TEACHING MATERIALSREPRODUCTION OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS

The first meeting

1. Reproduction seed plantsa. Vegetative reproductionIs a method of reproduction without involving male gametes and female gametes. Vegetative reproduction can occur naturally or artificially.Natural Vegetative reproduction Artificial Vegetative reproductionDried rhizome (rhizome / single root) GraftingStolons (stolon) Sticking (grafting)Bulbs layer (buld) ConnectShoot HundredsBulbs trunk StoopKormus Plant tissue isolation method

b. Generative reproductionIs a way of reproduction involving male gametes and female gametes.

PollinationBased on the origin of pollen pollination Pollination is based on factors that help1. Autogami 1. Anemogami2. Kleistogami 2. Hidrogami3. Geitongami 3. Zoidiogami4. Aloami (xenogami)5. Bastar (hibridogami)

FertilizationIs a process of unification or fusion of male gametes ( sperm ) and female gametes ( ova ) . Typically , the process of fertilization occurs shortly after pollination process.

2. Classification of seed plants

a. Gymnosperms

Plants produce heterospora gymnosperms such as microspores and megaspore. Microspores develop into microgametophyte (male gametophyte) and contains pollen. Mean while, a growing megaspore megagametophyte (female gametophyte). At the ovule (megaspore) There pore structure grains (mikrofil) bags and pollen (pollen chamber) which replace the function of interest as the female reproductive organ.After the pollen is released, pollen grains develop into sperm. At the time of pollination, the pollen will stick to the seed. Furthermore, sperm moves toward the egg through the reed sebuk juice. If fertilization

occurs, the embryo will be formed to develop into an embryo and seed. If the seeds fall on the right place, the seeds will grow and develop into new plants.Pollination of gymnosperms do with the wind (anemokori). Schematic life cycle of plants gymnosperms described in the following chart.

Image: Schematic life cycle of plants gymnosperms

Gymnosperms has no real interest. Reproductive organs called cones or cones are protected by scales. Conifers there are 2 kinds of conifers and conifers male and female. Conifers have some male mikrosporofil. Each has two mikrosporofil mikrosporangium in which stem cells are formed microspores. Stem cells will undergo meiosis microspore produces four haploid microspores. Female cone consists of a central axis scales glued. Each scale has two ovules (ovules). Each ovule integument covered by a union with megasporangium. Inside there is a megasporangium megaspore stem cells will undergo meiosis produces four megaspore. Three of them will reduce megaspore stay away until the megaspore functional. The process of pollination and fertilization occurs as follows: Pollen begin to germinate and form pollen tubes and into the tissues megasporangium. Generative cell divides into stem cells and cells of the body. The cells divide to form male gametes or sperm. Pollen tube will penetrate cells neck of Archegonium and release their contents into the egg. One sperm cell to unite with the egg and all the rest of the core will be reduced male gametophyte.

Image: Life Cycle gymnosperms

b. AngiospermsAngiosperms can breed in generative and vegetative. Here scheme lifecycle Angiospermae generative.

Image: Schematic life cycle of angiosperms

Characteristics of the main angiosperms is as follows:a. ovule covered by sporofil shaped carpel or fruit and the overall shape will be a fruit or ovary.b. There is clearly a stigma divided into three parts: the stigma, anthers and ovaries.c. has a true interest consisting of: jewelry flowers, stamens and pistils.d. After pollination, fertilization occurs, the ovule will be judged, the wall will be the fruit flesh. Part Flowers1. Petals (back) serves to protect the flower buds.2. Crown (corolla) serves to attract insects3. stamens (stamens) consisting of:a. pollen stalks (filaments)b. anthers (anthers) consists of 4 bags of juice that serves as a producer of the male gamete, the pollen.4. pistil (pistilus) consisting of:a. anthers (stylus)b. stigma (stigma)c. ovule (ovary) in the fruit there will serve as a seed producer female gametes.

Flower parts perfectly:1. Interest perfect2. Head of the pistil (stigma)3. bud stalk (stylus)4. stalk juice (filament, part of the stamens)5. The axis of interest (axis)6. Articulation7. flower stalk (pedicel)8. nectar glands9. stamens (stamens)10. Will the fruit (ovum)11. ovule (ovule)12.13. Pollen (pollen)14. Head of cider (anther)15. Jewelry interest (periantheum)16. Crown flower (corolla)17. petals (calyx) Formation of the female gametophyte derived from the fission core institutions of primary bladder inside the ovule. The process of formation is as follows: the core institutions of primary bladder split three times in a row to form a core of eight, three core areas mikrofil consisting of one egg and two egg cell clamp, called cells synergids, in three core areas called kalaza antipodes, and two core moves to the center bladder institutions merged to form the core of the bladder secondary institutions. So the female gametophyte consisting of an egg cell (n), cell synergids (n) and a core biological secondary institutions (2n).

Male gametophyte is formed in the bag sari .During Gametogenesis core splitting produce pollen vegetative nucleus and generative nucleus, which is not as great. Vegetative cells larger than the generative cells. Generative nucleus divides by mitosis and menghaslkan 2 sperm.

The process begins with the fertilization of the penyerbuakan. The difference between pollination and fertilization process is relatively short. At the time of the pollen falls on the stigma immediately formed a reed pollen .At the end of a reed pollen vegetative nuclei act as signposts for the two sperm nuclei. Furthermore bamboo growing pollen extends reach the ovule. In the ovule sperm nucleus I (n) egg (n) to form a zygote (2n) and the second sperm nucleus (n) to fertilize the core biological secondary institutions to form the endosperm (3n). Events fertilization is called double fertilization.