, saWiro iyo problemaze sazogadoebis yuradRebis

mipyrobisaTvis, komunisturi ideologiiT daTrgunuli

sazogadoebis patriotuli (cxadia, aq sabWoTa patrio-

tizms ar vgulisxmob) da heroikuli aRmafrenisaTvis.

garda amisa, es “gadacdomebi” arc mxatvruli lite-

raturisaTvis dasaSveb SemoqmedebiTi fantaziis diapa-

zons arRvevda maincadamainc.

amdenad, rac aranakleb arsebiTia, omis Semdgomi

periodis literaturul produqciaSi TvalsaCinoa

ocneba istoriul sazRvrebSi aRdgenil-gaerTianebul

saqarTveloze. xalxis miswrafeba, mweralTa azriT,

Seucvlelia: rusTaveli da saqarTvelo, rusTaveli da

mesxeTi ganuyofelia da am miwaze “rusTavelis san-

Tlis danTebis” survilic bunebrivia:

“iq mters vebrZodiT, maxsovs, xmaldaxmal,

iq duSmans vCexdiT guldagul erT dros,

o, rogor minda –

am mTis gadaRmac

kvlav rusTavelis sanTeli enTos!”

(malazonia 1948)

am ocnebasa Tu imeds ukve gasCenoda realuri sa-

fuZveli. imdenad realuri, rom poeti bedavs trapi-

zonis olqkomze ocnebasac (gr. abaSiZe) da imaSic

darwmunebulia, rom rusTavelis suli kvlav dabrunde-

ba am mxareSi:

“Savi zRvis ubem, de, Caibaros

Seni tkivili, Zveli sevdebi...

~ 186 ~

dagibrundeba kvlav rusTaveli,

arwivis mxrebze gamomzevdeba”

(g. leoniZe).

ilo mosaSvilis piesa “CaZiruli qvebi”, romelic

zemoT ukve vaxseneT, aseve omisSemdgom periodSi

daiwera. igi 1949 wels daidga rusTavelis saxelobis

akademiur saxelmwifo TeatrSi (reJisori akaki vasaZe).

male, 1951 wels, am nawarmoebs, iseve rogorc grigol

abaSiZis leqsebis cikls “samxreTis sazRvrebze”,

stalinuri premia mieniWa, rac kidev erTi dasturia

imisa, rom sakavSiro xelisuflebis interesi mocemuli

problemis mimarT jer kidev ar iyo ganelebuli.

socrealizmis principebi am piesaSic sacnauria, magram

faqtia, rom patriotizmi xazgasmulia da speqtaklis

warmatebis safuZveli amasTan erTad isic iyo, rom

misi Sinaarsi savsebiT Seesabameboda maSindeli qar-

Tuli sazogadoebis molodinsa da ganwyobas.

“CaZirul qvebSi” moqmedeba TurqeTis farglebSi

moqceuli istoriuli saqarTvelos miwaze, zRvispira

qalaq ziareTSi viTardeba. mxatvruli dro emTxveva

realurs – meore msoflio omis Semdgom periods. yo-

vel SemTxvevaSi, aq naxsenebia qarTvel mecnierTa cno-

bili werili. winaaRmdegobis xazi gurjebsa da osma-

lo xelisufalT Soris imaze gadis, rom qarTvelebi,

upiratesad, mtkiced icaven winaparTa adaTsa da wess,

dedaenasa da vazs, cixe-galavnebsa da eklesia-monast-

rebis nangrevebs, ufrTxildebian da mowiwebiT epyro-

bian saflavebsa da Zvlebs... “samSoblo Cven aRar gag-

vaCnia da es erTi goji miwa gviwevs samSoblos magiv-

robas,” _ wuxs moxuci beJan aRa da gurj ymawvilebs

ase moZRvravs: “osmalebs da maTs dRevandel batonebs

– amerikel sovdgarebs... undaT Cveni gulidan samuda-

mod amoSalon samSoblos siyvaruli... maT swadiaT,

rom dagvaviwyon Cveni qarTuli dedaena da pirutyvebs

~ 187 ~

dagvamsgavson da ufro advilad ibatonon Cvenze.”

(teqsti miTiTebulia j. samuSias gamocemidan: samuSia

2003)

piesis mxedviT, TurqeTis xelisufleba (vilaeTis

mmarTvelobiT dawyebuli umaRles struqturebamde)

cdilobs, gaanadguros qarTuli materialuri kultu-

ris ZeglTa niSanwyali, amasTan, qarTvelebi ayaros

winaparTa miwidan da “nacariviT mimofantos” TurqeT-

Si, raTa saqarTvelos teritoriul pretenziebs safu-

Zveli gamoacalos. (sityvam moitana da, gurjebis ayra-

gadasaxlebis motivi sxva TxzulebebSic Cans xolme:

“saeWvo xalxis gadasaxleba Zalze Wkvianuri saqmea.

zed sazRvarze gurjebis yofna, rbilad rom vTqvaT,

arasasiamovnoa. gadasaxlebulTa nawili daniSnulebis

adgilamde ver CaaRwevs, nawili iq daixoceba SimSiliT

da siciviT. am adgilebSi ki iseT Turqebs daasaxleben,

romlebic askerebze naklebad sandoni ar iqnebian, “ –

ambobs baTumeli mwerlis kapiton rusiZis moTxrobis

erT-erTi personaJi. (rusiZe, 1951 : 69). paradoqsi am su-

raTisa is gaxldaT, rom ruseTis imperia jer da mere

misi memkvidre sabWoTa kavSiri Tavadac gaxldaT

didostati ayra-gadasaxlebisa...).

mokled, piesaSi xazgasmulia xelisufalTa Cana-

fiqri. Bbneli zraxvebis gansaxorcieleblad isini er-

Ti mxriv, cdiloben, axali gza ise gaiyvanon, Tamaris

cixis afeTqeba da dangreva aucilebeli Seiqnas (samwu-xarod, es detali lamis winaswarmetyveluri aRmoCnda:mogvianebiT, samocian wlebSi, soflis gzam SuazegakveTa opizis monasteri!); meore mxriv, Tavs mouyrianyvela warweras, CuqurTmas, bareliefs – Rirebulebis

mqone yvela qvas, rac aqamde gadarCenila ziareTze da

gemze datvirTaven, TiTqosda TurqeTis saxelmwifo

muzeumSi Sesanaxad, namdvilad ki zRvaSi gadayrian.

~ 188 ~

piesis mixedviT, xelisufleba ar erideba erov-

nul Cagvras, sicrues, Zaladobas, mkvlelobas. klaven

beJan aRas. swored, misi ukompromiso poziciis gamo

(“sanam pirSi suli midgas, Cveni mama-papis saflavebs

aravis Sevabilwvineb!” – acxadebs igi), magram gurjebis

nebisyofa udrekia, rwmena – gaubzaravi. STambeWdavia

scena, roca asafeTqeblad gamzadebul Tamaris cixeSi

asobiT qarTveli qali moiyris Tavs – Cven am kedleb-

Tan avfeTqdebiTo! xalxis miswrafebis gamomxatvelia

nawarmoebis finalic – piesa mTavrdeba axalgazrda

gurjis SeZaxiliT – “samSoblo... SurisZieba!”

niSandoblivia, rom qalaqs, romelSic moqmedeba

xdeba, ziareTi hqvia. amave dros ziareToba gurjebis

dResaswaulia. gurjebs swamT ziareTobis Zala: “Wiri-

suflebi varT _ Cveni nugeSi ziareTia, avadmyofi

gvyavs – ziareTia Cveni wamali. dalxinebulebi varT –

maSinac ziareTia CvenTvis... “ – ambobs Samandux. gasage-

bia, rom aq mogzaurTa da mecnierTa Canawerebis lite-

raturul interpretaciasTan gvaqvs saqme. sayuradRe-

boa isic, rom moqmedeba zRvispira qalaqSi viTardeba.

faqtia, rom TurqeTis zRvispireTSi, Tu muhajirebis

STamomavlebs ar miviRebT mxedvelobaSi, qarTvelTagan

mxolod lazebi cxovroben. roca avtori gurjebis

cxovrebas xatavs, misi mizani uTuod gurjebis da

lazebis erT mTlianobad warmoCenaa. amitomaa naxsene-

bi ziareTTan erTad oxvame: “am zafxulsac gvalvam

rom gadawva Wirnaxuli, oxvameze viyaviT ziareTSi da,

dailocos imis madli, aki wvimac gaimeta CvenTvis... “ –

ambobs Samandux. oxvame lazurad salocavia, eklesiaa.

bunebrivia, lazeTSi bevri oxvamea da dRemdea Semona-

xuli tradicia oxvameze gasvlisa. rogorc wesi, ga-

zafxulze, ufro saaRdgomod, winaT TurqeTis lazeT-

Sic anTebdnen sanTlebs oxvameze misulebi.

~ 189 ~

aRsaniSnavia, rom gansaxilvel Temaze Seqmnili

nawarmoebebisaTvis erovnuli sakiTxi ZiriTadia. buneb-

rivia isic, rom am nawarmoebebis erT-erTi mizani

sabWoTa sistemis apologia da ssrk-Ti siamayis grZno-

bis gaRviveba iyo. amitom gasakviri araa, erTi mxriv

sabWoTa sistemis upiratesobaze xazgasmiT miTiTeba da

beladomania (“saqarTveloSi mcxovreb qarTvels dRe-

daRam monis jaWvi ar Sxamavs da siyvaruliT umReris

im didi adamianis saxels, vinc maTs qveyanaSi xalxs

samSoblo misca da adamians kacuri Rirseba daubruna”,

- ambobs beJan aRa) da meore mxriv, klasobrivi konso-

lidaciis ideis TvalsaCinod warmoCena (“me rom osma-

lo var, gana dalxinebuli var? im dRes samsunSi fex-

SiSveli glexebi rom cema-tyepiT mihyavda policias,

gana osmalebi ar iyvnen? im ubedurebma marto is daa-

Saves, rom SimSiliT ilajgawyvetilebma mTavrobas pu-

ri mosTxoves”, _ anugeSebs samuSaodan gurjobis gamo

daTxovnil Suqris osmani da mogvianebiT mas sacoles-

Tan erTad ssrk-s sazRvris gadakveTaSic exmareba.)

mokled, Tanamedrove mkiTxvelisaTvis zogjer

SesaZloa, uCveulo iyos SiSveli komunisturi ideolo-

giisa da socialisturi realizmis is TvalsaCino

ZarRvebi, romelic Tanmdevia am Tu sxva analogiuri

suliskveTebis nawarmoebebisa. magram vinc ase Tu ise

icnobs sabWoTa epoqis xasiaTsa da mxatvruli lite-

raturis imJamindel Taviseburebebs, advilad SeamCnevs,

rom am konkretul SemTxvevaSic da sazogadodac, mwer-

lobam moxerxebulad isargebla nebadarTuli patrio-

tizmiT, sadinari misca wlobiT Tu saukuneobiT sulSi

nagroveb tkivils da erTbaSad gaamJRavna gulisnadebi.

araerTgzis mivuTiTe, rom JamTa viTarebis gamo mwe-

ralTa SesaZleblobebi da Tavisuflebis diapazoni me-

tad SezRuduli iyo. verc imas vityviT, rom TiTqos

mxatvrulma literaturam ramdenadme mainc amowura es

~ 190 ~

Tema, magram isic faqtia, rom mocemul sakiTxebs am

masStabiT qarTuli mwerloba manamde arasdros Sexe-

bia.

vaxseneT ukve kompartiis direqtivebi da nebadar-

Tuli patriotizmi: sabWoTa mTavroba am ukidegano

qveynis interesebidan amodioda mxolod da samxreT sa-

qarTvelos sakiTxebi imdenad ainteresebda, ramdenadac

sasargeblo iqneboda ssrk-s interesebisTvis. Sesa-

bamisad, sabWoTa politika ar yofila Tanmimdevruli.

zemoxsenebul ideologiur kampaniasac albaT qarTuli

sazogadoebis – mecnierebis, mwerlebis, xalxis

enTuziazmi ufro asuldgmulebda, vidre direqtivebi.

komunistur partias qarTveli xalxis patriotuli

mgznebareba Ciradac ar uRirda.

faqtia, rom mocemuli sakiTxi gacilebiT ufro

rTulia, vidre Cvens patriotul fantaziebSi Cans

xolme. miuxedavad amisa, ufro Rrmad gansjas ar vapi-

reb: samwuxarod, es ambavic sxvebma wamoiwyes, awones,

dawones da ise gadawyvites, rom qarTveli mecnierebis,

mwerlebis, publicistebis, qristiani Tu muslimani

religiuri moRvaweebis mier mkafiod gamoxatuli pozi-

ciiT, qarTvelebis miswrafebiT, survilebiT Tu isto-

riuli samarTlianobis grZnobiT arc dainteresebulan.

1953 wlis maisSi sabWoTa kavSiris mTavrobam gaa-

keTa gancxadeba imis Taobaze, rom somxeTis da saqar-

Tvelos mTavrobebma uari ganacxades TavianT terito-

riul pretenziebze TurqeTis mimarT. (saqarTvelos is-

toria 2012: 435)

amiT qarTuli mwerlobisTvis erTob mtkivneuli

Temis optimisturi xazi dasrulda!..

~ 191 ~

III. CanarTi meoTxe: Zveli baTumi da saqarTvelosnaakvnaris gurjTa istoriuli mexsierebis sakiTxebi

1878 wels ruseT-TurqeTs Soris dadebuli zavis

Semdgom Seqmnil baTumis olqSi gaerTianda sami ok-

rugi: _ baTumis, arTvinisa da aWaris. olqis dedaqa-

laqi iyo baTumi, romelic TandaTan Camoyalibda mniS-

vnelovan samrewvelo centrad da satransporto kvan-

Zad, sadac Tavs iyrida sagzao, sarkinigzo da sazRvao

komunikaciebi.

faqtia, rom dRevandeli baTumi dRiTidRe meti in-

tensivobiT izidavs mTeli TurqeTis da metadre,

,,yaradenizis” (SavizRvispireTis) mosaxleobas. zogi

bedis saZieblad modis aq, zogi _ ganaTlebis misa-

Rebad – aqve damkvidrebisa Tu miRebuli codnis sam-

SobloSi warmatebiT gamoyenebis imediT, zogi bizne-

sis asawyobad da zogic gasarTobad. Tumca amjerad

Woroxis auzis mosaxleobis baTumisken miswrafebis

mizezebs ki ara, ufro TaobaTa mexsierebaSi SemorCe-

nil im legendebs veZebT, gayofil-gaxleCili qveynis

nawilTa urTierTobas rom ukavSirdeba: baTumi XIX

saukunis bolo meoTxedidan moyolebuli mTeli re-

gionis mTavari qalaqi iyo, ,,saqarTvelos naakvnaris”

yvela gza baTumSi modioda, amdenad, saSovarze wina-

Tac bevri Camodioda am qalaqSi, magram, rogorc Cans,

maSin ufro dabeCavebuli cnobierebiT.

sanam am Temaze saubars gavagrZelebdeT, oriode

sityviT gavixsenoT, sinamdvileSi ras warmoadgenda

baTumi XIX-XX saukuneebis mijnaze. XIX saukunis 70-ian

wlebSi igi sofels ufro hgavda. 1873 wels niko

nikolaZe aRniSnavda: ,,baTumis qalaqi asiode saxlsa

da qoxs hqvian. zogi maTgani dabwnili da SetkeCili

facxaa, zogic ficrulia. oriode Senoba qviTkirisac

moiZebneba da qviTkiri, mgoni, ufro imitomaa aSenebu-

~ 192 ~

li, rom qari, sicive da sicxe SeuSvan, vidre kacs Tavi

Seafarebinon“ (nikolaZe 1973: 31)

me-19 saukunis miwuruls suraTi Seicvala. mosax-

leoba xuTi aTasidan ocdaaT aTasamde gaizarda, ,,Set-

keCili facxebis alagas wamozidulia or-sam sarTu-

liani saxlebi, gayvanilia mSvenieri da mokirwyluli

quCebi, vaWroba gaCaRebulia, mTel msofliosTan mi-

mosvlaa gamarTuli, gaxsnilia saqalebo da savaJo

gimnaziebi da sxva dabali saswavleblebi, sakredito

dawesebulebani, qarxnebi. Tvals gitkbobT tropikul

mcenareebiT Semkuli baRebi,“ _ werda Tedo saxokia.

(saxokia 1985: 317)

es zrda qalaqisa, rogorc Cans, gansakuTrebul STa-

beWdilebas swored saSovarze Camosul gaWirvebul

fenaze axdenda. vin icis, sofelSi dabrunebuli klar-

jelebi Tu SavSelebi ras yvebodnen TavianTi baTumuri

cxovrebis Sesaxeb, magram vanTelma ismail alTunma

gaixsena, winaT ase ityodneno: ,,baTumi ise mdidaria,

stamboli rom daingres, baTumi aaSenebs, magram baTumi

rom daingres, _ stamboli ver aaSenebso“.

Zneli saTqmelia, rodis gaCnda es hiperbolizebuli

Sedareba baTumisa da stambolisa, iqneb omianobis

drosac _ mSieri jarskacebis Sesagulianeblad _ ib-

rZoleT da gamdidrdebiTo, magram erTi ram cxadia _

Zvel droSive qceula baTumi metaforad mCqefare

cxovrebisa, simdidrisa da siuxvisa, amitom gasakviri

araa, rom sxva SemTxvevaSic, magaliTad, dune cxov-

rebis gamococxlebis aRsaniSnavad, am metaforas iyene-

ben:

bazgireTeli enver cvariZe yveba: babuaCemi karCxa-

las xeobaSi cxovrobda, sofel didvenaxSi. 80-ian

wlebSi karCxalas xeobaSi gza gaiyvanes (maSin 90 wli-

sa iyo). aman is gamoiwvia, rom teqnika momravlda,

miTumetes, maSin intensiurad gahqondaT xe-tyec. gana

~ 193 ~

ramdeni avtomobili Tu traqtori imoZravebda am miy-

ruebul sofelSi, magram maTi Semxedvare es berikacixSirad ityoda, _ aqauroba baTomi gaxdao...

es kaci, romelic sadRac XIX saukunis miwuruls

unda dabadebuliyo, axalgazrdobaSi baTumSi yofila

,,nasaqmi”. ase, rom sanam ,,saqarTvelos naakvnari” deda-

samSoblos mowydeboda, kai SeRerebuli ymawvili iqne-

boda da STabeWdilebebic cxovelad gamohyveboda, araa

gasakviri, Tu miyruebuli soflidan Casuli da Semdeg

amave sofelSi mibrunebuli axalgazrdisTvis baTumi

didi, Wreli da mravalferovani qalaqi iqneboda.

Woroxis auzis mosaxleobis warmosaxvaSi baTumi

bevri sxva ramiTac gamoirCeoda: xili iqauri vargoda

da bostneuli. simindi rom simindia, isic imxela iz-

rdeboda, kibe unda migeyudebina, taro rom mogetexa.

xoxlevSi, magaliTad, ,,dedeebidan” ician, rom ,,baTum

simindi kai yofila, kotorze evdodiT, ar gatydebo-

dao”. baTumuri simindis qebas bevrgan gaigoneb imer-

xevSi, rogorc Cans Zvelebis naambobs Tavis droze di-

di STabeWdileba mouxdenia da moarul Tqmad darCeni-

la.

Sesabamisad baTumSi saSovarze wasvlac ki Rirsebad

iTvleboda. savaWrod klarjeTidanac dadiodnen, SavSe-

Tidanac da taos Soreuli soflebidanac. yvelaze xSi-

rad, lamis yvela sofelSi, _ ,,marili mohqondaTo" _

amas giamboben da ixseneben im adamianebsac, romlebic

marils ezidebodnen (mag, mama, babua...); imasac dagiTv-

lian, ramdeni dRe sWirdeboda baTumSi Casvla-Camos-

vlas. ,,_ baTumSi maWaxlidan midioden. Cemi babaÁ iyo

kontrabadze”, _ ise getyvis romelime ustamiseli,

TiTqos guSin iyo es ambavi...

baTumSi saSovarze dadiodnen parxlidanac ki. taos

es nawili osmaleTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi rCeboda

ruseTis kavkasiaSi damkvidrebis Semdegac. Tumca es

~ 194 ~

xels ar uSlida parxlelTa baTumisken ltolvas. ni-

Sandoblivia, rom parxalSi SemorCenil samiode qar-

Tulenovan sofelSic da sazogadod, mTel xeobaSic,

rogorc wesi, ixseneben Zvelebis monaTxrobs, rogor

muSaobdnen baTumSi da aq maincadamainc puris sacxobi

hqondaT.

imedi maqvs, ar miwyenen uboroto xumrobas Cemi

Zvirfasi parxleli gurjebi: zemoxsenebul mogonebaTa

mesamedic marTali rom yofiliyo, saxeldaxelo gaan-

gariSebiT maSindeli baTumis yvela quCaze xuTiode

puris sacxobi mainc unda yofiliyo da yvela maTgani

_ parxlelis kuTvnileba... Tumca, rogorc Cans, parx-

leli xabazebi marTlac mowonebiT sargeblobdnen

baTumis mxareSi.

yvela gza baTumisken midioda-meTqi, vTqvi da imasac

davamateb, rom baTumis gandidebuli xatebis damsaxu-

rebaa uTuod, rom lamis yvela Soreuli ambavi, faqti

da movlena baTums ukavSirdeboda xolme. SavSeTis

agaraSi toponimis aseTi axsna movismineT: ,,baTumidam

gogo gamoqceula, aq Sehyrian, uTqvian qi, ageraao.

dierqva agara”.

geografiuli saxelis warmoSobis am versiaze msje-

loba, cxadia, ar Rirs, gansaxilvel TemasTan dakavSi-

rebiT ki vityviT _ raRa maincadamainc baTumidan gamo-

iqca is gogo? magram es tipuri SemTxvevaa: Soridan

mosuli _ baTumidan mosulia, Sors wasuli ki _ ba-

TumSi wasuli... bareTelTasa Tu wyarosTavSi yurZens

rom mokrefdnen _ da ufro Zvelad, _ Rvinosac rom

dawuravdnen, baTumSi mihqondaT maincadamainc, oqro-

bageTsa Tu fxikuraSi somxebi rom cxovroben, zogi

,,duuxocvan, zogic baTom gaqcevla“. metic, zogma SeiZ-

leba isic giTxras, gurji vincaa SavSeTSi, yvela

baTumidan mosuliao.

~ 195 ~

baTumidan mosvlis motivi kidev erTi saintereso

Temaa da xSirad igi propagandis nayoficaa. Cven ara-

erTxel davafiqsireT, rogoraa Canergili aqaurTa

cnobierebaSi ,,saidanRac mosulis“ ganwyoba. Zneli

saTqmelia, ramdenad masStaburi iyo Tu aris propa-

ganda, magram isic faqtia, rom umravlesobam icis,

,,ierli (adgilobrivi) varTo“. ise, kacma rom Tqvas,

baTumidan mosvlasac vin dauSlida, _ arTvini baTumis

iaila yofila uwino, _ gviTxres xodSi.

,,mosulis“ Teorias alag-alag safuZvelic gaaCnia.

CarTuleTSi qesqin ilmazma gviambo, Cemi didi dedei

baTomidan mosulao, rusebs gamoqceviao, rogori

saxlic baTumSi hqonia, iseTi auSenebia aqaco. aq ,,ba-

Tums“ (baTumis mxares) ufro realuri Sinaarsi aqvs.

20-ian wlebSi komunistur reJims aWaridan gamoqceul-

Ta kvali Woroxis auzSic vnaxeT da muhajirebSic. il-

mazma qarTuli aRar icoda, ase male, mesame TaobaSi,

enis dakargva albaT araqarTul garemoSi cxovrebas

unda mieweros.

mokled, me-19 saukunisve mogzaur evgeni veidenbaums

rom davesesxoT, baTumi maSin saocnebo eldorados

saxiT hqondaT warmodgenili (veidenbaumi 2005:35) da ra

gasakviria, am qalaqisken Taobebis miswrafebam Tanamed-

roveTa Sorisac rom gamoJona, zogjer arc Tu mainca-

damainc keTilad. am ,,arakeTilSi“ upirvelesad ,,baTu-

mi Cveni iyos“ ganwyobas vgulisxmob. aq garkveuli

fsiqologiuri reaqciac iCens Tavs _ qarTveli turis-

tebis mier xazgasmiT dafiqsireba, rom aq uZvlesi qar-

Tuli Zeglebia, rogorc Cans, zogs aRizianebs da

gviTxra kidec erTma berTaSi: baTumi winaT Cveni iyo

da aTaTurqma lenins dauTmo; Cven meomari xalxi varT,

rom movindomoT, uceb davibrunebTo. mokled, baTumis

~ 196 ~

daCemebiT TiTqos Tavisi upiratesobac gamoxata da ni-

Sanic mogvigo.

es tacioba zogjer kuriozuladac aisaxeba gurje-

bis gaorebul cnobierebaSi. berTaSi vinc gvesaubra

qarTul warmomavlobas uaryofda, magram sxva SemTxve-

vaSi, murRulSi, siamayiT ganacxades _ gurjebi varTo.

male, saubars Seyolilebma agvixsnes _ baTumi Cveni

iyoo. visi, Tqveni? _ gavioceT Cven. TurqeTiso, _ gvi-

pasuxes. _ aba gurjebi varTo? _ SevaxseneT da baTumis

miTvisebis mcdelobac amiT damTavrda.

amrigad, Zvelebis rwmena, rom baTumi dedamiwis

zurgze yvelaze aRmatebuli qalaqia, dResac axsovT.

cxadia, Tanamedrove gurjebi esoden gulubryviloebi

rodi arian; baTumisadmi interesi dRes ufro realis-

turi da pragmatulia. am jadosnur qalaqSi aRar xa-

robs simindi, romelis kenweromde afofxeba SeiZleba,

samagierod beCavis fsiqologia mtkice Tavdajerebam

Secvala da rwmenam imisa, rom Tu fxas gamoiCen,

baTumSi cxovrebis mowyoba SeiZleba.

~ 197 ~

nawili meore

,,aTormet sav’aneTa”~ ”” ori

epoqa”’

~ 198 ~

Sesavali meore nawilisTvis, anu mokle reziumewinare istoriisa

Woroxis auzi mravalsaukunovani qarTuli kultu-

ris erT-erTi mTavari keraa, qarTuli civilizaciis ak-

vania. uZvelesi droidan moyolebuli mTeli Woroxis

auzi dasaxlebuli iyo qarTvelTa tomebiT. Tumca Zve-

li dideba saukuneebma gaiyola, am didebis kvali dRem-

dea SemorCenili simagreebis Tu cixe-qalaqebis, ekle-

sia-monastrebis Tu im maSenebeli da meomari qarTvele-

bis STamomavalTa saxiT, romlebic jerac mravlad

saxloben am vrcel teritoriaze.

Woroxis zedaweli ispirad, anu sperad, iwodeba

odiTganve; Sua weli – olTisiT, TorTomiT, iSxniT,

parxliT... – taod. xolo qvedaweli – artanujiT, liva-

niT, murRuliT... klarjeTad. SavSeTs zogi mecnieri

klarjeTis nawilad miiCnevs, zogic calke ,,qveynad”.

Tumca, unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom sazRvrebi yvela am

provinciisa, xSirad icvleboda. momijnave xeobebi Tu

mTeli regionebi xan erTi, xan meore provinciis Semad-

genlobaSi eqceoda. zogjer provinciaTa esa Tu is na-

wili damoukidebeli administraciuli erTeulis sta-

tussac iRebda. am detalebSi CaRrmaveba Sors wag-

viyvans, dRevandeli realoba ki isaa, rom es mTeli re-

gioni ,,tao-klarjeTis” saxeliT ufroa cnobili sazo-

gadoebisTvis.

istoria am regionisa erTob rTulia. Woroxis

auzi mravali eris Tanaarsebobisa Tu umwvavesi kon-

fliqtis asparezi iyo saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi: qarTve-

lebis, somxebis, bizantielebis, sparselebis, Turq-

selCukebis, osmalebis da sxvaTa. icvleboda ufleba

erTi xalxisa meoreze, icvleboda sarwmunoeba, ena, ga-

naTleba, cxovrebis wesi da rigi, TviTSemecneba... (Ta-

yaiSvili 1991: 197).

~ 199 ~

am urTierTobas zogjer kulturaTa dialogs uwo-

deben; magram istoria erTob sastikia da es sisastike

iSviaTad Tavsdeba diplomatiuri TavazianobiT SerCe-

ul cneba ,,dialogis” farglebSi. amitom ufro swori

iqneba, Tu Woroxis auzSi kulturaTa konfliqtis Se-

saxeb vilaparakebT. am konfliqtis gulismomkvlel

kvals dResac TvalsaCinod dainaxav da igrZnob tao-

klarjeTSi.

am vrceli regionis WeSmariti dideba VIII-IX sau-

kuneebidan iwyeba. Tavidan optimizmis safuZveli nakle-

bad arsebobda. VIII saukunis 80-iani wlebis damdegs,

roca oTxi beri – grigoli, saba, Tevdore da qriste-

fore opizaSi, imJamindeli klarjeTis erTaderT mo-

nasterSi Cavidnen, mTeli mxare mterTa TareSiT da qo-

leras epidemiiT gaveranebuli, gaukacrielebuli iyo.

igive mdgomareoba iyo 810-iani wlebis axlo xaneb-

Si, roca qarTlis ukanaskneli erismTavari, arabTagan

Zleuli da ltolvili aSot bagrationi Cavida wina-

parTa mamulSi. ,,didi” mas SemdgomSi ewoda, aRsrule-

bul saqmeTa gamo, Torem kurapalatis tituli da bi-

zantiis vasaloba Tumca sasargeblo, magram ara sakma-

risi safuZveli iyo.

am sakiTxebs naSromis pirvel nawilSi SedarebiT

farTod SevexeT, aq imasRa gavimeorebT, rom aSot di-

dis mier Camoyalibebulma politikurma erTeulma SeZ-

lo, gamxdariyo qarTlis nacvali centri, erovnuli

kulturis da sulierebis aRorZinebis safuZveli, er-

Tiani, Zlieri qarTuli saxelmwifos Seqmnis medroSe.

progresulma da SorsmWvretelma warmomadgenlebma

saero da sasuliero xelisuflebisa SeZles erovnuli

energiis swor kalapotSi moqceva. cxadia, sagareo po-

litikurma situaciamac mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa,

magram es ,,sagareo politikuri situacia” xSirad pi-

robiTi, meryevi cnebaa da mas mxolod maSin aqvs mniSv-

~ 200 ~

neloba, roca arsebobs Zala, romelsac misi gamoyeneba

SeuZlia.

IX-X saukuneebSi mTeli regioni moifina didi Tu

mcire eklesiebiT da monastrebiT. am wignSi ZiriTadad

klarjeTis, ufro ,,aTormet savaneTa” mxaris saloca-

vebze vsaubrobT. klarjeTis savaneebi diaxac yovlad

Semkuli da didebuli iyo, magram xazgasmiT unda aRi-

niSnos amave periodSi agebuli taos eklesia-monas-

trebis grandiozuloba. oSki da bana, xaxuli da

iSxani, oTxTa eklesia da parxali – laRad da Tamamad

moxazuli arqiteqtura am Zeglebisa TvalnaTliv miu-

TiTebs taoeli qarTvelebis amay sulze. TiTqos

Woroxze gadmomdgari TvalSeudgami kldeebis goroz

silamazes gajibrebian aqauri mSeneblebi. sakuTriv

taoSi qarTulad molaparake aq-iqRa darCa da dRes

mxolod am ZeglTa naSTebi Tu saistorio wyaroebSi

mimofantuli fragmentebi miuTiTeben Zvel taoelTa

meomar sulze, rjulis simtkiceze, ambiciur bunebasa

da maRal gemovnebaze.

aseTi Sedarebebi metismetad pirobiTia da saeWvo,

talRebis ,,gazomvac” emociis gamoxatvas gulisxmobs

mxolod, magram mainc ase meCveneba, rom im Savbnel

epoqebSi klarjeTs ufro didma da borotma talRam

gadauara, vidre taos. klarjeTSi lamis pirwmindad

ganadgurda iseTi grandiozuli savaneebi, rogoric,

savaraudod, iyo wyarosTavi da miZnaZori, Satberdi da

xanZTa, berTa da bareTelTa... taoSi ki, ase Tu ise,

dgas parxali, oTxTa, xaxuli!..

taZari sauflo, ,,salocveli” (saba) saxlia, monas-

teri ki, garda imisa, rom amqveyniuri cxovrebis uar-

myofelTa sulis savane, monazonTa sakrebulo iyo, im

epoqaSi qveynis sulieri, kulturuli, inteleqtualuri

ganviTarebis safuZvelTa safuZvelsac warmoadgenda.

~ 201 ~

sasuliero fenis gaZliereba, samonastro cxovrebis

ganviTareba da saero cxovrebis dawinaureba maSin

paraleluri da urTierTganmapirobebeli procesi iyo.

winaaRmdegoba, zogjer umwvavesi da usastikesi, rome-

lic ganviTarebis procesis Tanamdevia yovelTvis,

warmatebiT iqna daZleuli: 888 wels aSot didis Svi-

liSvilis Svili adarnase ,,qarTvelTa mefed” ekurTxa.

amieridan nel-nela, rTulad, magram daJinebiT da

mizanmimarTulad bagrationTa dinastiis xelqveiT

erTiandeba qarTuli politikuri erTeulebi. sataxto

qalaqi gadadis jer quTaisSi, Semdeg TbilisSi. Tbi-

lisi ibrunebs Tavis gansakuTrebul funqcias da sru-

liad saqarTvelos centrad iqceva kvlav.

saqarTveloSi Tu mis farglebs gareT Sendeba

mravali monasteri da isini TandaTan yalibdebian eris

sulieri cxovrebis umTavres kerebad. ,,aTormet sava-

neTa” mxare IX-X saukuneebTan SedarebiT CrdilSi eqce-

va, Tumca, samonastro cxovreba aq arc Semdgom peri-

odSi modunebula.

saqarTvelos oqros xana mxolod XIII saukunis na-

xevramde, monRolebis Semosevamde gagrZelda. amieridan

iwyeba swored, Tu giorgi brwyinvalis epoqis gamona-

Tebas ar CavTvliT, SeuCerebeli daRmasvla Cveni qvey-

nisa. jer monRolebis, Semdeg iran-osmaleTis daundo-

belma Semosevebma daaknina da daabeCava erT dros ma-

Rali kulturiT, silaRiT da siamayiT gamorCeuli

qveyana.

XV saukunis meore naxevarSi odesRac Zlevamosili

qarTuli saxelmwifos teritoriaze ukve sami damouki-

debeli politikuri erTeuli arsebobda. rac Seexeba

tao-klarjeTs, igi samcxe-saaTabagos SemadgenlobaSi

moeqca. qveynis erTiani sxeulisa da erovnuli cnobi-

erebis rRveva amiT ar SeCerebula. Cndeba axali sam-

Tavroebi da saTavadoebi, bzari Seepara saerToqarTu-

~ 202 ~

li cnobierebis erT-erT yvelaze Zlier safuZvels –

eklesiis erTianobasac.

am epoqis istoriaze Tvalis erTi gadavlebac

cxadyofs, rom sanam safrTxe daemuqreboda tao-klar-

jeTis qarTvelTa religiur TviTSemecnebas, ukve manam-

de sruliad saqarTveloSi erTian qarTul cnobierebas

bzari ki ara, naprali hqonda gaCenili, erSi Seryeuli

iyo eTnikuri erTianobisa da kulturuli suvereni-

tetis grZnoba. separatizmis Wia RrRnida eklesiis zo-

gierT warmomadgenelsac da saero xelisuflebasac.

erisTavebi mefisagan CamoSorebas cdilobdnen, Tavade-

bi – erisTavebisagan. zogi aRwevda kidec ,,met damouki-

deblobas”, magram es damoukidebloba iluzia iyo mxo-

lod, droebiTi didebis safuZveli, viwro Tvalsawi-

eriT mogvrili TviTkmayofileba. realurad ki es yve-

laferi udidesi ubedurebis momtani iyo separatistu-

li regionebisTvisac da mTeli qveynisTvisac. Semdgo-

mi periodis sastikma istoriam daadastura es tragiku-

li realoba. mteri Zlieri iyo, daundobeli, ganu-

sazRvreli madis mqone, qarTvelebs ki dahkargodaT

maT mezoblad ganviTarebul movlenaTa Sefasebis una-

ric da gadarCenisTvis brZolis Zalac.

1453 wels konstantinepoli daeca. 1461 wels osma-

lebma trapizonis imperia daipyres da uSualod miad-

gnen samcxe-saaTabagos sazRvrebs. aSkarad Canda, rom

mteri marbiel laSqrobebs ar dasjerdeboda.

samcxe-saaTabago, anu mesxeTi, anu zemo qarTli,

sanam TurqeTis agresia Seuqcevad xasiaTs miiRebda,

erTob dawinaurebuli qveyana iyo. igi moicavda mtkvri-

sa da Woroxis auzSi mdebare teritoriebs, kerZod,

Semdeg provinciebs: samcxes, javaxeTs, kola-artaans,

SavSeTs, eruSeTs, klarjeTs, aWaras, taos, spers. mes-

xeTis sazRvrebi borjomis xeobidan erzrumis misadgo-

mebamde da taSir-abocidan Sav zRvamde iyo gadaWimuli.

~ 203 ~

Tumca, am vrcel qveyanas osmalTa mogeriebis Zala ar

gaaCnda (lomsaZe 2000: 3).

dapyrobil mesxeTSi aTabagebi didxans cdilob-dnen qarTuli social-politikuri sistemis SenarCune-

bas, cdilobdnen, moxarkeobiT gadarCeniliyvnen, magram

osmaleTi vasalobis arcerT pirobas ar sjerdeboda

da am mxaris sruli inkorporaciisTvis ibrZoda.

dapyrobis procesi arsebiTad XVI saukuneSi das-

rulda. XVII saukunis dasawyisSi, morigi administra-

ciuli reformebis Semdeg TiTqmis yvela qarTuli pro-

vincia 1579 wels daarsebul Cildiris (axalcixis)

safaSoSi gaerTianda (SaSikaZeE 2008: 262).magram erTia dapyroba da meore _ damorCileba,

gansxvavebul kanonze, cxovrebis wessa da rigze mor-

geba erTob maRali kulturisa da dawinaurebuli meur-

neobis mqone mosaxleobisa. osmaluri politikur-eko-

nomikuri sistemis SemoReba am Zlieri tradiciis mqone

qarTul mxareSi uceb da iolad ver moxdeboda. mes-

xeTis mtkiced Camoyalibebuli social-politikuri da

kulturuli cxovrebis moSla, qveynis sabolood da-

morCileba da gardaqmna TviT Zlevamosil osmaleTsac

ki gauWirdeboda. es procesi TaobaTa tragedia iyo. Tu

mesxeTis politikuri damorCilebisTvis erTma saukunem

ikmara, sarwmunoebrivi TvalsazrisiT es procesi samas

welze meti xnis ganmavlobaSi gagrZelda. winaparTa

rwmenis moSlis erT-erTi sabediswero safuZveli isic

iyo, rom sarwmunoebrivi sakiTxebi saadgilmamulo ur-

TierTobebs gadaexlarTa. amasTan, marTlmadidebloba

osmaleTs an bizantias agonebda, an samxreTisken daZ-

rul da madamoZalebul ruseTs.

pirvel xanebSi osmalebi TiTqos iTmendnen qris-

tianobas da Sesabamisad, saepiskoposoebis arsebobasac.

magram ukve XVI saukunis II naxevridan iwyeba, gansa-

kuTrebiT samcxe-saaTabagos samxreTi saepiskoposoebis

~ 204 ~

– banelis, iSxnelis, anCelis da sxvaTa jer Seviwroe-

ba, mere rbevac. moZRvarni jer samcxe-javaxeTsa da

aWaras Seexiznen, mere qarTl-imereTSi gadaixvewnen

(lomsaZe 1975: 285).

osmalebamde samcxe-saaTabagoSi Semdegi saepiskopo-

soebi arsebobda: mawyverelis, kumurdoelis, iSxnelis,

anCelis, mtbevaris, wurwyabelis, wyarosTavelis, eruS-

nelis, karelis, banelis, dadeSnelis. agreTve mesxeTis

mosazRvre provinciebSi Seqmnili saepiskoposoebi: an-

Si, yarsSi, valaSkertSi da erzrumSi.

XVIII saukunis II naxevrisTvis mTeli osmaleTis sa-

qarTveloSi darCenili ukanaskneli saepiskoposoebi

uqmdeba:

1753 wels gauqmda laz-WanTa ukanaskneli saepisko-

poso xofisa. episkoposi filimoni imereTs gadaixvewa.

1763 wels samcxe-saaTabagos ukanaskneli saepiskop-

so gauqmda (dRes Zneli saTqmelia, sad ijda episko-

posi – awyvers Tu safaras).

1780 wels gauqmda xinowmindis saepiskoposo da

ioane xinowmindelic imereTSi gaixizna (lomsaZe 1975:

303).

saepiskoposoTa gauqmeba rodi niSnavda qristiano-

bis gaqrobas. XVIII saukunis bolos da ufro gvianac

marTlmadidebeli mRvdlebi jer kidev asrulebdnen

TavianT movaleobas, jer kidev iyvnen Ria Tu faruli

qristianebi mTel am teritoriaze, maT Soris, ,,aTor-

met savaneTa” mxareSic.

~ 205 ~

T a v i p i r v e l i

aTormet savaneTa mxaris sasuliero dasaero centrebi

I. anCi

anCi artanujs daqvemdebarebuli sofelia. axali saxe-

li injili. koordinantebi: 42° 6´ 20´´ aRm., 41° 11´ 26´´ Crd.;sofeli sul cota V saukunidan arsebobs. 1922 wlis aR-weris monacemebiT 63 komlian sofelSi 270 mahmadianiTurqi cxovrobda. zogierTi mosazrebiT (m.zeqi da sx.)gonierebiT ganTqmuli saxelmwifo moxele injili CavuSi(gard. 1632 w.) am soflidan iyo da axali saxelic sworedmis sapativcemulod ewoda. injili CavuSis Sesaxeb zusticnobebi ar arsebobs. ufro miRebulia, rom SesaZloa isyofiliyo TurqeTis Sida provincia kaiseridan.

qarTulad: V s. anCi; XIII s. anCi, anCa; 1922 anC; 1927 anC;

1928 injili. (Artvinli 2013: 56)

epigrafad wamZRvarebuli fragmenti anCis 21-e sauku-

nis realobaa. igi moyvanilia Taner arTvinlis Tur-

qul enaze gamocemuli diaxac sasargeblo wignidan,

romelSic arTvinis provinciis toponimebia aRnusxuli.

es fragmenti _ cnoba Tanamedrove anCis Sesaxeb _ erT

dros saxelganTqmuli kaTedralis nafuZarze Semor-

Cenil oriod lods da iqve mimofantul Zvlebs mago-

nebs, imas, rac gadaurCa droTa ulmobel trials...

macxovris saxelze agebuli anCis kaTedraluri ta-

Zari aTormet savaneTa mopirdapire mxares, samxreT-aR-

mosavleTiT, sofel anCidan mciredi moSorebiT idga.

anCis eparqia daarsebuli unda iyos VI-VII sauku-

neebSi (ingoroyva 1954: 377). grigol xanZTelis epoqis

~ 206 ~

mTel klarjeT-SavSeTSi es erTi eparqia arsebobda.

mogvianebiT, X saukunis dasawyisSi daarsda tbeTis

eparqia da, bunebrivia, sazRvrebic dakanonda. ,,aTormet

savaneTa“ mxare, romelic uSualod esazRvreboda

mtbevaris samwyos, anCis eparqiaSi Sedioda. zemoT ukve

vwerdiT, rom es naTlad Cans merCules Txzulebidan,

roca igi anCis eparqiis sasuliero ierarqiis zogi-

erT sakiTxs exeba da aRniSnavs, rom klarjeTis udab-

noTa mRvdlebi da diakvnebi ,,anCelTa episkoposTagan

ikurTxevian.“ meore mxriv, episkoposad kurTxevisTvis

monasterTa Tanxmoba aucilebeli iyo: ,,ukueTu swored

yovelTa maT udabnoTa wamebaÁ ara aqun da wigni

yovelTaÁ WeSmariti sawamebeli, kaTalikozman saepis-

koposoisa mis xelTa dasxmaÁ episkoposad ara inebos,

arca saTno arn samarTliTa sabWoiTa.”

garda amisa, nawarmoebis bolos, Txzulebis Seqmnis

Tanamedrove moRvaweTa CamonaTvalSi sxva sasuliero

pirTa Soris merCule asaxelebs anCel episkoposs,

makars (da ara, vTqvaT, mtbevars).

niSandoblivia agreTve, rom grigolis sikvdilis

Semdeg (Zneli saTqmelia, maSinve Tu garkveuli xnis

Semdeg) zemoxsenebul savaneTa arqimandritoba swored

anCel episkoposze gadavida.

anCel episkoposs sruliad saqarTvelos mRvdel-

mTavrebs Soris, aseve, qveynis erTianobis moSlis Sem-

deg samcxe-saTabagos episkoposebSi, sapatio adgili

ekava.

giorgi merCules aRwerili aqvs anCis mkvidr saero-

Ta arcTu saxarbielo aqtiuroba. es epizodebi cqiris

saqmianobas ukavSirdeba. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom

cqiri anCaSi damkvidrebisa da episkoposobis pativis-

Tvis Tbilisis amiras mxardaWeriT ibrZvis, mwerlis

mier xatovnad aRwerili es istoriebic naTelyofs

anCis did mniSvnelobas im epoqaSi.

~ 207 ~

merCule tropuli metyvelebis gamoyenebiT SesaniS-

navad axerxebs cqiris bunebis gadmocemas: ,,xolo So-

ris ifqlTa ipova erTi vinme, viTarca RvarZli, sar-

webs aRmocenebuli“...

cqiri ukeTuria. man ,,mZlavrebiT daipyro anCi“ da

mravali boroteba daTesa. gasakviri araa, rom amgvar

pirovnebas daupirispirda klarjeTis samRvdeloeba,

gansakuTrebiT grigol xanZTeli, romelic im dros

ukve ,,arqimandriti iyo... didebulTa maT udabnoTa“ (es

movlenebi daaxloebT 830 wlis Semdgom xdeba) da

valdebulic iyo, ebrZola moZaladis winaaRmdeg.

cqirma mRvdelmTavrisTvis savsebiT Seuferebeli

gza airCia: erTi anCeli ,,magriad moisari“ eriskaci

daiqirava, ,,sami grivi fetvi da xuTni Txani” aRuqva da

grigolis mokvla daavala. beri sikvdils saswaulis

ZaliT gadaurCa, amis Semdegac cqirma ,,mravali boro-

ti SeamTxvia mamasa grigols da mis Jamisa wmidaTa

mamaTa da sxuaTac, morwmuneTa eriskacTa.“ berebma moa-

xerxes bagrat kurapalatisa da qarTlis kaTalikosis

winaSe misi mxileba da episkoposis pativisagan gankve-

Ta, magram cqirma amira sahak ismaelis daxmarebiT moa-

xerxa episkoposad aRdgena, grigolis mimarT SurisZie-

bis grZnobiT gamsWvalulma ,,kualad mZlavrebiT daip-

yra anCisa saydari.“

aq kvlav Cndebian anCelebi da isev arasaxarbielo

funqciiT. cqirma ,,Sekriba eri anCisaÁ da waravlina

darRuevad xanZTisa.“ isev saswaulis ZaliT izeima

gamarjveba samarTlianobam _ ,,ufalman risxviT mokla“

cqiri.

rogorc vTqviT, es ambebi IX saukunis 30-ian Tu 40-

ian wlebSi xdeba. am dros ukve agebulia xanZTis meo-

re, qvis eklesia, grigoli udabnoTa arqimandritia, sa-

xelovani moRvawea. is, rom SurisZiebis grZnobiT Sep-

yrobili episkoposi cnobili savanis dangrevis mosur-

~ 208 ~

nea, rom anCeli eriskacebi, Tundac mRvdelmTavris

mowodebiT, Tavs uflebas aZleven, xanZTis dasarRvevad

daiZran, epoqis rTul da winaaRmdegobriv xasiaTze

miuTiTebs uTuod. anCelTa sasargeblod ki isRa SeiZ-

leba iTqvas, rom aSkaraa, am ugvani saqmis aRsasruleb-

lad didi mowadinebiT ar wasulan. rogorc Cans,

episkoposs ver Sebedes uari, Torem roca grigolma

dro iTxova uflis saswaulis imediT, anCelebs ar

dauCemebiaT, maincdamainc axlave unda davarRvioT

xanZTa da cqiris sikvdilis cnobac albaT Sveba iyo

maTTvis, borot saqmes rom aarida ufalma.

,,grigol xanZTelis cxovrebaSi“ es erTaderTi Sem-

Txvevaa, roca mRvdelTmTavari da saerTod sasuliero

piri esodeni ukeTurebiT xasiaTdeba. nawarmoebSi nax-

senebi sxva anCeli episkoposebi (zaqaria, ezra da maka-

ri) yoveli sikeTiT Semkulebi arian.

miuxedavad imisa, rom anCi klarjeTis erT-erTi uZ-

velesi saepiskoposo kaTedrali da kulturul-sagan-

manaTleblo kera iyo, saistorio wyaroebSi mis Sesa-

xeb mwiri masala SemorCa. anCel moRvaweTaganac dRes

mciredia cnobili.

sainteresoa istoria beqa opizaris mier moWedili

anCisxatisa: mas Semdeg, rac osmalebma daipyres anCi da

gaauqmes saepiskoposo, anCis kaTedralis mTavari siw-

minde, xati macxovrisa, ,,anCisxati“ 1664 wels Camouta-

niaT TbilisSi. saqarTvelos kaTolikoss domenti II-s

es xati dausvenebia Tbilisis sakaTalikoso taZarSi.

(ingoroyva 1954:380)

anCi daaxloebiT XVII saukuneebis Sua xanebSi daica-

la. Tumca, rogorc Cans, igi maSinve ar daungreviaT.

XVIII saukunis Sua xanebSi vaxuSti batoniSvili adas-

turebs nagebobebis arsebobas: ,,ars eklesia RvTaebisa

anCa, gunbaTiani, didmSvenierad nagebi, kargs adgilas...

da aw calier ars“ (vaxuSti 1973: 677).

~ 209 ~

gasagebia, rom osmal-Turqebis periodis anCis isto-

riaze Tvalis gadevneba ar xerxdeba. mas Semdeg, rac

qarTvel mogzaurTa Tu mecnierTa yuradReba isev

miswvda anCs, XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi, igi ukve

dangreuli iyo. 1879 wels nataZrali dimitri baqraZem

moinaxula, 1904 wels _ niko marma. samwuxarod, maT

mxolod naSTebiRa aRweres. iseve rogorc sxva msgavs

SemTxvevebSi eklesiis qvebi adgilobrivebma meCeTisa

Tu kerZo saxlebis mSeneblobisas gamoiyenes (jobaZe

2006: 76). dRes anCis nagebobaTagan TiTqmis aRaraferia

gadarCenili, Tumca oqrosmaZieblebis aqtiurobas es

xels ar uSlis.

zaqaria WiWinaZis cnobiT, XIX saukuneSi anCi klar-

jeTis am seqtoris im iSviaT sofelTagani iyo,

romelSic qarTuli ena jer kidev ismoda, Tumca, me-20

saukunis dasawyisSi, maris mogzaurobisas msgavsi ram

aRar dasturdeba.

Tanamedrove anCsa Tu mimdebare soflebSi mogzauri

gansakuTrebuli dakvirvebis gareSec SeamCnevs, rom

adgilobrivTa umravlesobas aSkarad uWirs gulwrfe-

li saubari sakuTari vinaobis Sesaxeb. miTumetes ucxo

xalxTan da zogjer ase Tu ise gaSinaurebul, alali

siTboTi miRebul stumarTanac. TiTqos arsebobs ra-

Rac zRvari am TemasTan dakavSirebiT, romlis gadabi-

jebac Zalian uWirT, istoriuli mexsierebis wiaRSi

qeqva awuxebT, aRizianebT da aeWvianebT. amdenad, maTi

komentari iSviaTad aris gulwrfeli da damkvirvebel-

sac marcval-marcval akrefili calkeuli fragmente-

bisgan uxdeba xolme arsebuli realobis ase Tu ise

sruli suraTis Sekowiweba. Sesabamisad, gasakviri aRa-

raa, rom zemoxsenebuli fragmentebi xSirad winaaR-

mdegobrivia: zogi dabejiTebiT getyvis, rom gurjebi

karga xnis win wavidnen aqedan da maT nafuZarze sxvebi

dasaxldnen, zogic yoymanobs _ imas, rom aqauroba

~ 210 ~

gurjebis miwa iyo, ar uaryofs, magram naklebad sarw-

munod miiCnevs, Tavad im qarTvelTa STamomavali rom

iyos. Tumca, kategoriuladac ar gamoricxavs am SesaZ-

leblobas. zogi kidev qarTul fesvebs ar uaryofs,

magram ambobs, rom Zveli gurjebi, mkvidri mosaxleoba,

mosulebs Seeria da gaTurqda.

Tu guldagul CaeZiebi, yvelaze xSirad daaxloebiT

aseTi gulismomkvleli istoria SeiZleba moismino

xolme: Cveni winaprebi gurjebi iyvnen, Cvenc gurjebi

varT, magram ukve gadatrialebuli (asimilirebuli).

miuxedavad amisa, qarTuli fesvebis Sesaxeb gvaxsovs,

soflebSi, Turqul metyvelebaSi dRemde ismis qarTu-

li sityvebi: lobia, koko (kokori _ puris kveri), Wadi...

aqaur soflebs ki (igulisxmeba SavSeTiswylis samxre-

TiT mdebare soflebi _ anCis mxare) artanujidan mo-

yolebuli qarTul mxares uwodeben.

es ukanaskneli cnoba (rom aqaurobas qarTul mxares

uwodeben), romelic bevrgan (anCSi, goroSeTSi, ana-

kertSi...) movismineT, imiTac aris niSandoblivi, rom

erTgvari gamoZaxilia XIX saukunis realobisa, kidev

erTi sulisSemZvreli Sexebaa warsulTan: 1874 wels

giorgi yazbegi werda: ,,rac ufro vuaxlovdebiT

artanujs, miT ufro naklebad gvxvdeba qarTuli enis

mcodne, Tumca, gobixvewias mTis SemogarenSi mdebare

Tormet sofels xalxi gurjistans uwodebs” (yazbegi

1995: 90). maSin qarTuli alag-alag mainc ismoda. axla

aRarc feTqavs, magram bundovani xsovna ,,gurjistanis”,

,,qarTuli mxaris” Sesaxeb mainc SemorCa. anCSi erTma

qalbatonma Tamamad gviTxra, rom mTeli es mxare Zveli

gurjebiTaa dasaxlebuli, qarTuli fesvebis Sesaxeb

Tavadac kargad uwyian, magram ar amxeleno (gasagebia,

rom ,,TurqobiT” ufro advilia Turqul saxelmwifoSi

damkvidreba). dasturad faqti moiyvana: ,,dedaCemi anWko-

ridan iyo anCSi gamoTxovili. isic da mamaCemic qarTu-

~ 211 ~

lad metyvelebdnen, babuaCemma ki ukeT icoda qarTuli

enao.

kidev ufro TvalsaCino mowme qarTvelebis mCqefare

cxovrebisa, iseve, rogorc sazogadod Woroxis auzSi,

aris mravali nangrevi taZrebisa Tu cixe-koSkebisa da,

ra Tqma unda, isev da isev mravalricxovani toponimi,

romelTa arseboba ase Tu ise dRemde qmnis qarTul ga-

remos. TvalsaCinoebisTvis mcireds davasaxelebT anC-

Si, anakertSi, samwyarSi, karsniaSi, goroSeTsa da sxva

soflebSi Cawerils: goglijvari, SalanberTi, cro-

saydari, naqorali, nadarbazevi, naurmani, nakordali,

nayorali, karaveTi, pandaZe, WiCkara, TeTriyana, jiq-

nada, abanoTvali, maRlisa, barevani, qurcikeTi, Tiria-

leTi, pantevi, SoRobili, kildiTavi, anCibari, sakire,

saTvalieTi, lomaTi, oqranTuli...

anCamde misvla dRes SavSeT-artanujis gziTac SeiZ-

leba, goroSeTis, samwyaris, anakertis gavliT. am gziT

qalaq SavSeTidan anCamde 38 kilometria. es ufro Sida

gzaa da alag-alag mouvleli. ufro moxerxebuli da

ukeTesi gza artanujidanaa (28 kilometri) es gzebi

ZiriTadad uZveles gzebs emTxveva da amaTTan erTad

dResacaa ,,aTormeti savanisken” mimavali ufro pirdapi-

ri bilikebi. kerZod, anCidan ,,aTormet savaneTa” mxa-

reSi sacalfexo bilikebiT gadasvla SeiZleboda, erTi

mxriv, sakuTriv artanujidan, an kidev Crdilo-dasav-

leTiT, artanujiswylis xeobis gaswvriv SavSeTiswyli-

sa da artanujiswylis xerTvisamde (an qvis xidamde) da

iqedan daba-jmerkis an karCxalas xeobis bilikebiT.

meore mxriv, norgialis da Wedilis gavliT bareTel-

Tamde (qvis xidis naSTebi aqac aris SavSeTiswyalze)

da iqedan karCxalas xeobamde. cxadia, SeiZleboda So-

ri gziT, SavSeTidan movlac _ goroSeTi-corceli-

anklia-Sindobanis (an gurnaTelis) gziT.

~ 212 ~

anCi saxnav-saTesi miwebiT da saZovrebiT, xexilis

baRebiT da tyiT mdidari sofelia dResac da bunebri-

via, am sikeTiT Semkuli iqneboda xanZTelis epoqaSic...

II. tbeTi

tbeTi uZvelesi saepiskoposo centria istoriul

SavSeTSi. vaxuStis TqmiT, es saxelwodeba axlomaxlo

mdebare tbaTa gamo gaCenila. X saukunis dasawyisSi

erisTavT-erisTavma aSot kuxma aq sakaTedro taZari

aago da daniSna pirveli episkoposi stefane mtbevari.

sumbat daviTis-Zis mixedviT, ,,aSot erisTavTa eris-

Tavman, Zeman gurgen kurapalatisaman, romelsa ewoda

kuxi, aRaSena tbeTi SavSeTs da ganasrula igi yovliTa

gangebiTa, da dasua pirvelad episkoposad sanatreli

stefane” (sumbat daviTis Ze 1955: 380). tbeTis eparqiaSi

Sedioda SavSeTi-maWaxeli da aWaris nawili (,,danda-los zeiTi”...). (baqraZe 1987: 77)

stefane mtbevari dasaxelebulia ,,grigol xanZTe-

lis cxovrebaSic”, rogorc didi mwerali da lite-

raturuli avtoriteti. merCule CamoTvlis im epoqis

saxelovan SemoqmedT: sofrons, Satberdis ,,ganaxlebiT

aRmSenebels”, ilarion parexels, giorgi mawyverels,

stefane mtbevars da Tavmdablad aRniSnavs, mxolod

imitom gavbede wminda grigolis cxovrebisa da Rvaw-

lis aRwerisTvis momekida xeli, rom eseni cocxali

aRar ariano.

tbeTSi gaSlili iyo mniSvnelovani kulturul-

saganmanaTleblo saqmianoba. aq Seiqmna stefane mtbeva-

ris hagiografiuli Txzuleba ,,wameba wmidisa mowamisa

gobronisi” (914-918), ioane mtbevaris himnografiuli na-

warmoebebi (Xs.) da a.S. aq moRvaweobdnen mwignobrebi

~ 213 ~

daviT tbeli, arqiposi, akvila mtbevari, ioane fukara-

lis Ze, abuserisZe tbeli da sxvani. tbeTSi arsebobda

mdidari wignTsacavi.

tbeTis xelnawerebidan umniSvnelovanesia tbeTis

saxareba (995), romelic 995 wels gadauweriaT ,,saydar-

sa Sina tbeTisasa”. SemorCenilia agreTve ,,tbeTis sul-

Ta matianis” teqsti (XII-XVIIss.), romelic mdidar masa-

las Seicavs SavSeTisa da aWaris istoriuli geogra-

fiisa da sagvareuloTa Sesaxeb. arsebobda xalxuri

gadmocema imis Sesaxeb, rom rusTavelma swored tbeT-

Si miiRo ganaTleba...

tbeTisa da mtbevarTa istoria ara mxolod

mRvdelTmsaxurebasTan da literaturul saqmianobas-

Tanaa dakavSirebuli. saba mtbevaris erTguleba mefisa

da mamulisadmi Rirseul magaliTad darCa saqarTve-

los istoriaSi. XI saukuneSi, 1026-1027 wlebSi, bizan-

tiis imperatorma gailaSqra saqarTveloze. mcirewlo-

vanma mefe bagrat meoTxem winaaRmdegoba ver gauwia

berZnebs, xolo zogierTi aznauri ganudga mas da cixe-

ebi dampyrobels gadasca. mtris winaaRmdeg brZolis

iniciativa da meTauroba mtbevarma itvirTa. ,,aRaSena

simagre saba mtbevar episkoposman, maxlobelad tbeTis

eklesiasa da saxel-sdva mas suetid. da Sekriba maSin

man eri Tvisi da Sevides mas Sina TviT saba mtbevar

episkoposi, da ezra anCel episkoposi”. male mtris

winaaRmdeg mebrZol episkoposebs mxarSi amoudga

mosaxleoba ,,da SavSeTisa aznaurni” (qarTlis... 1955:

292) Sedegad, ,,ver waruRes queyana mterTa”. amieridan

samefo xelisuflebam mtbevars saero xelisuflebac –

SavSeTis erisTavobac uboZa (jafariZe 2009, 581).

X saukunidan moyolebuli RvTismSoblis saxelze

agebuli tbeTis taZari ramdenjerme aRadgines an ga-

daakeTes. sabolood man grandiozuli jvargumbaTovani

nagebobis saxe miiRo. XVI saukuneSi (1527 w.) agebuli

~ 214 ~

samreklo giorgi yazbegis iq yofnisas (1874 w.) jer

kidev myarad idga, Tumca, misive TqmiT, samreklo aC-

rdilic ki ar iyo taZris srulyofilebisa. ,,igi war-

moadgens raRac gancalkevebuls, romelsac araferi

aqvs saerTo eklesiis zomebTan da arqiteqturasTan. es

aris raRac tlanqi Senoba mTlianobaSic da nawil-

nawiladac” (yazbegi, 1995, 80). samreklo 1887 wels da-

ingra Tu daangries da zogierTi cnobiT, misi qvebi

jamis asaSeneblad gamoiyenes (WiWinaZe, 1912, 283).

osmalTa agresiam jer daaknina, Semdeg pirwmindad

mospo tbeTis Zveli dideba. es metad mZime da xan-

grZlivi procesi iyo: taZarSi wirva-locva tardeboda

Turqebis mier SavSeTis dapyrobis (1549-51 wlebi,

SaSikaZe 2008: 260) Semdegac. saepiskoposo kaTedra aq

XVII saukunis II naxevramde mainc arsebobda: 1637-1650

wlebSi ixseneba mtbevari gedeon safriZe (menabde 1962:

410). mogvianebiT kaTedra gauqmda da Senobas muslimebi

daepatronen. ucnobia, rodis daiwyo jamem funqcio-

nireba magram faqtia, rom XIX saukunis 80-ian wlebamde

aq jame iyo.

qarTveli sazogadoebis yuradRebis centrSi tbe-

Ti XIX saukuneSi moeqca. mniSvnelovania Rvawli Zveli

Tu Tanamedrove mogzaurebisa da mklevrebisa, romel-

Tac uxsenebiaT, aRuweravT Tu SeuswavliaT tbeTis

taZari. mxedvelobaSi maqvs upirvelesad g. yazbegi, d.

baqraZe, pr. uvarova, j. murie, n. da m. tierebi, v. jo-

baZe da sxvani. a. pavlinovma mokle aRwerasTan erTad

gamoaqveyna taZris gegma da 1888 wlis eqspediciis

dros gadaRebuli oTxi fotosuraTi. 1904 wels deta-

lurad aRwera taZari da mis irgvliv nanaxi siZvelee-

bi, gadaiRo fotosuraTebi niko marmac. es masala

uZvelesi da uZvirfasesi wyaroa aw ukve iavarqmnili

taZris arqiteqturis Sesaswavlad. aseve, dauRlelma

zaqaria WiWinaZem araerTi saintereso cnoba Semogvi-

~ 215 ~

naxa. Tanamedrove periodSi mravalma qarTvelma mec-

nierma Seqmna mniSvnelovani da saintereso naSromi xse-

nebuli regionisa Tu taZris Sesaxeb. aq unda vaxsenoT

uTuod baTumis SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo univer-

sitetis qarTvelologiis centri, romelmac rusTa-

velis fondis samecniero grantis farglebSi 2011

wels gamosca kompleqsuri monografia ,,SavSeTi”.

,,tbeTis monasters SeuZlia romic ki daamSvenos –

ise kargia misi saerTo xedi da saucxooa misi deta-

lebi,” – ase Seafasa taZris grandiozuloba giorgi

yazbegma 1874 wels (yazbegi 1995: 79-80).

rogorc ukve vTqviT, am dros Senoba jamed iyo

gadakeTebuli. maris cnobiT 1860-ian wlebSi taZarSi

Tiva moagroves, SigniT didi cecxli daanTes, raTa

freskebi waSliliyo – mlocvelebi gamosaxulebebs

rom ar ecdunebina (jafariZe 1996: 47).

saintereso istorias yveba zaqaria WiWinaZe – sad-

Rac XIX saukunis 90-ian wlebSi gumbaTis zemoT jvars

mexi dascemia. gumbaTisTvis veraferi dauklia, magram

gumbaTis qva Camoutexia erTi arSanis sigrZeze. WiWina-

Zis cnobiT, am ambavma soflelebi SeaSina, jame moSa-

les da sxvagan gadaitanes, jamis gasakeTebel masalad

ki daaqcies tbeTis samreklo da es qvebi gamoiyeneso.

(WiWinaZe 1915: 283) sxvagan igive avtori ambobs _ jame

mTavrobis SiSiT moSaleso (WiWinaZe 1912: 24), Tumca es

naklebad sarwmuno Cans, radgan rusis mTavroba qar-

Tul taZrebs maincdamainc didi yuradRebiT ar

epyroboda.

XIX saukuneSi SavSelebs miaCndaT, rom es taZari

,,Tamara dedoflis” aSenebuli iyo. ,,aqeT ar moiZebneba

erTi qarTveli mahmadianic, rom iman Tamar mefis saxe-

li ar icodeso”, _ aRniSnavs zaqaria WiWinaZe (WiWinaZe

1912: 283).

~ 216 ~

tbeTis gulsaklav istoriaSi TvalnaTliv aisa-

xeba samxreT saqarTvelos tragikuli bedi: miuxedavad

upatronobisa, am SesaniSnavma nagebobam XX saukunis.

Sua xanebamde moaRwia.

rogorc erT-erT Turqul gzamkvlevSia miTiTebu-

li, XX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi, adgilobriv xelisu-

falTa nebiT da waqezebiT, Senoba aafeTqes. ,,gadarCeni-

li qvebisgan ki meCeTi da skola aaSenes, Tumca, mogvia-

nebiT xelisuflebis pozicia Seicvala da eklesia

mfarvelobis qveS iqna ayvanili. dRes soflelebs,

romlebic qvebisgan boslis an sxva raime nagebobis

aSenebas moindomeben, sasamarTlodan sasamarTloSi

daarbenineben” (sordia 2003: 81). xelisuflebam, etyoba,

pozicia marTla Seicvala, Tumca, samarTlianoba moiT-

xovs aRiniSnos, rom tbeTis nangrevebs movla-patro-

nobisa dResac araferi etyoba. saswaulebrivad gadar-

Cenili aRmosavleTi fasadi da gulsaklavad Cawo-

lili nangrevebiRa migvaniSneben Zvel sidiadeze.

Tanamedrove tbeTSi imasac gaigoneb, eklesia

ganZis Ziebis wyurviliT aafeTqeso. tbeTelebma, cxa-

dia, ukeT ician TavianTi soflis avan-Cavani. uceb

gamdidrebis survilic (ganZis maZiebelTa saqmianobas

vgulisxmob) xom gadamdebi seniviTaa modebuli...

tbeTs dRes jevizli (kakliani) hqvia. adgilobrivi

glexebis cnobierebaSi areulia realuri da gayalbe-

buli istoria, saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi gafermkrTale-

bul gadmocemaTa naSTebi da saxelmwifo ideologia,

mexsierebis kunWulSi CarCenili fragmentebi winaparTa

vinaobisa da absurdamde misuli fantazia. tbeTelTa

umravlesoba Tavs Turqad miiCnevs. metic, damaxasia-

Tebelia, rom toponim ,,tbeTs” tibetTan akavSireben.

maTi TqmiT, isini tibetidan mosuli Turqebi arian.

uwin aq gurjebi cxovrobdnen, mere ,,ermenebi”, mere Cven

davsaxldiTo. cxadia, cnobierebis amgvari deformacia

~ 217 ~

mravalsaukunovani zewolis Sedegia. aqaurebs XIX sau-

kuneSic aRar axsovdaT qarTuli ena, magram sakuTar

fesvebsa da winaprebze uars naklebad ambobdnen;

axsovdaT winaparTa istoriebi, Tamar mefe, sakuTari

gvarebi da a.S. niko marma swored adgilobrivTagan

Caiwera tbeTelebis qarTuli gvarebi: cialiZe, niqabaZe,

keseriZe (am gvaris iyo adgilobrivi xoja), miadaZe,

maskulaZe (jafariZe 1996: 50)... zogierTi qarTuli gva-

ris xsovna dResac cocxlobs. zogierTs sadRac

mexsierebis kunWulSi Semounaxavs - ,,eski (winaT) gur-

jebi viyaviTo”. dRemde SemorCenilia qarTuli toponi-mebi: bumarxevi, goramovla, zedvaka, TxinaRele, kenWia-ni, kldikaraTi, kordibaRCa, koxuri, kudaTi, nabosle-vi, niqabaze (niqabaZe), ruTavi, tevri, qadaguli, RobiZi-ra, WurTi...

axlandelma mimosvlam, turizmis ganviTarebis

imedma, cota ar iyos, adgilobrivTa interesi gaaRviZa,

magram warsulisadmi pativiscema imdenad minavlebu-

lia, misi aRdgena Zneli warmosadgenia.

III. artanuji

cnobebi artanujis Sesaxeb uZvelesi droidan arse-

bobs. ra gasakviria, rom mtermravali xalxi da qveyana

yovelTvis Seecdeboda am strategiuli mdebareobis

bunebrivi simagris gamoyenebas.

artanujis axali sicocxle vaxtang gorgaslis sa-

xels ukavSirdeba. mefes imdenad moswonebia artanujad

wodebuli soflis mdebareoba, aq cixis ageba unebebia:

,,ixila klde Sua klarjeTsa, romelsa sofelsa erqua

artanuji da mouwoda artavazs, ZuZumtesa missa da

daadgina igi erisTavad: da ubrZana raTa aagos cixe

~ 218 ~

artanujisa... xolo artavaz aRaSena cixe artanujisa,“

_mogviTxrobs mematiane (qarTlis...1955: 178).

niSandoblivia, rom gorgasalma cixes gansakuT-

rebuli funqcia daakisra: ,,ukeTu ganZlierdnen sparsni

Cuen zeda, sayudeli Cueni aqa yofad ars,“ es V sau-

kunis II naxevris istoriaa da maSin mravalTagan yvela-

ze saSiS mters ,,sparseTi” erqva.

artanuji ara mxolod ,,cixe magari” iyo, aramed mni-

Svnelovan savaWro gzaTa Sesayari da, mSvidobianobis

dros, erTob dawinaurebuli qalaqi. amitom bunebrivia,

rom V saukunis II naxevridan moyolebuli, igi did

rols asrulebda saqarTvelosa da kerZod, klarjeTis

politikur cxovrebaSi, Sesabamisad, igi mravalgzisaa

moxseniebuli qarTul wyaroebSi (samuSia 2008: 13).

VIII saukunis 30-ian wlebSi cixe murvan yrum aaoxra.

amis Semdeg IX saukunis dasawyisamde, aSotis klarjeT-

Si gadasvlamde, artanuji gaveranebuli iyo. aSotma

sworad ganWvrita misi strategiuli mdebareoba, aRad-

gina, ufro zustad aaSena igi da samefo qalaqad, axa-

li qarTuli politikuri erTeulis centrad aqcia:

,,aSot kurapalatman daipyra mravalni queyanani da

aRaSena cixeÁ artanujisaÁ sacxovreblad deduflisa,

meuRlisa TÂisisa, da mas Sina keTilad cxovndeboda

mravalTa weliwadTa,” _ wers giorgi merCule.

swored artanujs ukavSirdeba aSot kurapalatis

siyvarulis istoria, romelsac civi gulmodginebiT

aRwers giorgi merCule, raTa kidev erTxel gausvas

xazi sasuliero fenis Zlierebas da zneobriv srulfa-

sovnebas.

,,grigol xanZTelis cxovrebis” mixedviT, aSoti ac-

duna eSmakma da ,,moiyvana man dedakaci siZvisaჲ” arta-nujis cixeSi. agiografi avtoric ki xazs usvams mefis

Zlier grZnobas: ,,eSmaki trfialebisaÁ friad azrzen-

dao,” _ wers igi da sxva SemTxvevaSi siZvis diacs

~ 219 ~

aTqmevinebs: ,,gardareuli siyuaruli aqus Cemda momarT

kurapalatsa!” amdenad, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom es ar

aris mefis ubralo garToba, es siyvarulia... magram

siyvaruli siZvis diacisa, Seuracxyofa kanonieri qor-

winebisa, qristianuli cxovrebis wesisa da rigisa.

saxelmwifos ganviTarebis erT-erTi mTavari safuZve-

li da sayrdeni misi mmarTvelebis zneobrivi saxea, es

koncefcia damaxasiaTebelia sazogadod qarTuli li-

teraturis istoriisaTvis. mefe, mTavari, mmarTveli

magaliTis mimcemi unda iyos qveSevrdomebisaTvis. ro-

ca grigoli mefis pirad cxovrebaSi ereva, igi erTi

mxriv eSmakis cdunebisagan zogadad, adamianis daxsnas

cdilobs, meore mxriv, mefis, mtermoZalebuli qveynis

meTauris zneobrivi srulfasovnebisTvis ibrZvis, vinai-

dan am srulfasovnebis gareSe ar iqneba arc eris

gajansaReba, arc mtrebTan dapirispirebisaTvis, urTu-

les pirobebSi saxelmwifos SenebisTvis aucilebeli

fizikuri da sulieri Zalebisa da energiis mokreba.

grigolma ,,pova Jami marjueÁ”, roca kurapalati

artanujidan Sors iyo, mivida cixeSi, Sexvda am siZvis

diacs, brali dasdo, TvalnaTliv daanaxa codvis

mTeli boroteba da mosalodneli Sedegi (,,Ä sawyalo-

belo, raÁsTvis Soris col-qmarTa STaWril xar, war-

sawymedlad Senda saukunod borotiTa maT codviTa,

romliTa damonebul xar eSmakisada da cudiTa raÁTme

mizeziTa safrÃe qmnul xar didisa Ãelmwifisada”) da

xsnis gzac dauxata – gza monastrisken.

beris gavleniTa da nebiT motexili dedakaci, ro-

melmac Seimecna Tavisi codvis simZime, morCilad gah-

yva grigols meres dedaTa monasterSi. aq xanZTelma

igi febronias, monastris winamZRvars Caabara. kurapa-

latma scada mijnuris daxsna, magram febronia mtkiced

daxvda, zneobrivi siwmindisken mouwoda, amxila da

Searcxvina kidec.

~ 220 ~

merCule kmayofilebiT aRniSnavs, rom ,,xorcielad

Zliersa xelmwifesa suliTa ZlieriTa kacTaA sZlie-

so”.

,,netar mas kacsa, vin arRara cocxal arso”, - aRmox-

deba gawbilebul mefes. Zneli saTqmelia, es amoZaxili

samRvdeloebis udreki nebis winaSe daTrgunuli siama-

yis, sxvaTa damorCilebas, gamarjvebas Cveuli mefis

mware marcxis gamo reaqcia iyo Tu dakarguli siyvaru-

lis gamo godeba. ufro pragmatulebi pirvel versias

aniWeben upiratesobas, romantikosebi – meores. (iqneb

erTic da meorec, magram swored es meore versia gaixa-

da amosaval koncefciad vasil barnovma ,,trfoba wame-

bulSi”, roca aSotisa da siZvis diacis (romanSi _

Suqias) urTierToba wminda siyvarulad warmoaCina ise,

rom TiTqmis ar Seucvlia ,,grigol xanZTelis cxovre-

bis” mocemuli epizodis siuJeturi qarga, msoflmxed-

velobrivi safuZveli ganasxvava mxolod.) Cveni mizani

ar aris am siyvarulis, an misi literaturuli inter-

pretaciis, an mefis Tu samRvdeloebis poziciis anali-

zi. imasRa vityvi, rom artanujis cixeqalaqsa da meres

dedaTa monasterSi datrialebuli ambavi qarTuli

literaturis istoriaSi aRwerili pirveli samijnuro

istoriaa da Sesabamisad amisa, imave romantikosebs Ta-

mamad SeuZliaT es gorozi cixeqalaqi siyvarulis qa-

laqadac gamoacxadon _ uiRblo siyvarulis qalaqad...

aSotis Semdgom artanujis patronoba ufros Zes

adarnasesa da mis STamomavlebs ergoT. isini artanu-

jelebad iwodebodnen da ramdenime saukunis ganmavlo-

baSi ganagebdnen mas. manam, sanam gaerTianebuli saqar-

Tvelos pirvelma mefem bagrat III-m (aSotis SuaTana

Zis, bagratis STamomavalma, bagrationTa taos Stos

warmomadgenelma, qveynis gamTlianebisTvis daucxro-

melma mebrZolma) erTianobis damabrkolebel erT-erT

umTavres mizezTa da mizezTa aRmofxvris mizniT Tavi-

~ 221 ~

si naTesavebi, artanujeli-klarji xelmwifeebi fanas-

kertis cixeSi ar miiwvia darbazobad... aq Seipyro,

Tmogvis cixeSi gamoketa (1010 w.), sadac isini gardaic-

valnen kidec. bagrationTa am Stos yvela warmomadge-

neli, vinc bizantiaSi gaqceva ver moaswro, amowyvites

(saqarTvelos...… 2008: 261).

bagratis dasavleT saqarTveloSi mefed kurTxevis

Semdeg (978 w.) sataxto qalaqad quTaisi iqca da arta-

nujic TandaTan CrdilSi moeqca. Tumca, funqcia da

roli ar daukargavs da qarTul wyaroebSi xSirad

ixsenieba.

mosaxleoba artanujisa, yovel SemTxvevaSi, osmalTa

dapyrobamde, qarTuli unda yofiliyo. mas Semdeg, rac

Woroxis auzSi osmalebi gabatondnen, am qalaqis mo-

saxleobac, klarjeTis sxva mxareTa msgavsad, aWrelda:

nawili gamahmadianda, nawilmac grigorianeloba an

,,somxuri” kaTolikoba aRiara da gasomxda, nawilic

vin icis, saidan Camosaxlda da klarjeTSi damkvidrda.

rusTa mflobelobis dros, ukve XIX saukunis uka-

nasknel meoTxedSi, imperiis oficialuri statistikiT,

mTels artanujis ubanSi (romelSic 11 sasoflo sabWo

– 50 dasaxlebuli punqti Sedioda). 13095 mosaxlidan

11668 Turqi iyo, xolo 1427 – somexi. es monacemebi sru-

liadac ar asaxavs realobas, radgan mefis ruseTis

statistika umetes SemTxvevaSi adgilobriv qarTvel

muslimanebs Turqebad aRricxavda da miTumetes ar

iwuxebda Tavs imaTi warmomavlobis dasadgenad, visac

qarTuli ena daviwyebuli hqonda. aRarafers vambobT

somxebad Caweril qarTuli warmomavlobis klarjebze.

sakuTriv qalaq artanujSi, amave wyaros cnobiT, XIX

saukunis 80-ian wlebSi 202 komli cxovrobda da mosax-

leobis saerTo jami 875 suls Seadgenda (samuSia 200:

85-86).

~ 222 ~

mcire xnis ganmavlobaSi artanuji saqarTvelos de-

mokratiuli respublikis SemadgenlobaSi iyo. mas Sem-

deg, rac I msoflio omSi gamarjvebulma mokavSireebma

(inglisis saokupacio jarma) baTomis olqi demokra-

tiuli respublikis mTavrobas gadasca (1920 wlis 7

ivliss). samwuxarod, imxnad damoukidebeli saqarTve-

los ideas ganxorcieleba ar ewera. bolSevikuri ruse-

Tis da qemalisturi TurqeTis ZaliTa da nebiT samus-

limano saqarTvelod wodebuli vrceli teritoriebis

didi nawili artanujiTurT isev TurqeTis Semadgen-

lobaSi moeqca.

amJamindeli artanuji erTi patara qalaqia arTvinis

provinciis (ilis) artanujis raionis (ilCes) admi-

nistraciuli centri, daaxloebiT 5300 mcxovrebiT. qa-

laqi ori nawilisagan Sedgeba axali da Zveli artanu-

jisagan. axali artanuji md. artanujiswylis marjvena

mxares, dablobzea gaSenebuli. qalaqis es nawili XX

s. I naxevarSi warmoiqmna. amJamad aq mdebareobs raionu-

li centris administracia, sastumroebi, bankebi, maRa-

ziebi...

Zveli artanuji, igive ,,adaqale” odnav moSorebiT,

dasavleTiT, mdebareobs, md. artanujiswylis marcxena

sanapiroze aRmarTuli kldovani mTis beqobze. beqobi

dResac mWidroaa dasaxlebuli, mas dasavleTidan dah-

yurebs vertikalurad aRmarTuli pitalo klde, ro-

melzec mdebareobs artanujis dedacixe (sordia 2003;

samuSia 2008: 7-8).

artanujSi qarTuli ena karga xania aRar ismis. uke-

Tes SemTxvevaSi SesaZloa, vinmem giTxras, rom odes-

Rac aq qarTvelebs ucxovriaT.

~ 223 ~

T a v i m e o r e

klarjeTis Tormeti savane

klarjeTi, da sazogadod Woroxis auzi, xanZTe-

lamdel epoqaSi gaveranebuli iyo moWarbebuli mtrisa

Tu sxva ubedurebaTa gamo. aRmSeneblobis procesi aq

VIII saukunis miwuruls xanZTaSi agebuli xis mokrZa-

lebuli eklesiis agebiT daiwyo da ise ganviTarda,

rom regionma samarTlianad daimkvidra qveynis aRor-

Zinebis saTavis, ganaxlebuli qarTuli civilizaciis

akvnis saxeli.

specialistebi klarjeTis samonastro mSeneblo-

bis ramdenime etaps gamoyofen:

pirveli etapi ZiriTadad IX saukunis pirvel naxe-

vars moicavs. es grigol xanZTelis epoqaa da nagebo-

baTa arqiteqturac am epoqis Sesabamisia _ sisadaviT

da mkacri moxazulobiT gamorCeuli.

pirveli periodi am epoqisa IX saukunis dasawyisia

_ 810-820-iani wlebi, roca aigo xanZTis Zveli qvis

eklesia, gunaTle, mere...

meore periodi xanZTelis epoqisa yvelaze STambeW-

davia: 820-iani wlebis bolodan moyolebuli, ZiriTa-

dad 30-40-ian wlebSi Sendeba Satberdi, miZnaZori,

wyarosTavi, bareTelTa, berTa, jmerki, daba...

am procesis erTgvari gamoZaxilia dolisyanis da

parexis mSenebloba, Tumca isini ufro mogvianebiT, Se-

saZloa IX saukunis II naxevarSi an X saukunis dasaw-

yisSi aigo.

meore etapi grigol xanZTelis Semdgomi epoqaa.

politikur asparezze aSot didis SviliSvilebi da

SvilTaSvilebi gamodian. Zveli harmonia mSvidobiani

Tanaarsebobisa darRveulia da bagrationTa sxvadasxva

~ 224 ~

Stos Soris winaaRmdegobac sagrZnobia, miuxedavad ami-

sa, qveyana viTardeba, mdidrdeba. rac mTavaria, eklesia

rCeba safuZvlad da medroSed erTianobisa. Zlierdeba

monastrebi, izrdeba iq berebis ricxvi, icvleba mxatv-

rul-esTetikuri moTxovnebic.

Sesabamisad. IX saukunis bolodan iwyeba da X

saukuneSi gansakuTrebiT intensiur xasiaTs iRebs ukve

arsebul monastrebSi axali eklesiebis mSeneblobis an

Zvelis ganaxlebis procesi. es procesi “aTormetTagan”

bevrs Seexo. metadre xanZTas, opizas, SesaZloa

Satberds da sxva monastrebsac.

klarjeTi ukve aRaraa mterTagan dabeCavebuli da

gaveranebuli qveyana. oriode saukune sakmarisi aRmoC-

nda misi dawinaurebisTvis. axali nagebobanic ufro

masStaburi, daxvewili, Semkuli da ,,Suenieria”. miuxe-

davad amisa, mxatvruli gaformebis zomiereba da si-

sadave rCeba savaneebis Rirsebad.

,,aTormeti savane” saqarTvelos aRorZinebis,

rwmenis ganmtkicebis, kulturuli aRmavlobis saTave

iyo: sulierebis, swavla-ganaTlebis, mwignobrobis uZ-

lieresi kerebi, rac qveynis gaerTianebis da ganviTare-

bis yvelaze myar safuZvels warmoadgenda.

Semdgom epoqaSi, ukve XI saukunidan, klarjeTSi

intensiuri aRmSeneblobis aucilebloba aRar aris,

Tumca, samonastro cxovreba isev yvavis da misi madli

kvlavac swvdeba mTel saqarTvelos.

klarjeTis im sivrces, sadac ZiriTadad moRva-

weobda grigol xanZTeli, xSirad ,,aTormet savaneTa”

an ,,aTormet udabnoTa” mxares uwodeben. es aris teri-

toria erTi mxriv samxreTiT, artanujiswylis xeobisa,

meore mxriv, daaxloebiT SavSeTiswylis da Woroxis

SesarTavidan Cixisxevamde. aq, Woroxidan moyolebuli

SavSeTiswylis gaswvriv, daaxloebiT 25 kilometris

~ 225 ~

manZilze, mdinaris marjvena sanapiroze ganlagebulia

savaneTa umravlesoba. kerZod, dolisyana, jmerki, daba,

berTa, parexTa, opiza, xanZTa, miZnaZori, wyarosTavi,

mere; SavSeTiswylis marcxena sanapirozea bareTelTa,

Tumca, ukanasknelad dasaxelebuli Zeglebis maxlob-

lad, wyarosTavis mopirdapired. amaTgan gancalkevebiT

mxolod Satberdia _ ufro samxreTiT, artanujis max-

lobel midamoebSi.

grigol xanZTeli am monastrebis arqimandriti,

anu saerTo winamZRoli, iyo. mefe-mTavarTa da berebis

mier savaneTa Semovlisas, daaxloebiT 826-840 wlebs

Soris daadgines igi arqimandritad. am dros zemoT

dasaxelebul savaneTagan yvela ar funqcionirebda.

Sesabamisad, grigol xanZTelis arqimandritad

kurTxevisas ricxvi ,,aTormeti” ar figurirebs. Tumca,

,,grigol xanZTelis cxovrebaSi Tormetive monasteria

naxsenebi. mniSvnelovani faqtia agreTve, rom grigolis

gardacvalebis Semdeg monasterTa arqimandritoba ga-

davida anCel episkoposebze, rogorc klarjeTis

mwyemsmTavrebze. isini atarebdnen rogorc episkoposis

an mTavarepiskoposis tituls, aseve iwodebodnen

,,klarjeTisa aTormet udabnoTa arqimandritad”. yovel

SemTxvevaSi, qarTul wyaroebSi anCel episkoposTa ti-

tulaturaSi ukve Cans ricxvi ,,aTormeti”. magaliTad,

XII saukunis moRvawe Teodore _ ,,anCel mTavarepisko-

posi da aTormetTa udabnoTa arqimandritia”...

gasaTvaliswinebelia da savsebiT misaRebi mosaz-

reba “aTormetis” qristes Tormet mociqulTan dakav-

Sirebis Sesaxeb: ricxvTa simbolikis Sesaxeb gavixse-

noT Tundac asurel mamaTa cikli _ ioane zedazneli

da misi Tormeti mowafe; aseve ,,moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ” _

wm. nino da ,,aTormetni dedani sxvani”...

,,aTormet savaneTa” mxaris amJamindeli mosaxleo-

ba ZiriTadad qarTuli warmoSobisaa da umravles

~ 226 ~

sofelSi amis Sesaxeb ician kidec. XIX saukuneSi uxu-

cesTa Soris aqa-iq jer kidev waawydeboda kaci qar-

Tuli enis mcodnes. dRes igi savsebiT gamqralia, Tum-

ca, Tu kargad daakvirdebi ufrosi Taobis Turqul

metyvelebaSi qarTul sityvebsac SeiZleba mohkra yuri.

I. Satberdi

Satberdi ,,aTormet savaneTa” Soris erT-erTi yve-

laze mniSvnelovani da gamorCeuli iyo. Zveli avtore-

bic xSirad sxvebze aRmatebulad moixseniebdnen. gior-

gi merCulesaTvis igi ,,didebuli monasteria“, ,,siqa-

dul yovladve maxlobelTa monasterTa.” giorgi mci-

resTvis ,,didebuli lavra“... Satberdi Zvel qarTul

xelnawerebSi mravalgzisaa moxseniebuli, rac acxove-

lebda mis mimarT interess gansakuTrebiT mas Semdeg,

rac samxreT saqarTvelo osmaleTma daipyro.

Satberdis midamoebi aSot kurapalatma gadasca

mciremiwian xanZTelebs. monasteri aq cota mogviane-

biT, IX saukunis 30-iani wlebis axlo xanebSi gaSenda,

grigolis TaosnobiT da bagrat kurapalatis SewevniT.

IX saukunis miwuruls ki taZari ganuaxlebiaT. Txzu-

lebidan naTlad Cans, rom grigols gansakuTrebuli

damokidebuleba hqonda am savanis mimarT. xanZTelad

wodebuli beri Rrmad moxucebulobis Jams ,,umravles-

Ta dReTa Satberds iyofin“-o, _ mogviTxrobs merCule.

amiT Sewuxebuli xanZTeli berebi sagangebod xlebian

TavianT sulier mamas, xanZTaSi gadasvla uTxoviaT da

maTi poziciis samarTlianobac dausabuTebiaT: ,,esoden-

Ta dReTa ara moslvaÁ Seni Cuenda, xanZTisaTÂis friad

sircxÂil ars da CuenTa yovelTa sakdemel yovelTa

kacTagan, rameTu pirveli nayofi wmidaTa SromaTa

SenTaÁ xanZTaÁ ars...”

~ 227 ~

Satberdi qarTuli mwignobrobis erT-erTi uZlie-

resi kera iyo. aq arsebobda skriptoriumi, anu erTgva-

ri saxelosno xelnawerTa dasamzadeblad, romelmac

didi wvlili Seitana qarTuli kulturis ganviTareba-

Si. aq moRvaweobda mravali didi moamage qarTuli

mwignobrobisa. erTxans swored SatberdSi ucxovria XI

saukunis Sua xanebSi aTonidan saqarTvelos saeklesio

saqmeebis mosagvareblad mowveul giorgi mTawmindels.

SatberdSi gadaiwera da Seiqmna umniSvnelovanesi qar-

Tuli xelnawerebi _ Satberdis krebuli, jruWis oTx-

Tavi, klarjuli mravalTavi, adiSis oTxTavi, miqael

modrekilis iadgari da sxva.

,,Satberdi“ qarTvel mecnierTa nawils somxuri

warmomavlobis toponimad miaCnda. am versiiT Satberdi

kompozitia da cixe-qalaqs niSnavs (,,Sat“ - qalaqi,

,,berd“ - cixe). es mosazreba eWvqveS daayena pavle ingo-

royvam. igi miiCnevda, rom ,,Satberdi“, romlis pirve-

ladi saxea ,,SatberTi” ,,qarTuli geografiuli saxele-

bisTvis damaxasiaTebeli bolokiduri formantiT ,,-Ti”

(,,SatberTi” niSnavs Satberisadmi kuTvnils, Satberi-

seuls) qarTul enobriv samyaros ekuTvnis (ingoroyva

1954: 436). ukanasknel periodSi aseve qarTul masala-

ze scada toponimis etimologiis dazusteba mamia

faRavam: am rTuli fuZis meore nawilis ,,ber“ ZirTan

da Tanian mravlobiTTan (...ber-Ta) dakavSireba savsebiT

logikuri Cans. ,,Sat“ Ziri ki qarTul dialeqtebSi

ramdenime mniSvnelobiT dasturdeba (faRava 2011: 67).

msjelobis am ori (qarTul-somxuri) mimarTulebis

analizi ar aris Cveni mizani, Tumca, vfiqrob, rom mo-

sazrebas am toponimis qarTuli warmoSobis Sesaxeb

myari safuZveli gaaCnia.

Tanamedrove mecniereba varaudebsRa gamoTqvams

Satberdis adgilmdebareobis Sesaxeb da esეც ,,aTormet

~ 228 ~

savaneTa” mxaris istoriis erT-erTi yvelaze gulsak-

lavi faqtia.

XIX saukuneSic Satberdis lokalizaciis sakiTxs

araerTi mecnieri Sehxebia. xan samcxeSi, axalcixis ax-

lomaxlo eZebdnen am savanes, xanac evfratis saTaveeb-

Tan. vin dolisyanas miiCnevda Satberdad, vin kidev

xarberds... lokalizaciis am warumatebeli da realo-

bas daSorebuli mcdelobebidanac Cans, ramdenad Cakar-

gula tao-karjeTis dideba istoriis jurRmulebSi.

ufro sabuTiani mosazrebebi XX saukuneSi gamoCn-

da. mas Semdeg, rac niko marma giorgi merCules ,,gri-

gol xanZTelis cxovrebis“ teqsti gamoaqveyna. Tumca

aq mxolod mosazrebebzea saubari. aseTi saxelwodebe-

bis punqti klarjeTSi aRar arsebobda.

niko marma Satberdad miiCnia qvemo forTaSi mde-

bare samonastro kompleqsi (romelsac Tanamedrove

mkvlevarTa umravlesoba xanZTasTan aigivebs). mogviane-

biT es mosazreba dasabuTebulad uaryo pavle ingo-

royvam.

zemoT vwerdiT, magram suraTis sisrulisTvis gavi-

meorebT, rom pavle ingoroyvas Semdgom yvela mkvleva-

ri, vinc ki Satberdis lokalizaciis sakiTxs Sehxebia,

ase Tu ise mihyveba mis mosazrebebs, amosaval debule-

bebs, sakiTxis analizisas eyrdnoba giorgi merCules

Txzulebas, romlis Tanaxmadac:

1. klarjeTis savaneebi artanujisa da anCis max-

loblad mdebareobda da teritoriulad erT

zonaSi iyo moqceuli.

2. Satberdi sxva savaneTagan ramdnadme moSorebiT,

gancalkevebiT iyo. igi ,,sxvaTa maT udabnoTa...

mcired Soravso”,_ SeniSnavs merCule.

3. aSot didis Svilebma, grigol xanZTelsa da

sxva berebTan erTad, moixiles klarjeTis

savaneebi. mogzaurobis marSruti damajerebel

~ 229 ~

cnobebs gvawvdis maTi ganlagebis Sesaxeb. mefe-

mTavrebi savaneTa moxilvisas pirvelad Sat-

berds ewvivnen. maSasadame, unda vivaraudoT, rom

igi savaneTagan yvelaze axlos unda yofiliyo

artanujidan; yovel SemTxvevaSi, mogzaurobis

SatberdiT dawyeba yvelaze mosaxerxebeli unda

yofiliyo.A

4. SatberdSi saxnav-saTesi miwebia.

am damajerebelma argumentebma ramdenadme Semo-

sazRvra Satberdis lokalizaciis areali, Tumca amaze

meti dakonkretebis saSualebas merCules teqsti ar

iZleva.

amdenad, dRes miRebulia mosazreba, rom Satberdi

,,grigol xanZTelis cxovrebaSi“ moxeniebuli sxva sava-

neebisagan moSorebiT, ufro artanujisken unda yofi-

liyo. TiTqos logikas moklebuli araa l. menabdis

kiTxva _ ,,gana SegviZlia davuSvaT, rom aSot kurapa-

latma xanZTas agarakad Seswira iseTi Soreuli punq-

ti, rogorc pavle ingoroyvaseul rukaze aRniSnuli

Satberdia?“ (menabde, 1962: 414) magram monastrebis is-

toria icnobs analogiur faqtebs.

Satberdi artanujis dasavleTiT, sofel Sagoris

midamoebSi unda iyoso, _ miiCnevda pavle ingoroyva

(ingoroyva 1954: 316-318). Rvawlmosili mecnieris am mo-

sazrebas Tanamedrove mkvlevarebi interesiT ki ekide-

bodnen, magram damajereblad ar miiCnevdnen, upirve-

lesad imis gamo, rom iq aRmoCenili patara darbazuli

eklesis didebul lavrasTan gaigiveba warmoudgeneli

Canda (xoStaria 2005: 130).

klarjeTis am nawils da masTan dakavSirebul

diaxac saintereso mosazrebebs qvemoT mivubrundebiT,

manamde ki unda iTqvas, rom yvelaze meti momxre, ro-

gorc Cans, Satberdis ieni rabaTTan gaigivebis versias

hyavda. pirvelad varaudi i. zdaneviCma gamoTqva. Semd-

~ 230 ~

gomSi es versia araerTma mecnierma gaiziaraö zogma

ufro frTxilad, zogmac dabejiTebiT. niSandoblivia,

rom ieni rabaTs Satberdad moixsenieben araerT

Turqul gzamkvlevSic.

ieni rabaTi longoTxevis (axla Bulanıkı) nawilia.

ufro zustad, aq erTi samuxtroa, romelic sakuTriv

longoTxevTan erTad moicavs aranauls, andonuzs da

ienirabaTs. es ukanaskneli artanujidan 17 kilometris

daSorebiTaa, md. artanujiswylis marjvena ferdobze.

dRes aq mxolod eklesia dgas, _ klarjeTis bevr

iavarqmnil savanesTan SedarebiT kargad Senaxuli. XX

saukunis dasawyisSi taZris irgvliv jer kidev Semor-

Cenili iyo nagebobaTa nangrevebi, rac ar gamoricxavs

am adgilas didi monastris arsebobas. eklesiis gaRma,

lakomarSi cixis naSTebia. axlo-maxlo saxnav-saTesi

miwebi, saZovrebi, baR-bostnebi blomadaa. am Tvalsaz-

risiT ieni rabaTi namdvilad gamodgeboda xanZTis

agarakad.

niko maris mogzaurobisas, 1904 wels, am sofelSi

somexi grigorianelebi cxovrobdnen, 25 ojaxi. eklesia

maT xelSi iyo. qarTuli warwerebi jer kidev ikiTxe-

boda, Tumca, maTi nawili Camofxekili iyo da axali

somxuri warwerebiT Secvlili (mari 2012: 258). dRevan-

deli mosaxleobis vinaobis da warmomavlobis garkveva

Znelia: am sakiTxze saubrisas, rogorc wesi, sifrTxi-

les iCenen da amboben _ aq gurjebi ar cxovrobeno.

rac Seexeba somxebs, isini winaT ieni rabaTsa da an-

donuzSi cxovrobdnen, magram omianobis dros mimo-

ifantneno. Cven ki adgilobrivebi varT ZvelTaganveo.

qarTuli toponimebis arsebobis faqts aRiareben, mag-

ram axsnas naklebad cdiloben. gasaTvaliswinebelia,

rom gurji maTTvis mxolod isaa, vinc qarTuli icis.

CvenSi ki qarTuli uxucesebmac ar icodneno, _ amboben.

~ 231 ~

longoTxevelebi ziareTSic dadian xolme. maTi

ziareTi lorSia, xorasnis mTaze. iq asulebi saklavs

Seswiravdnen da wvimas SesTxovdnen RmerTs.

ieni rabaTidan artanujisken sacalfexo bilikebi

xeobaze gadioda. fexiT 5-6 saaTis gza iyo. mgzavri

Semdeg adgilebs gaivlida: mirmaleTi, SuaTi, axarSia,

xavTi, xarauli, geverliyalesi...

amdenad, Tu ieni rabaTi Satberdia, maSin mefe-

mTavrebi mogzaurobisas artanujiswyals zemoT unda

ahyolodnen, Semdeg amave gziT ukan unda dabrunebu-

liyvnen da dabla daSvebuliyvnen artanujiswylisa da

SavSeTiswylis xerTvisamde.AMBOBE

ukanasknel periodSi popularuli xdeba mosazreba

Satberdis dakavSirebisa artanujis dasavleTiT Wo-

roxis marjvena sanapiroze SarbieTSi mdebare monaste-

ris nangrevebTan. es versia XX saukunis miwuruls

gaCnda da igi Turq istorikos m. qadiroRlusgan mom-

dinareobs. Sesabamisad, bunebrivia qarTvel mecnierTa

interesi am Zeglis mimarT (xuciSvili... 2004; xoStaria

2005: 135). 2004 wels qarTvel mecnierTa jgufma Seis-

wavla es Zegli da male Temur xuciSvilis, kaxa Senge-

lias, Salva maWavarianis, valeri silogavas avtoro-

biT gamoqveynda naSromi ,,Satberdis monastris loka-

lizaciis problemisaTvis“. naSromis avtorebi Sarbie-

Tis namonastrals SatberdTan aigiveben da damajere-

beli argumentebic mohyavT.

sivrce, sadac zemoxsenebuli namonastralia, mra-

valmxriv aris saintereso. marTalia, ukanasknel

wlebSi Woroxze kaSxlebis mSeneblobam mravali Zveli

gza da biliki waSala, adgilobrivTa mexsierebaSi

maincaa CarCenili mwiri, magram saintereso informacia.

Tanamedrove administraciuli dayofiT soflebi

agara (axla Ağıllar), Sagora (igive gexsana, axla Köseler)

~ 232 ~

da boselTa (axla Okumuşlar) erTi samuxtroa. dRes

isini TiTqmis daclilia mosaxleobisgan. niaz iazijim,

78 wlis moxucma gviTxra boselTaSi _ adgilobrivebi

varT, Cvens winaprebsac aq ucxovriaT da iqneb qar-

Tuli sisxlic gvqondes, iqneb Zveli gurjebic viyoT,

magram TurquliRa viciT da Zveli ambebisac aRaraferi

gvaxsovso.

miuxedavad amisa, gaixsena Zvelebis naTqvami ,,Tama-

ras” Sesaxeb, romelic aqaurobis patroni da mefe

yofila. SarbieTs qalaqi hqonia da imxnad gurjistan-

Tanac intensiuri misvla-mosvla yofila.

samwuxarod, Tamarasadmi interesi dRes mxolod

oqros ukavSirdeba. zogma ,,zustad icis” rom oqros

zodebiT savse misi saflavi sadRac am midamoebSia.

hoda Txrian da eZeben...

saqarTvelos istoriis tragikul furclebs ekle-

sia-monastrebis da cixeebis nangrevebTan (boselTaSi,

xurjanSi (Tu RurjanSi _ aqaurTa warmoTqmaSi ufro

,,R” ismis), SagoraSi, xodSi, agaraSi) erTad jer kidev

SemorCenili toponimebi warmoaCens: talaxeTi, giviTi,

Tavkola, Suakilde, kildisTavi, didveli, varTisxevi,

didvake, vazisxevi, karanieTi, xizatxevi...

SarbieTis Satberdoba, rogorc Cans, mainc daCrdi-

lavs ieni rabaTisas. SarbieTi sofel boselTas (z/d

1400 m.) maxloblad mdebare erTi konkretuli adgilis

saxelwodebaa. aq saxnav-saTesad gamosadegi mindvrebia,

Tumca dRes am miwebs aRaravin amuSavebs. aqve patara

(magram sakmaod Rrma) xevis piras namonastralis nage-

bobaTa naSTebia. maxloblad, kldis qimze mozrdili

cixesimagrea.

boselTas gadaRma artanujia. artanujisken samanqa-

ne gzac gadis da Zveli sacalfexo bilikebic. fexiT

sami-oTxi saaTis savali gzaa. daaxloebiT amdenive

dasWirdeba Woroxispiramde Casvlas. SarbieTidan Wo-

~ 233 ~

roxisken yvelaze mosaxerxebeli gza Sagorasken ga-

dioda. Sagoradan aRma artanujisken SeiZleba wasvla,

TavdaRma _ artanujiswylisa da SavSeTiswylis xerTvi-

samde. iq axlo-maxlo iyo Zveli TaRiani xidis naSTebi,

romelic axla wyalma dahfara. iqidan jmerkamde ki

xelis gawvdenaRa rCeba.

am detalebze da uZveles bilikebze dakvirvebas

imitom vcdilob, rom SarbieTis Satberdad wodebis

sasargeblod metyvelebs mefe-mTavarTa marSrutis saw-

yisi nawilic, kerZod is, rom mogzaurebi Satberdidan

upirvelesad jmerkSi mividnen da ara dabaSi an

romelime sxva savaneSi. rogorc Cans, isini SavSeTis-

wylis midamoebSi ufro dasavleTiT daeSven. SarbieTi-

dan wasulisTvis aseTi mimarTuleba ufro mosaxerxe-

belia da Sesabamisad, logikuri iqneboda pirvelad

jmerkSi asvlac.

garda amisa, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT ,,grigol xanZTe-

lis cxovrebis” monacemebs da davakvirdebiT klarje-

Tis savaneTa ganlagebas, SarbieTs Satberdoba ufro

logikuri gamoCndeba. igi pirveli margalitia, pirve-

li nagebobaa miuval xeobebSi dolisyanidan da jmer-

kidan wyarosTavamde Tu meremde Cawnul monasterTa

mwyobr TanmimdevrobaSi da amave dros maTgan moSore-

biTaa, anu, rogorc merCule wers, ,,sxvaTa maT udab-

noTa... mcired Soravs”

zemoTqmulis miuxedavad, Cveni mizani ar aris, da-

vupirispiroT erTmaneTs ieni rabaTis da SarbieTis

,,momxreTa“ argumentebi Tu kontrargumentebi da raime

erTmniSvnelovani daskvnis gamotana vcadoT. Ziebis

procesSi albaT mraval kiTxvas gaecema pasuxi, mrava-

lic upasuxod darCeba _ Woroxis auzSi xom jerac

bevri ramea Tvalisa da gonebisaTvis miuwvdomeli. iq-

neb zusti informaciis Semcveli dokumentic aRmoC-

ndes: Turqul siZveleTa sacavebSi uamravi ucnobi

~ 234 ~

masala inaxeba qarTul da osmalur enaze Sedgenili,

sigel-gujrebi Tu davTrebi, mosaxleobisa Tu maTi

meurneobis aRwerebi, osmalo moxeleebis mier didi

gulmodginebiT Sedgenili dapyrobili teritoriebis

samarTavad Tu saxravad. am dokumentebis mxolod um-

niSvnelo nawilia Targmnili da gamoqveynebuli. axali

Taobis mecnierebi intensiurad muSaoben am mimarTule-

biT da vfiqrob, saqarTvelos istoriisaTvis mniSvne-

lovani da Rirebuli _ zogi sasixarulo da zogic

gulsaklavi araerTi faqti aRmoCndeba momavalSi.

II. dolisyana

dolisyanas giorgi merCule erTxel, mefe-mTavarTa

mogzaurobis aRwerisas axsenebs, oRond ara rogorc

moqmed savanes. mogzaurebi iq ar misulan da rogorc

Cans, agiografma mizanSewonilad CaTvala, misi Tana-

medrove mkiTxvelisTvis ganemarta mizezi. kerZod is,

rom ,,dolisyanaÁ monastrad ukanaÁs iqmna”. maSasadame,

mogzaurobis Jams, 830-840-ian wlebSi, dolisyanis monas-

teri jer kidev ar arsebobda. rom arsebuliyo, misi

mdebareobidan gamomdinare, mogzaurebi Satberdidan

pirvelad uTuod iq mividodnen. daaxloebiT saukunis

Semdeg, merCules dros, maSin roca Txzuleba iwerebo-

da, savane ukve funqcionirebda.

dolisyana sxva saistorio wyaroSicaa naxsenebi,

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, erTob usiamovno da tragi-

kul istoriasTan dakavSirebiT. kerZod, 826 wels, როცაaSot kurapalati mokles ,,oroz morozis ZeTa”, dolis-

yanidan daedevna mkvlelebs xalxi...

dolisyanis, ufro soflis, vidre iq SemorCenili

eklesiis Sesaxeb XIX saukuneSi ukve arsebobda gar-

~ 235 ~

kveuli informacia. giorgi yazbegma axsena dolisyana,

magram iq aRar asula. a. frenkelis mixedviT XIX sau-

kunis 70-iani wlebis bolos dolisyanaSi 25 ojaxi

cxovrobda, sul 87 suli, yvela muslimani, am 25 oja-

xis sakuTrebas Seadgenda 92 cxvari, 30 Txa, 50 Zroxa,

30 xari, 10 viri da aA.S (frenkeli 2012: 211).

barem imasac vityvi, rom muhajirobis procesSi _ 70-

iani wlebis bolos da 80-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, z.

SaSikaZis mier gamoqveynebuli erTi osmaluri dokumen-

tis mixedviT, samsunSi gadasaxlebula 49 dolisya-

neli. maT Soris 21 qali da 28 mamakaci. maSasadame, mu-

hajirobis Sedegad am istoriuli soflidan mosaxleo-

bis naxevarze meti gaxiznula. am faqtze imisTvis

vamaxvilebT yuradRebas, rom damaxasiaTebeli suraTia

mTeli samuslimano saqarTvelosTvis da bevrgan araTu

naxevari, aramed mTeli soflebi daicala am tragi-

kuli procesis Sedegad (SaSikaZe 2013: 148). istoriuli

saqarTvlos provinciebidan gadasaxlebulma gurjebma

Seavses osmaleTis Sida teritoriebi da saxelmwifos

erTerT saimedo dasayrdenad Camoyalibdnen.

1888 wels dolisyana inaxula a. pavlinovma, 1904

wels niko marma. maTi CanawerebSi, ukve Cndeba deta-

luri informacia eklesiis Sesaxeb.

dolisyanisken mimavali biliki winaT daaxloebiT iq

iwyeboda, sadac SavSeTiswyali da artanujiswyali

erTvis erTmaneTs. amdenad, dolisyanac SavSeTiswylis

marjvena ferdobzea, ,,Tormet savaneTa” mxris ganapi-

ras. sofeli gzatkecilidan oriode kilometrzea. gur-

jebi cxovroben, magram qarTulis aRaraferi ician.

samagierod qarTuli toponimebi aqac bevria (gognevi,

qedmaRala, sabaneTi, TavqaTurtaSi, Wimindra (wminda? -

m.C.) deresi, kutalevi, zuvari...).

dolisyanis samonastro nagebobaTagan aRaraferia

SemorCenili. samagierod savanis mTavari taZari tao-

~ 236 ~

klarjeTis yvelaze ukeT Semonaxul ZeglTa Soris

unda davasaxeloT. gadarCenis erT-erTi arsebiTi mize-

zi isicaa, rom gamuslimanebul mosaxleobas odesRac

igi meCeTad uqcevia. rogorc Cans, am didebul nagebo-

baze mosaxleoba axal droSic zrunavda. v. jobaZe

miuTiTebs (jobaZe 2006: 74) gurji da qarTulad mou-

bari adgilobrivi imamis, ilqer demiris Sesaxeb, ro-

melsac 1970-80-ian wlebSi eklesia (cxadia, imxanad meCe-

Ti) SeukeTebia. (es ilqer demiri dResac cocxalia,

pensioneria da arTvinSi cxovrobs) samwuxarod, imave

imams eklesiisTvis orsarTuliani sacxovrebeli saxli

miudgams... momdevno imams miuSenebia sameurneo nagebo-

bebic _ saqaTme, saqonlis sadgomi da sxva, romlebic

uSualod ebjineboda eklesias.

meCeTad qceuli eklesia daaxloebiT 1960-iani wle-

bis bolodan or Tanabar sarTulad gauyviaT. pirvel

sarTulze sawyobi iyo gamarTuli, zeda _ meCeTad ga-

moiyeneboda. XX saukunis miwuruls soflis jame axal

SenobaSi gadavida, xolo eklesiaSi sarTulebi moiSa-

la. daSales sameurneo nagebobanic da sacxovrebeli

saxlic _ xojis sadgomi axal jamesTan gakeTda.

samwuxarod, ukanasknel wlebSi gaqra dolisyanis

erT-erTi RirsSesaniSnaoba _ samxreT kedelSi Casmuli

fila, mzis saaTi. adgilobrivTa TqmiT, fila moupa-

ravT imitom, rom Sig oqro egulebodaT _ zed amokve-

Tili niSnebis gamo. daumtvreviaT, cxadia, oqro ver

upoviaT da namtvrevebi daumarxavT.

dolisyanidan jmerkisken erTi biliki mTidan, iaile-

bis gavliT gadadioda, meore _ SavSeTiswylis sanapi-

rodan. sainteresoa, rom ziareTobis tradicia dolis-

yanaSic gaixsenes. moxucebma isic gviambes _ ziareTze

winaT sanTelsac davanTebdiT; Tu ratom _ ar viciT,

adaTi iyo da vanTebdiTo.

~ 237 ~

dolisyanis eklesia jvargumbaTovani nagebobaa, igi

Sereuli masaliTaa naSenebi da, rogorc specialistebi

miuTiTeben, mSeneblobis xarisxi sakmaod maRalia (xoS-

taria 2005: 112). eklesias SemorCenia araerTi warwera,

agreTve, moxatulobis naSTebi. warwerebSi moxsenie-

buli arian adarnase qarTvelTa mefis Zeni _ bagrati

da sumbati. swored isini unda yofiliyvnen qtitorebi.

kerZod, v. jobaZe miiCnevs, rom dolisyana bagratis

mier unda iyos agebuli, 951 wlamde (merCules mier

Txzulebis dasrulebamde) ramdenime aTeuli wliT

adre. xolo sumbatma oden aRadgina, anu ,,meored aRa-

Sena” eklesia (jobaZe 2006: 84).

eklesiis moxatulobis nawili X-XII saukuneebisa, na-

wilic ufro gviandeli _ XII saukunis bolosa da XIII

saukunis dasawyisis unda iyos.

niSandoblivia, rom im warweraze dayrdnobiT, rom-

lebic mTavarangelozebisadmi mimarTviT iwyeba, agreT-

ve eklesiis moxatulobis zogierTi detalis (mTavaran-

gelozTa gamoxatulebebis) gaTvaliswinebiT d. xoSta-

ria varaudobs, rom eklesia wm. mTavarangelozTa saxe-

lobis unda yofiliyo (xoStaria 2005.124).

III. jmerki

jmerki ,,grigol xanZTelis cxovrebaSi” mxolod

erTxelaa moxseniebuli _ mefe-mTavarTa mogzaurobis

aRwerisas. sxva savaneebTan erTad maT mouxilavT

jmerkis ,,wmidisa RmrTismSoblisa eklesia.” es aris da

es. sxva cnobebi am savanis Sesaxeb TiTqmis ar arse-

bobs.

1904 wels es sofeli da Sesabamisad, namonstra-

lis naSTebic inaxula niko marma.

~ 238 ~

jmerki dabis mezobeli sofelia. nagebobaTa naS-

Tebi jerac arsebobs, magram arc imdeni, konkretuli

daskvnebis gakeTeba rom gaioldes. SesaZloa aq yofi-

liyo samnaviani bazilika, an ,,Caxazuli jvris” tipis

gumbaTiani eklesia. kedlis wyobis mixedviT SesaZlebe-

lia, rom es iyos IX saukunis Senoba anu monastris

Tavdapirveli, e. i. 830-40-iani wlebSi agebuli eklesia

(xoStaria 2005: 69). rac Seexeba samonastro nagebobebs,

maTi kvali dRes aRar Cans.

jmerkis istoriac – misi Rvawli da dideba, misi

zrunva rwmenis, eris, enisa da mwignobrobis mimarT –

CainTqa JamTa siaveSi. Tu SevZlebT, miaxloebiT mainc

warmovidginoT klarjeTSi gaSlili saqmianobis mass-

tabi da roli, unda vifiqroT, rom ,,aTormet savaneTa”

Rirseuli nawili iqneboda jmerkic. arc isaa cnobili,

kerZod ra ubedureba datrialda mis Tavs. sxva Zegle-

bis msgavsad, isic osmalTa mflobelobis dros unda

dangreuliyo. mxolod SemorCenili nangrevebi mowmobs,

didi gansacdeli rom gadautania...

jmerkis (masTan erTad dabisa da berTis) mosax-

leobis Sesaxeb qvemoTac visaubrebT, aq ki SevniSnavT

mxolod, rom umravlesoba adgilobrivad miiCnevs Tavs,

magram zogi uaryofs qarTul fesvebs, zogic _ Zveli

gurjebi varT, magram bevrs daviwyebuli aqvs es amba-

vio, _ ambobs. qarTul JReradobis toponimebi aqac bev-

ria: sasveni, Wobori, muCekeTi, minauri, opatava, dax-

sora da sxva.

,,aTormet savaneTa mxaris am seqtorze saubrisas

kidev erTxel unda vaxsenoT mefe-mTavarTa mogzauro-

bis merCuleseuli aRwera da SevniSnoT, rom am epi-

zodSi marSrutis, gnebavT, Zeglebis ganlagebis Tanmim-

devroba darRveuli Cans (cxadia, vgulisxmobT amJamad

miRebuli identifikaciis farglebs): ,,da moiwines

jmerks da berTas wmidisa RmrTismSoblisa eklesiaTa,

~ 239 ~

da dabas wmidisa mowamisa giorgis eklesiasa...” _ wers

merCule. mosalodneli iyo, mwerals jmerkis Semdeg

daba exsenebina (es punqtebi uSualod emezoblebian

erTmaneTs), mere ki _ berTa. SeiZleboda daSveba imisa,

rom dabis monasteri ara amJamad gulvebul adgilas,

aramed sxvagan, sadme berTasa da opizas Soris mdeba-

reobda (Semdegi savane mogzaurTaTvis opiza iyo). yove-

li SemTxvevisaTvis Cven am sivrceSic veZebeT toponimi,

romelic mimsgavsebuli iqneboda ,,dabasTan”, magram

amaod. imdeni ram gacamtverda samxreT saqarTveloSi,

daskvnebis gakeTebisas yovelTvis saWiroa sifrTxile,

magram arsebuli monacemebiT logikuri da misaRebi

Cans gavrcelebuli mosazreba, rom jmerkis da berTas

erTad dasaxelebis mizezi maTi ganlageba ki araa,

aramed is, rom orive RvTismSoblis saxelobisaa.

IV. daba

metad mwiri cnobebia SemorCenili dabis Sesaxe-

bac. jmerkis msgavsad, isic erTaderTxelaa moxseniebu-

li ,,grigol xanZTelis cxovrebaSi”: mefe-mTavrebi mi-

sulan ,,dabas wmidisa mowamisa giorgis eklesiasa”.

pavle ingoroyva dabis istorias V saukunidan iw-

yebs. kerZod, igi imowmebs vaxtang gorgaslis matianis

erT adgils, romelic gvauwyebs, rom vaxtang gor-

gasalma klarjeTSi artanujis da axizis cixesTan da

opizis monasterTan erTad aago ,,samni eklesiani: dabi-

sa, merisa da Sindobnisa” (ingoroyva 1954:324). es monak-

veTi qarTlis cxovrebis sxvadasxva xelnawerebSi sxva-

dasxvanairad ikiTxeba, magram pavle ingoroyvas mosaz-

reba, rogorc versia, damajerebelia. am monacemebiT me-

5 saukuneSi daba jer kidev ar yofila gankuTvnili

~ 240 ~

monastrad, aramed eklesia-taZars warmoadgenda. (iseve,

rogorc mere da Sindobani). me-8 saukunis 30-ian wlebSi

murvan yrus dabis sanaxebic gaunadgurebia. misi ganax-

leba da monastrad Camoyalibeba, aw ukve merCules

cnobiT, momxdara aSot didis dros, IX saukunis dasaw-

yisSi. yovel SemTxvevaSi, mefe-mTavrebi, rogorc aR-

vniSneT, Cven mier araerTgzis xsenebuli mogzaurobis

dros dabaSic yofilan.

daba pirwmindadaa ganadgurebuli. XX saukunis

dasawyisSic ki mciredi naSTi iyo darCenili. sainter-

soa, niko maris Canaweri am nangrevebTan dakavSirebiT:

,,yvela gvirCevda, ar gvemgzavra dabaSi. ambobdnen, rom

iq araferi iyo, garda qvebis grovisa. magram me vfiq-

robdi, rom droTa ganmavlobaSi qvebis es grovac ar

iqneba da kidev atydeba dava, iyo Tu ara am dabaSi Zve-

lad raime nageboba, xom araa es gamonagoni qarTuli

,,legendaruli wyaroebisa?” (mari 2012: 394) niko mars

marTlac miwasTan gasworebuli nangrevebi daxvda da

verc adgilobrivs gadaawyda vinmes iseTs, romelic

nafleTs mainc gaixsenebda Zveli gadmocemisas na-

monstralTan dakavSirebiT.

niko marma merCuleseuli daba gaaigiva (vfiqrobT,

savsebiT samarTlianad) SavSeTiswylis marjvena fer-

dobze mdebare sofel dabaSi arsebul nangrevebTan. es

sofeli (ufro zustad, am soflisken asaxvevi) artanu-

jis gadasaxvevidan SavSeTisaken mimavali gzatkecilis

me-4 kilometrzea. sofeli asaxvevidan xuTiode kilo-

metrzea. pirveli sofeli am gzaze aris sxalTeTra

(adgilobrivebi gamoTqvamen rogorc, ,,salTeTra”, iqneb

,,wyalTeTras” naSTic iyos es toponimi, Tumca niko

maric ,,sxalTeTras asaxelebs). sxalTeTras jamesTan

gza iyofa. marjvniv igi am soflis siRrmeSi miemar-

Teba, marcxniv _ dabisken. dabidan oriode kilometris

~ 241 ~

Semdgom kidev erTi istoriuli sofelia, aTormetTa-

gan erT-erTi savanis naSTebiT _ jmerki.

dabis namonastralze ,,qvebis mciredi grova” XXI

saukuneSic SemorCa. naeklesiar adgils hqvia ,,qili-

seliq” (daaxloebiT aseve ikiTxeba maris CanawerebSic

_ ,,qiliselux”). samwuxarod, nagebobidan dRes mxolod

erTi kedlis mcire fragmentiRa SemorCenila da orio-

de qva, viRacis baxCaSi mimofantuli.

,,Tamaras” Sesaxeb dabaSic SeiZleba gaigono. ro-

gorc wesi, aqac misi istoria xezreTi alis Zlevamo-

silebas ukavSirdeba.

qarTuli toponimebi dabaSic mravladaa: naqala-

qevi (nakerekev), nabambevi, Woti, sasveli, gorde, WuWo,

saTxe, navgori, gverdi, dabisagara da sxva.

V. berTa

berTa ,,grigol xanZTelis cxovrebaSi” pirvelad

mefe-mTavarTa mogzaurobis dros aris naxsenebi. Sem-

degac ramdenjerme figurirebs TxzulebaSi. xanZTelis

momdevno xanaSi savane kidev ufro gaZlierda, sulie-

rebisa da mwignobrobis mniSvnelovani kera gaxda. Cve-

namde moRweuli masalebi metad mwiria, magram realo-

bis warmosadgenad SeiZleba davasaxeloT berTas oTx-

Tavi, romelic Casmulia oqroWedur ydaSi – es aris

beSqen opizaris erTaderTi naxelavi, romelmac Cvenam-

de moaRwia. berTasTan dakavSirebuli kidev erTi saxa-

reba 1830 wels yarsidan gautaniaT amerikel misione-

rebs da igi dRes bostonTan axlos, qalaq niutonSi,

inaxeba. niSandoblivia, rom berTis am saxarebis erT-

erT gverdze nusxuriT miwerilia ,,vefxistyaosnis”

erTi taepi (menabde 1962: 429).

~ 242 ~

X saukunis moRvawea zekepe berTeli. SemorCenilia

mxolod miseuli samociqulo, romelic olimpoze ga-

dauweria. es ki imis dasturad SeiZleba miviCnioT, rom

berTeli moRvaweebi dasavleTis qristianul centreb-

Tanac iyvnen dakavSirebuli.

berTac osmalobis Jams dacarielda, gaveranda da

ganadgurda. XIX saukuneSi g. yazbegma, marTalia, ico-

da berTis arsebobis Sesaxeb (,,opizis SemogarenSi er-

Ti saaTis saval gzaze aris soflebi forTa da berTa.

rogorc amboben, aq Semonaxulia didi eklesiis naS-

Tebi...” _ yazbegi 1995: 103), magram iq asvla ver moaxer-

xa. niko maramde berTaSi 1888 wels avida a. pavlinovi,

romelmac aRwera nangrevebad qceuli samonastro nage-

bobani da meCeTad gadakeTebuli eklesia. igive suraTi

daxvda niko marsac 1904 wels. niSandoblivia, rom imx-

nad meCeTs minareTi ar hqonda _ ,,mola xeze Zvreba da

iqidan mouwodebs mlocvelebso”, _ aRniSnavs mari

(mari 2012:374). mkvlevari berTas axasiaTebs rogorc

mdidar sofels, Sromismoyvare adamianebiT dasaxle-

buls. SeZleba saSinao yofaSic vlindeba: ,,aq da

kapariaSic pirvelad momeca saSualeba, vmjdariyavi

maRal skamze da mewera magidaze. kvercxis, qaTmis

Sovnac SeiZleba. saWmelad vargisi yvelic aris. Cems

maspinZlebs aqvT Cai, Saqari da samovaric ki” (mari

2012: 321).

Tanamedrove berTa didi sofelia. rogorc adgi-lobrivebma gviTxres, aq 16 ubani anu mehelea (niko

mari CamoTvlis 8 meheles da 11 mezres _ mari 2012: 380)

3000 komliT. Tavs Turqebad miiCneven, Tumca, bevri ar

uaryofs, rom winaprebi gurjebi iyvnen. zogic Zvel

gurjebTan ar aigivebs Tavs da ambobs, winaT aq gur-

jebi cxovrobdnen, Cven ki Turqebi varTo. miuxedavad

amisa, mikrotoponimebi ZiriTadad qarTulia (papavuri,

Wedliani, dableSeTi, didagara, nameliaTi, samzieri,

~ 243 ~

xerxi, sadgomi da a.S.) da isini swored adgilobrivTa

mieraa Semonaxuli.

berTa mdidari sofelia dResac da xalxic stu-

marTmoyvare. Tumca ucxoTa mimarT eWvi mainc RrRniT

– vaiTu oqros eZeben da saTanado rukebic aqvTo.

monastrisaTvis SerCeuli adgili mTaze da nagebo-

baTa mravlad SemorCenili naSTebi dResac axdens STa-

beWdilebas. aq kvlav meCeTia (eklesiis qvebiT ekle-

siisve saZirkvelze nagebi), oRond amjerad – minareTi-

TurT. Tumca veWvob, rom es meCeTi zustad igive

nageboba iyos, romelic a. pavlinovma da n. marma

ixiles.

minaweri ,, ierlisa” da mosulisTvis

Woroxis auzis mosaxleobis didi nawili sa-kuTar Tavs ,,ierlis”, anu adgilobrivs uwodebs.zogjer isini (miuxedavad imisa, floben Tu araqarTul enas), xan myarad, xanac sifrTxiliTaigiveben Tavs gurjebTan. yovel SemTxvevaSi, Tqmaimisa, ,,eski (Zvelad) gurjebi viyaviTo”, SeuZliaT.

,,ierlis” gverdiT, etyoba mosulic sakmaodbevria da es erTob Wreli nawili Cans Woroxisauzis mosaxleobisa. MmaT Soris SeiZleba gamoi-yos erTi saintereso kategoria, romelic Tavs,,axisxadan” (axalcixidan) mosuls, ,,axisxelTurqs” uwodebs. am wreSi Sexvdebi rogorc ZveliqarTuli feodaluri gvareulobis warmomadgen-lebs (mag. aTabagebs), aseve imaT, vinc warsulisaaRaraferi ician garda zemoxsenebuli frazisa.

,,aTormet savaneTa” mxareSi, gansakuTrebiTberTiswylis xeobasa da daba-jmerkis midamoebSi,

~ 244 ~

xSirad waawydebi ,,axisxelebs”. cxadia, axalci-xelTa Sesaxeb sxvaganac ismis SavSeT-klarjeTSi.

vfiqrob, es sakiTxi imsaxurebs sagangeboyuradRebas.

rogorc cnobilia, ruseT-osmaleTis 1828-1829wlebis omis Sedegad, adrianopolis zaviT, os-malTa batonobisgan gaTavisuflda samcxe-javaxe-Ti da, ase Tu ise, daubrunda saqarTvelos, rome-lic manamde qceuliyo ruseTis koloniad.

erTi mxriv ruseTis Zaladobrivi politikisda meore mxriv osmaleTis propagandis ESedegadistoriuli mesxeTis mosaxleobis didi nawilimSobliuri miwa-wylidan aiyara. daiwyo gadasax-lebis uaRresad tragikuli procesi, romelic,,muhajirobis” saxeliTaa cnobili da romelmac,rogorc aRmoCnda, saTave daudo am regionismraval ubedurebas.

muhajirTa es sakmaod didi talRa ruseTisxelqveiT moqceul teritorias gaerida da osma-leTSi gaifanta.

Uunda iTqvas, rom Woroxis auzidan (aWara-qobuleTidan, SvSeTidan da klarjeTidan) 1878-82da Semdgom wlebSi gadasaxlebulTagan (romelTakompaqturi dasaxlebebi bevrganaa, TurqeTis SidaprovinciebSi) gansxvavebiT, 1830-ian wlebSi mesxe-Tidan gadasaxlebulTa kvali dRes TiTqmisdakargulia.

Mmiuxedavad amisa, vfiqrob, gvaqvs safuZveli,vivaraudoT, rom SavSeT-klarjeTis ,,axisxadan mo-sulad” wodebuli mosaxleoba swored mesx muha-jirTa im pirveli Taobis STamomavalia.

rogorc Cans, samcxe-javaxeTidan ltolvilTanawili mainc maxlobel provinciebSi dasaxlda.am azrs Tanamedrove SavSeT-klarjeTSi ,,axisxa-

~ 245 ~

dan mosulebis” arsebobis garda, ganamtkicebsisic, rom XIX saukunis 30-iani wlebis aWara-qobu-leTis da sazogadod, Woroxis auzis mosaxleo-baSi dasturdeba fena, romelic oficialuradiwodeboda axalcixel muhajirebad.

kerZod, baTumis SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwi-fo universitetSi muhajirobis Temaze miZRvnilsamecniero konferenciaze rizes universitetisprofesorma nebi gumuSma warmoadgina osmaleTisimperiaSi CvenTvis saintereso regionSi 1835 wels

Catarebuli mosaxleobis aRweris masalebi. (Gümüş2013:13) Mman aRniSna moxsenebaSic da Semdeg piradsaubarSic daadastura, rom zemoxsenebuli aRwe-ris masalebSi sakmaod bevria im pirTa ricxvi,romlebic ,,axalcixel muhajirebad” ixseniebian.maTi arseboba dasturdeba qobuleTSic, qvemo aWa-raSic, zemo aWaraSic, SavSeTSic da klarjeTSic.

cxadia, samcxe-javaxeTidan gadasaxlebulTaSoris, regionis mosaxleobis imJamindeli eT-nikuri Semadgenlobidan gamomdinare, umravlesobaqarTveli muslimani iqneboda. qarTul garemoSidasaxlebulni, albaT SeinarCunebdnen qarTulidentobas, magram rogorc Cans, araqarTul gare-moSi dasaxlebulma, sakuTar miwa-wyals da fes-vebs mowyvetilma mesxebma sabolood dakargeskavSiri winaprebTan da gaTurqdnen. esaa albaTumTavresi mizezi imisa, rom, rogorc aRvniSneT,Tanamedrove TurqeTSi mesx muhajirTa kvali Za-lian Znelad iZebneba.1

12014 wlis zafxulSi bursas provinciaSi ,,aTormet savaneTa”

mxaridan gadasaxlebul muhajirTa STamomavlebis soflebicvnaxeT (suleimanie, souqfinari da qaraisla _ bunebrivia, Cven-Tvis saintereso regionidan gadasaxlebulTa kvali TurqeTissxva regionebSic moiZebneba). iqaurebma qarTuli ar ician da

~ 246 ~

niSandoblivia, rom magaliTad, berTis mosax-leoba Tavisi xasiaTiT, zne-CveulebebiT, tradi-ciebiT momijnave xeobelTa msgavsi araa. ,,eskigurjebi viyaviTo” amis mTqmeli burTiswylis xeo-baSic SeiZleba naxo, magram garkveul sxvaobazemiuTiTebda jer kidev niko mari. Aam gansxvavebisSesaxeb, sxvaTa Soris, aRniSnaven Tanamedrovegurjebic. maTi TqmiT, berTelebi sxvanairad mRe-rian, sxvanairad cekvaven, sxvanair kerZebs ake-Teben da saerTod, gansxvavebuli xalxia.

Aamdenad, vfiqrob, ,,axisxidan mosulebis” Temaimsaxurebs qarTvelologiis yuradRebas, magramisic unda aRiniSnos, rom Zveli realobis im-denad mcire naglejebia dRes SemorCenili, veW-vob, kvlevis es mimarTuleba Rirebuli nayofismomcemi iyos.

VI. parexi

parexi ,,grigol xanZTelis cxovrebaSi” ramdeni-

megzisaa naxsenebi, Tumca, cnobebi am savanis Sesaxeb

qarTvelobis xsovnac TiTqmis sruliad gamqralia. iSviaTadmoiZebneba maT Soris, vinc ityvis, _ iqneb winaT gurjebi viya-viTo. ufro ,,axisxel” (axalcixel) Turqebad miiCneven Tavs. amSemTxvevaSi zedmetia laparaki ,,cnobierebis gaorebaze” Tu,,TviTSemecnebis aRrevaze”. es nawili qarTvelebisa pirwmindadasimilirebulia. Zveli cnobierebis naSTebi, romelic gaucnobi-erebel fragmentebad SemorCenia mexsierebas (,,gurjoba”, ,,axis-xeloba”, ,,Turqoba”...) isea gadawnul-gadazelili erTmaneTSi,rom maTi gancalkeveba da logikur nawilebad dalageba, asevTqvaT, ,,istoriuli mexsierebis” farglebSi moqceva, Zneli war-mosadgenia.

kidev erTi tragikuli naskvTagani droTa mdinarebisa kiisaa, rom araerTi burseli informatoris CamonaTvalSi es sof-lebi gurjebis soflebad saxeldeboda!..

~ 247 ~

iqac mwiria. merCules mixedviT, mas Semdeg, rac xanZ-

Tam saxeli gaiTqva, ,,miZnaZoroÁT xanZTad movida didi

meudabnoeÁ miqel mamaÁ, romelica daemkÂidra parexTa,

rameTu iyo igi megobar netarisa mamisa grigolisa, da

eZiebda martomyofebasa. da poÂa Tavisa TÂisisa

samkÂidrebeli berTisa parexTa, da ganzraxviTa amis

wmidisaÁTa daemkÂidra maT Sina”.

aq naxsenebi fraza ,,berTisa parexni” kiTxvebs ki

badebs, magram imis daSvebac SeiZleba, rom ,,berTa”,

rogorc toponimi, konkretul garemoebaTa gamo, uZve-

les droSive gaCnda da martomyofobis msurveli miqe-

li berTis midamoebSi mdebare gamoqvabulSi daemkvid-

ra, anu, ,,berTisa parexni” SeiZleba niSnavdes pa-

rexs//gamoqvabuls, romelic berTaSi mdebareobs.

miqeli SavSeTidan yofila, sofel norgialidan.

igi didxans cxovrobda ,,parexTa Sina”, iqve aResrula

da daimarxa. merCule aRniSnavs: ,,da aw saflavi misi

da didebulisa mamisa basilisi, romelica Semdgomad

missa parexTa mkÂidr iyo, erTgan arian da kacTa

kurnebasa mihmadleben, romelni sarwmunoebiT mivlenan

maTda”.

basili zarzmelis cnobiT, ,,swavlani da niSani da

saswaulni” miqel parexelisa ,,Semdgomad sikudilisa

misisa aRweres mowafeTa misTa.” swored am TxzulebiT

usargeblia mwerals serapion zarzmelis Rvawlis aR-

werisas. ,,miqel parexelis cxovreba” dakargulia. cxa-

dia, misi arseboba ufro srul warmodgenas Segviq-

mnida samxreT saqarTvelos samonastro mSeneblobasa

da sazogadoebriv cxovrebaze.

,,grigol xanZTelis cxovrebaSi” naxsenebia agreTve

,,RmerTSemosili mamaÁ ilarion parexeli”, romelsac

merCule im moRvaweTa Soris asaxelebs, romelTac

SeswevdaT niWi da Zala, aReweraT grigolis Rvawli.

~ 248 ~

es aris da es. sxva cnobebi parexis idumalebiT mo-

culi naSTebis Sesaxeb praqtikulad ar gagvaCnia.

kldeebSi SeyuJul nangrevTa Tanamedrove mxilveli

imasRa Tu SeZlebs, warmoidginos mkacri sidiade qara-

febSi CaSenebuli monastrisa, ganuzomeli Rvawli sas-

tik garemoSi davanebuli amqveyniur siameTa uarmyo-

feli meudabnoeebisa da kidev erTxel aRfrTovandes

klarjeli berebis mizanswrafelobiT, Sromismoyvareo-

biT da niWiT.

parexSi samonastro cxovrebis dawyebasTan dakavSi-

rebiT mkvlevarTa Soris erTiani azri ar arsebobs.

SesaZloa, es savane daarsda VI saukunis Sua xanebSi,

Sio mRvimelis mowafe miqaelis mier; arabobis dros

igi gaveranda, xolo IX saukuneSi, xanZTelis epoqaSi,

samonastro cxovreba aRdga.

sxva SexedulebiT, savane IX saukuneSi daarsda da

swored ,,cxovrebaSi” naxsenebi miqelia pirveli pare-

xeli moRvawe.

faqti isaa, rom IX saukuneSi, ufro II naxevarSi,

parexi, rogorc savane, arsebobs. igi TandaTan viTar-

deba da yalibdeba rogorc religiuri da mwignobru-

li kera. momdevno saukuneebSi cnobebi mis Sesaxeb qre-

ba da mxolod me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi, niko maris

wyalobiT, dasturdeba misi arseboba.

toponim ,,parexis” Sesaxeb niko marma opizidan

berTisken mimaval gzaze, kapariaSi Seityo. kapariaSi

stumrad myofma sxalTeTrelma auxsna, rom berTis ze-

moT gamoqvabulia da iqaa parexio (mari, 2012: 372). Tu

gaviTvaliswinebT imas, rom marma manamde araerTgzis

da araerTgan moikiTxa ,,parexi”, gasagebi iqneba misi

sixaruli kidev erTi aRmoCenis gamo. mari avida pare-

xamde; adgilobrivTa daxmarebiT daZlia gzebis sirTu-

le, guldagul daaTvaliera da aRwera aqauroba.

~ 249 ~

parexi aTormet savaneTa mxareSi, berTas zemoT

mdebareobs. SavSeTis gzatkecilidan berTamde 10 kilo-

metria. daaxloebiT amdenivea berTadan parexamde, anu

duganalamde, romelic berTas erT-erTi ubania. aq mdi-

naris (berTaswylis Senakadis, romelsac aseve dugana-

las uwodeben) marcxniv azidul kldeebze iyo swored

Cawnul-CaSenebuli is ulamazesi samonastro kompleq-

si, romelsac wminda miqelma da misma mowafeebma Cau-

yares safuZveli.

parexis qvabulebamde da Sesabamisad, nagebobaTa

naSTebamde, Casvla SeiZleba duganaladan. Zalian

frTxiladac rom iaros kacma, daaxloebiT erTi saaTi

dasWirdeba mainc. biliki cicabo qarafzea gaWimuli:

alag _ safexurebiT, alag _ mcenareTa fesvebiT, zogan

_ sip qvaze da zogan _ sriala qviSaze. es biliki

SigadaSig sakmaod saxifaToa da mgzavrs sifrTxile

marTebs; samagierod aqedan warmtaci xedebi iSleba da

zRapruli peizaJebi sulisSemZvrel STabeWdilebas

axdens.

parexis samonastro kompleqsidan mxolod ramde-

nime nagebobaRa aris SemorCenili. ufro zustad _

naSTebi: momcro eklesiebisa, senakebisa; SesaZloa, saZv-

les, sakuWnaosa da satrapezosi. eklesiebi, adgilob-

riv mopovebuli saSeni masaliT, agebulia kldian Sve-

rilze, specialurad momzadebul sayrdenze, an klde-

Sia CaSenebuli. nangrevebic ki naTlad miuTiTebs, ro-

gori ostatobiT iqneboda isini Caqarguli kldovan

reliefSi. specialistebi am nagebobebs IX saukunes

miakuTvneben da varaudoben, isini martomyofi berebis

_ miqelisa da basilis _ gardacvalebis Semdeg, IX sau-

kunis II naxevarSi, unda agebuliyo.

bilikis bolosken, nagebobaTa Soris arsebul bu-

nebriv moedanze kldidan vercxlis Zafebad eSveba

ulamazesi CanCqeri, civi da wminda. es yvelaferi _

~ 250 ~

RvTisa da kacis xeliT Seqmnili _ Tavis droze albaT

ganumeorebel silamazes qmnida, _ icodnen klarjma

meudabnoeebma adgilis SerCeva, magram mxolod esTeti-

kuri srulyofilebisken swrafviT rodi Sendeboda

miuval kldeebSi monastrebi... samwuxarod, berebis ime-

di, rom bunebrivad dacul xeobaSi SeyuJuli savane

momxdurebis borotebas gadaurCeboda, ar gamarTlda

da dRes aq mimsvlelic gardasuli didebis naSTebsRa

xedavs mxolod.

VII. opiza

Oopiza klarjeTis ,,aTormet savaneTagan” uZvelesia.

igi vaxtang gorgaslis epoqaSi, V saukunis meore naxe-

varSi, dauarsebia artavazs _ klarjeTis erisTavs. Sem-

dgom amisa klarjeTis istoriis Tanamdevi yvela sike-

Te Tu boroteba opizis Tavzec trialebda da samwuxa-

rod, xSirad metismeti simwvaviT. VIII saukunis 30-iani

wlebidan mtrebis Semosevebisa Tu epidemiebis Sedegad

igi gaveranda da daicala. amave saukuneSi aRdgenil

iqna da garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi erTaderTi

monasteri iyo am mxareSi. roca VIII saukunis 80-iani

wlebis damdegs grigol xanZTeli klarjeTSi Cavida,

,,mas Jamsa sxuaÁ monasteri ara Sen iyo maT qveyanaTa

TÂinier opizisa.”

Oopizis istoriaSi aRmSeneblobis ramdenime perio-

di gamoiyofa. Ggrigol xanZTelis klarjeTSi Casvli-

sas aq mxolod mcire eklesia iyo. aSot I-is dros, IX

saukunis dasawyisSi, unda agebuliyo didi eklesia.

aSotis Svils, guaram mamfals ufro meti uRvawia

opizisaTvis. X saukunis Sua xanebSi ki eklesia kidev

ganuaxlebiaT (xoStaria 2005: 87).

~ 251 ~

swored siZvele iyo erT-erTi arsebiTi mizezi

klarjeTis savaneTa Soris opizis gamorCeulobisa da

grigol xanZTelic xazgasmuli pativiscemiT epyrobo-

da mas. aseTi damokidebuleba STambeWdavadaa gadmoce-

muli ,,cxorebis” erT-erT epizodSi: grigoli Sekrebda

xolme udabnoTa winamZRvrebs da ,,yovelTa maT aswa-

vebda keTilTa maT sityuaTa sulisa cxovrebisaTa.”

SekrebilTa Soris opizis winamZRvari ar iyo da amiT

Sewuxebul opizel mamas xanZTeli Tavmdablad ganu-

martavda: ,,mamao patiosano, ara Tu SeuracxebisaTÂis

Tana wargÃved Sen, aramed amis mizezisaTÂs, rameTu

amaT yovelTa udabnosa uwinares aRSenebul ars opizaÁ

da ara ganvageb opizasa zeda, arca winamZRuarsa missa

zeda.“

opizis gansakuTrebuli funqcia da xibli Seqebu-

lia agreTve mraval sxva uZveles wyaroSi, romelTa

mixedviT es savane yofila ,,wmidaÁ da didi udabnoÁ”, ,,

ganTqmuli udabno”, ,,didi udabnoÁ klarjeTisaÁ, “ ,,di-

debuli lavra”, ,,upirvelesi aTormetTa udabnoTa”.

(menabde 1962:383). ufro gvian vaxuSti miuTiTebda, rom

opiza iyo ,,didxelovnebiTa qmnuli da Senebuli... fri-

ad Semkuli da mdidari yovelTa saeklesio wesiTa da

mamulTa SewirulobiTa.” aqve inaxeboda wm. ioane naT-

lismcemlis xorxi (vaxuSti 1973: 678).

yvela sxva sikeTesTan erTad opiza Tavisi epoqis

gamorCeuli kulturul-literaturuli kera iyo. sxva-

dasxva dros aq araerTi Rvawlmosili mwignobari moR-

vaweobda: grigol xanZTeli, miqel parexeli, serapion

zarzmeli, giorgi mawyvereli, aTanase opizeli da

sxvani. sagangebod unda aRiniSnos gamoCenili oqro-

mqandakeblebis beSqen da beqa opizarTa moRvaweoba.

maTi didebuli namuSakevi kidev ufro naTlad war-

moadgens opizis, rogorc qarTuli sulieri da mate-

~ 252 ~

rialuri kulturis safuZvelTaganis, udides mniSvne-

lobas.

Oopizis iavarqmna monRolTa Semosevebis epoqidan

iwyeba. am wignis pirvel nawilSi detalurad SevexeT

Zeglis wmida giorgis eklesias da JamTaaRmwerlis

erT cnobas monRolTa Sesaxeb. aq mxolod imas gavi-

meorebT, rom xsenebuli cnobis Tanaxmad, me-13 saukunis

meore naxevarSi opizis mosaoxreblad Tegudaris meTa-

urobiT daZruli monRolTa laSqari, ioane naTlis-

mcemelis (romlis saxelobisac iyo opiza) nebiTa da

saswaulis ZaliT, swored Zeglis mTasTan gaanadgura

niaRvarma, riTac daicva opiza.

samwuxarod, es am didebuli savanis darbevis mcde-

lobis erTaderTi SemTxveva rodi iqneboda. saqarTve-

loSi monRolTa gamanadgurebeli Semosevebis Semdeg

opizis Sesaxeb cnobebi aRar Cans. SesaZloa, aq gar-

kveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi aRsdga kidec sasulie-

ro cxovreba, Tumca Zveli didebiT veRar... osmalTa

dapyrobiTi omebis Semdeg ki opiza sabolood daca-

rielda. dRes Znelia Tqma, zustad rodis moxda es,

magram faqtia, rom me-18 saukunis Sua xanebSi vaxuSti

batoniSvili werda: ,,awca ars did-Senebulebani,

aramed uqm cariel ars” (vaxuSti 1973: 678).

Ddidebis wlebSi opiza, rogorc Cans, sxva mxrivac

gamoirCeoda klarjeTis udabnoTa Soris. Tanadgoma

eklesia-monastrebis maSenebelTa mimarT Cveulebrivi

movlena rom iqneboda, sakamaTo ar unda iyos, magram

opiza am niSniT mainc ufro TvalsaCinod darCa isto-

riaSi. erTi cnobili epizodi sakuTriv ,,grigol xan-

ZTelis cxovrebaSia” aRwerili: roca grigoli sabas-

Tan, TevdoresTan da qristeforesTan erTad klarjeT-

Si Cavida, isini swored opizelma berebma Seifares. xo-

lo Semdeg, roca pirveli eklesiis Senebas Seudgnen,

Sromis iaraRebic miaSveles da fizikuradac daexmar-

~ 253 ~

nen: ,,rameTu ara aqunda maT culi da weraqÂ, arca

sxuaÁ egeviTari saÃmari, aramed opizelTa mamaTa mis-

ces yoveli, romeli ipova ÃelTa maTTa da TanaSemwe

eqmnes yovelTa saÃmarTa da ÃorcTa saRuawiTa,”_wers

giorgi merCule.

Kkidev erTi epizodi, romelzedac gvsurs yuradRe-

bis gamaxvileba, XI-XII saukuneebis ambavs gadmogvcems.

am dros opiza gacilebiT ufro didi da SeZlebuli

savane iyo. tbel abuserisZe Tavis cnobil TxzulebaSi

,,saswaulni wmidisa mTavarmowamisa giorgisani” mog-

viTxrobs opizelTa daxmarebis Sesaxeb qviTxuro bo-

lok-basilis mimarT. wmida giorgi basils daavalebs

SuartyalSi eklesiis martod agebas (,,aRmiSene taZari

ÃeliTa mier oden SeniTa da numca vin kadnier iqmnebis

muSakobad da Suelad Sen Tana”). swored wmida gior-

gis nebiT wavida basili opizaSi da aqauri berisgan,

stefanisgan miiRo ,,karauli Tvisi da rkinaÁ Sesaqm-

neli qvissaTlelTa WurWelTaÁ“ (abuserisZe 1998: 60).

Ees cnoba sxva mxrivac aris saintereso: bolok-

basilis samoRvaweo sivrcis gansja ar aris Cemi mizani

da arc am sakiTxTan dakavSirebul mosazrebaTa anali-

zi (cnobilia, rom gavrcelebuli mosazrebis mixedviT,

Suartyali unda mdebareobdes samcxeSi, kerZod, foc-

xovSi, Tanamedrove TurqeTis teritoriaze, sadac

dRemde dasturdeba daaxloebiT amave JReradobis to-

ponimi _ sixaruliZe 1963: 42; xalvaSi 2006: 55). magram

JamTaaRmwerlis zemoxsenebulma cnobam da Sesabamisad,

opizis maxloblad didi albaTobiT swored Zeglis

wmida giorgis eklesiis arsebobam mainc gaaCina uneb-

lie kiTxva: iqneb swored am eklesiis asagebad iRvwoda

martokaci, qviTxuro bolok-basili?

Oopizis adgilmdebareoba, Woroxis auzis araerTi

sxva Zeglisagan gansxvavebiT, Tavidanve cnobili iyo.

yovel SemTxvevaSi, vaxuSti sakmao sizustiT miuTiTeb-

~ 254 ~

da, rom ,,SavSeTis-wyalsa da anakerts Soris, Woroxis

aRmosavliT, aWaris mTis kalTasve, ars monasteri naT-

lismcemlisa... amas uwodeben opizis monastrad” (vaxuS-

ti 1973: 678).

Mmiuxedavad amisa, axal epoqaSi igi xelaxla aRmo-

saCeni Seiqmna. XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi opiza moi-

naxules g. yazbegma (1874w.), d. baqraZem (1879w.), a.pavli-

novma (1888w); 1904 wels ki niko marma.

Yyazbegi opizaSi artanujidan bacas da kaparias (es

ukanaskneli SavSeTiswylis marjvena ferdobzea, do-

lisyanasa da opizas Soris) gavliT avida. igi sagan-

gebod aRwers saSinel gzas, romlis daZlevac mouxda.

Yyazbegis dros opizaSi 12 komli cxovrobda. rac

Seexeba monasters, mogzauris TqmiT, es aris ,,qalaqi,

romelsac qvis galavani aqvs Semortymuli da SeuZlia,

ramdenime aseuli adamiani daitios.”

,,opizis monastris vrceli Senobebi miuTiTebs, rom

erT dros aq xalxmravloba iyo da sicocxle duRda,”_

wers yazbegi (yazbegi 1995: 103). cxadia, im dros es yve-

laferi ukve Zlier dazianebuli iyo, magram savanis

Tavdapirveli ier-saxis, kompleqsis Zveli grandiozu-

lobis Sesaxeb garkveul warmodgenas iZleoda.

zustad 30 wlis Semdeg, 1904 wels, niko maris mog-

zaurobisas, opizis zogadi suraTi jer kidev SenarCu-

nebuli iyo. rogorc Cans, TiTqmis aseve moatana man XX

saukunis 60-ian wlebamde.

Tanamedrove opiza gulsaklavi nangrevebia mxolod,

isic mouvleli, umetesi nawili _ miwiT da mcenaree-

biT dafaruli. XX saukunis samocian wlebSi eklesia

aafeTqes da gza gaiyvanes. Ggza zeviT miemarTeba, mTis-

ken, ziareTis iailamde adis, anu im adgilamde sadac

Zeglis wm. Ggiorgis eklesiis nangrevebia.

SavSeTis gzatkecilidan opizamde xuTiode kilo-

metri Tu iqneba. ukanasknel periodSi es gza kidev uf-

~ 255 ~

ro mowesrigda da gafarTovda. sofels kargi gza rom

sWirdeba, amaze aravin davobs. isic faqtia, rom Tur-

qeTSi sagangebo yuradReba eqceva gzebis mSeneblobas,

magram 60-ian wlebSi maincdamainc Sua monasterSi rom

gaiyvanes gza, mravalTagan erT-erTi mizezi amisa is

sixarbec mgonia, oqros Ziebis wyurviliT Sepyrobi-

lebs daunaneblad rom aTxrevinebs dRemde eklesia-

monastrebis Tu cixeebis saZirkvlebs. vinc es dagegma

Tu ganaxorciela maSin, iqneb gulis siRrmeSi oqros

zodebis aRmoCenis imedic hqonda, iseve, rogorc tbeT-

Si: daaxloebiT amave periodSi, TiTqos samSeneblo ma-

salis maragis Seqmnis mizniT rom aafeTqes grandiozu-

li kaTedrali da im ,,masalis” didi nawili iqve yria...

Tanamedrove opizac qarTvelobadakargul qarTvel-

Ta sofelia. mSobliuri ena aq XIX-XX saukuneebis mij-

nazec aRar axsovdaT. qarTuli warmomavlobis Sesaxeb

ki opizelebmac ician da ucxoebmac. sainteresoa, rom

2007 wlis zafxulSi opizis jamis imamma, CeCnuri war-

momavlobis abdurahman iqinjim, gviTxra, _ opizaSi pir-

wmindad Zveli gurjebi cxovroben, qarTuli ar ician,

magram Turqul saubarSi qarTul sityvebs axlac iyene-

beno. Ddaasaxela kidec ramdenime sityva (wyali, emoÁ,

Wame...). am mxaris gaTurqebuli qarTvelebi saubrisas

qarTul leqsikas rom iyeneben xolme uneburad, amaSi

Tavadac araerTxel davrwmundiT, magram ucnobis dak-

virvebiT danaxuli realoba mainc aris niSandoblivi

da saintereso.

~ 256 ~

VIII. xanZTa1

xanZTa VIII-IX saukuneebSi klarjeTis samonastro

kolonizaciis sayrdeni, qarTuli kulturisa da ganaT-

lebis umniSvnelovanesi centri iyo. am literaturuli

keridan gamovidnen iseTi saxelovani moRvaweebi, rogo-

rebic iyvnen arsen safareli, efrem mawyvereli, makari

leTeli, giorgi merCule, mose xanZTeli da sxvani.

arabobis mZlavrobis Semdgom, VIII saukunis II naxev-

ridan saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi da kulturuli

aRmavloba swored tao-klarjeTidan daiwyo. mere da

mere, qveynis ganviTarebis kvalobaze, roca momravlda

saeklesio da saganmanaTleblo kerebi saqarTvelos

sxva regionebSic, tao-klarjeTis savaneebi, winare pe-

riodTan SedarebiT, CrdilSi moeqca, Tumca, maT funq-

cia ar daukargavT. oqros saukuneebis Semdeg jer mon-

RolTa, Semdeg osmal-sparsebis Semosevebis Sedegad

tao-klarjeTis Zveli didebidan mxolod keTili

mogonebaRa darCa da male es mogonebac miinavla. XVI

saukunis Sua xanebidan osmaleTma es mxare sabolood

daimorCila. adgilobrivi mosaxleoba TandaTan gamus-

limanda da mowyda winaparTa fesvebs, daeSrita isto-

riuli mexsiereba da erovnuli TviTSegneba.

XIX saukuneSi qarTvel swavlulebs, marTalia,

smenodaT xanZTisa da grigol xanZTelis Sesaxeb, mag-

ram bevri araferi icodnen. mxolod XIX saukunis Sua

xanebidan, roca aRmoCenili iqna giorgi merCules

agiografiuli Txzuleba, Cndeba fragmentuli cnobebi

grigol xanZTelisa da misi Tanamedrove klarjeTis

Sesaxeb. xolo mas Semdeg, rac 1911 wels niko marma

gamosca Txzulebis sruli teqsti, sazogadoebam bevri

1 naSromis pirvel nawilSi farTodaa gaanalizebuli xanZTasTandakavSirebuli problemebi. amdenad, aq mxolod Sejamebuliamasala da erTgvari reziumea mocemuli.

~ 257 ~

ram gaigo wmida grigolis Rvawlis Sesaxeb da inte-

resi mis mimarT kidev ufro gacxovelda.

kerZod, cnobili gaxda, rom grigol xanZTeli

daibada 759 wels, icocxla 102 weli da gardaicvala

861 wels. am droisTvis igi iyo arqimandriti ,,saqarT-

velos sinaÁs” saxeliT cnobili klarjeTis udabnoebi-

sa. am savaneebis Zebna XIX saukuneSi daiwyes. aTi maT-

ganis adgilmdebareoba XX saukunis dasawyisSi (metad-

re niko maris mogzaurobis Semdeg) ase Tu ise cnobi-

li iyo. klarjeTis Sesabamis seqtorSi Semonaxuli iyo

toponimebi da, met-naklebad, nagebobebic. gaurkveveli

darCa xanZTisa da Satberdis mdebareoba, radgan sa-

gulvebel midamoebSi aseTi toponimebi ar dadasturda.

giorgi merCules Txzulebidan ukve cnobili iyo,

rom grigol xanZTeli klarjeTSi Cavida 782 wlis ax-

los, daaxloebiT 23 wlisa da daemkvidra opizas. aq

man oriode weli dahyo da ipova ra monastris asagebad

Sesaferisi adgili, xanZTaSi aago xis eklesia, agreTve

senakebi berebis sacxovreblad da didi darbazi sat-

rapezosTvis.

IX saukunis dasawyisSi, SesaZloa 10-20-ian wlebSi,

grigolma adgilobrivi didebulis, gabriel dafanCu-

lis materialuri da moraluri mxardaWeriT xanZTaSi

ukve qvis eklesia aaSena.

mkvlevarTa erTi nawili, upiratesad ,,grigol xanZ-

Telis cxovrebis” analizis, agreTve eklesiis mimdeba-

re teritoriis Seswavlis safuZvelze miiCnevs, rom

mdinare karCxalas xeobaSi mdebare nuka-saydris saxe-

liT cnobili qvis momcro eklesia aris swored uSua-

lod grigol xanZTelis mier IX saukuneSi agebuli

eklesia.

tao-klarjeTis usafrTxoebis da ekonomikuri mdgo-

mareobis ganmtkicebam samonastro cxovrebis intensiu-

ri ganviTareba gamoiwvia. xanZTis mcire eklesia da

~ 258 ~

samonastro kompleqsi, rogorc Cans, veRar akmayofi-

lebda mzardi Zmobis saWiroebas da grigol xanZTelis

gardacvalebidan 50-60 wlis Semdeg, X saukunis dasaw-

yisSi, qvis pirveli eklesiis agebidan saukunis Semdeg,

maSin, roca xanZTis monastris winamZRvari iyo arseni,

xanZTaSi ,,axlisa mis Suenierisa” eklesiis Seneba daiw-

yo aSot kuxma (896-918), xolo misi gardacvalebis Sem-

deg mSenebloba daasrula erisTavT-erisTavma gurgenma

(918-941).

mkvlevarTa zemoxsenebuli nawilis azriT, nukas

saydris maxloblad sakmaod vrcel teritoriaze mimo-

fantuli nangrevebi aris swored naSTi xanZTis ,,axali

da mSuenieri” eklesiisa da sxva nagebobebisa, romelic

JamTa avbedobis gamo aRigava pirisagan miwisa.

sxvani aranaklebi damajereblobiT asabuTeben, rom

X saukunis dasawyisSi agebuli ,,axali da Suenieri”

eklesia xanZTisa aris qvemo forTaSi mdebare didi

usaxelo samonastro kompleqsi; am midamoebSi Zveli,

gabriel dafanCulis SewevniT grigolis mier aSenebu-

li qvis eklesiis kvali ar iZebneba.

maSasadame, wm. grigolis savanis _ xanZTis adgil-

mdebareobis Sesaxeb dRemde ori mosazreba arsebobs.

mkvlevarTa erTi nawili Tvlis, rom xanZTa igive nuka-

saydari da misi mimdebare teritoriaa, meore nawilis

azriT ki xanZTa qvemo forTis usaxelo samonastro

kompleqsia. niSandoblivia, rom orive savane mozrdili

soflis, forTas sxvadasxva ubanSi mdebareobs da erT-

maneTisagan 3-4 kilometriTaa daSorebuli.

xanZTis nuka-saydarTan gaigivebis versias saTave

daudo niko marma XX saukunis dasawyisSi. amave sauku-

nis 50-ian wlebamde es mosazreba savsebiT misaRebi iyo

samecnero wreebisTvis. swavlulTa azrebi mas Semdeg

gaiyo, rac pavle ingoroyvam qvemo forTis usaxelo

~ 259 ~

savane (romelic niko mars Satberdi egona) miiCnia

xanZTad.

mas Semdeg, xanZTis lokalizaciasTan dakavSirebT,

qarTvel Tu ucxoel mecnierTa mosazrebebi swored am

or savanes ukavSirdeba. sakiTxis kvlevis amJamindeli

mdgomareoba kvlav mraval kiTxvas badebs da am kiT-

xvebis gadamWreli pasuxebi jerac ver iZebneba.

marTalia, samecniero wreebsa Tu sazogadoebaSi

dRes ufro miRebulia mosazreba qvemo forTis samo-

nastro kompleqsis xanZTasTan gaigivebis Sesaxeb, mag-

ram, vfiqrob, rom nuka saydris da mis SemogarenSi ar-

sebuli nangrevebis xanZTasTan dakavSirebas aranakleb

myari safuZveli gaaCnia da am versiis amoReba samecnie-

ro mimoqcevidan, naadrevia. ufro swori iqneba, Tu

vityviT, rom xanZTis Ziebis procesi ar dasrulebula

da momavalma kvlevebma jer kidev bevr kiTxvas unda

gasces pasuxi.

vin icis, iqneb odesme misawvdomi gaxdes zemoxse-

nebuli savaneebis arqeologiuri kvleva, amasTan, upi-

ratesad TurqeTis sacavebSi, SesaZloa, mikvleul iqnas

pirdapiri mtkicebulebis Semcveli dokumentebi.

asea Tu ise, rogorc erTi, iseve meore savane gan-

sakuTrebul yuradRebas saWiroebs. gavixsenoT, rom

qvemo forTis eklesias Cvens droSi, sul axlaxan (2007

wlis dekemberSi) Camoengra gumbaTi. darCenili nawile-

bic savalalo dReSia da es ubedureba mxolod zemox-

senebul Zeglebs rodi sWirT. samecniero kvleva-Zieba

diaxac saSuri saqmea, magram realobis Secvla amas

naklebad SeuZlia. Tumca, vin icis, iqneb swored mec-

nierTa da enTuziastTa Zalisxmevam SeZlos am Zegleb-

ze yuradRebis koncentrireba da gadarCena imisa, risi

gadarCena jer kidev SesaZlebelia.

rogorc qvemo forTis, aseve nuka-saydris mimdebare

dasaxlebebSi gurjebi cxovroben, romelTac qarTuli

~ 260 ~

didi xania, daviwyniaT da mxolod cnobierebis siRr-

meSi SerCeniaT xsovna qarTveli winaprebisa da am wi-

naprebis, imaTi samSoblo qveynis gmiruli da tragi-

kuli istoriis Sesaxeb.

IX. miZnaZori

miZnaZoris (miZnaZoroÁs) savane, giorgi merCules

Zeglis Tanaxmad, daarsebulia IX saukunis dasawyisSi.

misi damaarsebeli, amave wyaros mixedviT, yofila da-

viT miZnaZoroeli, romelsac merCule Semdegi sityve-

biT moixseniebs: ,,didi mamaÁ sanatreli daviT, maSene-

beli monasterTaÁ.” es fraza mowmobs, rom daviTs sxva

monastrebic uSenebia, magram ucnobia, kerZod sad.

mefe-mTavrebma, merCules mier aRwerili mogzauro-

bisas, miZnaZoric moiloces. daviT miZnaZoreli maT

ufro adre – xanZTaSi SeuerTda Tavis mowafeebTan –

wyarosTavis maSenebel mama ilarionTan da bareTel-

Tas maSenebel mama zaqariasTan erTad.

miZnaZors, ufro zustad, odesRac didebuli savanis

naSTebs axal droSi niko marma miakvlia. toponimi

dRemdea SemorCenili (adgilobrivebi gamoTqvamen ro-

gorc ,,mizazol”). igi karCxalas xeobaSi mdebareobs,

mdinaris marcxena napirze, karCxalas da cxumuris

SesayarTan – sadac karCxala mkveTrad uxvevs marcxniv

da mcire koncxs qmnis. miZnaZori nukas saydris zemo-

Taa, xeobis ayolebaze, SavSeTis gzatkecilidan oTxio-

de kilometris daSorebiT. soflis gzidan miZnaZoris-

ken Casaxvevi wyarosTavis bilikis saTavidan Sors araa.

sataZro kompleqsi zemoxsenebul koncxze, zed mdina-

rispiridan iwyeba. axlandeli suraTi iseT STabeWdi-

~ 261 ~

lebas qmnis, TiTqos kompleqsi ferdobze erTgvar

iarusebad iyo ganlagebuli.

namonastrevis srulad aRqma SeuZlebelia. vrceli

teritoria moqceulia ori saxlisa da yana-baRCis

farglebSi.

es saxlebi ekuTvniT mustafa iRiTs da qemal al-

Tuns. monastris qvebi am saxlebis mSeneblobisTvisac

gamouyenebiaT. erTma miZnaZorelma ,,dedeÁs” monaTxro-

bic gaixsena: ,,naxatiani qva vipove, Sig ,,alTuni” (oqro)

megona, davamtvrie, magram oqro ver vnaxe da wyalSi

gadavyareo.”

samwuxarod, kidev erTxel unda gavimeoro am wig-nSi mravalgzis naTqvami, rom adgilobrivrTa interesi

qarTuli Zeglebis mimarT dRes xSirad imasRa efuZne-

ba, rom iq oqro egulebaT... sxvafriv, winaprebTan kav-

Siris es Zafebi bevrgan gawyvetilia. karCxalas xeobas-

Tan dakavSirebuli Tqmulebebi, bunebrivia, miZnaZorsac

exeba, magram sakuTriv am savaneze, wyarosTavisgan

gansxvavebiT, zepirsityvieri masalac metad mwiria.

niko mars Cauweria ,,WidilSi mcxovrebi ezizis”

naubari, romlis rwmeniTac ,,miZnaZori didi pirovneba

iyo, Tamaris didmoxele, romelic sadRac aq miwas

flobdao” (mari 2012: 313). msgavs gadmocemebs dResac

gaigoneb adgilobrivTagan. maTi azriT, es qilisa

mizazols ukeTebia da saxelic amSeneblisa rqmevia.

zemoT aRvniSne, rom karCxalis xeobis mosaxleoba

qarTuli warmoSobisaa. qarTuli aRar ician, magram

qarTuli sityvebi miZnaZoris mamulebis amJamindel

mflobelTa Turqul metyvelebaSic ismis.

rogorc Cans, miZnaZorSi Zvelad sakmaod didi sava-

ne yofila. amas dRes SemorCenili nangrevebic adas-

turebs da, miTumetes, niko maris Canawerebic – meoce

saukunis dasawyisSi, bunebrivia, suraTi ufro STambeW-

~ 262 ~

davi iqneboda. mari mas uwodebs ,,am mxarisaTvis uzar-

mazari taZris nangrevebs” (mari, 2012: 312).

miZnaZoris monastris eklesia wmida mociqulTa

saxelobisa iyo. igi naxevradTavisufali jvris tipisa

yofila. specialistebi eklesias, gegmisa da saSeni

masalis damuSavebis xasiaTiT, IX saukunes miakuTvneben

da ar gamoricxaven, rom igi iyos monastris Tavdapir-

veli, TviT daviT miZnaZorelis mier agebuli eklesia.

rac Seexeba eklesiis gareT SemorCenil arqiteqturul

fragmentebs, isini ufro gviandeli xanis unda iyos

(xoStaria 2005: 62).

samonastro nagebobebis aRqma saukunis win jer ki-

dev SeiZleboda. niko maris Canawerebis da fotoebis

daxmarebiT, mnaxveli dResac gaarCevs satrapezos, sena-

kebis da zogierT sxva fragmentis, maT Soris _ saZva-

les naSTebs. am ukanasknels (an, misi gavleniT, mimed-

bare monakveTebs) adgilobrivebi ,,giaurimezeluRs”

(urjuloTa sasaflaos) uwodeben xolme.

Tavisi didebis wlebSi miZnaZori erT-erTi Tvalsa-

Cino savane rom iqneboda, cxadia. amis miuxedavad,

JamTa avbedobis gamo, erTob mwiri cnobebi Semonaxula.

zemoT ukve vaxsene saadgilmamulo dava opizelebTan,

romelic miZnaZorelebma moiges. davaSi gamarjveba

iseT saxelovan monasterTan, rogoric opiza iyo, miZ-

naZorelTa gavlenaze miuTiTebs uTuod.

isic bunebrivia, rom miZnaZori, klarjeTis sxva

savaneebis darad, gamorCeuli iqneboda samwignobro-

literaturuli saqmianobiTac. informacia am saqmiano-

bis Sesaxeb mcirediRaa SemorCenili. sxvadasxva dros

aq moRvaweobdnen miqel parexeli, kvirike miZnaZoreli

– sinas mTis qarTuli koloniis gamoCenili moRvawe,

zosime miZnaZoreli, romelic moxseniebulia jvris mo-

nastriseul xelnawerebSi da a. S. osmalobisdroin-

~ 263 ~

deli Tavgadasavali burusiTaa moculi, Tumca, am

Tavgadasavlis Sedegi dRes TvalnaTliv Cans.

dasasrul, oriode sityva unda iTqvas ,,miZnaZor”

fuZis Sesaxeb. mari brose, dimitri baqraZe, niko mari

am sityvas somxurad miiCnevdnen da ,,Sua xevad” Tar-

gmnidnen. amgvar axsnas, maris azriT, monastris adgil-

mdebareobac amarTlebs. igi karCxalas xeobis SuaSi

mdebareobs. SesaZloa, toponimis gaCenis mizezi isic

yofiliyo, rom ,,am monasters Sualeduri adgili uWi-

ravs meres, forTas, xanZTas da wyarosTavs Soris:

yvela damakavSirebeli gza am savaneebisa masze ga-

dioda (mari 2012:314).

pavle ingoroyvam savsebiT dasabuTebulad daayena

eWvqveS geografiuli saxelis somxuri warmomavloba.

miuxedavad amisa, zemoxsenebuli mosazreba araerTi

mecnierisaTvis mainc rCeba angariSgasawev da misaReb

versiad.

am fonze uTuod sainteresoa ukanasknel periodSi

profesor m. faRavaseuli axsna aRniSnuli fuZisa.

mkvlevari eyrdnoba JamTaaRmwerlis aswlovan matianes,

romlis erT-erT redaqciaSi toponimi gansxvavebuli

formiTaa naxmari (miZnajvari) da aqedan gamomdinare

dasaSvebad miiCnevs msjelobas am sityvis qarTuliwarmoSobis Sesaxeb (miZna-jvari<mijna-jvari) (faRava

2012: 206).

asea Tu ise, faqtia, rom somxuri toponimebi am

mxareSi imdenad aradamaxasiaTebelia, rom miswrafeba

,,miZnaZor” Ziris qarTuli enis safuZvelze axsnisa

savsebiT bunebrivi Cans.

~ 264 ~

X. wyarosTavi

wyarosTavis, rogorc religiuri centrisa da li-

teraturul-mwignobruli keris, arsebobis Sesaxeb

qarTvelma mecnierebma ZvelTaganve uwyodnen, magram

merCuleseuli ,,grigol xanZTelis cxovrebis“ aRmoCe-

namde mas javaxeTSi arsebul am saxelwodebis pun-

qtTan da eklesiasTan aigivebdnen.

merCule asaxelebs daviT miZnaZorelis mowafe

ilarions, romelic yofila ,,mamaÁ da maSenebeli wya-

roÁsTavisaÁ, romelica kaTalikoz iqmna mcxeTas”. maSa-

sadame, 830-840-ian wlebSi wyarosTavis monasteri ukve

funqcionirebs da misi winamZRvari ilarionia. merCu-

lesve mixedviT xanZTasaTan axlos mdebare udabnoebia

opiza da ,,frTeni misni berTaÁ da maxlobelni misni

miZnaZoroÁ da wyaroÁsTavi.”

,,grigol xanZTelis cxovrebaSi” moxseniebul, anu

klarjeTis wyarosTavsac pirvelad niko marma miak-

vlia da aRwera kidec ukve nangrevebad qceuli, magram

mainc STambeWdavi, Zveli grandiozulobis naSTeb-

SemorCenili savane.

gadaWarbebuli ar iqneba, Tu vityviT, rom wyaros-

Tavis Sesaxeb Cvenamde moRweuli cnobebi iseTive

arasrulfasovani anareklia sinamdvilisa, wyarosTa-

vel mamaTa naRvaw-namuSakevisa, rogorc TviT savanis

dRevandeli naSTebi Seefardeba da Seedreba mis Zvel

didebulebas. dRes mxolod is viciT, rom XI saukuneSi

aq moRvaweobdnen RvTismetyveli eqvTime grZeli da

misi aRzrdil-gawafulebi: giorgi-proxore SavSeli,

SemdgomSi ierusalimis qarTvelTa jvris monatris

amSenebeli da winamZRvari da egnati xucesmonazoni,

qarTul xelnawerTa moamage. aqve moRvaweobda saba mwe-

rali (XIII s.), romelsac aseve bevri uRvawia mwignob-

robisaTvis.

~ 265 ~

wyarosTavSi Seqmnili mxolod ramdenime Zvirfasi

xelnaweria Cvenamde moRweuli, maT Soris beqa opizris

mier moWedil ydaSi Casmuli saxareba.

rogorc aRvniSne, wyarosTavis namonastralis mo-

Ziebac nikom maris Rvawlis Sedegia. misi mogzauro-

bisas nagebobebi, marTalia, nangrevebad iyo qceuli,

magram dRevandelTan SedarebiT gacilebiT ufro sru-

li suraTi ixateboda. Sesabamisad, mecnieris Canawerebi

da fotoebi metad Zvirfas masalas Seicavs.

savanis nangrevebSi dRes ganirCeva mTavari eklesia,

romelic ,,gumbaTovani darbazis” tips enaTesaveba, mci-

re darbazuli samlocvelo, didi satrapezo Tavisi

damxmare saTavsoebiT, agreTve, monastris dasavleTiT

_ ramdenime aseuli metris daSorebiT _ sami patara

darbazuli eklesia, SesaZloa IX saukunisa. mopirkeTe-

bisa da moxatulobis kvali dakargulia, Tumca,

arsebuli naSTebic mowmobs, rom mSeneblobis xarisxi

metad maRalia.

mniSvnelovani faqtia, rom im eklesiaTa Soris, ro-

melTac grigol xanZTelisdroindeli arqiteqturis

ase Tu ise mozrdili naSTebi Semoinaxa, specialistebi

miZnaZorTan erTad wyarosTavs asaxeleben (xoStaria

2005: 52). kerZod, wyarosTavis eklesia IX saukuniT unda

daTariRdes da, rogorc Cans, is swored savanis

daarsebisas, 830-840-ian wlebSi ilarionis mier agebuli

Tavdapirveli eklesiaa.

wyarosTavis biliki axalTaSi, karCxalas xeobis

marcxena ferdobze arsebuli saavtomobilo gzasTan

iwyeba, miZnaZoris zemoT, didvenaxTan misvlamde. SavSe-

Tis gzatkecilidan aqamde daaxloebiT xuTi kilomet-

ria. aqaurebi adgilis saxels warmoTqvamen, rogorc

,,warnikaul”. biliki wvril muxnarSi miibawreba xan

cicaboze, xanac gaivakebs. alag-alag SemorCenila

safexurebad Cawyobili qvebi. cxadia, rom Tavis droze

~ 266 ~

es gza movlil-mowesrigebuli iqneboda. wyarosTavamde

asvlas daaxloebiT erTi saaTi sWirdeba.

biliki zogan qvebiT koxtad amoyoril, magram

amJamad gaveranebul terasebTan miiklakneba. gamyolma

_ israfil avjim gviTxra, navenaxariao. adgilsac

Sesabamisad, uzumbaRi (,,uzum” Turqulad yurZenia)

hqviao. axlo-maxlo qvevrebis naSTebicaa da qvis sawna-

xelico. isic Tqva, arxi gamodioda Cermuqidan da aqau-

roba irwyvebodao.

gamyolis monayols imitom vixseneb, rom igi

exmianeba niko maris Canawers: ,,sainteresoa, rom gzad

eklesiisken aris qvis sawnaxeli, _ aRniSnavda mecnie-

ri, _ Wedilis mamasaxlisma qvemoT, aqedan marcxniv,

mianiSna veranabaRebze, romelic mcire xania, rac

daamuSaves rogorc venaxi da iZleva didebul yur-

Zens” (mari 2012: 299). veranabaRi Cem mier aRniSnuli ad-

gilis qvemoTaa. wyarosTavis zvrebi ramxela sivrces

ikavebda, ucnobia, gamyolma ki misi gaveranebis faqti

imiT axsna, rom ociode wlis win aq bevri Txa hyavdaT

da im Txebma gadaWames pirwmindad, rac darCenili iyo

venaxidano.

aqauroba rom ZvelTaganve vazis samSoblo iyo,

toponimebTan erTad (uzumbaRi, didvenaxi...) adgilobri-

vi Tqmulebebic mowmobs. Rvino qaravnebiT gahqondaT

aqedano, axlac getyvian.

wyarosTavTan civi wyaroa. aqedan erTi biliki We-

dilisken miemarTeba bareTelTas (bareTevlas) gavliT,

meore _ SerTulSi, imerxev-SavSeTiswylis SesarTavTan.

es sakmaod saintereso, ZvelisZveli gzaa: SavSeTidan

(vTqvaT, gunaTledan) momavali adamiani gaivlida saT-

lels, SerTuls, wefTas, Senakars (adgili wyarosTavis

gaRma serze, sadac cixe-koSkis nangrevebia) vanaTs Tu

vanTas (es ori ukanaskneli punqti Cixisxevs ekuTvnis)

da wyarosTavis gavliT sxva savaneebSi gadavidoda.

~ 267 ~

Tqmulebani Tamar mefis Sesaxeb vaxsene ukve da

qvemoTac SevexebiT maT; aq ki kidev erTxel gavixseneb

mravalTagan erTs, poeziiT savse Tqmulebas, romelic

swored wyarosTavs ukavSirdeba da ase Tu ise gadm-

ogvcems adgilobrivTa cnobierebaSi daleqil STabeW-

dilebas samonastro kompleqsis garandiozulobis Se-

saxeb: karCxalelebis rwmeniT, wyarosTavis qilisa Svi-

di sarTuli yofila. Tamara dedofali aqiT gamoTxo-

vila da swored wyarosTavs amouyvania adgilobriv

fadiSahs. mowiweba dedoflis mimarT imdenad didi

yofila, roca moyavdaT, Zvel xidze fexis dadgmas ar

akadrebdnen da saval gzaze axal xidebs agebdnen!..

XI. mere

pavle ingoroyva miiCnevda, rom mereSi jer kidev me-5 saukuneSi, vaxtang gorgaslis dros, aigo eklesia. me-8 saukunis 30-ian wlebSi, murvan yrus Semosevebisdros mTeli klarjeTi da, Sesabamisad, merec gaveran-da. giorgi merCules mixedviT, axali mSenebloba aq me-9 saukunidan, aSot I-is Jams, dawyebula.

mere aTjeraa moxsenebuli ,,grigol xanZTeliscxovrebaSi”. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Satberdisa da xan-ZTis Semdgom, yvelaze arsebiTad is figurirebs. ro-gorc Cans, igi mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobda ,,berebisrespublikaSi”. aq moRvaweobda febronia, mereSi dae-fuZna grigolis dedac. grigol xanZTelma samefo oja-xis siwmindis gadasarCenad aq aRkveca sayvareli qaliaSotisa, romlis tragikuli siyvarulis istoria swo-red amiT daukavSirda meres. mefem febroniasTan tyui-lic ikadra, ,,dedakaci siZvisai” rom wamoeyvana, febro-

~ 268 ~

niam uari uTxra da aSotmac sikvdili inatra: ,,netarmas kacsa, vin arRara cocxal ars”...

mere moxseniebulia agiografiisTvis aratipur sxvaepizodSic: ,,SesmeniTa meZavisa qalisaÁTa, romlisaTana imruSebda igi” adarnasem coli ,,usamarTlodganiSora” da afxazeTs gagzavna. Semdeg SesZina ,,ZviriZvirsa” da sxva coli SeirTo. adarnases ambavic erTisaintereso da amavdroulad tragikuli istoriaa:grigolma dawyevla ojaxuri siwmindis uarmyofelimefe, sanam dedoflisgan Sendobas ar miiReb, araganikurnoo. mefes seni Seeyara, dedofalTan fersaTs,sadac igi monazvnad aRkveciliyo, kaci gagzavna vedre-biT. dedofalma Seundo... rac Seexeba im meZav,Semasmenel dedakacs, jer gagiJda, mere sxva ,,,gansac-delni miiwines mis zeda”. roca gonebas moego, febro-nisaTan mivida, aRiara yvela danaSauli da mitevebasevedreboda, grigolTan Suamdgomlobas TxovdaamisTvis. febroniam ,,miwera wigni vedrebiT”, magram ,,ne-tarman ara ismina”, ar Seundo da tanjvisTvis gawira(dawyevla). es qali sikvdilamde mereSi darCa, ,,daRaca-Tu borotTa Sina gvemaTa iyo, xolo gonebai misicocxal ego”. meres gardaicvala da iqve dakrZales.

gansxvavebulia istoria matoÁsa _ grigolis mowa-fisa da meres monastris mRvdlisa: roca matoÁ TavissamyofelSi iyo ,,maxloblad meresa,” winaswar euwyamparavTa mosvla da dRisiTve puri gamoacxo maTTvis.Rame movidnen qurdebi. matoÁm puri SesTavaza. erTi,,kadnier iqmna warRebad, raÁca igi aqunda wmidasa mas”.matoÁs locviT (wyevliT) es qurdi ,,munquesve daecaigi mtrisagan borotisa”. am kacis TanmxlebTa TxovniT(,,moyuasni misni cremliTa Seuvrdes wmidasa mas”)mRvdelma isev gankurna da mSvidobianad gaistumra.

mere grigol xanZTelis epoqis ZeglTa geografiiskidev erTi Tavsatexia. niko maramde es savane aravisuZebnia. mari ar gamoricxavda monastris imerxevSi mde-

~ 269 ~

bareobasac. yovel SemTxvevaSi, aqauri toponimebis mi-marTac gansakuTrebul interess iCenda. 26 ivlissdRiurSi Cauweria: ,,gamoirkva, rom imerxevSi ori adgi-lia, romelsac mere ewodeba: 1. wyalsimerTan, ubralodmere, 2. surevanTan, qvemoT, mdinaresTan saxnavi adgili,,didmere” (mari, 2012: 150). mogvianebiT, roca igive to-ponimi (mere) karCxalas xeobaSic aRmoCnda, mkvlevarma,savsebiT logikurad, upiratesoba miZnaZorisa da wya-rosTavis seqtorSi mdebare am punqts mianiWa (mari,2012: 314), Tumca Tavad iqamde aRar asula. albaT ufroimitom, rom monastris nangrevTa arsebobis Sesaxebraime konkretuli informacia ar hqonia.

zemoT ukve mivuTiTeT, rom mosaxleoba mereSi, ise-ve, rogorc karCxalas xeobaSi, qarTulia. maT kargadician, rom adgilobrivebi, Zveli gurjebi, arian. XXsaukunis dasawyisSi aq jer kidev ismoda qarTuli, mag-ram ukve ramdenime Taobis win daiviwyes winaparTa enada nacionalur TviTSemecnebaSi gaCenili bzaric Tan-daTan gaRrmavda.

sofeli mere mdebareobs md. karCxalas xeobaSi,wyarosTavsa da miZnaZors zemoT, gzatkecilidan aTiodkilometrze. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT soflis mdebareo-bas, sxva savaneebTan mezoblobas, SemorCenil toponimsda karCxalas xeobasTan dakavSirebul zemoT moyvanilistoriebs, unda vivaraudoT, rom aqve unda yofiliyomonasteric. danamdvilebiT naeklesiar adgilsac veraCveneben, Tumca, qilise rom unda yofiliyo sadRac,ician. odesRac, Zalian didi xnis win aq didi Rvar-cofi movardnilao, amboben aqaurebi, _ yvelaferi wa-leka da, SesaZlebelia, qilises kvalic maSin moispoo.adgili, romelic 2011 wels movniSneT, metad pirobiTiada adgilobrivTa dausabuTebel varaudebzea damyare-buli.

2014 wels meres zemoT, mezobel sofel SainaxoSi,adgilobrivma moxucma _ 70 wlis hilmi avjim gviTxra,

~ 270 ~

rom gogiTavSi (// gorgiTavSi) aris erTi naqilisvario.rogorc aRniSna, gogiTavi Sainaxos ekuTvnis, magrammeres mxaresaa. axlos Relec Camoudis. bolos Torme-tiode wlis win viyavi iq. kedlebi alag-alag ori met-ris simaRlisaa, nagebobis sigrZe da sigane 10-15 nabijiiqnebao. nageboba soflidan sakmaod Sorsaa, rom wax-videT, ver miagnebT, daikargebiT, me ki imdeni Zala arSemwevs, rom gagyveTo.

meti veraferi gavarkvieT... Woroxis auzSi araerT-xel vyofilvarT mowmeni faqtebis aRrevisa _ SesaZ-loa berikaci misTvis cnobil ramdenime ambavs urevdaerTmaneTSi. Cven maSinve vcadeT informaciis gadamow-meba, magram gamyoli ver vipoveT. metic, sofelSi visacvkiTxeT, gogiTavis naeklesiari veravin migvaswavla _pirvelad gvesmiso. erTma kaxabrelma isic gviTxragulaxdilad _ mTeli cxovreba oqrosmaZiebeli var,raime rom yofiliyo, aucileblad mecodinebodao.

meres dedaTa monastris lokalizaciis cda amjera-dac warumateblad damTavrda, Tumca, miuxedavad amisa,meCveneba, rom zemoxsenebuli istoria imsaxurebs yu-radRebas.

amrigad, dRes TiTqos aravin daobs da marTlac,savsebiT logikuri da misaRebi Cans mosazreba imis Se-saxeb, rom karCxalas xeobaSi arsebuli dasaxlebulipunqti swored ,,grigol xanZTelis cxovrebaSi” moxse-niebuli merea; magram, samwuxarod, unda vaRiaroT, romdedaTa monastris konkretuli adgilmdebareoba maincdaudgeneli rCeba.

XII. bareTelTa

,,grigol xanZTelis cxovrebis” mixedviT, ,,maSenebe-li bareTelTisaÁ” yofila zaqaria, mowafe didi daviT

~ 271 ~

miZnaZoroelisa. igi daarsebuli unda iyos IX saukunispirvel naxevarSi. faqtia, mefe-mTavarTa cnobili mog-zaurobis dros bareTelTas monasteri arsebobs: zaqa-ria daviT miZnaZoroelTan da ilarion wyarosTavel-Tan erTad miZnaZoroSi miegeba maT, xolo mogvianebiTmefe-mTavrebma ,,moiloces miZnaZoroÁ, wyaroÁsTavi dabareTelTaÁ.”

monasteri erT-erTia ,,aTormetTagan”. cnobebi misSesaxeb metad mwiria. rogorc Cans, igi am mxareSi os-malebis gabatonebis dros ganadgurda. rodis da raviTarebaSi _ Zneli saTqmelia. XX saukunis dasawyisSi,roca niko marma pirvelma scada am savanis dakavSirebawyarosTavis samxreTiT, klarjeT-SavSeTis mijnasTanmdebare bareTevlasTan (//bareTeulTan), aq ukve yvela-feri lamis pirwmindad ganadgurebuli iyo. mari saub-robs miwisqveSa nageboba-gamocanaze, romelsac adgi-lobrivebi ratomRac Zvel wisqvilad miiCnevdnen, Tum-ca, SesaZloa igi eklesiis nawilic yofiliyo; asevekldeze ganlagebul TaRovani nagebobis naSTze, rome-lic ,,mTidan Camogorebuli uzarmazari kldiTaa miW-yletili da dafaruli”. maris TqmiT, TaRze SexedvaSeiZleboda mxolod mas Semdeg, rac Tavs Seyofdimcire xvrelSi, romelic SemTxveviT darCa nangrevebsada Camowolil kldes Soris” (mari 2012: 286).

niko maris yuradReba miiqcia imanac, rom adgilob-rivebi erT-erT kldeSi arsebul Rrmuls joris Cli-qis nakvalevs uwodebdnen. mecnieri frTxilad gamo-Tqvams varauds, rom Tu am dasaxelebas aqvs raime is-toriuli safuZveli, ,,es SeiZleba mianiSnebdes im dro-is danislul xsovnaze am adgilas odesRac monastrisada berebis arsebobis Sesaxeb, romelTac samgzavrodjorebi hyavdaT. berebi yovelTvis ise kargad inaxavd-nen gzebs, rom jorebiT SeiZleboda mogzauroba” (mari2012: 286).

~ 272 ~

bareTelTa SavSeTiswylis marcxena sanapirozea.mdinaris am nawilSi napirebs winaT Zveli qvis xidiakavSirebda. xidis naSTebi dResac Cans. gadarCeniliburjebi mowmobs, rom erT dros aq sakmaod mozrdilida myari nageboba unda yofiliyo.

xidgaRma marcxena ferdobi ukve bareTelTaa. ufrozustad, ,,bareTevla”: swored ase uwodeben dRes am ad-gils. bareTevla//bareTelTas bgerweris msgavseba, ad-gilmdebareoba (garda imisa, rom bareTevla aTormetsavaneTa seqtorSia, igi anCidan karCxalas xeobisken,anu miZnaZorisa da wyarosTavisken mimaval erT-erTgzaze mdebareobs), naeklesiaris arseboba am midamoeb-Si gaxda safuZveli jer niko marisa da Semdeg sxvamkvlevrebisTvisac, rom ,,grigol xanZTelis cxovreba-Si” moxseniebuli bareTelTa aqaurobasTan daekavSire-binaT.

toponimi ,,bareTevla” dRes moicavs teritoriasSavSeTiswylis napiridan im adgilamde, sadac naekle-siars aCveneben. sofeli Wedila bareTevlas zemoTaa,daaxloebiT xuTi kilometris moSorebiT. bareTevla-dan Widilamde sivrces uwodeben ,,defanes”. naeklesia-ri qvis xidis naSTebidan samasiode metriTaa moSore-buli da SavSeTiswylis Senakad patara mdinaris (Wedi-las) marjvena napirzea, zed mdinarispira ferdobze.adgili (rogorc mdinarispira nageboba) damaxasiaTebe-lia aTormet savaneTa mxaris taZrebisaTvis (miZnaZoro,nuka, gurnaTeli//gunaTle...). maxloblad ori saxliaismeT da nuri aqsakalebisa, moSorebiT, cota zemoTkidev erTi saxlia _ selim saaTjisa.

naeklesiari uzarmazari lodebiTaa mofenili daraime nagebobis kvali ar Cans. ase iyo saukunis wina-Tac, magram 2011 wlis ivlisSi adgilobrivma (Wedi-lelma) gamyolma qerim CifTCim gviTxra, rom ociodewlis win jer kidev SeiZleboda xilva nangrevTa mcirefragmentebis mainc, magram klde da ferdobi morRveu-

~ 273 ~

la da is naSTebic daufaravs. igi (da zemoxsenebuliselim saaTji) irwmuneboda, rom bavSvobaSi CamoSvave-bul lodebs Soris davZvrebodi da iq nagebobaTanaSTebi minaxavso.

aqedan qvis xidis gavliT biliki gadadioda karCxa-las xeobaSi. es biliki alag-alag amJamindel samanqanegzas emTxveoda.

winaparTa ena am midamoebSi aRaravin icis. XX sau-kunis dasawyisis WidilSi jer kidev ismoda qarTuli,oRond arsebobis ukanasknel wlebs iTvlida _ mxo-lod moxucebsRa SeeZloT saubari. amJamindelma Tao-bam isRa icis, rom winaT gurjebi iyvnen.

magram bareTevlas namonastralis istoria amiTrodi mTavrdeba. aqaurTa mexsierebaSi SemorCenilinafleTebi warsulisa cxadyofs, rom es mxare ,,aTor-met savaneTa” erT dros mCqefare cxovrebis STambeW-davi nawili yofila.

WidilelTa TqmiT, mopirdapire mxares, SavSeTis-wylis marjvena ferdobze, erT did kldeze, romelsackaxaberdas qvas uwodeben, mozrdili cixe yofila.aqedan gvirabi SavSeTiswyalze Camodioda. ferdobsgadaRma karCxalas sofelia, kaxaberi.

namonastralis maxloblad, WalaSi, erTi adgilia,romelsac erdes uwodeben. aq winaT didi dasaxlebayofila, sadac Turme aReb-micemobasac misdevdnen daxelosnobasac _ sakmaod mozrdili sawarmoebi yofila.

Wedilis maxloblad mTeli sivrce vaziT yofilamofenili. yurZens wuravdnen. wveni milebiT Caedinebo-da mdinaris piras; iq uzarmazar qvevrebSi Rvindeboda.keramikis milebicaa aRmoCenili da qvevrTa naSTebico.

aranakleb sainteresoa, rom aqve, xididan Wedilis-ken samanqane gzis me-2 kilometrze, gzis gayvanisas na-gebobaTa kvali aRmouCeniaT. gvaCvenes qviT da duRabiTnaSeni oriod fragmentic. bevri ram gzis mSeneblobamSeiwira. ra nagebobis kvalia miwaSi da ra farTobi

~ 274 ~

ekava mas, aravin icis. axla gzispiras erTi patara, Zne-lad aRsaqmeli detali Cans da meti araferi.

mosazreba imis Taobaze, rom Tanamedrove toponimi,,bareTevla” grigol xanZTelis ,,bareTelTas” gamoZa-xili unda iyos, savsebiT misaRebia, da miuxedavadimisa, rom namonastralis zusti adgilmdebareobis mi-TiTeba dabejiTebiT da uyoymanod veravin SeZlo, nikomariseuli cda lokalizaciisa (iavarqmnili da lode-biT Caxergili adgili mdinaris piras) yvelaze misaRe-bi versiaa dRemde. Tumca, garkveuli eWvi, monastrisadgilmdebareobis konkretul adgilTan dakavSirebiT,mainc rCeba.

~ 275 ~

nawili mesame

Tormeti ambavi

,,aTormet savaneTa””~mxaridan

~ 276 ~

mcire ganmarteba mesame nawilisTvis

naSromis mesame nawilSi kidev erTxel vubrunde-

biT zepirsityvier masalas. Canawerebs, romelic wle-

bis ganmavlobaSi grovdeboda klarjeTsa Tu SavSeTSi,

taosa Tu sperSi mogzaurobaTa wyalobiT. qarTvelTa

da naqarTvelarTa mier qarTul an Turqul enaze

moTxrobili xalxuri istoriebi, legendebi, Tqmulebe-

bi Tu sxva zepirsityvieri gadmocemebi, samecniero li-

teraturasTan da wyaroebTan erTad, isedac safuZve-

lia Cveni naSromisa. magram amjerad am zRva masalidan

mxolod mcireds virCev, rogorc faqtobriv dokumen-

tebs kulturaTa „dialogis“ Sedegebze, cnobierebis

transformaciaze dakvirvebisaTvis. xandaxan meCveneba,

rom am faqtobrivi masaliT - legendebiT, Tqmulebe-

biT, dialogebiT... ufro mZafrad SeigrZnoba tkivili-

ani realoba: TurqeTis saqarTveloSi, aqauri gurjebis

cnobierebaSi marTlac uTavbolodaa areuli da aze-

lili erTmaneTSi Zveli da axali, saamayo da gulis-

momkvleli, realuri da zRapruli...

sxvadasxva adgilas Cawerili legendebi zogjer

iseT STabeWdilebas tovebs, TiTqos erTi didi nara-

tivis, uimedod dakarguli mTelis alag-alag amotexi-

li nawilebi iyos. am natexebidan mxolod mciredi amo-

varCie, iolad asaxsneli simboluri miniSnebiT Tormet

ambad, Tormet xalxur novelad gavaerTiane; TiTqos

nebismierad, magram mainc garkveuli mizandasaxulobiT

davalage da ase warvudgen mkiTxvels.

meTormete ambavi TiTqos gansxvavebulia, TiTqos

naklebad ukavSirdeba klarjebis istoriuli mexsiere-

bis anarekls, magram misi Sinaarsi simbolurad meniSna:

civi Tovli, mitovebuli savane, garemoebaTa gamo sam-

yofels garideba iracionalur asociaciebad gadaeba

erTmaneTs da aTormeti ambavic amiT davasrule...

~ 277 ~

mocemuli legendebis umravlesoba videodokumen-

tebia. miuxedavad amisa, am nawilSi mTqmelebis vinao-

bis dazusteba zedmetad CavTvaleT da mxolod Caweris

wels da adgils mivuTiTebT. qarTul enaze Caweril

istoriebs ucvlelad vtovebT, xolo logikuri kavSi-

risTvis Camatebul sityvebsa Tu frazebs figurul

frCxilebSi vsvamT. Turqulidan Targmnil CanawerebSi

vcdilobT, SeZlebisdagvarad SevinarCunoT mTqmeli-

seuli ganwyoba da koloriti.

es aris cocxali STabeWdilebisaTvis gamiznuli

masala, yovelgvari interpretaciisa da samecniero

konteqstis gareSe. amitomac SevecadeT, SeniSvnebsa da

ganmartebebSic minimaluri informacia Cagvedo: mxo-

lod is, rac, Cveni azriT, am masalis aRqma-gagebaSi

daexmareba mkiTxvels.

ambavi pirveli: mSeneblebi da mSeneblobani

uxsovar droSi am midamoebSi sam Zmas ucxovria.

erTs opiza auSenebia, meores _ dolisyana hamamliSi,

mesames _ aqauroba (forTa). mTavarma ostatma dolis-

yana aaSena.

dolisyanis [da opizis] amSeneblebi forTis sana-

xavad movidnen. opizidan galavan1 ostati movida (swo-

red misi mowafe yofila forTis amSenebeli). roca

galavan ostatma naxa, rom umokles droSi agebuli

forTis eklesia didi da silamaziT gamorCeuli iyo,

SuriT aivso da maSinve mokvda. sadac momkvdara iq

daumarxavT da im adgils axlac galavans uwodeben.

1 galavani adgilis saxelia forTaSi (es toponimi niko marTa-nac aris moxseniebuli). raime nagebobis kvali iq ar Cans.

~ 278 ~

eklesiis pirdapir erTi seria. iq yofila galava-

ni. galavanTan gorxanaa,1 romelic Tamaras gaukeTebia:

mosula, gadauxedia, dawolila da momkvdara.

galavan ostats uTqvams Turme: _ me vicxovre sami

aTasi weli, Cemma Svilma aTasi weli icxovra. rom

mcodnoda sikvdilis arsebobis Sesaxeb, qvas qvaze ar

davtovebdi.

forTaSi yvelam icis galavan ostatis ambavi.

xeobebSi nisli rom Camowveba, mTis kalTebze

erTian zolad Cans nislis xazi. [zemodan rom daxedo],

opizis, berTis, ustamisis eklesiebi ise ostaturadaa

gakeTebuli, rom erT sibrtyeze, swored am zolze,

sanisle sazRvarze arian ganlagebuli. es eklesiebi

Tariqi zengis, Tomari zengis da Tamara zengis nebiT

augiaT.2

1 gorxana - sasaflao an saflavi. (rogorc Cans, swored aq naxse-nebi ,,gorxanas” gamoZaxilia bavrelis (solomon aslaniSvilis)erTi Canaweri XIX-XX saukuneTa mijnaze: ,,forTaSi kidevSesaniSnavia bneleTi, romelic darCenila mTelaT _ erTi xevispiras kldeSi amoSenebuli oTxkuTxi oTaxis msgavsad TaRianiadgili; Sesavali arsaidgan aqvs, mxolod banidgan erTi patarafanjara, saidganac SeuZlian Casvla mxolod erT kacs. ambneleTSi Caagdebdnen xolme braldebulebs, romelnic TavianTsicocxles aTavebdnen SimSiliT da tanjviT. Zalian Rrmaa daCasvla ver gavbede. sinaTle rom mivanaTe, marTlac vnaxe xrovaadamianis Zvlebisa, romelsac dastrialebdnen aTasobiT Ramu-rebi. im adgilas, sadac es bneleTia, adgilis mcxovrebni gala-vans uZaxian (bavreli 2008:205).2 ZiriTadi teqsti Cawerilia 2010 wels sof. forTaSi (Targmnazaza SaSikaZem); ukanaskneli abzaci 2012 wlis Canaweria, daax-loebiT ase iTargmna es nawili m.a. qesqinis daxmarebiT.

~ 279 ~

ambavi meore: saTlelis cixe

ferdobze [gurnaTelis mxares] SavSeTiswylamde

Tixis milebi iyo gayvanili. mTaSi saqonels, rom mow-

velidnen, im Tixis milebiT Camoedineboda SavSeTis-

wylamde rZe da did auzSi grovdeboda. rZeSi azel-

dnen kirsa da kvercxis cilas. ase amzadebdnen duRabs

da am duRabiT aSenebdnen saTlelis cixes. esRa viciT

Cven da yvelaferi Zvelebisagan mogvismenia.1

ambavi mesame: miZnaZori da mdinareSi gadayrili

natexebi

aqaurobaSi bevri Zveli nagebobaa. daaxloebiT 900

wlis winandeli. am SenobaSi (miZnaZoris nangrevebs gu-

lisxmobs _ m. C.) adre qandakebebic yofila, magram

damtvreula.

es uZvelesi eklesiis nangrevebia. pirvelad rom

vnaxe, maSinac dangreuli iyo. kedlis naSTi, faqtob-

rivad, yanas mijnavs. igi maSinac ingreoda, es adgili

rom viyideT. yanis damuSaveba rom daviwyeT, aq erTi

sveti (boZi) idga, magram mere Camoiqca, daaxloebiT 6-7

wlis win.

Zvelad am adgils ase uwodebdnen _ ,,mizrazol”.

sofelsac ase erqva. eklesia mizrazols augia da misi

amSeneblis saxeli darqmevia. am yanas rom vasufTa-

1 Cawerilia 2010 wels, sof. gurnaTelSi (Targmna z. SaSikaZem).analogiuri istoria cixis Senebisa WimWimis maxloblad, xavis-karSic gviambes 2014 wels: ,,cixis ukan milebi yofila Tixis.Turme am milebiT mTidan rZe moedineboda. cixis Senebisas amrZeSi zeldnen kvercxs da duRabad iyenebdnen“ (Targmna m.a.qesqinma).

~ 280 ~

vebdiT, bevri feradi qva vnaxe. am qvebis wina mxare

naxatiani iyo, ukana _ ara... [ufro zustad], zogierT

qvaze Zveli feradi saRebavi iyo, zogzec _ naxatebi.

erT qvaze naxati iyo: galia da galiaSi _ Citi. es

qva amxanags miveci. gansvenebulma babuam kidev erTi

naxatiani qva naxa _ kata [an raRac msgavsi] exata. ase

Tqva, am qvaSi aucileblad oqro iqnebao da daamtvria,

magram oqro ver naxa da natexebi mdinareSi Cayara...1

ambavi meoTxe: faruli qristianebi

da RarimomrComelebi

[stambolSi gadasaxlebulma erTma zioselma mo-

xucma beqienTma (beqiZem) miambo es ambavi axalgazr-

dobisas]:

Cemi coli zubienTia (zubaZe // zumbaZe) bazgire-

Tidan. erTi zubienTi [winaT] fafazi2 yofila, zaf-

xuli SiSiT muslimani xdeba, zamTarSi kide _ qris-

tiani fafazi. [asea] erT weliwad, or weliwad, sam we-

liwad... mesame weliwad imisi Tavi Cuuyofinebian wis-

qvilis RarSi da muurCviano. Tqveno, axla iq sofel-

Sio, zubienTebs, RarimomrComel giZaxian Tu arao?

vuTxari qi, me ar gamigonia, ise, moxuceb valapa-

rakebdi, vusmendi da meg ar gamigonia-meTqi. SeiZleba

iqneba-meTqi...

iman es Tqva, mec [gamigonia], aq ityviano, Cixisxeve-

lebi asi wlis mere eme gamxdari ariano, [asi wliT

gvian gamuslimanebulan, didxans qristianobdneno].

1 Cawerilia 2011 wlis 21 ivliss sof. miZnaZorSi (Targmna z.SaSikaZem).2fafazi - mRvdeli.

~ 281 ~

vincxa gahersiandeba1 maTze, ise ityvis _ Tqven giavri

xarT, qiafiri2, somexio, _ ase ityvian.3

ambavi mexuTe: fragmentebi qarTvelTa savaneebis

istoriidan

* * *qarTvelebi rwmenis erTguli xalxi iyo Tavidan-

ve. maT RmerTis TayvaniscemisTvis gaakeTes [berTis] ek-

lesia. es eklesia RmerTis saxlia da Tu iq vilocebT

_ RmerTis saxlSi _ codva ar iqneba.

qarTvelebma es eklesia meCeTis nacvlad dagvi-

toves, mere es Senoba daingra da im qvebiT meCeTi aSen-

da. qarTvelebi morwmune xalxia da maTi eklesiis

nafuZarze jamis aSeneba madlia...4

* * *ibriklis (marmawmindis) qiliseSi erTi fafazis

suraTi yofila. erT ierze uyurebda. is ieri gamoan-

gries da qoTniT alTuni5 naxes. Zvelebi ityoden ase.

tyvilia, marTalia _ ar vici.6

* * *ziosis james, am sofelSi Zvelad rom eklesia

iyo, imis kari hkidia. ziosSi uZvelesi eklesia iyo. ga-

muslimanebis Semdeg eklesia jamed gadakeTda. Zvelis-

1 gahersiandeba - gabrazdeba.2 qiafiri - urjulo, urwmuno.3 Cawerilia 2011 wlis 22 ivliss sof. bazgireTSi.4 Cawerilia 2013 wlis 12 aprils sof. berTaSi (Targmna m. a. qes-qinma).5alTuni - oqro.

6 Cawerilia 2007 wlis 2 agvistos sof. adagolSi.

~ 282 ~

Zveli Senoba iyo, 1954 wels daungreviaT da axali

jame auSenebiaT, magram am axali jamisTvisac im Zveli

eklesiis kari SeukidiaT.

winaT aseTi tradicia iyo (me maxsovs, rom ase

akeTebdneno _ mTxrobelma): Tu qals rTuli fexmZimo-

ba eqneboda an mSobiaroba gauWirdeboda, qmari movi-

doda, am eklesiis kars zurgiT Seudgeboda da anjame-

bidan moxsnida. swamdaT, rom es rituali mSobiares

tanjvas Seumsubuqebda. sxva soflidanac modiodnen am

mizniT.1

ambavi meeqvse: 23 aprili da SeRebili kvercxebi

baRvobaSi saswavloSi viyaviT. maSin iq, saswavlo-

Si, wivRebdiT: saRamodan kvercxebs xaxvis fuCqSi mova-

xarSiebdiT. is lamazad SeRebavda, gaawiTlebda, lama-

zi iqneboda kvercxebi. iq givtandiT afxanakebis ukan,2

vWamdiT, imaT davaWedebdiT, romelcxa gatexda, erT-

maneTac avarTmevdiT: Cemma Tu gatexa Seni, Senna momce;

Senma Tu gatexa, maSin amarTmevda. ise viTamaSebdiT. es

kvercxis moxarSvac, hani, SeRebva saswavloSi 23 apri-

li3 dReSi viqdiT ima. Turqie jumhurieTisaa4 im dRe,

aTaTurqsa, baRvebisa bairamoba iyveso, naTqvami qonda.

baRvebi bairamobas viqdiT da maSin SevRebevdiT ima.

1 Cawerilia 2009 wlis 9 agvistos sof. xevwrilSi.2 afxanakebis ukan - amxanagebTan erTad.3 23 aprili TurqeTSi erovnuli hegemonobis da bavSvTa dRisad-mi miZRvnili dResaswaulia da ukavSirdeba TurqeTis didierovnuli mejlisis gaxsnas (1920 wlis 23 aprili). es dRe Tur-qeTis respublikis erovnuli dResaswaulia. igi yovelwliuradaRiniSneba msoflios bavSvebTan erTad da erovnuli suvere-nitetis simbolur gamoxatulebad iTvleba.4jumhurieTi - respublika.

~ 283 ~

enwinac ukeTebian, sul winac es yofila, [sanam 23

aprils bavSvTa dResaswauli dawesdeboda, manamdec].

sxva imidan, hama1 maSin ise uqnian, windawinve yofila,

hama rafer yofila, me imdeni ar vici. windawin yofi-

la; vis uqnian, vin SeRebevden, is ar vici me.2

ambavi meSvide: Tamara da hezreTi ali

yofila sami Zma: Tariqi zengi, Tomari zengi da

Tamara zengi. Tariqi forTas mefe iyo, Tomari _ SavSe-

Tisa, Tamara kidev _ berTas mefe.

hezreTi alis TamarasTvis werili gamougzavnia:

nebiT gamuslimandi, Torem saomrad moval da gagamah-

madianeb ZaliTo.

Tamaras weriliTve upasuxia: medina sadaa da ar-

tanuji sad _ fexiT eqvsi Tvis gzaao.

hezreTi ali cxenze Sejdeba da maSinve Tamaras-

Tan gaCndeba. Tamara mas rom naxavs, tuCebi dauskdeba

da sisxli waskdeba. amis Semdeg Tamara gamusliman-

deba.3

yvela gamuslimanda berTas garda. hezreTi ali

isev Camovida, mTas xmali dahkra, gaapo da xeoba

gaCnda. berTelebi SeSindnen da isinic gamuslimandnen.

1 hama - magram.2 Cawerilia 2011 wlis 26 ivliss sof. gamiSeTSi.3es Tqmuleba erT-erTia Tamarasa da hezreTi alis ciklidan.

ramdenadme saxecvlili araerTi varianti SeiZleba moisminoforTasa Tu jmerkSi, berTasa Tu karCxalas xeobaSi. iliasoquris mier naambob odnav gansxvavebul variants viyenebT kidecwignSi sxvadasxva adgilas.niSandoblivi isaa, rom ilias oquris mier moTxrobili isto-

riebi Cvens xelT arsebuli masalidan jerjerobiT erTaderTia,romelSic ,,Tamara“ kacia.

~ 284 ~

ambavi merve: Zveli saqaravne gzebi, Svidi sasaxle

da Svidi wyaro

deda aqauri myavs, misi winaprebi aTasi wlis wi-

nac aq cxovrobdnen, [karCxalas xeobaSi]; mamac aqauria,

oRond misi winaprebi afxazeTidan mosulan.

mereSi miwa 130 wlis win uyidiaT, mouwesrigebiaT,

Tu sadme siZvelis naSTi iyo, mouvliaT da SeunaxavT.

uZvelesi droidan dRemde aqaurobas meres uwo-

deben. aq winaT saqaravne gzebi uZvelesi droidan ga-

dioda. [amas mowmobs] Zveli qvis xidi _ yarahasan-

qofru, soflis TavSi. iqve iyo qurTyale (mgliscixe).

aq Rvinis gza gadioda. am midamoebSi Turme Zalian

bevr Rvinos wuravdnen. abreSumis gzac iq gadioda.

dedaCemis winaprebi ganTqmuli meqaravneebi yofi-

lan, samocdaaTcxeniani qaravani hyoliaT. Rvino ba-

TumSi gadahqondaT rogorc kontrabanda, iqedan sxva

saqoneli mohqondaT da sarfian aReb-micemobas eweod-

nen. im TaobaSi yvelaze ganTqmuli vaJkaci xuWuWa de-

deჲ yofila, Cemi winapari. pirveli coli gardacvlia,

meore SeurTavs da misgan sami vaJi SeZenia. amaT mamis

saqmianoba _ meqaravneoba gaugrZelebiaT.

erTxelac wasasvlelad gamzadebuli Svilebis-

Tvis dedas sagzali Caulagebia: mWadis fqvili da

xaxvi. matasuzSi momxdara es ambavi: Svilebi gabraze-

bulan _ uwin deda erbos da purs gvatanda sagzlad

da axla xaxvsa da mWads ratom dagvajerao. mokvla

daupirebiaT dedisa. deda miuxvda ganzraxvas da saZi-

nebeli adgili gamoicvala. RamiT Svilebma miakiTxes

mis logins, mokles iq mwoliare adamiani, romelic

mama aRmoCnda _ xuWuWa.

amis mere ori vaJi gaiqca _ SeSinebiaT, baTumidan

mosuli sxva meqaravneebi dagvxocaveno. mesame aqve dai-

mala. mamaze moparuli qoneba hqonia da isic aq Seuna-

~ 285 ~

xavs. swored im mesames STamomavlebi cxovroben aq.

imaTi deda mgliscixis midamoebSi cxovrobda, xidTan

axlos.

pirovneba, romelsac Tamara erqva, aq cxovrobda.

misi ZiriTadi sacxovrebeli adgili aq yofila. misi

jaric aqve iyo dabanakebuli.

am Tamaras erTmaneTis msgavsi Svidi1 sacxovrebe-

li saxli auSenebia. winaT sadac cxovrobda da sax-

lebi hqonda, zustad imgvari sasaxleebi.

Svidi sasaxle imitom aaSena, rom SiSobda, ar

mipovono. meSvide rom aaSena _ nukas saydari (nuki

saydara) _ [ZiriTadad] iq imaleboda.

Tamara rZlad midioda (Txovdeboda) nukas say-

darSi. iq erTi qvis xidia da uTqvams _ am xidze ar

gavivli. maxaraSi2 qvis xidi amigeT da iq gavivlio.

auges. is xidi gadaiara da sacxovreblad nukas say-

darSi daemkvidra. nuka Tamara gogos saxlad iqca.

Tavidanve gurjebis adgili yofila aqauroba,

aTaseuli wlebis ganmavlobaSi. aqedan mTis mwverva-

lamde rom axvideT, adgilebis saxelebi sul qarTu-

lia. magram Cven qarTuli ar viciT. droTa cvale-

badobis gamo yvelani Turqulad vlaparakobT, magram

aqauri mcxovrebi yvela qarTvelia.3

1cifri Svidi xSirad figurirebs adgilobrivebSi karCxalas

xeobis savaneebze Txrobisas. TqmulebaTa variantebSi xan Svidisavanea, xan _ SvidsarTuliani eklesia, xan Svidi wyaro. amisaxsna ar gvicdia, aq mxolos ramdenime varianti gavaerTianeTerT ambad. imasRa SevniSnavT kidev erTxel, rom karCxalasxeobis naqalaqarze, mWidro dasaxlebaze, aqaur savaneebzexsovna amJamindel mosaxleobaSi cxovlad Semonaxula.2 maxara (an ,,maRara”) - adgilis saxelia.3 Cawerilia 2011 wlis 22 ivliss sof mereSi (Targmna lile Tan-dilavam).

~ 286 ~

* * *dedeebisgan gamigonia, rom waroTavmahaleSi Svid-

sarTuliani eklesiaao. ori mxare am eklesiisa buneb-

rivadaa daculi (qviT, kldiTaa SemosazRvruli). dar-

Cenil or mxaresac [Turme Zvelad] jariskacebi icavd-

nen da SigniT aravis uSvebdnen.

winaT Cveni meheleebis garda kidev yofila dasax-

leba, romelsac iedifunari (Zveli saxeli siswyaro)

erqva.1 eklesiac Svidi yofila. aqedan Cans, rom Cveni

xeoba centri iyo. rac Seexeba wyarosTavs, Zvelebidan

msmenia, rom igi SvidsarTuliani iyo.

am adgilebSi qvabulebia da yurZnis wvenisTvis _

Wurebi (marnebi). dedeebis gadmocemiT, am midamoebSi

uwin yurZeni mohyavdaT da Rvinos wuravdnen. CvenSi na-

Tesebi naklebad iyo. xorbali artanujidan mohqondaT.

aq mxolod RviniT vaWrobdnen.2

* * *wyarosTavisken mimavali safexurebi Tamara dodo-

fals3 ukeTebia. gaTxovebis Semdeg, fexis sacvlelad4

ukan rom brundeboda, ise daRlila, nabiji veRar ga-

daudgams. ubrZanebia aq 40 kibe unda gaakeToT 40 safe-

1 ,,iedifunar” - Turqulad igivea, rac Svidi wyaro. mTqmelmasaxeli jer Turqulad warmosTqva, mere Zveli saxelicgaaxmiana, romelic daaxloebiT ase JRerda _ siswyaro _. albaTTavidan sworedac ,,Svidi wyaro“ an raRac amdagvari undayofiliyo. droTa ganmavlobaSi toponimi iTargmna, ,,Zvelisaxeli“ ki damaxinjda....2 Cawerilia 2011 wlis 22 ivliss sof kaxaberSi (Targmna zazaSaSikaZem).3 mTqmelma, zemoxsenebulma israfil avjim, qarTuli ar icodada, cxadia, Turqulad hyveboda am istorias, magram ,,Tamara do-dofali“ zustad aseve warmoTqva, Tanac mravalgzis, CveulebrivsaubarSic da videokameris winac.4 ,,fexis cvla” gaTxovebidan ormoci dRis Semdeg qalis mami-seul ojaxSi droebiT dabrunebaa.

~ 287 ~

xurianio. es safexurebi wyarosTavSi Tamara dodofli-

dan darCenili safexurebia swored. siZvelis gamo

zogi moryeulia, magram imdroindelia.

* * *forTis baRebTan Tamara dodoflis1 qvaa. iq Zve-

li gza gadis. gzasTan erTi Relea. RelesTan _ mrgva-

li qva. im qvas hqvia dodoflis qva. Tamara axali ge-

lini (rZali) yofila. muSebTan saWmeli rom mihqonda,

[Relis wyals] zemodan gveleSapi Camoyolia. daunaxavs

es Tamaras, SeSinebia da qvad qceula. Tavze rom sufra

edo, isic gaqvavebula. me ar minaxavs, magram amboben, im

sufraze axlac dainaxav gaqvavebul pursa da yvelso.

ambavi mecxre: ,,dawerili fiqalebi” sazgirelze

qilisa Turqulaჲ ari. eklesias qvia qilisa. agze

erTi azurTuli...2 ase imeze zed qvakacas gaakeTebden.

qvakacas vityviT _ SesaSinebeli: qveb aWaxevden3 maRla

(xeliT aniSnebs qvemodan zemoT), kacsavef gamoCdeba

RameSi. is maRali alagi qilisas uZaxevden. erTma _ aq

oqro iqnebao: uTxrian or amxanagsa. uTxrian, uTxrian,

didi oTaxebi amosula Sigan, magram iqSi adamianis

Zvlebi Cayrili meti bevri iyo. oTx alagsa qvaze ase...

fiqalze dawerili nawerebi kedelze mikruli yofila.

is rom ver ukiTxian, me werili gamomigzavna, rom Sen

1 es istoria 2014 wels sxvam gviambo, aseve kaxabrelma. isic,,Tamara dodofals” warmoTqvams. misTvisac ,,dodofali” qar-Tuli sityvaa, magram mis cnobierebaSi ufro patarZals, rZals,(,,gelins“) ukavSirdeba, vidre _ samefo saxls.2 azurTuli - gulisxmobs qvayrils.3 aWaxevden - daawyobden, erTmaneTze daalagebdnen.

~ 288 ~

qarTuli kiTxva-werva ici da zafxulSi modi da es

vikiTxoTo. zafxulSi movel. is Ceefarebies - kidon

aRmovaCineT, mec ver vikiTxe. pirvel qarTul asoebiT

dawerili iyo. 39 aso yofila maSin, imiT dawerili

iyo. mec ver vikiTxe isa. imis fotosuraTebi gamevRe,1

mere xeliT mivamgvane. TbilisSi erTi ilia ...Svili

iyo, imas guugzavneT. imasac Cemi misamarTi deekarga,

inegolSi erTi v. m. iyo, _ imisTvin gameegzavna. imanac

telefoniT dimireka, rom ase-ase _ erTi ram movda

Senze, Seni misamarTi duukargavano. gamodi da giTxra-

vo. gevel iqa, imanac, arqivSi hacxan Cuudvia, veRar

naxa is werili. ra ewera-meTqin. iqSi ewerao, is alagi

yofilao mefis gogos sazafxulo saxli.2 imis meti

rame ar vici.

mere evel me im serze meore weliwad, iqidam

mimevxede ase, cota devjere, rom sacxa SavSeTisken

aqeT imerxevSi qarTuli Zveli istoriuli saxli, cixe,

eklesia rac rom aris, igzedan Cans. mgonia, rom cecx-

liT ambavs aZlevden erTmaneTs, kvamliT. me ise mgonia,

ise devjere... axla im alagze zogi qva uuwevian,

duumtrevian. erTi qva damtvreuli devnaxe, magram qveS

mioreebi ari Tu ara, ar vici. Cven kido is aRmovaCineT,

maSinve CavabareT.3

* * *

bazgireTis ჲaSli4 kacma miTxra, sazgirelze rom

Zvlebia, Tamara dodoflis yorumis5 Zvliebi ario.

1 gamevRe - gadaviRe.2 aqaur gurjebSi xSirad gaigoneb, rom sazgirelze aris Tama-ras sasvenia. „sasvenias“ zogi ganmartavs rogorc dasasvenebeladgils, zogic _ rogorc gansasvenebels, saflavs.3 Cawerilia 2011 wlis 26 ivliss sof gamiSeTSi.4 ჲaSli - asakovani.5 yorumi - dacva, mcveli.

~ 289 ~

Tamara dodofali duSmaneb meeklesna da uTqvams:

_ enwin mena momklaT, imiTana alag CamflaTna qi,

ver Semeyaren Cem mezerze. me qi CamflavT, Tqveni

Tavina deჲჴocoTna.

yorumeb erTmaneTi duuჴocian.im adgilze dawerili fiqlebi amosula.

ori oda iyo: erTTaneSi _ Zvliebi, erTTaneSi _

carielaჲ. Tamara dedofalic iq yofila.1

ambavi meaTe: dialogi sazRvrebisa da Sua gayofili

xeoba-soflebisa gamo.

megeram2 rusma gadmaayara, Seqeri, racferi saWme-

li da ajarlebi maatyvila da gadaabruna Taviske da

darCiT iqa, Tqvenc aqeTke iyaviT. Cveni limanic3 baTumi

iyo. aq maWaxeli iyo _ fena sacodavad Suaze gayofili

ari. Tormeti Tane sofeli ise darCenilia, gareTke,

eqvsi Tane aqeTke darCenilia, zamTarSi geCiti4 ar aqv-

an, baTumidanna moÁaron _ ise borCxas arTvin-na amoi-

den-qi, gamTelden hasta-haneebSi.5

iSte es rusma gamaatyvila ajarlebi da Tersina

hududi gadaWres.6 maradidic Sua gayofilia, sarfic

Sua gayofilia, iq lazebi arian.

_ rusis mosvlamde erTad iyo yvelaferi?

1 Cawerilia 2007 wlis 31 ivliss sof ustamisSi (ix. agr.xalvaSi 2007: 312).2megeram - Turme.3 limani - navsadguri.4 geCiti - gadasasvleli.5 hasta-hane - saavdmyofo.6 Tersina hududi gadaWres - sazRvari ukuRma gaavles.

~ 290 ~

_ erTaT iyo, ho! eseni Teeli osmanlisa iyo.

azerbaijani, baqoc osmanlisa iyo. memre-memre rusebi

gabevrden qi...

_ sanam osmaleTi gamoCndeboda, manamde visi iyo?_ imaze ZvelaT ambob ha? imaze ZvelaTac kido

TurqeTisa iyo, selCuk Turqileri. es rusi ase axla

wamocimcimda..

Tofal-Temuri1 aria? moskovas alagze alTi

nordu imfaraaTorluR2 iyo. isic TurqeTi iyo,

moskova bilaჲ, radroca Timurma rom daangria da...

imav da... rusebma nel-nela, nel-nela wamocimcimden

osmanlis Tavze bela guuxden.3 memre-memre aqaჲ bila

agvarTves. Cven bila yirx sene4... imaT emeSi davrCiT.

[Zveli mezoblebis monaTxrobiT vici], e, iqedan

rusebi modian, Wiri-Wirio, Segvatyobiebdeno.

davyridiT Comas5 axorSi, tyeSi devimalodiTo... fena

sacodavoba gadmoviarT rusis xelSi...

_ selCukebamde visi iyo aqauroba?_ selCukebis winaTac sxvadasxva Turqebi iyven.

ჴazervsaebi, azerebi... rusi ase... axla eme qna...

_ gurjebi TavisTvis arasdros yofilan, batonirom ar hyolodaT?

- gurjistani, zaTi TavisTvin iyvnen isini, Tavis-

Tvin calke iyo, aba ar iyo...

memre Turqi moida... osmanlis memre rusi moida...

axla rusebi midian gurjistanidan... alagi Tavian-

Ti rom ar ari [imitom].

1Tofal-Temuri - koWli Temuri _ Temur-lengi

2 imfaraaTorluR (Imparatorluğ) - imperia.3osmanlis Tavze bela guuxden - osmaleTs ubedurebad eqcnen.

4 yirx sene - ormoci weli.5 Coma - saqoneli, pirutyvi.

~ 291 ~

_ amdeni xania osmalo iyo aq da qarTuli ena ardaiviwyeT?

_ qarTveli varT xoS... vicodiT qarTveli ჲani...qarTveli varT Tabi...

lazebi, bila, qarTvelebis Zmeebi arian Zvelis-

Zveli...1

ambavi meTerTmete: ,,Tamara dodofali” _

saqarTveloჲs Tavmjdomare

Tamara dodofali saqarTveloჲs Tavmjdomare

iyo. arTvinis saxeli livana aris. arTvini, rize, tra-

pizoni, sivasi, erzrumi, yarsi saqarTveloჲs miwa aris.movden inglizebma, saqarTvelos eCxuben. aqavroba

waarTven, baTumi waarTven. gevden - azerbaijani, daRes-

tani, aqavrobac isqnen. osmanli imfaraTorluRi qarT-

velebze Cxubi ar aq gakeTebuli. memre movda osmanli

imfaraTorluRi inglizeb eCxuba, inglizeb iqavroba

aarTva, 360 weliwadsac baTumi osmanli imfaraTor-

luRisa iyo. memren aTaTurqma movda...2

ambavi meTormete: Tovli

arTvini, Turme, Zvelad, uxsovar droSi, uTovlo

mxare yofila. sofel soTSi, nigalas ubanSi3 erTi Zve-

1 Cawerilia 2005 wlis 27 ivliss sof dabaSi (imerxevi).2

Cawerilia 2007 wlis 10 agvistos, sof azlaRaSi (TumcaazlaRa xofis ilCeSia, mTqmeli maWaxleli gurji iyo).3 soTi arTvinis mopirdapire mxares, Woroxis marjvena ferdob-ze mdebareobs dResac. is teritoria, sadac Woroxis universi-teti aSenda, swored soTis nawilia.

~ 292 ~

li eklesia iyo da am eklesiaSi moxuci mRvdeli cxov-

robda. erTi eklesia buჴareTis mTebSi mdebareobda da

avji eklesias uwodebdnen. buჴareTis mTebi ki soTsa

da vazrias Sorisaa Tavdapirvelad mRvdeli swored iq

cxovrobda.

erT dRes mRvdels kaCkarisken, mTaSi, TeTri ra-

Rac daunaxavs. msgavsi manamde araferi enaxa, amitom

gaukvirda da oTxi msaxuri gagzavna ambis gasagebad.

Tan Tofi misca da daavala: im TeTr raRacas esroleT

da mokaliTo.

avidnen msaxurebi kaCkaris mTebSi, miuaxlovdnen

im TeTr sagans, Tofic esroles, magram veraferi daak-

les. kidev ufro miuaxlovdnen, xeliT Seexen da sicive

igrZnes. mere tyavis tomara am TeTri masiT gaavses da

ukan dabrundnen.

mRvdelTan mividnen eklesiaSi da uambes Tavs ga-

daxdenili. Tan tyavis tomaras uCvenebdnen - is TeTri

masa amiT wamoviReTo. gaxsnes tomara da iq mxolod

wyali daxvdaT...

mRvdelma uTxra: wignebSi vnaxe, Turme es Tovli

yofila. amieridan aq veRar vicxovrebT: radgan Tovli

gaCnda, acivdeba da aq aRar dagvedgomebao.

mas Semdeg barSi Camosulan da, bunebrivi pirobe-

bis cvalebadobis gamo, mTebSi mdebare eklesiaSi

veRar adiodnen...1

1 Cawerilia 2013 wlis 21 aprils q. arTvinSi.

~ 293 ~

boloTqma

,,grigol xanZTelis cxovrebis” simboluri Sris

erTi metad Zvirfasi nawili arsenis da efremis epi-

zodebi mgonia.

Txzulebis mixedviT, Tevdore da qristefore,

miznad isaxavdnen ra monastrebis Senebas, moZRvrisgan

malulad gaemgzavren afxazeTSi. gzad samcxeSi daimo-

wafes arseni, Ze ,,didisa mirean aznaurisa,” mirianisve

nebiT da TxovniT.

arseni maSin eqvsi wlisa iyo.

Tevdores da qristefores saZebnelad wasuli

grigoli qarTlSi, RvTis nebiT, efrems naxavs. misi

vinaobis Sesaxeb, arsenisgan gansxvavebiT, araferia

naTqvami; mxolod is viciT, rom efremi arsenze uf-

rosia, magram Tavadac mcirewlovani.

berebma bavSvebi xanZTaSi moiyvanes, rac ewinaaR-

mdegeboda grigolisve dadgenil wess. amitom gasakviri

araa, rom xanZTelma sasuliero pirebma aSkarad gamo-

xates ukmayofileba.

grigolma ganmarta, rom ,,qristeman RmerTman wmi-

disa angelozisa piriTa mauwya amaTi saqme yoveli” da

RvTisave neba iqneba, rasac eseni aRasrulebeno.

es yvelaferi daaxloebiT IX saukunis 20-ian

wlebSi unda momxdariyo.

marTlac, gaivlis dro da amave saukunis 40-ian

wlebSi jer efremi dadgindeba awyuris episkoposad,

Semdeg arseni _ qarTlis kaTalikosad.

ganuzomelia, gansakuTrebiT, efremis Rvawli qar-

Tuli eklesiis, saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi erTia-

nobis mimarT.

Cvens mecnierebaSi damkvidrebuli iyo Tvalsazri-

si, romlis Tanaxmadac, qarTulma eklesiam IX saukunis

40-iani wlebidan miiRo mironis damzadebis ufleba

~ 294 ~

ierusalimis patriarqisgan swored awyuris episkopos

efremis ZalisxmeviT.

mitropolit anania jafariZis gamokvleviT, qar-

Tuli eklesia gacilebiT ufro adre, V saukunidan

xarSavda da akurTxebda mirons mcxeTaSi. mxolod da-

savleT saqarTvelos kaTalikosebs mohqondaT mironi

ierusalimidan. ,,efremis SemweobiT ki afxazeTisTvis

saWiro mironis kurTxeva gadawyda qarTlSi” (jafariZe

2009: 513), amiT kidev ufro ganmtkicda eklesiis erTia-

noba da gaZlierda saxelmwifoebrivi konsolidaciis-

ken miswrafeba. niSandoblivia, rom ,,grigol xanZTelis

cxovrebaSi” swored am faqtis ganmartebas axlavs sau-

kuneTa ganmavlobaSi saqarTvelos erTianobis simbo-

lod qceuli sityvebi: ,,qarTlad friadi queyanaÁ aRi-

racxebis, romelsaca Sina qarTuliTa eniTa Jami Sei-

wirvis da locvaÁ yoveli aResrulebis.”

efremTan dakavSirebuli siuJeturi xazi mkrTa-

lia, TiTqos ar aris TxzulebisaTvis ZiriTadi, magram

,,cxovrebaSi” am epizodebis CarTva ukve miuTiTebs maT

mniSvnelobaze. xsenebuli istoria pirdapir ukavSir-

deba erTi mxriv grigol xanZTels, meore mxriv _

saqarTvelos erTianobis da Zlierebis ideas; da, rac

mTavaria, Tavis droze efremis da arsenis xanZTaSi

miyvana RvTis nebiT da CagonebiT moxda!

maSasadame, xanZTaSi dawyebuli diadi saqme axal-

ma Taobam, oRond wmida garemoSi aRzrdilma Taobam

ganaviTara da gaamTliana.

da rakiRa simboluri Sre vaxseneT:

merve saukunis bolos moZraoba, romelic droTa

ganmavlobaSi saqarTvelos aRorZinebis saTave Seiqmna,

daiwyo sazogadoebisTvis, mtrisa Tu moyvrisTvis

SeumCnevlad: ramdenime berma miuval kldeebSi wmida

giorgis saxelze daiwyo xis eklesiis da sxva nage-

bobebis mSenebloba.

~ 295 ~

gareSe TvalisTvis es iyo da es.

mere da mere am monastridan wamosuli naTeli,

nel-nela, ara dReebis, ara Tveebis, ara wlebis, aramed

saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi izarda, sZlia gveleSaps... xo-

lo am savanidan gamosulma moRvaweebma udidesi amagi

dasdes qveynisa da eklesiis Zlierebas.

dRes ki... vin icis, iqneb vinme ucnobi da uCinari

xmauris da taSis gareSe, sadRac, miuval, mofarebul

kunWulSi patiosani Sromis ofls Rvris da cdilobs

ubralo nagebobis Cadgmas... Senobisa, romlis saZirk-

velsac momavalSi sarTulebi daaSendeba da romlis

madlic xvalis saqarTveloSi gamoiRebs nayofs!

~ 296 ~

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~ 298 ~

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~ 299 ~

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~ 300 ~

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~ 301 ~

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qeTis Savi zRvis regionSi, baTumis SoTa rusTavelis

saxelmwifo universitetis ganaTlebisa da mecniereba-

Ta fakultetis qarTvelologiis institutis krebu-

li VII, baTumi.

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rebi, I: aRmosavleTi da samxreTi saqarTvelo (V-X

~ 302 ~

ss). Seadgina da gamosacemad moamzada n. SoSiaSvilma,

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ruli werilebi” baTumi.

95. CoxaraZe 2009: CoxaraZe m., qarTuli ena da erovnuli

identobis zogierTi sakiTxi samxreT-dasavleT sa-

qarTveloSi XIX-XX saukuneebis mijnaze, rsu-s qris-

tianuli kvlevis centris krebuli ,,Cveni sulierebis

balavari”, t. I, baTumi.

96. CoxaraZe 2009: CoxaraZe m., kriptoqristianoba parxal-

Si, xariton axvledianis saxelobis aWaris muzeumis

,,macne”, t. II. baTumi.

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rebebi, gazeTi ,,aWara” #/# 137, 138, 139, baTumi.

98. CoxaraZe 2012: CoxaraZe m., “baTumi gazeT socialist-

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roveoba”, t. II. baTumi.

99. CoxaraZe 2011: CoxaraZe m., grigol xanZTelis aTormet

savaneTa mxare da JamTaaRmwerlis matiane, (,,Zegli”

Tanamedrove klarjeTSi) rsu-s qristianuli kvlevis

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leba osmaleTSi, muhajiri, emigracia, Tbilisi.

107. WiWnaZe 1913: WiWnaZe z., musliman qarTveloba da maTi

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108. WiWinaZe 1915: WiWnaZe z., qarTvelebis gamahmadianeba,

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109. janaSia, berZeniSvili 1945 : janaSia s., bereniSvili n.,

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120. Gümüş 2013: Nebi Gümüş, Acara tarihi için bir kaynak: Osmanlı

Devletinde yapılan ilk nüfus sayimlari, baTumis SoTa rus-

Tavelis saxelmwifo universiteti, ,,muhajirebi”,

pirveli samecniero konferenciis samuSao gegma da

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LÛĞAT)123. muslimgeorgia: www.muslimgeorgia.org

~ 305 ~

s a r C e v i

winaTqma 3

nawili pirveli

narkvevebi ,,aTormet savaneTa” mxaris istoriidan

Tavi pirveli. bedis borbali qarTvelTaTvis 8

I. saqarTvelos sinaÁ 8

II. eri da beri merCules epoqaSi 16

III. klarjeTis savaneTa bediswera da Seswavlis

mokle istoria 29IV. CanarTi pirveli: emociuri Canaweri parxlis

maxloblad Rvarcofs Camoyolili gveleSapis gamo 37

Tavi meore. Ziebani ,,aTormet savaneTa” mxareSi 41

I. niko mari da pavle ingoroyva 41

II. oriode sityva qvemo forTis samreklos

warwerebis Sesaxeb 48

III. miviwyebuli polemikis axali sicocxle 56

IV. qvemo forTa 59

V. nuka-saydari da misi Semogareni 64

minaweri karCxalas xeobisTvis 67

VI. imerxevis xanZTa 73

VII. ,,Zmao, STavideT venaxad...” 77

VIII. kvlavac mosazrebebi argumentebis Sesaxeb da gamo 80

minaweri xanZTis optimisti maZieblebisTvis 87

IX. gunaTles vani 89

Tavi mesame. Zegli, ziareTi da sxva Zveli ambebi 100

I. JamTaaRmwerlis istoria da Zeglis wmida

giorgis eklesia forTis ziareTze 100II. CanarTi meore: qarTvelobamonatrebulTaTvis 106

III. Temis gagrZeleba, anu ,,Zegli” da ziareTi 111

Tavi meoTxe. gurjebi da qarTuli ena TurqeTis

saqarTveloSi 121

~ 306 ~

I. XIX saukune 121

minaweri ,,ermenis” (,,somexis”) gagebisaTvisSavSeTsa da klarjeTSi 137

II. Canawerebi qarTuli enis Tanamedrove geografiisTvis 141

mcire minaweri mSobliuri enis bejiTad SemnaxaviqarTveli dedebis gamo 145

minaweri xatilas xeobidan gadaxvewili gurjebisgamo 147

III. optimisturi CanarTi impresionistuli fragmentiT 155

Tavi mexuTe. ,,aTormet savaneTa” mxaris meoce saukune:

ocneba da realoba 160

I. meocnebe poetebi... anu saqarTvelos aRdgena da

dacema 160

minaweri avtonomiisTvis 169

II. ocnebis dasasruli anu nebadarTuli patriotizmi

socialisturi realizmis epoqaSi 173III. CanarTi meoTxe: Zveli baTumi da saqarTvelos

naakvnaris gurjTa istoriuli mexsierebis sakiTxebi 191

nawili meore

,,aTormet savaneTa” ori epoqa

Sesavali meore nawilisTvis, anu mokle reziume winare

istoriisa 198

Tavi pirveli. ,,aTormet savaneTa” mxaris sasuliero da

saero centrebi 205

I. anCi 205

II. tbeTi 212

III. artanuji 217

Tavi meore. klarjeTis Tormeti savane 223

I. Satberdi 226

II. dolisyana 234

III. jmerki 237

IV. daba 239

V. berTa 241

~ 307 ~

minaweri ,, ierlisa” da mosulisTvis 243

VI. parexi 246

VII. opiza 250

VIII. xanZTa 256

IX. miZnaZori 260

X. wyarosTavi 264

XI. mere 267XII. bareTelTa 270

nawili mesame

Tormeti ambavi ,,aTormet savaneTa” mxaridan

mcire ganmarteba mesame nawilisTvis 276

ambavi pirveli: mSeneblebi da mSeneblobani 277

ambavi meore: saTlelis cixe 279

ambavi mesame: miZnaZori da mdinareSi gadayrili natexebi 279

ambavi meoTxe: faruli qristianebi da RarimomrComelebi 280

ambavi mexuTe: fragmentebi qarTvelTa savaneebis

istoriidan 281

ambavi meeqvse: 23 aprili da SeRebili kvercxebi 282

ambavi meSvide: Tamara da hezreTi ali 283

ambavi merve: Zveli saqaravne gzebi, Svidi sasaxle da

Svidi wyaro 284

ambavi mecxre: ,,dawerili fiqalebi” sazgirelze 287

ambavi meaTe: dialogi sazRvrebisa da Sua gayofili

xeoba-soflebisa gamo 289

ambavi meTerTmete: ,,Tamara dodofali” _ saqarTveloჲsTavmjdomare 291

ambavi meTormete: Tovli 291

boloTqma 293

literatura 296

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