major project report on automatic petrol pump system

8/18/2019 Major Project Report on Automatic Petrol Pump System

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Automatic Smart

Petrol Pump System

PROJECT REPORT

Submitted in the partial fulllment of the requirement for the award of the

deree of

!AC"E#OR O$ TEC"%O#O&'

(%

E#ECTRO%(CS A%) CO**+%(CAT(O% E%&(%EER(%&

S+!*(TTE) TO , S+!*(TTE) !',

*r- RA.(/A%T S"AR*A Amit Patha0

1234567

!anish &upta

1!T#3482397

"imanshu %ei

1232367 Jyoti Sharma

1!T#3482357

/alyani 1232397

1


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&reen "ills &roup of (nstitutes /umarhatti:

Solan 1"-P-7

CO*PA%' PRO$(#E

INFOWIZ is leading strategic IT Company ofering integrated IT

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(%$O;(< is a & years young organi'ation !hich has !on the

%AT(O%A# A;AR) "or = consecuti>e years =42?@=426 =426@28

"or !EST (ndustrial Trainin "rom "onB able &O.ER%ER of Punab

"aryana Sh- /aptan Sinh Solan0i- (e is also the Chancellor of

PT+ Punabi +ni>ersity. INFOWIZ is a memer o" Con"ederation o"

Indian Industry ) C(( membership number D %?86?P * + also

!ith an(SO Certication. We have a gloal "oot prints in providing the of

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INFOWIZ is an organization which is established in the field of Web Development (PHP

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O.r s1illed team of professionals ma1e s.re that the prod.ct is developed as per thec.stomer2s needs and 1eeping the c.stomer informed abo.t the development of their

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to o.r clients b.t also believe in providing a wor1able sol.tion! INFOWIZ offers research

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online b.siness! O.r ,esearch Development arm offers 0"O tools for 0"-

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INFOWIZ also provides Technical Support & Consultancy to 0oftware )ompanies li1e

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www!dealpartners!co!.1!gridhosted!co!.1 78

55$ ;ittletonvine+ard www!littletonvine+ard!net 70'

59$ 4pa1offshore www!gpa1offshore!com 78

3

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OUR TE"#:-

$" Ship is as %oo as the cre' 'ho sail her!(

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5$ Dr! 0eema

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0he is the bac1bone of INFOWIZ and a woman with more than A +ear rich practical

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who believes in ta1ing .p new vent.res and pro3ects!

9$ -r! ,a3eev Na++ar

(,eputy ,irector$

' man who strongl+ feel that Nothing is ImpossibleE! ' ver+ committed team

leader who has

4


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been professionall+ attached with -.ltinational companies for more than 5@ +ears

and has lead

the mar1eting teams in all states of North India!

:$ -r! Deepa1 8as+ap

/0ranch #ana%er1

' man who believes that Hono.r #ime Place% then +o. will be hono.red!E he has

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than < +ears solid ind.strial eCperience in a software companies is ver+ dashingand innovative

in his technical approach!


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ma1e them great!E 0he has more than < +ears eCperience in mar1eting field!

>$ "r! ishal 4o+al

(Hea & Technical "2isor at US 0ranch$

-ore than 5B +ears ind.strial eCperience in 70 and smooth handling of the entire 70

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COURSES O33ere :-

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5$ Web Development in PHP with ;I" Pro3ects

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:$ &'' ()ore as well as 'dvance $ with ;I" Pro3ects


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?$ -+0;% 0;% O,');"

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A$ 0"O (0earch "ngine Optimization$

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"ress:-

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SCO 66-66;-69<

0aseent Su* City Centre

Sector =8-" Chani%arh /67


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=!9 )ON)"P# OF )O-PI;",


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A!9 POW", ON #"0# @:

55! ,"07;#0 'ND DI0)700ION0 @<

59! )ON);70ION @=

5:! /I/;IO4,'PH @>

L)ST O4 4)URES P"E O.

9!5!5 00#"- D"0I4N )';;0 5

9!5!9 "-/"DD"D 00#"- D"0I4N )';;0 9

:!5!5 /;O)8 DI'4,'- :

>!5!5 POW", 07PP; )I,)7I# =:

>!5!9 )I,)7I# DI'4,'- =:

>!5!: ,";' )ONN")#ION0 #O -I),O)ON#,O;;", =>

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"0STR"CT

Owing to the critical sit.ations which ma+ eCist in different locations% it becomes ver+

diffic.lt to wor1 at these places! One of the sit.ation is filling of oil in vehicles d.ring bitter cold

and sarcastic climate! #his led to the idea to a.tomate the petrol p.mp! Often wor1ing at late

night with hard cash has the ris1 of being robbed and ma+ lead to life threatening sit.ation! #he

goal of the pro3ect is to aid the trade*person and cons.mer in s.ch adverse circ.mstances!

#he demands for a.tomated prod.cts with programmabilit+ are growing da+ b+ da+!

'.tomation has been achieved b+ vario.s means incl.ding mechanical% h+dra.lic% pne.matic%

electrical and electronic and comp.ters% .s.all+ in combination! In toda+2s fast growing world

there is a need to find distinct wa+s for providing facilities to the .sers so as to meet the

growing standards! 4enerall+ the familiar method of filling vehicle tan1 is done man.all+ b+

wor1er present at the spot which often .se different .nfair means to fill their poc1ets! #he

p.rpose of the pro3ect is the realization of a compact% low cost .ser demanded facilit+!

'.tomation of a machine increases the acc.rac+ of the wor1!

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)TRO,UCT)O TO E#0E,,E, S!STE#S

Dhat is e*ee systeF

'n "mbedded 0+stem is a combination of comp.ter hardware and software% and perhaps

additional mechanical or other parts% designed to perform a specific f.nction! 'n embedded

s+stem is a microcontroller*based% software driven% reliable% real*time control s+stem%

a.tonomo.s% or h.man or networ1 interactive% operating on diverse ph+sical variables and indiverse environments and sold into a competitive and cost conscio.s mar1et!

'n embedded s+stem is not a comp.ter s+stem that is .sed primaril+ for processing% not a

software s+stem on P) or 7NIK% not a traditional b.siness or scientific application! High*end

embedded lower end embedded s+stems! High*end embedded s+stem * 4enerall+ :9% >< /it

)ontrollers .sed with O0! "Camples Personal Digital 'ssistant and -obile phones etc! !;ower

end embedded s+stems * 4enerall+ @%5> /it )ontrollers .sed with an minimal operating s+stems

and hardware la+o.t designed for the specific p.rpose! "Camples 0mall controllers and devices

in o.r ever+da+ life li1e Washing -achine% -icrowave Ovens% where the+ are embedded in!

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E*eeSystes

)omp.ter 'rchitect.re

0oftware"ngineering

Data)omm.nication

)ontr ol"ngineering

"lectric motorsand act.ators

0ensors andmeas.rements

'nalog"lectronic design

Digital"lectronic design

Integrated circ.itdesign

E*ee syste esi%n calls on any isciplines

Operating Systems

BuildDownloadDebugTools

S!STE# ,ES) C"LLS:

FigL9!5!5 00#"- D"0I4N )';;0

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SystemTesting

SystemDefinition

Targeting

RapidPrototypi

ng

Hardware-in-the-Lo

opTesting

E#0E,,E, S!STE# ,ES) C!CLE

Fig.ren 9!5!9 DiagramE

Characteristics o3 E*ee Syste

M 'n embedded s+stem is an+ comp.ter s+stem hidden inside a prod.ct other than a

comp.ter!

M #he+ will enco.nter a n.mber of diffic.lties when writing embedded s+stem software in

addition to those we enco.nter when we write applications

15


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CL"SS)4)C"T)O

• ,eal #ime 0+stems!

• ,#0 is one which has to respond to events within a specified deadline!

• ' right answer after the dead line is a wrong answer

RTS CL"SS)4)C"T)O

• Hard ,eal #ime 0+stems

• 0oft ,eal #ime 0+stem

H"R, RE"L T)#E S!STE#

• QHardQ real*time s+stems have ver+ narrow response time!

• "CampleL N.clear power s+stem% )ardiac pacema1er!

SO4T RE"L T)#E S!STE#

• Q0oftQ real*time s+stems have red.ced constrains on QlatenessQ b.t still m.st operate ver+

.ic1l+ and repeatable!

• "CampleL ,ailwa+ reservation s+stem ta1es a few eCtra seconds the data remains valid

=. 0LOC@ ,)"R"#

1&


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8. H"R,D"RE REGU)RE#ETS

H"R,D"RE CO#POETS

5! #,'N0FO,-", (9:B 59 ')$

9! O;#'4" ,"47;'#O, (;- ?@B=$

:! ,")#IFI",

>! /)=


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55! ,FID ,eader

59! ,ela+

5:! ;)D 5>9

8.6 - TR"S4OR#ER

#ransformers convert ') electricit+ from one voltage to another with a little loss of power! 0tep*

.p transformers increase voltage% step*down transformers red.ce voltage! -ost power s.pplies

.se a step*down transformer to red.ce the dangero.sl+ high voltage to a safer low voltage!

FI4


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#he ratio of the n.mber of t.rns on each coil% called the t.rn2s ratio% determines the ratio

of the voltages! ' step*down transformer has a large n.mber of t.rns on its primar+ (inp.t$ coil

which is connected to the high voltage mains s.ppl+% and a small n.mber of t.rns on its

secondar+ (o.tp.t$ coil to give a low o.tp.t voltage!

#7,N0 ,'#IO R (p 6 s$ R ( Np 6 Ns $

Where%

p R primar+ (inp.t$ voltage!

s R secondar+ (o.tp.t$ voltage

Np R n.mber of t.rns on primar+ coil

Ns R n.mber of t.rns on secondar+ coil

Ip R primar+ (inp.t$ c.rrent

Is R secondar+ (o.tp.t$ c.rrent!

)eal po'er euation

#he ideal transformer as a circ.it element

If the secondar+ coil is attached to a load that allows c.rrent to flow% electrical power is

transmitted from the primar+ circ.it to the secondar+ circ.it! Ideall+% the transformer is perfectl+

efficient all the incoming energ+ is transformed from the primar+ circ.it to the magnetic fieldand into the secondar+ circ.it! If this condition is met% the incoming electric power m.st e.al

the o.tgoing powerL

1

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power


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4iving the ideal transformer e.ation

#ransformers normall+ have high efficienc+% so this form.la is a reasonable approCimation!

If the voltage is increased% then the c.rrent is decreased b+ the same factor! #he impedance in

one circ.it is transformed b+ the square of the t.rns ratio! For eCample% if an impedance Z s is

attached across the terminals of the secondar+ coil% it appears to the primar+ circ.it to have an

impedance of ( N p6 N s$9 Z s! #his relationship is reciprocal% so that the impedance Z p of the primar+

circ.it appears to the secondar+ to be ( N s6 N p$9 Z p!

8.9 - +OLT"E REUL"TOR >


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,escription

#he ;-?@KK6;-?@KK' series of three*terminal positive reg.lators are available in the

#O*99B6D*P'8 pac1age and with several fiCed o.tp.t voltages% ma1ing them .sef.l in a Wide

range of applications! "ach t+pe emplo+s internal c.rrent limiting% thermal sh.tdown and safe

operating area protection% ma1ing it essentiall+ indestr.ctible! If ade.ate heat sin1ing is

provided% the+ can deliver over 5' o.tp.t ).rrent! 'ltho.gh designed primaril+ as fiCed voltage

reg.lators% these devices can be .sed with eCternal components to obtain ad3.stable voltages and

c.rrents!

)nternal 0locI ,ia%ra

2


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FI4

"*solute #aiu Ratin%s

#'/;"

rectifier! In this pro3ect% a bridge rectifier is .sed beca.se of its merits li1e good stabilit+ and f.ll

3

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_supplyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_supplyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detector_(radio)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detector_(radio)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_state_(electronics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_state_(electronics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_tubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_tubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_arc_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_supplyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_supplyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detector_(radio)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_state_(electronics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_tubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_tubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_arc_valve


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wave rectification! In positive half c+cle onl+ two diodes( 5 set of parallel diodes$ will cond.ct%

in negative half c+cle remaining two diodes will cond.ct and the+ will cond.ct onl+ in forward

bias onl+!

8.8 - 4)LTER

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)apacitive filter is .sed in this pro3ect! It removes the ripples from the o.tp.t of rectifier and

smoothens the D!)! O.tp.t received from this filter is constant .ntil the mains voltage and load

is maintained constant! However% if either of the two is varied% D!)! voltage received at this point

changes! #herefore a reg.lator is applied at the o.tp.t stage!

#he simple capacitor filter is the most basic t+pe of power s.ppl+ filter! #he .se of this

filter is ver+ limited! It is sometimes .sed on eCtremel+ high*voltage% low*c.rrent power s.pplies

for cathode*ra+ and similar electron t.bes that re.ire ver+ little load c.rrent from the s.ppl+!

#his filter is also .sed in circ.its where the power*s.ppl+ ripple fre.enc+ is not critical and can

be relativel+ high! /elow fig.re can show how the capacitor changes and discharges!

8.? - #)CROCOTROLLER "T;S?9

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)ntrouction:

#he '#@A0=9 is a low*power% high*performance )-O0 @*bit microcontroller with @8

b+tes of in*s+stem programmable Flash memor+! #he device is man.fact.red .sing 'tmel2s

high*densit+ non volatile memor+ technolog+ and is compatible with the ind.str+ standard

@B)=5 instr.ction set and pin o.t! #he on*chip Flash allows the program memor+ to be

reprogrammed in*s+stem or b+ a conventional non volatile memor+ programmer! /+ combining

a versatile @*bit )P7 with in*s+stem programmable Flash on a monolithic chip% the 'tmel

'#@A0=9 is a powerf.l microcontroller which provides a highl+*fleCible and cost*effective

sol.tion to man+ embedded control applications! #he '#@A0=9 provides the following standard

feat.resL @8 b+tes of Flash% 9=> b+tes of ,'-% :9 I6O lines% Watchdog timer% two data pointers%

three 5>*bit timer6co.nters% a siC*vector two*level interr.pt architect.re% a f.ll d.pleC serial port%

on*chip oscillator% and cloc1 circ.itr+! In addition% the '#@A0=9 is designed with static logic for

operation down to zero fre.enc+ and s.pports two software selectable power saving modes! #he

Idle -ode stops the )P7 while allowing the ,'-% timer6co.nters% serial port% and interr.pt

s+stem to contin.e f.nctioning! #he Power*down mode saves the ,'- contents b.t freezes the

oscillator% disabling all other chip f.nctions .ntil the neCt interr.pt or hardware reset!

4eatures:

M )ompatible with -)0S*=5 Prod.cts

M @8 /+tes of In*0+stem Programmable (I0P$ Flash -emor+

"nd.ranceL 5B%BBB Write6"rase )+cles

M

M F.ll+ 0tatic OperationL B Hz to :: -Hz

M #hree*level Program -emor+ ;oc1

M 9=> C @*bit Internal ,'-

M :9 Programmable I6O ;ines

M #hree 5>*bit #imer6)o.nters

M "ight Interr.pt 0o.rces

M F.ll D.pleC 7',# 0erial )hannel

6


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M ;ow*power Idle and Power*down -odes

M Interr.pt ,ecover+ from Power*down -ode

M Watchdog #imer

M D.al Data Pointer

M Power*off Flag

M Fast Programming #ime

M FleCible I0P Programming (/+te and Page -ode$

M 4reen (Pb6Halide*free$ Pac1aging Option

0locI ,ia%ra o3 "T;S?9:

FI4


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Pin Con3i%urations o3 "T;S?9

FI4

eight ##; inp.ts! When 5s are written to port B pins% the pins can be .sed as high*impedance

inp.ts! Port B can also be config.red to be the m.ltipleCed low*order address6data b.s d.ring7


30/88

accesses to eCternal program and data memor+! In this mode% PB has internal p.ll*.ps! Port B also

receives the code b+tes d.ring Flash programming and o.tp.ts the code b+tes d.ring program

verification! "Cternal p.ll*.ps are re.ired d.ring program verification!

Port 6:

Port 5 is an @*bit bidirectional I6O port with internal p.ll*.ps! #he Port 5 o.tp.t b.ffers

can sin16so.rce fo.r ##; inp.ts! When 5s are written to Port 5 pins% the+ are p.lled high b+ the

internal p.ll*.ps and can be .sed as inp.ts! 's inp.ts% Port 5 pins that are eCternall+ being p.lled

low will so.rce c.rrent (II;$ beca.se of the internal p.ll*.ps! In addition% P5!B and P5!5 can be

config.red to be the timer6co.nter 9 eCternal co.nt inp.t (P5!B6#9$ and the timer6co.nter 9

trigger inp.t (P5!56#9"K$!

Port 9:

Port 9 is an @*bit bidirectional I6O port with internal p.ll*.ps! #he Port 9 o.tp.t b.ffers

can sin16so.rce fo.r ##; inp.ts! When 5s are written to Port 9 pins% the+ are p.lled high b+ the

internal p.ll*.ps and can be .sed as inp.ts! 's inp.ts% Port 9 pins that are eCternall+ being p.lled

low will so.rce c.rrent (II;$ beca.se of the internal p.ll*.ps! Port 9 emits the high*order address

b+te d.ring fetches from eCternal program memor+ and d.ring accesses to eCternal data memor+

that .se 5>*bit addresses (-OK T DP#,$! In this application% Port 9 .ses strong internal p.ll*.ps when emitting 5s! D.ring accesses to eCternal data memor+ that .se @*bit addresses (-OK

T ,I$% Port 9 emits the contents of the P9 0pecial F.nction ,egister!

Port =:

Port : is an @*bit bidirectional I6O port with internal p.ll*.ps! #he Port : o.tp.t b.ffers

can sin16so.rce fo.r ##; inp.ts! When 5s are written to Port : pins% the+ are p.lled high b+ the

internal p.ll*.ps and can be .sed as inp.ts! 's inp.ts% Port : pins that are eCternall+ being p.lled

low will so.rce c.rrent (II;$ beca.se of the p.ll*.ps!

RST:

28


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,eset inp.t! ' high on this pin for two machine c+cles while the oscillator is r.nning

resets the device! #his pin drives high for A@ oscillator periods after the Watchdog times o.t! #he

DI0,#O bit in 0F, '7K, (address @"H$ can be .sed to disable this feat.re! In the defa.lt state

of bit DI0,#O% the ,"0"# HI4H o.t feat.re is enabled!

"LE5PRO:

'ddress ;atch "nable (';"$ is an o.tp.t p.lse for latching the low b+te of the address

d.ring accesses to eCternal memor+! #his pin is also the program p.lse inp.t (P,O4$ d.ring

Flash programming!

In normal operation% ';" is emitted at a constant rate of 56> the oscillator fre.enc+ and ma+ be

.sed for eCternal timing or cloc1ing p.rposes! Note% however% that one ';" p.lse is s1ipped

d.ring each access to eCternal data memor+!

PSE:

Program 0tore "nable (P0"N$ is the read strobe to eCternal program memor+! When the

'#@A0=9 is eCec.ting code from eCternal program memor+% P0"N is activated twice each

machine c+cle% eCcept that two P0"N activations are s1ipped d.ring each access to eCternal data

memor+!

E"5+PP:

"Cternal 'ccess "nable! "' m.st be strapped to 4ND in order to enable the device to

fetch code from eCternal program memor+ locations starting at BBBBH .p to FFFFH! Note%

however% that if loc1 bit 5 is programmed% "' will be internall+ latched on reset! "' sho.ld be

strapped to )) for internal program eCec.tions! #his pin also receives the 59*volt

programming enable voltage (PP$ d.ring Flash programming!

KT"L6:

Inp.t to the inverting oscillator amplifier and inp.t to the internal cloc1 operating circ.it!

KT"L9:

O.tp.t from the inverting oscillator amplifier!

21


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Oscillator Characteristics:

K#';5 and K#';9 are the inp.t and o.tp.t% respectivel+% of an inverting amplifier

which can be config.red for .se as an on*chip oscillator% as shown in Fig.re 5! "ither a .artz

cr+stal or ceramic resonator ma+ be .sed! #o drive the device from an eCternal cloc1 so.rce%

K#';9 sho.ld be left .nconnected while K#';5 is driven as shown in Fig.re >!9! #here are no

re.irements on the d.t+ c+cle of the eCternal cloc1 signal% since the inp.t to the internal

cloc1ing circ.itr+ is thro.gh a divide*b+*two flip*flop% b.t minim.m and maCim.m voltage high

and low time specifications m.st be observed!

FI4

FI4


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)le #oe

In idle mode% the )P7 p.ts itself to sleep while all the on chip peripherals remain active! #he

mode is invo1ed b+ software! #he content of the on*chip ,'- and all the special f.nctionsregisters remain .nchanged d.ring this mode! #he idle mode can be terminated b+ an+ enabled

interr.pt or b+ a hardware reset!

Po'er o'n #oe

In the power down mode the oscillator is stopped% and the instr.ction that invo1es power

down is the last instr.ction eCec.ted! #he on*chip ,'- and 0pecial F.nction ,egisters retain

their val.es .ntil the power down mode is terminated! #he onl+ eCit from power down is a

hardware reset! ,eset redefines the 0F,s b.t does not change the on*chip ,'-! #he reset sho.ld

not be activated before )) is restored to its normal operating level and m.st be held active

long eno.gh to allow the oscillator to restart and stabilize!

8.7 - LE,’S

;"Ds are semicond.ctor devices! ;i1e transistors% and other diodes% ;"Ds are made o.t of

silicon! What ma1es an ;"D give off light are the small amo.nts of chemical imp.rities that areadded to the silicon% s.ch as galli.m% arsenide% indi.m% and nitride!

When c.rrent passes thro.gh the ;"D% it emits photons as a b+prod.ct! Normal light

b.lbs prod.ce light b+ heating a metal filament .ntil it is white hot! ;"Ds prod.ce photons

directl+ and not via heat% the+ are far more efficient than incandescent b.lbs!

Fig


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Not long ago ;"Ds were onl+ bright eno.gh to be .sed as indicators on dashboards or

electronic e.ipment! /.t recent advances have made ;"Ds bright eno.gh to rival traditional

lighting technologies! -odern ;"Ds can replace incandescent b.lbs in almost an+ application!

Types o3 LE,’S

;"Ds are prod.ced in an arra+ of shapes and sizes! #he = mm c+lindrical pac1age is the most

common% estimated at @BU of world prod.ction! #he color of the plastic lens is often the same as the

act.al color of light emitted% b.t not alwa+s! For instance% p.rple plastic is often .sed for infrared

;"Ds% and most bl.e devices have clear ho.sings! #here are also ;"Ds in eCtremel+ tin+ pac1ages%

s.ch as those fo.nd on blin1ers and on cell phone 1e+pads! #he main t+pes of ;"Ds are miniat.re%

high power devices and c.stom designs s.ch as alphan.meric or m.lti*color!

Fig


35/88

still prett+ eCpensive as compared to a 4OW lamp b.t draw m.ch less c.rrent and pro3ect a

fairl+ well foc.sed beam!

#he diode in the photo came with a neat little reflector that tends to sharpen the beam a

little b.t doesnVt seem to add m.ch to the overall intensit+!

When r.n within their ratings% the+ are more reliable than lamps as well! ,ed ;"Ds are

now being .sed in a.tomotive and tr.c1 tail lights and in red traffic signal lights! o. will be

able to detect them beca.se the+ loo1 li1e an arra+ of point so.rces and the+ go on and off

instantl+ as compared to conventional incandescent lamps!

24


36/88

;"Ds are monochromatic (one color$ devices! #he color is determined b+ the band gap of

the semicond.ctor .sed to ma1e them! ,ed% green% +ellow and bl.e ;"Ds are fairl+ common!

White light contains all colors and cannot be directl+ created b+ a single ;"D! #he most

common form of QwhiteQ ;"D reall+ isnVt white! It is a 4alli.m Nitride bl.e ;"D coated with a

phosphor that% when eCcited b+ the bl.e ;"D light% emits a broad range spectr.m that in addition

to the bl.e emission% ma1es a fairl+ white light!

#here is a claim that these white ;"DVs have a limited life! 'fter 5BBB ho.rs or so of

operation% the+ tend to +ellow and dim to some eCtent! ,.nning the ;"Ds at more than their

rated c.rrent will certainl+ accelerate this process!

#here are two primar+ wa+s of prod.cing high intensit+ white*light .sing ;"D20! One is

to .se individ.al ;"D20 that emit three primar+ colo.rs red% green% and bl.eand then miC all

the colo.rs to form white light! #he other is to .se a phosphor material to convert

monochromatic light from a bl.e or 7 ;"D to broad*spectr.m white light% m.ch in the same

wa+ a fl.orescent light b.lb wor1s! D.e to metamerism% it is possible to have .ite different

spectra that appear white!

"2anta%es o3 usin% LE,s

E33iciency:

;"Ds prod.ce more light per watt than incandescent b.lbs this is .sef.l in

batter+ powered or energ+*saving devices!

Sie:

25

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37/88

;"Ds can be ver+ small (smaller than 9 mm9$ and are easil+ pop.lated onto

printed circ.it boards!

On5O33 tie:

;"Ds light .p ver+ .ic1l+! ' t+pical red indicator ;"D will achieve f.ll

brightness in microseconds! ;"Ds .sed in comm.nications devices can have even

faster response times!

Cyclin%:

;"Ds are ideal for .se in applications that are s.b3ect to fre.ent on*off c+cling%

.nli1e fl.orescent lamps that b.rn o.t more .ic1l+ when c+cled fre.entl+% or

HID lamps that re.ire a long time before restarting!

Cool li%ht:

In contrast to most light so.rces% ;"Ds radiate ver+ little heat in the form of I,

that can ca.se damage to sensitive ob3ects or fabrics! Wasted energ+ is dispersed

as heat thro.gh the base of the ;"D!

Li3etie:

;"Ds can have a relativel+ long .sef.l life! One report estimates :=%BBB to =B%BBB

ho.rs of .sef.l life% tho.gh time to complete fail.re ma+ be longer!

o Toicity:

;"Ds do not contain merc.r+% .nli1e fl.orescent lamps!

,isa2anta%es o3 usin% LE,s

26


38/88

Hi%h price:

;"Ds are c.rrentl+ more eCpensive% price per l.men% on an initial capital cost

basis% than most conventional lighting technologies!

Teperature epenence:

;"D performance largel+ depends on the ambient temperat.re of the operating

environment! Over*driving the ;"D in high ambient temperat.res ma+ res.lt in

overheating of the ;"D pac1age% event.all+ leading to device fail.re!

+olta%e sensiti2ity:

;"Ds m.st be s.pplied with the voltage above the threshold and a c.rrent below

the rating! #his can involve series resistors or c.rrent*reg.lated power s.pplies!

"rea li%ht source:

;"Ds do not approCimate a point so.rceE of light% b.t rather a lambertian

distrib.tion! 0o ;"Ds are diffic.lt to .se in applications re.iring a spherical light

field! ;"Ds are not capable of providing divergence below a few degrees! #his is

contrasted with lasers% which can prod.ce beams with divergences of B!9 degrees

or less!

0lue Haar:

#here is increasing concern that bl.e ;"Ds and cool*white ;"Ds are now capable

of eCceeding safe limits of the so*called bl.e*light hazard as defined in e+e safet+!

8.> - 0C?8>

TECH)C"L SPEC)4)C"T)OS:

2&


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#he /)=


40/88

8. - 68


41/88

• Diodes of n.mber IN


42/88

3.st as c.rrent wo.ld flow in a copper wire! #his is shown in fig.re 5*5=! #he positive potential

of the batter+ will attract the free electrons in the cr+stal! #hese electrons will leave the cr+stal

and flow into the positive terminal of the batter+! 's an electron leaves the cr+stal% an electron

from the negative terminal of the batter+ will enter the cr+stal% th.s completing the c.rrent path!

#herefore% the ma3orit+ c.rrent carriers in the N*t+pe material (electrons$ are repelled b+ the

negative side of the batter+ and move thro.gh the cr+stal toward the positive side of the batter+!

Current 4lo' in the P-Type #aterial

).rrent flow thro.gh the P*t+pe material is ill.strated! )ond.ction in the P material is b+

positive holes% instead of negative electrons! ' hole moves from the positive terminal of the P

material to the negative terminal! "lectrons from the eCternal circ.it enter the negative terminal

of the material and fill holes in the vicinit+ of this terminal! 't the positive terminal% electrons are

removed from the covalent bonds% th.s creating new holes! #his process contin.es as the stead+

stream of holes (hole c.rrent$ moves toward the negative terminal

8.; - RES)STORS

' resistor is a two*terminal electronic component designed to oppose an electric c.rrent b+ prod.cing a voltage drop between its terminals in proportion to the c.rrent% that is% in accordance

with OhmVs lawL

V R IR

,esistors are .sed as part of electrical networ1s and electronic circ.its! #he+ are eCtremel+

commonplace in most electronic e.ipment! Practical resistors can be made of vario.s

compo.nds and films% as well as resistance wire (wire made of a high*resistivit+ allo+% s.ch as

nic1el6chrome$!

#he primar+ characteristics of resistors are their resistance and the power the+ can

dissipate! Other characteristics incl.de temperat.re coefficient% noise% and ind.ctance! ;ess well*

1nown is critical resistance% the val.e below which power dissipation limits the maCim.m

permitted c.rrent flow% and above which the limit is applied voltage! )ritical resistance depends

3


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.pon the materials constit.ting the resistor as well as its ph+sical dimensions itVs determined b+

design!

,esistors can be integrated into h+brid and printed circ.its% as well as integrated

circ.its! 0ize% and position of leads (or terminals$ are relevant to e.ipment designers resistors

m.st be ph+sicall+ large eno.gh not to overheat when dissipating their power!

' resistor is a two*terminal passive electronic component which implements electrical

resistance as a circ.it element! When a voltage is applied across the terminals of a resistor% a

c.rrent I will flow thro.gh the resistor in direct proportion to that voltage! #he reciprocal of the

constant of proportionalit+ is 1nown as the resistance ,% since% with a given voltage % a larger

val.e of , f.rther QresistsQ the flow of c.rrent I as given b+ OhmVs lawL

,esistors are common elements of electrical networ1s and electronic circ.its and are

.bi.ito.s in most electronic e.ipment! Practical resistors can be made of vario.s compo.nds

and films% as well as resistance wire (wire made of a high*resistivit+ allo+% s.ch as nic1el*

chrome$! ,esistors are also implemented within integrated circ.its% partic.larl+ analog devices%

and can also be integrated into h+brid and printed circ.its!

32

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#he electrical f.nctionalit+ of a resistor is specified b+ its resistanceL common

commercial resistors are man.fact.red over a range of more than A orders of magnit.de! When

specif+ing that resistance in an electronic design% the re.ired precision of the resistance ma+

re.ire attention to the man.fact.ring tolerance of the chosen resistor% according to its specific

application! #he temperat.re coefficient of the resistance ma+ also be of concern in some

precision applications! Practical resistors are also specified as having a maCim.m power rating

which m.st eCceed the anticipated power dissipation of that resistor in a partic.lar circ.itL this is

mainl+ of concern in power electronics applications! ,esistors with higher power ratings are

ph+sicall+ larger and ma+ re.ire heat sin1ing! In a high voltage circ.it% attention m.st

sometimes be paid to the rated maCim.m wor1ing voltage of the resistor!

#he series ind.ctance of a practical resistor ca.ses its behavior to depart from ohms lawthis specification can be important in some high*fre.enc+ applications for smaller val.es of

resistance! In a low*noise amplifier or pre*amp the noise characteristics of a resistor ma+ be an

iss.e! #he .nwanted ind.ctance% eCcess noise% and temperat.re coefficient are mainl+ dependent

on the technolog+ .sed in man.fact.ring the resistor! #he+ are not normall+ specified

individ.all+ for a partic.lar famil+ of resistors man.fact.red .sing a partic.lar technolog+! '

famil+ of discrete resistors is also characterized according to its form factor% that is% the size of

the device and position of its leads (or terminals$ which is relevant in the practical man.fact.ring

of circ.its .sing them!

Units

#he ohm (s+mbolL $ is the 0I .nit of electrical resistance% named after 4eorg 0imon

Ohm! 'n ohm is e.ivalent to a volt per ampere! 0ince resistors are specified and man.fact.red

over a ver+ large range of val.es% the derived .nits of milliohm (5 m R 5B[: $% 1ilohm (5 1 R

5B: $% and megohm (5 - R 5B> $ are also in common .sage!

#he reciprocal of resistance , is called cond.ctance 4 R 56, and is meas.red in 0iemens

(0I .nit$% sometimes referred to as a mho! #h.s a 0iemens is the reciprocal of an ohmL S R [ 5!

'ltho.gh the concept of cond.ctance is often .sed in circ.it anal+sis% practical resistors are

alwa+s specified in terms of their resistance (ohms$ rather than cond.ctance!

33

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+"R)"0LE RES)STORS

"justa*le resistors

' resistor ma+ have one or more fiCed tapping points so that the resistance can be

changed b+ moving the connecting wires to different terminals! 0ome wire wo.nd power

resistors have a tapping point that can slide along the resistance element% allowing a larger or

smaller part of the resistance to be .sed!

Where contin.o.s ad3.stment of the resistance val.e d.ring operation of e.ipment is

re.ired% the sliding resistance tap can be connected to a 1nob accessible to an operator! 0.ch a

device is called a rheostat and has two terminals!

Potentioeter

' potentiometer is a man.all+ ad3.stable resistor! #he wa+ this device wor1s is relativel+ simple!

One terminal of the potentiometer is connected to a power so.rce! 'nother is hoo1ed .p to gro.nd (a

point with no voltage or resistance and which serves as a ne.tral reference point$% while the third

terminal r.ns across a strip of resistive material! #his resistive strip generall+ has a low resistance at

one end its resistance grad.all+ increases to a maCim.m resistance at the other end! #he third terminal

serves as the connection between the power so.rce and gro.nd% and is .s.all+ interfaced to the .ser b+means of a 1nob or lever! #he .ser can ad3.st the position of the third terminal along the resistive strip

in order to man.all+ increase or decrease resistance! /+ controlling resistance% a potentiometer can

determine how m.ch c.rrent flow thro.gh a circ.it! When .sed to reg.late c.rrent% the potentiometer

is limited b+ the maCim.m resistivit+ of the strip!

#he power of this simple device is not to be .nderestimated! In most analog devices% a

potentiometer is what establishes the levels of o.tp.t! In a lo.d spea1er% for eCample% a potentiometer

directl+ ad3.sts vol.me in a television monitor% it controls brightness!

34


46/88

' potentiometer can also be .sed to control the potential difference% or voltage% across a circ.it!

#he set.p involved in .tilizing a potentiometer for this p.rpose is a little bit more complicated! It

involves two circ.itsL the first circ.it consists of a cell and a resistor! 't one end% the cell is connected

in series to the second circ.it% and at the other end it is connected to a potentiometer in parallel withthe second circ.it! #he potentiometer in this arrangement drops the voltage b+ an amo.nt e.al to the

ratio between the resistance allowed b+ the position of the third terminal and the highest possible

resistivit+ of the strip! In other words% if the 1nob controlling the resistance is positioned at the eCact

halfwa+ point on the resistive strip% then the o.tp.t voltage will drop b+ eCactl+ fift+ percent% no

matter how high the potentiometerVs inp.t voltage! 7nli1e with c.rrent reg.lation% voltage reg.lation is

not limited b+ the maCim.m resistivit+ of the strip

8.6< - C"P"C)TORS

' capacitor or condenser is a passive electronic component consisting of a pair of cond.ctors

separated b+ a dielectric! When a voltage potential difference eCists between the cond.ctors% an

electric field is present in the dielectric! #his field stores energ+ and prod.ces a mechanical force

between the plates! #he effect is greatest between wide% flat% parallel% narrowl+ separated

cond.ctors!

'n ideal capacitor is characterized b+ a single constant val.e% capacitance% which is

meas.red in farads! #his is the ratio of the electric charge on each cond.ctor to the potential

35


47/88

difference between them! In practice% the dielectric between the plates passes a small amo.nt of

lea1age c.rrent! #he cond.ctors and leads introd.ce an e.ivalent series resistance and the

dielectric has an electric field strength limit res.lting in a brea1down voltage!

#he properties of capacitors in a circ.it ma+ determine the resonant fre.enc+ and .alit+ factor

of a resonant circ.it% power dissipation and operating fre.enc+ in a digital logic circ.it% energ+

capacit+ in a high*power s+stem% and man+ other important aspects!

' capacitor (formerl+ 1nown as condenser$ is a device for storing electric charge! #he

forms of practical capacitors var+ widel+% b.t all contain at least two cond.ctors separated b+ a

non*cond.ctor! )apacitors .sed as parts of electrical s+stems% for eCample% consist of metal foils

separated b+ a la+er of ins.lating film!

)apacitors are widel+ .sed in electronic circ.its for bloc1ing direct c.rrent while

allowing alternating c.rrent to pass% in filter networ1s% for smoothing the o.tp.t of power

s.pplies% in the resonant circ.its that t.ne radios to partic.lar fre.encies and for man+ other

p.rposes!

' capacitor is a passive electronic component consisting of a pair of cond.ctors separated

b+ a dielectric (ins.lator$! When there is a potential difference (voltage$ across the cond.ctors% a

static electric field develops in the dielectric that stores energ+ and prod.ces a mechanical force36

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' capacitor consists of two cond.ctors separated b+ a non*cond.ctive region! #he non*

cond.ctive region is called the dielectric or sometimes the dielectric medi.m! In simpler terms%

the dielectric is 3.st an electrical ins.lator ! "Camples of dielectric medi.ms are glass% air% paper%

vac..m% and even a semicond.ctor depletion region chemicall+ identical to the cond.ctors! '

capacitor is ass.med to be self*contained and isolated% with no net electric charge and no

infl.ence from an+ eCternal electric field! #he cond.ctors th.s hold e.al and opposite charges

on their facing s.rfaces% and the dielectric develops an electric field! In 0I .nits% a capacitance of

one farad means that one co.lomb of charge on each cond.ctor ca.ses a voltage of one volt

across the device!

#he capacitor is a reasonabl+ general model for electric fields within electric circ.its! 'n ideal

capacitor is wholl+ characterized b+ a constant capacitance )% defined as the ratio of charge \on each cond.ctor to the voltage between themL

0ometimes charge b.ild*.p affects the capacitor mechanicall+% ca.sing its capacitance to var+! In

this case% capacitance is defined in terms of incremental changesL

Ener%y stora%e

Wor1 m.st be done b+ an eCternal infl.ence to QmoveQ charge between the cond.ctors in a

capacitor! When the eCternal infl.ence is removed the charge separation persists in the electric

field and energ+ is stored to be released when the charge is allowed to ret.rn to its e.ilibri.m

position! #he wor1 done in establishing the electric field% and hence the amo.nt of energ+ stored%

is given b+L

37

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Current-2olta%e relation

#he c.rrent i(t$ thro.gh an+ component in an electric circ.it is defined as the rate of flow of a

charge (t$ passing thro.gh it% b.t act.al charges% electrons% cannot pass thro.gh the dielectric

la+er of a capacitor% rather an electron acc.m.lates on the negative plate for each one that leaves

the positive plate% res.lting in an electron depletion and conse.ent positive charge on one

electrode that is e.al and opposite to the acc.m.lated negative charge on the other! #h.s the

charge on the electrodes is e.al to the integral of the c.rrent as well as proportional to the

voltage as disc.ssed above! 's with an+ antiderivative% a constant of integration is added to

represent the initial voltage v (tB$! #his is the integral form of the capacitor e.ation%

!

#a1ing the derivative of this% and m.ltipl+ing b+ )% +ields the derivative form%

!

#he d.al of the capacitor is the ind.ctor % which stores energ+ in the magnetic field rather than the

electric field! Its c.rrent*voltage relation is obtained b+ eCchanging c.rrent and voltage in the

capacitor e.ations and replacing ) with the ind.ctance ;!

8.66 - R4), RE",ER & T"S

,adio*fre.enc+ identification (,FID$ is the wireless .se of electromagnetic fields to transfer

data% for the p.rposes of a.tomaticall+ identif+ing and trac1ing tags attached to ob3ects! #he tags

contain electronicall+ stored information! 0ome tags are powered b+ electromagnetic ind.ction

from magnetic fields prod.ced near the reader! 0ome t+pes collect energ+ from the interrogating

radio waves and act as a passive transponder! Other t+pes have a local power so.rce s.ch as a

batter+ and ma+ operate at h.ndreds of meters from the reader! 7nli1e a barcode% the tag does

48

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiderivativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constant_of_integrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constant_of_integrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duality_(electrical_circuits)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duality_(electrical_circuits)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiderivativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constant_of_integrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duality_(electrical_circuits)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_field


51/88

not necessaril+ need to be within line of sight of the reader and ma+ be embedded in the trac1ed

ob3ect! ,FID is one method for '.tomatic Identification and Data )apt.re ('ID)$!

'n ,FID readerVs f.nction is to interrogate ,FID tags! #he means of interrogation is wireless

and beca.se the distance is relativel+ short line of sight between the reader and tags is not

necessar+! ' reader contains an ,F mod.le% which acts as both a transmitter and receiver of radio

fre.enc+ signals! #he transmitter consists of an oscillator to create the carrier fre.enc+ a

mod.lator to impinge data commands .pon this carrier signal and an amplifier to boost the signal

eno.gh to awa1en the tag! #he receiver has a demod.lator to eCtract the ret.rned data and also

contains an amplifier to strengthen the signal for processing! ' microprocessor forms the control

.nit% which emplo+s an operating s+stem and memor+ to filter and store the data! #he data is now

read+ to be sent to the networ1!

41


52/88

8.69 - REL"!

' relay is an electricall+ operated switch! -an+ rela+s .se an electromagnet to

mechanicall+ operate a switch% b.t other operating principles are also .sed% s.ch as solid*state

rela+s! ,ela+s are .sed where it is necessar+ to control a circ.it b+ a low*power signal (with

complete electrical isolation between control and controlled circ.its$% or where several circ.its

m.st be controlled b+ one signal! #he first rela+s were .sed in long distance telegraph circ.its as

amplifiersL the+ repeated the signal coming in from one circ.it and re*transmitted it on another

circ.it! ,ela+s were .sed eCtensivel+ in telephone eCchanges and earl+ comp.ters to perform

logical operations

8.6= - LC, 679

4


53/88

;cd is a displa+ device .sed to displa+ alphan.meric characters! 5>]9 ;)D mod.le is a

ver+ common t+pe of ;)D mod.le that is .sed in @B=5 based embedded pro3ects! It consists of

5> rows and 9 col.mns of =]? or =]@ ;)D dot matrices! #he mod.le were are tal1ing abo.t here

is t+pe n.mber &HD5>9' which is a ver+ pop.lar one! It is available in a 5> pin pac1age with

bac1 light% contrast ad3.stment f.nction and each dot matriC has =]@ dot resol.tion! #he pin

n.mbers% their name and corresponding f.nctions are shown in the table below!

?. SO4TD"RE REGU)RE#ETS

?.6 - )TRO,UCT)O TO @E)L #)CRO +)S)O /),E1

8eil an ',- )ompan+ ma1es ) compilers% macro assemblers% real*time 1ernels% deb.ggers%

sim.lators% integrated environments% eval.ation boards% and em.lators for ',-?6',-A6)orteC*

-:% K)5>C6)5>C60#5B% 9=5% and @B=5 -)7 families!

8eil development tools for the @B=5 -icrocontroller 'rchitect.re s.pport ever+ level of

software developer from the professional applications engineer to the st.dent 3.st learning abo.t

embedded software development! When starting a new pro3ect% simpl+ select the microcontroller

+o. .se from the Device Database and the ^ision ID" sets all compiler% assembler% lin1er% and

memor+ options for +o.!

42


54/88

8eil is a cross compiler! 0o first we have to .nderstand the concept of compilers and

cross compilers! 'fter then we shall learn how to wor1 with 1eil!

?.9 - COCEPT O4 CO#P)LER

)ompilers are programs .sed to convert a High ;evel ;ang.age to ob3ect code! Des1top

compilers prod.ce an o.tp.t ob3ect code for the .nderl+ing microprocessor% b.t not for other

microprocessors! I!" the programs written in one of the H;; li1e _)2 will compile the code to

r.n on the s+stem for a partic.lar processor li1e C@> (.nderl+ing microprocessor in the

comp.ter$! For eCample compilers for Dos platform is different from the )ompilers for 7niC

platform 0o if one wants to define a compiler then compiler is a program that translates so.rce

code into ob3ect code!

#he compiler derives its name from the wa+ it wor1s% loo1ing at the entire piece of

so.rce code and collecting and reorganizing the instr.ction! 0ee there is a bit little difference

between compiler and an interpreter! Interpreter 3.st interprets whole program at a time while

compiler anal+ses and eCec.te each line of so.rce code in s.ccession% witho.t loo1ing at the

entire program!

#he advantage of interpreters is that the+ can eCec.te a program immediatel+! 0econdl+

programs prod.ced b+ compilers r.n m.ch faster than the same programs eCec.ted b+ an

interpreter! However compilers re.ire some time before an eCec.table program emerges! Now

as compilers translate so.rce code into ob3ect code% which is .ni.e for each t+pe of comp.ter%

man+ compilers are available for the same lang.age!

?.= - COCEPT O4 CROSS CO#P)LER

43


55/88

' cross compiler is similar to the compilers b.t we write a program for the target processor (li1e

@B=5 and its derivatives$ on the host processors (li1e comp.ter of C@>$! It means being in one

environment +o. are writing a code for another environment is called cross development! 'nd

the compiler .sed for cross development is called cross compiler! 0o the definition of cross

compiler is a compiler that r.ns on one comp.ter b.t prod.ces ob3ect code for a different t+pe of

comp.ter!

?.8 - @E)L C CROSS CO#P)LER

8eil is a 4erman based 0oftware development compan+! It provides several development

tools li1e

M ID" (Integrated Development environment$

M Pro3ect -anager

M 0im.lator

M Deb.gger

M ) )ross )ompiler% )ross 'ssembler% ;ocator6;in1er

#he 8eil ',- tool 1it incl.des three main tools% assembler% compiler and lin1er! 'n

assembler is .sed to assemble the ',- assembl+ program! ' compiler is .sed to compile the )

so.rce code into an ob3ect file! ' lin1er is .sed to create an absol.te ob3ect mod.le s.itable for

o.r in*circ.it em.lator!

?.? - 0uilin% an "pplication in M+ision8

#o b.ild (compile% assemble% and lin1$ an application in ^ision9% +o. m.stL

44


56/88

5 0elect Pro3ect *(foreCample%5>>`"K'-P;"0`H";;O`H";;O!7 0elect Pro3ect * Options and set the tool options! Note when +o. select the target device

from the Device Database all special options are set a.tomaticall+! o. t+picall+ onl+

need to config.re the memor+ map of +o.r target hardware! Defa.lt memor+ model

settings are optimal for most applications!

? 0elect Pro3ect * ,eb.ild all target files or /.ild target!

?.> - ,e*u%%in% an "pplication in M+ision9

#o deb.g an application created .sing îsion9% +o. m.stL

5 0elect Deb.g * 0tart60top Deb.g 0ession!

9 7se the 0tep toolbar b.ttons to single*step thro.gh +o.r program! o. ma+ enter 4% main

in the O.tp.t Window to eCec.te to the main ) f.nction!

: Open the 0erial Window .sing the 0erial G5 b.tton on the toolbar!

Deb.g +o.r program .sing standard options li1e 0tep% 4o% /rea1% and so on!

?. - Startin% M+ision8 an Creatin% a Project

îsion< is a standard Windows application and started b+ clic1ing on the program icon!

#o create a new pro3ect file select from the îsion9 men. Pro3ect New Pro3ect! #his opens

45


57/88

a standard Windows dialog that as1s +o. for the new pro3ect file name! We s.ggest that +o. .se a

separate folder for each pro3ect! o. can simpl+ .se the icon )reate New Folder in this dialog to

get a new empt+ folder! #hen select this folder and enter the file name for the new pro3ect% i!e!

Pro3ect5! îsion9 creates a new pro3ect file with the name P,O&")#5!79 which contains a

defa.lt target and file gro.p name! o. can see these names in the Pro3ect!

?.; - Dino' A 4iles.

Now .se from the men. Pro3ect 0elect Device for #arget and select a )P7 for +o.r

pro3ect! #he 0elect Device dialog boC shows the îsion9 device data base! &.st select the

microcontroller +o. .se! We are .sing for o.r eCamples the Philips @B)=5,D )P7! #his

selection sets necessar+ tool Options for the @B)=5,D device and simplifies in this wa+ the

tool )onfig.ration!

=!5B * 0uilin% Projects an Creatin% a HEK 4iles

#+pical% the tool settings .nder Options #arget are all +o. need to start a new

application! o. ma+ translate all so.rce files and line the application with a clic1 on the /.ild

#arget toolbar icon! When +o. b.ild an application with s+ntaC errors% îsion9 will displa+

errors and warning messages in the O.tp.t Window /.ild page! ' do.ble clic1 on a message

line opens the so.rce file on the correct location in a îsion9 editor window! Once +o. haves.ccessf.ll+ generated +o.r application +o. can start deb.gging!

'fter +o. have tested +o.r application% it is re.ired to create an Intel H"K file to

download the software into an "P,O- programmer or sim.lator! îsion9 creates H"K files

with each b.ild process when )reate H"K files .nder Options for #arget O.tp.t is enabled!

o. ma+ start +o.r P,O- programming .tilit+ after the ma1e process when +o. specif+ the

program .nder the option ,.n 7ser Program G5!

?.66 - CPU Siulation

îsion9 sim.lates .p to 5> -b+tes of memor+ from which areas can be mapped for

read% write% or code eCec.tion access! #he îsion9 sim.lator traps

46


58/88

and reports illegal memor+ accesses! In addition to memor+ mapping% the sim.lator also provides

s.pport for the integrated peripherals of the vario.s @B=5 derivatives! #he on*chip peripherals of

the )P7 +o. have selected are config.red from the Device!

?.69 - ,ata*ase selection

o. have made when +o. create +o.r pro3ect target! ,efer to page =@ for more

Information abo.t selecting a device! o. ma+ select and displa+ the on*chip peripheral

components .sing the Deb.g men.! o. can also change the aspects of each peripheral .sing the

controls in the dialog boCes!

?.6= - Start ,e*u%%in%

o. start the deb.g mode of îsion9 with the Deb.g 0tart60top Deb.g

0ession )ommand! Depending on the Options for #arget Deb.g )onfig.ration% îsion9 will

load the application program and r.n the start.p code îsion9 saves the editor screen la+o.t

and restores the screen la+o.t of the last deb.g session! If the program eCec.tion stops% îsion9

opens an editor window with the so.rce teCt or shows )P7 instr.ctions in the disassembl+

window! #he neCt eCec.table statement is mar1ed with a +ellow arrow! D.ring deb.gging% most

editor feat.res are still available!

For eCample% +o. can .se the find command or correct program errors! Program so.rce

teCt of +o.r application is shown in the same windows! #he îsion9 deb.g mode differs from

the edit mode in the following aspectsL

J #he Deb.g -en. and Deb.g )ommandsE described on page 9@ are available! #he additional

deb.g windows are disc.ssed in the following!

J #he pro3ect str.ct.re or tool parameters cannot be modified! 'll b.ild commands are disabled!

?.68 - ,isasse*ly Dino'

#he Disassembl+ window shows +o.r target program as miCed so.rce and assembl+

program or 3.st assembl+ code! ' trace histor+ of previo.sl+ eCec.ted instr.ctions ma+ be

4&


59/88

displa+ed with Deb.g iew #race ,ecords! #o enable the trace histor+% set Deb.g

"nable6Disable #race ,ecording!

If +o. select the Disassembl+ Window as the active window all program step commands

wor1 on )P7 instr.ction level rather than program so.rce lines! o. can select a teCt line and set

or modif+ code brea1points .sing toolbar b.ttons or the conteCt men. commands!

o. ma+ .se the dialog Deb.g Inline 'ssembl+ to modif+ the )P7 instr.ctions! #hat

allows +o. to correct mista1es or to ma1e temporar+ changes to the target program +o. are

deb.gging! N.mero.s eCample programs are incl.ded to help +o. get started with the most

pop.lar embedded @B=5 devices!

#he 8eil ^ision Deb.gger acc.ratel+ sim.lates on*chip peripherals (I)% )'N% 7',#%

0PI% Interr.pts% I6O Ports% '6D )onverter% D6' )onverter% and PW- -od.les$ of +o.r @B=5

device! 0im.lation helps +o. .nderstand hardware config.rations and avoids time wasted on

set.p problems! 'dditionall+% with sim.lation% +o. can write and test applications before target

hardware is available!

=!5= * E#0E,,E, C 7se of embedded processors in passenger cars% mobile phones% medical e.ipment%

aerospace s+stems and defense s+stems is widespread% and even ever+da+ domestic appliances

s.ch as dish washers% televisions% washing machines and video recorders now incl.de at least one

s.ch device!

/eca.se most embedded pro3ects have severe cost constraints% the+ tend to .se low*cost

processors li1e the @B=5 famil+ of devices considered in this boo1! #hese pop.lar chips have

ver+ limited reso.rces available most s.ch devices have aro.nd 9=> b+tes (not megab+tes$ of

,'-% and the available processor power is aro.nd 5BBB times less than that of a des1top

processor! 's a res.lt% developing embedded software presents significant new challenges% even

for eCperienced des1top programmers! If +o. have some programming eCperience * in )% )

47


60/88

or &ava * then this boo1 and its accompan+ing )D will help ma1e +o.r move to the embedded

world as .ic1 and painless as possible!

7. SCHE#"T)C ,)"R"#

58


61/88

7.6 - SCHE#"T)C EKPL""T)O

PODER SUPPL!

#he circ.it .ses standard power s.ppl+ comprising of a step*down transformer from

9:Bto 59 and < diodes forming a bridge rectifier that delivers p.lsating dc which is then

filtered b+ an electrol+tic capacitor of abo.t


62/88

#he reg.lated = D) is f.rther filtered b+ a small electrol+tic capacitor of 5B^F for an+

noise so generated b+ the circ.it! One ;"D is connected of this = point in series with a c.rrent

limiting resistor of ::B to the gro.nd i!e!% negative voltage to indicate = power s.ppl+

availabilit+! #he .nreg.lated 59 point is .sed for other applications as and when re.ired!

ST","R, COECT)OS TO


63/88

this the program eCec.tion co.ld have ta1en place arbitraril+ an+where from the program c+cle!

' p.shb.tton switch is connected across the capacitor so that at an+ given time as desired it can

be pressed s.ch that it discharges the capacitor and while released the capacitor starts charging

again and then pin n.mber A goes to high and then bac1 to low% to enable the program eCec.tion

from the beginning! #his operation of high to low of the reset pin ta1es place in fraction of a

second as decided b+ the time constant , and )!

For eCampleL ' 5B^F capacitor and a 5B1 resistor wo.ld render a 5BBms time to pin n.mber A

from logic high to low% there after the pin n.mber A remains low!

Eternal "ccess/E"1:

Pin no :5 of


64/88

0R)E4 ,ESCR)PT)O O4 REL"! SD)TCH

Fig! 5 )nter3acin% REL"! to #icrocontrollerHere in above circ.it% the transistor is .sed to act li1e switch to drive the rela+! Now when the

logic 5 is applied at the inp.t of the base of transistor% the transistor gets its biasing and will start

acting li1e a closed switch! 's a res.lt the c.rrent will start flowing thro.gh the coil of the rela+!

#he coil gets magnetized and the movable iron plate gets attracted to the coil magnetic field and

hence a connection is established at the o.tp.t pins of the rela+!

7.9 - OPER"T)O EKPL""T)O

#icrocontroller an connections:

53


65/88

#he microcontroller .sed is '#@A0=9! #he


66/88

When the petrol for a given amo.nt is filled% the rela+ will get t.rn off and so is the

p.mp! 'fter that microcontroller will show the remaining balance of the .ser! 'nd the whole

process is started again!

>. 0)LL O4 #"TER)"LS

0ill O3 #aterial-#oel o.=7

Coponent ae Guantity ChecIe

Resistors 5B8 <

58 = 5B8 0IP resistor 9

Capacitors 5BB.f6>:v 95B.F6>: 9::pF )eramic 9

55


67/88

)nte%rate Circuits ?@B= 5'#@A0=9 5

)C 0ases


68/88

Gdefine lcd PB

sbit ledJrRP5j>9AQ 666card n.mber

idata char .ser9k55RQBBBBA@A9A@Q 666card n.mber

.nsigned int blnck=R=BBB%:=BB%B%B%B

char cnvrtedk>

bit a

void serial(void$ interr.pt <

,IRB

if((55 storekBRRV0V$ (0/7FRRVV RRB$$

storekR0/7F

if(RR55$

RB

aR5

void main($

.nsigned int i%ff%3

.nsigned long pRB%ccRB%iiiRB

char hhh

#-ODRBK9B 666666666666timer 5 mode 966 timer B mode 566666666666

5&


69/88

0)ONRBK=B

I"RBKAB

#H5R*:

#,5R5

I#BR5

lcdJinitialize($

while(5$

I"RBKA5

ledJrRrela+RB

ledJgR5

lcdJstring(Q '.tomatic 0martQ%Q Petrol P.mp Q$

aRB

while(5$

if(aRR5$

while(5$

aRB

RB

lcdJstring(.ser($%Q /alL ,s! Q$

cmd(BCc>$

inttostring(blnck.sr$

for(iR9i>i$

dataa(cnvrtedki$

dela+(9BBB$

if(.srRR


70/88

else if(iRRB$

cmd(BC@A$

inttostring(iii$

for(iR9i>i$

dataa(cnvrtedki$cmd(BCc@$

inttostring(cc$

for(iRBi>i$

if(iRR:$

cmd(BCcc$

dataa(cnvrtedki$

68


71/88

else

3rela+RB

ledJgR5

rela+RB

dela+(9=BB$

while(swRRB$

ledJrRB

lcdJstring(Q #han1 o. Q%Q /alL ,s! Q$

cmd(BCc>$

inttostring(blnck.sr$

for(iR9i>i$

dataa(cnvrtedki$

dela+(9=BB$

inttostring(B$

pRhhhRccRB brea1

else

lcdJstring(Q '.tomatic 0martQ%Q Petrol P.mp Q$

void inttostring(.nsigned long dsp$

int i

for(iR>iBi**$

cnvrtedki*5R(((dspU5B$


72/88

if(storekhhRR.ser5khh$

ll

else

llRB

if(storekhhRR.ser9khh$

mm

else

mmRB

if(llA$

.srRBret.rn Q 7ser 5 Q

else if(mmA$

.srR5ret.rn Q 7ser 9 Q

else

.srR


73/88

66rwR5

cmd(BC:@$

cmd(BCBc$

cmd(BCB5$

void lcdJstring(.nsigned char stringval%.nsigned char stringval9$

.nsigned int dRB

cmd(BC@B$

while(stringvalkdRB$

dataa(stringvalkd$

d

cmd(BCcB$

dRB

while(stringval9kdRB$

dataa(stringval9kd$

d

char 1e+($

while(5$

matriCRBCe?

if(matriCRRBCe:$while(matriCRRBCe:$ret.rn 5

if(matriCRRBCe=$while(matriCRRBCe=$ret.rn 9

if(matriCRRBCe>$while(matriCRRBCe>$ret.rn :

matriCRBCd?

if(matriCRRBCd:$while(matriCRRBCd:$ret.rn $while(matriCRRBCd>$ret.rn >

matriCRBCb?

if(matriCRRBCb:$while(matriCRRBCb:$ret.rn ?

if(matriCRRBCb=$while(matriCRRBCb=$ret.rn @

if(matriCRRBCb>$while(matriCRRBCb>$ret.rn A

matriCRBC??if(matriCRRBC?:$while(matriCRRBC?:$ret.rn BCfa

if(matriCRRBC?=$while(matriCRRBC?=$ret.rn B

if(matriCRRBC?>$while(matriCRRBC?>$ret.rn BCf:

62


74/88

.9. PROR"# 4LOD

#he code at the at@As=9 microcontroller can be s.mmarized as follows b+ the pse.do code! 'll

code is written .sing 8eil .vision

5! Idle mode! Wait for a serial interr.pt or hardware interr.pt!

9! If serial interr.pt is realized it means a card is scanned b+ ,FID reader!

:! Wait for the whole card n.mber is to be received one b+ one! 0ave it in some random

memor+!

respective .ser details (balance% name etc!$!

=! 's1 for the amo.nt for the petrol!

>! ,ead .ser inp.t b+ 1e+pad matriC!

?! If amo.nt entered is less than =B or more than =BBB than show invalid amo.ntE!

@! 'gain as1 for amo.nt! If valid amo.nt entered% show the petrol .antit+ for the amo.nt

entered!

A! If cancel b.tton pressed! 4o to main else if o1 b.tton pressed switch on the control to

filling machine!

5B! When the filing switch is pressed switch the motor p.mp on and ded.ct the amo.nt as the

63


75/88

petrol is filling!

55! 'fter 'll is done show the available balance!

59! ,et.rn to start position!

.=. CO#P)LER

6. )lic1 on the 8eil ision Icon on Des1top

9. #he following fig will appear

=. )lic1 on the Pro3ect men. from the title bar

64


76/88

8. #hen )lic1 on New Pro3ect

?. 0ave the Pro3ect b+ t+ping s.itable pro3ect name with no eCtension in . r own foldersited in either )L` or DL`

7. #hen )lic1 on 0ave b.tton above!

>. 0elect the component for . r pro3ect! i!e! 'tmel

65


77/88

. )lic1 on the 0+mbol beside of 'tmel

;. 0elect '#@A)=5 as shown below

6


78/88

69. #hen )lic1 either "0 or NOmostl+ NOE!

6=. Now +o.r pro3ect is read+ to 70"!

68. Now do.ble clic1 on the #arget5% +o. wo.ld get another option 0o.rce gro.p 5E as

shown in neCt page!

6?. )lic1 on the file option from men. bar and select newE!

6&


79/88

67. #he neCt screen will be as shown in neCt page% and 3.st maCimize it b+ do.ble

clic1ing on its bl.e boarder!

6>. Now start writing program in either in "-/"DD"D )E or '0-E!

6. For a program written in 'ssembl+% then save it with eCtension ! asmE and for

"-/"DD"D )E based program save it with eCtension !)E

67


80/88

6;. Now right clic1 on 0o.rce gro.p 5 and clic1 on 'dd files to 4ro.p 0o.rceE!

9


81/88

96. Now select as per +o.r file eCtension given while saving the file!

99. )lic1 onl+ one time on option ",,E!

9=. Now Press f.nction 1e+ F? to compile! 'n+ error will appear if so happen!

98. If the file contains no error% then press )ontrolF= sim.ltaneo.sl+!

9?. #he new window is as follows

&1


82/88

97. #hen )lic1 O8E!

9>. Now clic1 on the Peripherals from men. bar% and chec1 +o.r re.ired port as shown

in fig below!

9. Drag the port a side and clic1 in the program file!

&


83/88

9;. Now 1eep Pressing f.nction 1e+ F55E slowl+ and observe!

=


84/88

Devices that can be .sed to perform contin.it+ tests incl.de m.lti meters which meas.re

c.rrent and specialized contin.it+ testers which are cheaper% more basic devices% generall+ with a

simple light b.lb that lights .p when c.rrent flows!

'n important application is the contin.it+ test of a b.ndle of wires so as to find the two

ends belonging to a partic.lar one of these wires there will be a negligible resistance between

the QrightQ ends% and onl+ between the QrightQ ends!

#his test is the performed 3.st after the hardware soldering and config.ration has beencompleted! #his test aims at finding an+ electrical open paths in the circ.it after the soldering!

-an+ a times% the electrical contin.it+ in the circ.it is lost d.e to improper soldering% wrong and

ro.gh handling of the P)/% improper .sage of the soldering iron% component fail.res and

presence of b.gs in the circ.it diagram! We .se a m.lti meter to perform this test! We 1eep the

m.lti meter in b.zzer mode and connect the gro.nd terminal of the m.lti meter to the gro.nd!

We connect both the terminals across the path that needs to be chec1ed! If there is contin.ation

then +o. will hear the beep so.nd!

;.9. PODER O TEST:

#his test is performed to chec1 whether the voltage at different terminals is according to

the re.irement or not! We ta1e a m.lti meter and p.t it in voltage mode! ,emember that this testis performed witho.t microcontroller! Firstl+% we chec1 the o.tp.t of the transformer% whether we

get the re.ired 59 v ') voltage!

#hen we appl+ this voltage to the power s.ppl+ circ.it! Note that we do this test witho.t

microcontroller beca.se if there is an+ eCcessive voltage% this ma+ lead to damaging the

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controller! We chec1 for the inp.t to the voltage reg.lator i!e!% are we getting an inp.t of 59v and

an o.tp.t of =v! #his =v o.tp.t is given to the microcontrollers2


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that it can store! We have .sed an ,FID identification s+stem for the .ser a.thorization! /.t for

practical considerations we will have to .se a more sec.re identification s+stem!

COCLUS)O

#his pro3ect of "UTO#"T)C PETROL PU#P S!TE# is practical% .ser friendl+ and

a good idea to red.ce the fra.d cases at petrol p.mps! #he people have to s.ffer from the

problems at a petrol filling station li1e no service% fra.d or cheating and ,is1 of ,obber+% #his

pro3ect is the complete sol.tion to all these problems! 'nd as the people are going techie% there

will not be an+ problem in adopting this technolog+!

#he pro3ect can be made more f.nctional b+ adding some sec.rit+ feat.res li1e fire

sensor% smo1e sensor and other safet+ e.ipment2s!

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0)0L)OR"PH!

TEKT 0OO@S RE4ERE,:

5! #he @B=5 -icrocontroller and "mbedded s+stemsE b+ -.hammad 'li -azidi and &anice

4illispie -azidi % Pearson "d.cation!

9! '#-"; @A0=9 Data 0heets!

0)0L)OR"PH!

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• www!atmel!com

• www!be+ondlogic!org

• www!wi1ipedia!org

• www!howst.ffwor1s!com

• www!alldatasheets!com

major project report on automatic petrol pump system

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