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PAPERS

ENGLISH (TOXIC)

Created By:

1. Ade Irma 061330010!"

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CHEICAL ENGINEERING

AT STATE POLTECHNIC O% SRII;AA

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Toxic materials are substances that may cause harm to an individual if it enters the

body. Toxic materials may enter the body in different ways. These ways are called the route

of exposure. The most common route of exposure is through inhalation (breathing it into the

lungs). Another common route of entry is through skin contact. Some materials can easily

pass through unprotected skin and enter the body. Ingestion is another less common route of

exposure in the workplace. Ingestion often occurs accidentally through poor hygiene

practices (e.g. eating food or smoking a cigarette using contaminated hands).

Toxic materials are often used in the workplace. The table below lists some common

workplace materials that meet one or more of the criteria to be considered !toxic! as well as

some of potential heath effects associated with that chemical. "eep in mind that toxic

materials can also be found in consumer products that come into the home # always read the

warning labels and safe use instructions before using any products.

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drowsiness incoordination and confusion.

&auses eye irritation.

Swallowing or vomiting of the li*uid may result in aspiration into

the lungs.

l#+imonene &auses moderate skin irritation.

$ay cause allergic skin reaction.

Acetaldehyde The vapour is irritating to the respiratory tract. $ay cause lung

in,ury. These effects may be delayed.

&auses severe eye irritation.

ydrogen

peroxide (-/0)

$ay be fatal if swallowed.

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Toxicity of a substance can be affected by many different factors such as the pathway

of administration (whether the toxin is applied to the skin ingested inhaled in,ected)

the time of exposure (a brief encounter or long term) the number of exposures (a

single dose or multiple doses over time) the physical form of the toxin (solid li*uid

gas) the genetic makeup of an individual an individual:s overall health and many

others. Several of the terms used to describe these factors have been included here.

Acute exposure

A single exposure to a toxic substance which may result in severe biological harm or

death5 acute exposures are usually characteri%ed as lasting no longer than a day.

&hronic exposure

continuous exposure to a toxin over an extended period of time often measured in

months or years5 it can cause irreversible side effects.

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Ingestion mouth

Inhalation lungs

Absorption skin

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wallowing or vomiting of the li!uid may cause aspiration

"breathing# into the lungs.

Acetone Mild central nervous system depressant.

Very high concentrations may cause headache, nausea,

dizziness, drowsiness, incoordination and confusion.

Causes eye irritation.

wallowing or vomiting of the li!uid may result in aspiration

into the lungs.

l#%imonene Causes moderate skin irritation.

May cause allergic skin reaction.

Acetaldehyde

$he vapour is irritating to the respiratory tract. May cause lungin%ury. $hese effects may be delayed.

Causes severe eye irritation.

Hydogen

peoxide (&')$

May be fatal if swallowed.

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the product and how to work with it safely. If you do not understand the instructions

or if you are not sure check with your supervisor.

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Skin

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1 To contain spills or leaks the toxic material containers should be stored in trays made

of compatible materials.

T$e Ba-& Sa'ety Pred+re- Cer&7 To not return contaminated or unused toxics back to the original container.

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4ractice good housekeeping personal cleanliness and proper e*uipment maintenance.

andle and dispose of toxic wastes safely.

"now how to handle emergencies (fires spills personal in,ury) involving the toxic

materials you work with.

=ollow the health and safety rules that apply to your ,ob.

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Safe handling and work procedures are crucial for workplaces where individuals use

toxic materials. It is vital that people working with ha%ardous materials such as toxics are

properly trained regarding the potential ha%ards. 8emember if at any time an individual is

unsure or has *uestions about working with a toxic material they should always talk with the

supervisor.

This section refers to 7eera4safe handling practices for toxic materials. Instructions

and training for the -5e&'&handling of a particular toxic material used in a workplace is the

responsibility of the supervisor (employer).

In general when handling toxic materials3

se only the smallest amount necessary to do the ,ob.

4revent the release of toxic vapours dusts mists or gases into the workplace air.

;ear appropriate personal protective e*uipment (if necessary) to avoid exposure (eye

respiratory or skin) or contact with contaminated e*uipmentCsurfaces.

9e aware of the typical symptoms of poisoning and first aid procedures. 8eport any

signs of illness or overexposure immediately to the supervisor. >epending on the

material medical attention for an exposure may be re*uired even if the exposure did

not seem excessive. ;ith some materials symptoms of a severe exposure can be

delayed.

>o not return contaminated or unused material to the original container.

2nsure containers are clearly labeled and inspect containers for leaks or damage

before handling.

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"eep containers tightly closed when not in use.

2nsure suitable emergency e*uipment for fires spills and leaks are readily available.

2nsure emergency eyewashCshower stations are readily available and are tested

regularly.

To prevent spillage use proper tools to open containers and to transfer material.

4our toxic li*uids carefully from the container to avoid splashing and spurting.

Avoid any welding cutting soldering or other hot work on an empty container or

piping until all toxic li*uid and vapours have been cleared.

$aintain good housekeeping (e.g. clean surfaces no accumulation of dust).

;aste toxic material must be disposed of properly. &areless disposal of any ha%ardous

waste presents a potential ha%ard to many individuals who may not be trained or e*uipped to

deal with unexpected ha%ardous materials (e.g. caretaking staff garbage collectors plumbers

water treatment plant workers firefighters etc.). &areless disposal can also cause significant

damage to the environment.

The following are some general recommendations for disposal of waste toxic materials3

Always review federal provincial and local (municipal) government re*uirements

prior to disposal of toxic materials. In some cases disposal by controlled incineration

or secure landfill may be acceptable. Specific re*uirements may vary depending on

the ,urisdiction.

Toxic chemical waste must @T be flushed down sewer or sanitary drains as a

method of disposal. This practice is illegal and unsafe.

>o not mix ha%ardous waste materials with regular garbage destined for a landfill.

2nsure that the waste container used is compatible with the waste material.

Always ensure that the waste container is properly and accurately labelled.

To avoid potential explosions fires or spills do not mix incompatible mixtures in a

single waste container.

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>o not overfill li*uid waste containers. +i*uid waste containers should only be filled

to about three#*uarters capacity to allow for vapour expansion and to reduce the

potential for spills occurring from moving overfilled containers.

In general store waste material in the same manner as the non#waste material. Always

consult the $S>S for any specific storage and disposal recommendations from the

manufacturerCsupplier.

2mpty containers may contain toxic residues. >o not reuse the containers. Treat the

container as ha%ardous waste unless the containers can be decontaminated safely and

properly.

#&-5-a4 ' 8a-te to not mix ha%ardous waste materials with regular garbage destined for a landfill.

1 2nsure that the waste container used is compatible with the waste material.

1 Always ensure that the waste container is properly and accurately labelled.

1 To avoid potential explosions fires or spills do not mix incompatible mixtures in a

single waste container.

1 >o not overfill li*uid waste containers.

1 In general store waste material in the same manner as the non#waste material..

1 2mpty containers may contain toxic residues

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H8 t Treat P&-&7

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&lear the person:s airway &heck the person:s breathing "eep the person comfortable

and pulse

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http://www.wikihow.com/Treat-Poisoninghttp://www.wikihow.com/Treat-Poisoning

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+eave the toxic area immediately &heck the person:s breathing and pulse

"eep the person comfortable until

paramedics come

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8emove traces of the substance =lush the area with lukewarm water

Stre ta&er- ' to not accept delivery of defective

containers. Also be sure to store toxic materials in the type of containers recommended by

the manufacturer or supplier.

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Some other important points for storage of toxic materials include3

"eep the amount of toxic material in storage as small as possible.

Inspect storage areas and containers regularly for any deficiencies including leaking

or damaged containers expired shelf#life or poor housekeeping. &orrect all

deficiencies as soon as possible.

2nsure that containers are tightly closed when not in use and when empty. "eep

empty containers in a separate storage area. 2mpty containers may contain ha%ardous

toxic residue ## keep closed.

Store containers at a convenient height for handling below eye level if possible. igh

shelving increases the risk of dropping containers and the severity of damage in,ury

andCor exposure if a fall occurs.

Store material within the temperature range recommended by the chemical

manufacturerCsupplier.

To contain spills or leaks the toxic material containers should be stored in trays made

of compatible materials. =or larger containers such as drums or barrels provide dikes

around the storage area and sills or ramps at door openings. Storage tanks are above

ground and surrounded with a dike capable of holding entire contents.

Toxic materials must be stored properly. In general the storage area for toxic materials

should have the following characteristics. $any of these recommendations apply for safe

chemical storage in general.

2nsure that the storage area is well#ventilated and out of direct sunlight.

Store toxics separately away from processing and handling areas eating areas and

protective e*uipment storage. Separate storage reduces the amount of damage andCor

in,ury caused in case of fires spills or leaks. If totally separate storage is not possible

use physical separation to keep toxics away from incompatible materials.

The storage area should be fire#resistant and constructed from non#combustible

materials.

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2nsure that emergency eyewashCshower stations are readily available nearby and are

tested regularly.

2nsure that suitable fire extinguishers and spill clean#up e*uipment are available.

Emer7ey

The time to figure out what to do during an emergency is 92=@82 it happens. 9e ready to

handle emergencies such as fire leaks or spills *uickly and safely.

In the event of an emergency involving a toxic material3

8eport leaks spills or ventilation failures immediately. 2vacuate the affected area at once if you are not trained to handle the problem or if it

is clearly beyond your control.

Alert other people in the area to the emergency5 call for emergency services.

8eport the problem to the people responsible for handling emergencies where you

work.

@btain first aid if you have been exposed to the toxic material.

The $S>S and container label for a particular toxic material should give specific first

aid instructions in case of exposure by skin or eye contact inhalation or swallowing.

In the event of skin or eye contact the first aid response usually involves flooding the

contaminated area with large amounts of water. The specific first aid

recommendations can vary from one toxic material to another however depending on

the nature (properties and ha%ards) of the material.

2mergency eyewash stations and safety showers should be present wherever

accidental exposure to toxics might occur. These are available from safety e*uipment

retailers.

@nly specially trained people e*uipped with the proper tools and protective

e*uipment should handle the emergency. obody else should go near the area until it

is declared safe.

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4lanning training and practicing for emergencies are important so that everyone

knows what they must do.

CONCL?SION

1 Toxic materials are substances that may cause harm to an individual if it enters the

body can cause death if inhaled touched or swallowed.

1 Symbol of toxic is a skull and crossbones is a symbolconsisting of ahuman skulland

two long bonescrossed together under the skull.

1 8outes of &hemical 2ntry

D. Ingestion mouth

'. Inhalation lungs

. Absorption skin

Toxic materials can cause serious health effects in an exposed individual.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_skullhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_bonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_skullhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_bone

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RE%ERENCES

http3CCchemistry.about.comCodCtoxicchemicalsCfC;hat#Is#A#Toxic#&hemical.htm

http3CCen.wikipedia.orgCwikiCToxicity

http://chemistry.about.com/od/toxicchemicals/f/What-Is-A-Toxic-Chemical.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxicityhttp://chemistry.about.com/od/toxicchemicals/f/What-Is-A-Toxic-Chemical.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxicity