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moswavlis saxelmZRvanelobunebismetyvelebaSi

biologia

10

2012

b i o l o g i a

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X klasi

moswavlis wigni

gamomcemloba `klio~ aRmaSeneblis gamziri 181, Tbilisi, 0112, saqarTvelo tel.: (+995 32) 234 04 30 E-mail: book@klio.ge www. klio. ge

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moswavlis wigni

© marina sexniaSvili, malxaz mayaSvili, marina jaliaSvili, 2012

© gamomcemloba `klio~, 2012

© gamomcemloba `meridiani~, 2012

Marina Sekhniashvili, Malkhaz Makashvili, Marina Jaliashvili, Biology10th grade texbook

4

s a r C e v i

Tavi I. ujredi

1.1 ujredis qimiuri Sedgeniloba. araorganuli nivTierebebi ...... 8

1.2 organuli nivTierebebi. naxSirwylebi ............................................ 14

1.3 lipidebi ................................................................................................... 18

1.4 cilebi ...................................................................................................... 20

1.5 cilis funqciebi ...................................................................................24

1.6 fermentebi .............................................................................................. 26

1.7 nukleinis mJavebi ..................................................................................28

1.8 ujreduli Teoria .................................................................................32

1.9 ujredis garsi. plazmuri membrana .................................................. 34

1.10 membranuli transportis saxeebi ................................................... 37

O1.11 plazmuri membranis Tvisebebisa da funqciebis kvleva ........... 42

1.12 ujredis organoidebi ........................................................................45

1.13 mitoqondria da plastidebi ............................................................49

1.14 birTvi ..................................................................................................... 52

1. 15 nivTierebaTa cvla da energiis gardaqmna ujredSi ............... 55

1. 16 fotosinTezi ....................................................................................... 58

1. 17 fotosinTezis procesis kvleva .................................................... 62

1. 18 ujreduli sunTqva .............................................................................67

Tavi 2. satransporto sistema

2.1 nivTierebaTa transporti mcenareebSi .......................................... 72

2.2 nivTierebaTa transporti cxovelebSi........................................... 77

2.3 imuniteti ................................................................................................. 80

2.4 gul-sisxlZarRvTa sistema ................................................................83

2.5 arteriuli wnevis Taviseburebebis kvleva ................................... 86

2.6 gulis sarqvelebis moqmedeba ............................................................88

2.7 gulis avtomatia da misi darRveva ................................................... 90

2.8 sunTqva: garemodan Jangbadis SeTviseba da naxSirorJangis

garemoSi gamodevna ..............................................................................92

2.9 filtvebis sasicocxlo tevadoba. sunTqvis sixSireze

moqmedi zogierTi specifikuri faqtori ..................................... 95

5

Tavi 3. saWmlis momnelebeli sistema

3.1 sakvebi nivTierebebi da sakvebi produqtebi ................................ 98

3.2 sakveb produqtebSi sakvebi nivTierebebis aRmoCena da

energetikuli Rirebulebis gansazRvra ......................................102

3.3 saWmlis momnelebeli sistema ..........................................................104

3.4 saWmlis momnelebeli sistemis zogierTi daavadeba ..............107

3.5 dakvirveba saWmlis momnelebeli enzimebis moqmedebaze ......109

Tavi 4. makontrolebeli sistema

4.1 homeostazi ............................................................................................112

4.2 endokrinuli sistema .........................................................................114

4.3 fitohormonebi ....................................................................................118

4.4 auqsinebi. tropizmebi da nastiebi .................................................120

4.5 nervuli sistema ...................................................................................122

4.6 refleqsi ................................................................................................125

4.7 rogor aanalizebs informacias Tavis tvini ...............................127

4.8 metabolizmis regulacia .................................................................130

4.9 ujredSi temperaturis regulacia ...............................................132

4. 10 Tirkmelebis funqcia. organizmSi wylis raodenobis

regulacia. osmoregulacia ..........................................................134

4.11 diabeti .................................................................................................137

4.12 arteriuli wnevis regulacia ........................................................139

4.13 reaqcia ibrZole an gaiqeci ............................................................141

4.14 organizmi mosvenebis mdgomareobaSi ..........................................144

Tavi 5. organizmTa moZraoba

5.1 ConCxi da ConCxis kunTebi ................................................................148

5.2 Zvlis Sedgeniloba. Zvlis qimiuri Sedgenilobis humoruli

regulacia ...........................................................................................151

5.3 organizmis agebulebis da funqciis Seguebuloba

moZraobasTan ......................................................................................153

5.4 ConCxis da sxva organoebis Segueba sxvadasxva pirobebSi

gadaadgilebasTan .............................................................................157

5.5 Tevzis Segueba wyalSi curvasTan ................................................159

5.6 cxovelebis Segueba rbil niadagSi gadaadgilebasTan .........160

8

1.1 ujredis qimiuri Sedgeniloba. araorganuli nivTierebebi

yvela cocxali sistemis cxovelmoqmedeba mJRavndeba sxavadasxva qimiuri nivTierebis molekulebisa da ionebis urTierTqmedebaSi. cocxali bunebis SemadgenlobaSi 80 qimiur elementze metia aRmoCenili, romelic aracocxal bunebaSic gvxvdeba. cocxal organizmebSi procentuli Semcvelobis mixed-viT elementebs or jgufad yofen: makroelementebi da mikroelementebi.

organizmis ujredebSi elementebis Semcveloba %-ebSi

makroelementebi mikroelementebisraodenoba _ 0,001 dan 0,000001-mde

mikroelementebisraodenoba 0,000001-s ar aWarbebs

Jangbadi 65-75naxSirbadi 15-18azoti 1,5-3wyalbadi 8-10magniumi 0,02-0,03kaliumi 0,15-0,4natriumi 0,02-0,03kalciumi 0,04-2,0rkina 0,01-0,15gogirdi 0,15-0,2fosfori 0,2-1,0qlori 0,05-0.1

borikobaltispilenZimolibdeniTuTiavanadiumiiodibromiftori

uraniradiumioqrovercxliswyaliberiliumiceziumiseleni

1. gaecani uj-redSi elementebis

Semcvelobis cxrils. cocxali organizmebis SemadgenlobaSi yve-laze xSirad romeli elementebia gavrce-lebuli?

2. rogoria cocxali da aracocxali bune-bis Sedgeniloba ato-mur da molekulur doneze?

3. Seiswavle organi-zmebSi qimiuri naer-Tebis Semcvelobis cxrili. daasaxele, romeli qimiuri naer-Tebia gavrcelebuli cocxal organizmebSi.

4. procentulad ro-meli naerTia yve laze didi raodenobiT co-cxal organizmebSi?

? es elementebi ujredSi ionebis an sxvadasxva qimiuri naerTis saxiT aris warmodgenili. atomur doneze gan-sxvaveba cocxal da aracocxal bunebaSi ar aris, mole-kulur doneze ki gansxvavebulia maTi Sedgeniloba. aris nivTierebebi, romelic mxolod cocxali bunebisTvisaa damaxasaTebeli, es organuli nivTierebebia. organuli naerTebi (navTobis, qvanaxSiris da bunebrivi airis saxiT) dedamiwis fenebSic moipoveba. araorganuli nivTierebe-bi ki aris rogorc aracocxal, ise cocxal bunebaSi.

cocxal organizmebSi qimiuri naerTebis Semcveloba %-ebSi

nivTiereba raodenoba %-ebSi

wyali 75-85

mineraluri marilebi 1,0-1,5

cilebi 10-20

naxSirwylebi 0,2-2,0

nukleinis mJavebi 1-2

lipidebi 1-5

dabalmolekuluri organuli naerTebi (pigmentebi, vitaminebi, atf da sxva)

0,1-0,5

9

1. ra saxiT gvxvdrba bunebaSi wyali?2. rogori TanafardobiTaa dedamiwaze wyali da

xmeleTi? ra hqmnis msoflio okeanes?

dedamiwaze yvelaze gavrcelebulia wyali. TiTqmis yvela cocxali arseba ZiriTadad wylisgan Sedgeba. ada-mianis sxvadasxva organosa da qsovilSi wylis Semcvelo-ba meryeobs 20%-dan(Zvlovan qsovilebSi) 85-%mde(Tavis tvinis ujredebSi). adamianis masis 2/3 –s wyali Seadgens. meduzas sxeulSi ki 95%-mde wyalia. ujredSi rac ufro aqtiurad mimdinareobs sasicocxlo procesebi, miT me-tia maTSi wylis Semcveloba.

wyals bevri unikaluri Tviseba gaaCnia. es Tvisebebi im-denad mniSvnelovania cocxali organizmebisaTvis, rom sicocxle warmoudgenelia wyalbadisa da Jangbadis am naerTis _ H2O-s gareSe.

wylis unikalur Tvisebebs misi molekulis struq-tura ganapirobebs. wylis molekulaSi Jangbadis erTi atomi kovalenturi bmiT wyalbadis or atomTanaa da-kavSirebuli. wylis molekula polarulia(dipolia). wylis molekulis erTi bolo dadebiTad aris damuxtu-li, xolo meore _ uaryofiTad, radgan Jangbadis atomi Tavisken izidavs wyalbadis eleqtronebs. wylis erTi molekulis uaryofiTad damuxtuli Jangbadis atomi miizideba wylis sxva molekulis dadebiTad damuxtuli wyalbadis atomiT da maT Soris wyalbaduri bmebi (1) war-moiqmneba.

gaixsene qimiidan da fizikidan:3. ra da ra agregatul mdgomareobaSi arsebobs

wyali? romel agregatul mdgomareobaSia wyali calkeuli molekulebis saxiT?

4. daasaxele wylis duRilis, gayinvisa da dnobis temperaturis sidideebi.

5. romel temperaturazea wylis simkvrive yvelaze maRali?

6. rogoria yinulis simkvrive wylis Txevad mdgoma-reobasTan SedarebiT?

wyals aqvs maRali Tbotevadoba, e.i. aqvs unari STanTqos didi raodenobiT siTbo ise, rom sakuTari temperatura minimalurad Seicvalos. wylis siTbote-vadoba 3,3-aTasjer ufro maRalia, vidre haeris. es imas niSnavs, rom garemoSi siTbos mniSvnelovani gazrda wyl-is temperaturis mxolod umniSvnelod momatebas iwvevs. amis mizezia is, rom am energiis mniSvnelovani nawili wyalbaduri bmebis gawyvetaze ixarjeba. samarTliania

-

wylis molekulis dipoli

wyalbaduri bmebi wylis molekulebs Soris

dedamiwis sfero

10

piriqiTac, garemoSi siTburi energiis Semcirebisas wyalma unda gasces siT-buri energiis garkveuli raodenoba. am Tvisebis gamo wylian garemoSi neklebad xdeba temperaturis meryeoba.

wyals maqsimaluri simkvrive 40C-ze aqvs. amitom yinuls, romelsac dab-ali simkvrive aqvs, wyalze msubuqia da curavs wylis zedapirze, es wyalsat-evs icavs mTlianad gayinvisagan. wylis kidev erTi anomaluri Tviseba gamoix-ateba imaSi, rom sxva siTxeebisagan gan-sxvavebiT, wnevis gazrdiT wylis gay-invis temparatura mcirdeba. amitom wylis qveda SreebSi wylis gayinvis al-baToba kidev ufro mcirdeba. wyalsat-evSi yinulis safaris qveS sicocxle grZeldeba.

wylis molekulis maRali polarobis gamo igi sxva polaruli naerTebis kargi gamxsnelia. wyali universaluri gamx-snelia (kargad ixsneba zogierTi mari-li, mJava, tute; organuli nivTierebe-bidan spirtebi, aminebi, naxSirwylebi,

cilebi); wyalSi xsnadobis mixedviT ujredis yvela nivTiereba or jgufad iyofa: hidrofiluri da hidrofoburi. hidrofilurs miekuTvneba wyalSi xsnadi nivTierebebi, xolo hidrofoburs _ wyalSi uxsnadi(magaliTad, lip-idebi).

wyalTan, rogorc karg gamxsnelTan, ramdenime mniSvnelovani funqciaa dakavSirebuli: satransporto _ wyalxsnarebis saxiT transportirdeba nivTierebebi garemodan ujredSi, organizmSi; aseve nivTierebaTa cvlis produqtebi ujredidan /organizmidan garemoSi wyalxsnarebis saxiT ga-moiyofa. wyali, rogorc kargi gamxsneli, inarCunebs Tavis inertulobas, ris gamoc organizmi wyalxsnarebidan mniSvnelovan sakveb nivTierebebs mxolod umniSvnelod Secvlili saxiT Rebulobs. ujredSi bioqimiuri reaqciebi Zi-riTadad wyalxsnarebSi mimdinareobs.

zogierTi maRalmolekuluri organuli nivTierebis (magaliTad, cilebis, nukleinis mJavebis) maRal struqturebs ganapirobebs. aseve, ujreduli mem-branebis struqturis CamoyalibebaSi wyali mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs.

wyali monawileobs maRalmolekuluri organuli naerTebis (cilebis, nax-Sirwylebis, cximebis) hidrolizSi (daSlaSi).

igi monawileobs fotosinTezis procesSi da aris wyalbadis ionebis wyaro. wylis fotolizis dros Jangbadi gamoTavisufldeba da wyali dedami-waze molekuluri Jangbadis ZiriTadi wyaroa.

wyali maRali Tbotevadobisa da Tbogamtarobis gamo did rols asrulebs ujredisa da organizmis TboregulaciaSi. transpiracia(foTlebis mier wylis aorTqleba), oflis gamoyofa organizmebs icavs gadaxurebisagan. wya-li monawileobs organizmSi sxadasxva organoebsa da qsovilebs Soris siTbos ganawilebaSi.

sufris marilis gaxsna wyalSi

yinuli wylis zedapirze dacuravs

11

radgan wylis maRali Tbotevadoba da Tbogamtaroba minimumamde amcirebs masSi temperaturul cvlilebebs, amitom wyali bioqimiuri procesebis war-marTvisaTvis xelsayreli garemoa, agreTve xelsayreli garemoa ganayo-fierebisaTvis, zogierTi organizmis Canasaxis ganviTarebisaTvis.

wyali ujredis struqturebisaTvis sayrden funqcias asrulebs. uxerx-emloebSi Sinagani Txevadi garemo hidrostatikuri ConCxis rols asrulebs.

wyali gavlenas axdens ujredis fizikur Tvisebebze: ujredis simkvrivesa da moculobaze.

zogierTi organizmis sacxovrebel garemos warmoadgens, radgan wyalSi temperetura naklebad meryeobs da masSi kargad ixsneba organizmisaTvis saWiro bevri nivTiereba.

amrigad, wylis gareSe sicocxle ar arsebobs. igi Tavisi saocari fizikur-qimiuri bunebis gamo saswaulebs axdens rogorc cocxal, ise aracocxal bunebaSi. wylis Sesaxeb jer kidev bevri ramaa gamoucnobi da bevr saidumlos malavs igi Tavis TavSi.

wylis garda araorganuli nivTierebebidan ujredi Seicavs mJaveebs, mari-lebs, fuZeebs. am nivTierebebis umravlesoba ujredSi ionebadaa disocire-buli. kaTionebidan didi biologiuri roli aqvs: K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+; anionebi-dan: H2PO4

_, CL

_, HCO3

_, HPO4

2_.

ionebi ujredis SigniT da gareT araTanabrad aris ganawilebuli da aseT araTanabar ganawilebas ujredi mTeli sicocxle inarCunebs. magaliTad, K+-is koncentracia ufro didia ujredis SigniT, vidre gareT da piriqiT, Na+-is koncentracia ujredis gareT maRalia, vidre ujredis SigniT. am ionebis araTanabar ganawilebazea damokidebuli neironebSi nervuli impulsis war-moqmna. mineraluri marilebis ionebi gansazRvraven ujredSi wylis Sesvlas.

ujredis SigTavsi inarCunebs sust tute an neitralur pH-s miuxedavad imisa, rom ujredSi mimdinare qimiuri reaqciebis Sedegad xan H+ -is koncen-tracia matulobs, xan OH

_-is koncentracia. ujredis Tvisebas SeinarCunos

mudmivi pH, buferoba ewodeba. ujredis buferobis SenarCunebaSi susti mJa-vebis anionebi _ H2PO4

_, HPO4

2_, HCO3

_, monawileoben.

pH-is Skala

pH damokidebulia xsnarSi H+ ionebis koncetraciaze

H+-is maRali koncentracia

H+-is dabali koncentracia

ufro mJave are ufro fuZe areneitraluri

12

magniums qlorofili Seicavs. sxvadasxva ionzea damokidebuli zogierTi fermentis aqtivoba. kobalti ki Sedis B12 vitaminis SemadgenlobaSi.

amrigad, SeiZleba nivTierebis Semcveloba organizmSi Zalian mcire iyos, magram misi biologiuri roli ki _ mniSvnelovani.

1. daaxasiaTe wylis biologiuri roli.2. romeli ujredi Seicavs ufro didi raodenobiT wyals _ nervuli ujredi Tu

kanis? axseni Seni pasuxi.3. wyalmcenareebs saerTod ar aqvT, xolo wylis mcenareebs sustad aqvT ganviTa-

rebuli meqanikuri qsovili. rogor fiqrob, ratom?4. daadgine Sesabamisoba wylis fizikur-qimiur Tvisebebsa da mis funqciebs So-

ris, monacemebi Seitane cxrilSi nimuSis mixedviT _Tvisebebi:

1. wylis molekulis polaroba; 2. kargi gamxsneli buneba;3. wylis molekulebs Soris wyalbaduri bmebis arseboba;4. maRali Tbotevadoba da Tbogamtaroba;

funqciebia. nivTierebaTa satransporto funqcia;b. bioqimiuri reaqciebi wyalxsnarebSi mimdinareobs;g. ganapirobebs maRalmolekuluri nivTierebebisa da

ujreduli membranebis struqturebs;d. monawileobs ujredisa da organizmis TboregulaciaSi;e. organizmisaTvis gamravleba-ganviTarebisa da sacxovrebeli garemoa.

SeniSvna: gaiTvaliswine, rom erT Tvisebas SeiZleba ramdenime funqcia Seesabame-bodes da piriqiT, erT funqcias ramdenime Tviseba.

davaleba

a b g d e

1 X

2

3

4

Ca2+-is ionebi gavlenas axdens nervul sistemaze, aZlierebs da aCqarebs gulis muSaobas, kalciumis fos-fatebi Sedis Zvlebis SemadgenlobaSi da mis simtkices ganapirobebs. marilmJava Sedis kuWis wvenis Semadgen-lobaSi da mJave ares qmnis, rac mniSvnelovania cilebis monelebisaTvis.

zogierTi kaTioni Sedis organuli nivTierebis SemadgenlobaSi da mis Tvisebebsa da funqciebsac gansazRvravs. magaliTad, rkinis ionebi Sedis hemo-globinis SemadgenlobaSi, rasTanac Jangbadis trans-portireba aris dakavSirebuli. rkinis nakleboba iwvevs anemiis(sisxlnaklebobis) erT-erTi saxis ganviTarebas.

iodi Sedis farisebri jirkvlis hormonis Tiroqsinis SemadgenlobaSi. iodis nakleboba iwvevs organizmSi niv-TierebaTa cvlis darRvevas. farisebri jirkvali veRar axorcielebs Tireoiduli hormonis saWiro raodenobiT sinTezs, avadmyofebs ezrdebaT farisebri jirkvali da yalibdeba Ciyvi.

hemoglobini

rkinis ionebi

13

Catarebuli cdis monacemebze dayrdnobiT gamoitane Sesabamisi daskvnebi wylis donis Secvlis gamomwvevi mizezebis Taobaze.

Seni azriT, ratom iyo saWiro zeTis gamoyeneba?samuSao rveulSi aage grafikebi romelic asaxavs boTlSi wylis donis cvlilebas

droze damokidebulebiT. Seadare erTmaneTs orive eqsperimentis monacemebi.romeli iyo eqsperimentSi damoukidebeli cvladi? romeli iyo damokidebuli?

(gaiTvaliswine, rom movlena, romelsac Seiswavli sxvadasxva pirobebSi, aris damo-kidebuli cvladi, xolo pirobebi, romelsac cvli, damoukidebeli cvladebia)

wyali fotosinTezis procesis erT-erTi komponentiaimuSave saxlSi

saWiro masalebi: ori kolba an boTli, erTi da imave mcenaris ori foTliani ylorti, wyali, mzesumziris zeTi, santimetri.

aiRe ori boTli, Caasxi wyali. TiToeulSi Cadgi ylorti da Caamate boTlebSi saWmeli zeTi ise, rom wy-lis zedapiri zeTis Txeli feniT daifaros;

moniSne TiToeul boTlze cdis dasawyisisTvis mas-Si arsebuli wylis done da Caiwere gazomvis monacemebi dakvirvebaTa cxrilSi;

3-5 dRis ganmavlobaSi Seiswavle mcenaris mier daxarjuli wylis raodenoba sibneleSi da sinaTleze, rodesac fotosinTezis procesi aqtiurad mimdina-reobs. Seitane cxrilSi miRebuli monacemebi;

gaiTvaliswine, rom temperatura orive mcenaris-Tvis unda iyos erTnairi;

boTlze moniSne dakvirvebis bolo dRis Sedegi.

# TariRi niSnuli (sm)

1# TariRi niSnuli (sm)

2

176